BALITORIDAE AND

Conway, Kevin W., 2011, Osteology of the South Asian Genus Psilorhynchus McClelland, 1839 (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Psilorhynchidae), with investigation of its phylogenetic relationships within the order Cypriniformes, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163 (5), pp. 50-154 : 134

THE FAMILIES BALITORIDAE AND NEMACHEILIDAE

The monophyly of this clade is supported by the following list of characters.

Character 4, 1> 0: loss of moveable articulation between dorsal portion of the ethmoid region and the anteriormost part of the frontal (reversal to plesiomorphic condition).

Character 23, 1> 2: basioccipital process present as a single, solid, bony structure, forming a canal around dorsal aorta. Independently gained at the level of clade B.

Character 36, 0> 1: presence of dorsomedial autopalatine process. Independently gained at the level of clades B and L.

Character 67, 0> 1: basihyal Y-shaped. Reversed and subsequently regained within clade.

Character 93, 0> 1: tripus Y-shaped ( Sawada, 1982).

Character 95, 0> 2: lateral process of the second vertebral centrum fused to the outer arm of the os suspensorium. Independently gained at the level of clades C and L.

Character 104, 0> 1: lateral process of the first vertebral centrum elongate, projecting well into somatic musculature. Reversed at level of clade S. Independently gained at the level of clade K and in Carpiodes cyprinus .

Character 127, 0> 1: anterior swim-bladder chamber divided along midline.