Solanum deflexum, Greenm.,

Stern, Stephen, Bohs, Lynn, Giacomin, Leandro, Stehmann, João & Knapp, Sandra, 2013, A Revision of Solanum Section Gonatotrichum, Systematic Botany 38 (2), pp. 470-496 : 479-482

2. SOLANUM DEFLEXUM Greenm.,

Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 32: 301. 1897.

—TYPE: MEXICO. Oaxaca: Cuicatlán , 15 Jul 1895 (fl, fr), L.C. Smith 403 (lectotype, here designated: GH-GH00295516 !; possible isolectotype: MEXU-00540158).

Solanum setosum (Brandegee) Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 307. 1922. Bassovia setosa Brandegee, Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 6: 373. 1917.

—TYPE: MEXICO. Veracruz: Zacuapan , Aug 1915 (fl, fr), C.A. Purpus 7509 (holotype: UC-178623 !; isotypes: G-G00016530!, GH-GH00217435!, MO-825706!, NY-NY00138551!, US-884541!).

Salpichroa wrightii A. Gray, Syn. Fl. of N. Amer., ed. 2(1). 1: 231. 1886.

—TYPE: UNITED STATES. Arizona: on the Sonoita, towards the San Pedro , 17 Sep 1851 (fr), C. Wright 1592 (erroneously as “ 169 2” in protologue; lectotype, here designated: GH-GH00217433 !; isolectotypes: G-G00016521!, GH-GH00217434!, K! [2 collections, both labeled as Wright 1592, mounted on one sheet], MO-3830682!, NY-NY00138909!).

Herb, sometimes slightly woody at base, single- to fewbranched, 1–3 (4) dm tall. Stems sparsely to densely pubescent with straight, one- or two-celled unbranched hairs, these denser on new growth. Sympodia 2-foliate, usually geminate. Leaf blades 1–4.5 + 0.5–2.5 cm, elliptic to ellipticovoid, chartaceous to membranaceous, sparsely to moderately pubescent adaxially and abaxially with 1 or 2 celled unbranched hairs, these lying flat along blade, denser along veins; base rounded to obtuse, often decurrent into petiole; apex acute; petioles 0.5–2 cm, moderately pubescent with unbranched hairs. Inflorescences with 1– 5 flowers, the axes sparsely to moderately pubescent with unbranched hairs; peduncle absent or nearly so; rachis absent; pedicels 5 –12 mm in flower, 10–20 mm in fruit. Flowers with the calyx 3–9 mm long, the tube 1– 3 mm, the lobes 2 –6 + 0.5–1.5 mm, linear-lanceolate, moderately to densely pubescent. Corolla 0.5–1 cmin diameter, rotate with abundant interpetalar tissue, chartaceous to membranaceous, white, the tube 3–6 mm long, the lobes very short, 1–2 + 0.5–1 mm, triangular, acute at apices, glabrous abaxially and adaxially. Stamens 2–4 mm long; filaments up to 1 mm long; anthers 1.5– 3 + 0.5 –1.5 mm, oblong, the base cordate, the apex emarginate. Ovary glabrous; style 4– 6 + 0.5 –1 mm, equal to or exserted beyond stamens; stigma to 1 mm wide. Berries 5–12 mm in diameter, globose, white to yellow when immature, maturing semitransparent, drying brown, glabrous, the mesocarp watery and held under pressure until dehiscing explosively at maturity. Seeds 5–20 per fruit, ca. 2.5 + 1.5 mm, significantly notched where connected to placenta, the outer margin of seeds swollen with large raised ridges running perpendicular to margin and connected by smaller cell walls running parallel to margin, the center of seed smoother. Figure 6 .

Habitat and Distribution— Weedy in grazed areas, along roadsides, and disturbed areas in dry forests from southern Arizona, U. S. A. through Mexico to Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica at elevations from 0–1,550 m ( Fig. 7 ).

Phenology— Flowering specimens have been collected in all months with a peak from May through September. Fruiting specimens have been collected in all months of the year with a peak from June through October.

Conservation Status— The widespread distribution and abundant populations of S. deflexum give it an IUCN Red List Status of Least Concern.

Etymology— The epithet deflexum indicates a structure bent sharply downward but it is somewhat unclear what structure this refers to. In the description, Greenman notes that the species is well characterized by the inflorescence, calyx, and pubescence. Since only the inflorescence, specifically the pedicels, could be characterized as deflexed, it is likely that the epithet refers to this structure.

Additional Specimens Examined— UNITED STATES. Arizona: Fresnal Canyon, Baboquivari Mts., Pima Co., 2 Sep 1931 (fr), Gilman 80 (WIS); Baboquivari Mts., 26 Sep 1927 (fr), Harrison 4777 (US); Tumacacori, Santa Cruz Co., 29 Aug 1931 (fr), Harrison 8147 (US); Baboquivari Mts., 30 Sep 1934 (fr), Kearney & Peebles 10387 (US); near Patagonia, 18 Aug 1928 (fl, fr), Peebles et al. 5625 (US).

MEXICO. Baja California: Cape Region, Oct 12 1899 (fr), Brandegee s.n. (F, NY); Corral Piedra, 10 Sep 1893 (fl), Brandegee s.n. (NY, US); Corral Piedra, 9 Sep 1893 (fl, fr), Brandegee s.n. (GH); Sierra San Lazano, 11 Sep 1893 (fl, fr), Brandegee s.n. (UC); San José del Cabo, 17 Sep 1890 (fl, fr), Brandegee 412 (UC). Baja California Sur: Sierra de la Giganta, Mesa del Potrero de San Javier (northeast of Misión San Javier), ca. 25 ° 52 ' N, 111 ° 32.5 ' W, 800 – 850 m, 20 Sep 1965 (fr), Carter 4991 (NY, UC, US); Sierra de la Giganta, Cañon de Arroyo Hondo, Nside of Cerro Giganta, ca. 26 ° 8.5 ' N, 111 ° 35 ' W, ca. 750 m, 29 Aug 1971 (fl), Carter 5621 (UC); Sierra de la Giganta, Cañada del Encinal, Sside of Valle de Los Encinos (S side of Cerro Giganta), ca. 26 ° 3.5 – 4 ' N, 111 ° 34 ' W, ca. 750 m, 1 Oct 1967 (fr), Carter & Moran 5376 (MO, TEX, UC). Chiapas: Mun. Cintalapa, 23 km west of Las Cruces along road to La Mina Microwave Station, 870 m, 14 Sep 1981 (fr), Breedlove 52762 (NY); Mun. Jiquipilas, a 7.5 kn al ONO de Francisco Villa, 646 m, 16 ° 24 ' 48 '' N, 93 ° 43 ' 00 '' W, 11 Jul 2004 (fl, fr), Martínez & Águilar 36935 (MO); between Topana, Oaxaca & Tonala, 200–500 ft, 1–3 Aug 1895 (fl, fr), Nelson 2876a (GH, US). Chihuahua: near Rio Urique, near Urique, ca. 1700 ft, 31 Jul 1971 (fl, fr), Bye Jr. 1712 (GH). Colima: near km 288, ca. 20 miles ESE of Manzanillo, ca. 50 m, 23 Jul 1957 (fl, fr), McVaugh 15658 (US); along Río Cihuatlán in gorge near bridge 13 miles north of Santiago, 175 m, 27 Jul 1957 (fl, fr), McVaugh 15796 (BM, G, NY, TEX, US). Guerrero: Dist. Coyuca, Pungarabato, 22 Aug 1934 (fl, fr), Hinton et al. 6481 (BM, G, GH, K, K, MO, US); Dist. Mina, Placeres, 350 m, 23 Jul 1936 (fl, fr), Hinton et al. 9143 (GH, K, NY, US); Distr. Montes de Oca, Vallecitos, 7 Mar 1937 (fl), Hinton et al. 10557 (F, GH, K, NY, UC, US); along highway, 8 miles Sof Mexcala, 23 Jul 1939 (fl, fr), Langman 2145 (PH); Rio Balsas, 26 Aug 1910 (fl, fr), Orcutt 4210 (F, GH, K, MO, US); Rio Balsas, 26 Aug 1910 (fl, fr), Orcutt 4389 (F); Flora de la cuenca del Río Balsas, Mun. Tepecoacuilco de Trujano, Oapan, between Oapan/Ahuelicán, 17 ° 58 ' 53 '' N, 99 ° 26 ' 50 '' W 1846 ft, 2 Aug 2003 (fl, fr), Smith & Rojas 348 (NY); Flora de la cuenca del Río Balsas, Mun. Tepecoacuilco de Trujano, Oapan, between Oapan/Ahuelicán, 17 ° 59 ' 38 '' N, 99 ° 26 ' 57 '' W, 2018 ft, 30 Aug 2003 (fl, fr), Smith & Rojas 561 (NY). Jalisco: Mun. Huejuquilla, Rancho Los Arroyos del Agua, 15 km al NW de Huejuquilla, 1550 m, 4 Aug 1990 (fl, fr), Flores 2025 (WIS); near Guadalajara, 24 Aug 1901 (fl, fr), Rose & Hay 6288 (US). Mexico: Dist. Temascaltepec, Tenayac, 1450 m, 14 Jul 1933 (fl, fr), Hinton et al. 4219 (BM, F, G, K, NY, US); Dist. Temascaltepec, Ixtapan, 1000 m, 2 Aug 1933 (fl), Hinton et al. 4470 (BM, F, G, GH, K, K, NY, US). Michoacán: Dist. Apatzingan, Mun. Apatzingan, 300 m, 19 Aug 1938 (fl, fr), Hinton et al. 12057 (K, NY, US); Mun. Apatzingan, bank of Rio Apatzingan 2 mi Sof Apatzingan, 1200 ft, 5 Aug 1940 (fl), Leavenworth 473 (F, MO, NY); Mun. Uruapan, Tancitaro Region, 2 miles west of Uruapan, 6000 ft, 2 Aug 1941 (fl, fr), Leavenworth & Hoogstraal 1279 (F); Mun. Apatzingan, Tancitaro Region, La Majada, 1200 ft, 7 Aug 1941 (fr), Leavenworth & Hoogstraal 1344 (F, GH, MO, NY); near Morelia, ca. 2000 m, 14 Jul 1941 (fl, fr), Schery 107 (MO); cuenca media del Rio Balsas, en La Cuesta del Mango, 30 km al Nde Huetamo, carr. A Zitácuaro, 650 m, 6 Sep 1978 (fr), Soto Núñez 952 (MO). Morelos: hillside near Cuernavaca, 5000 ft, 26 Jul 1896 (fr), Pringle 6400 (BR, E, G, GH, GOET, MEXU, PH, W, WU); near Yautepec, 13 – 13 Jul 1905 (fl, fr), Rose et al. 8587 (US). Nayarit: Cerro de la Cruz, east of Tepic, 1000 m, 17 Sep 1926 (fr), Mexia 673 (UC). Oaxaca: Dist. Tehuantepec, Mun. Santiago Astata, Barra de la Cruz, 2 km W, por la vereda hacia Zimatán, 15 ° 50 ' 22 '' N, 95 ° 59 ' 4 '' W, 105 m, 3 Sep 1998 (fr), Elorsa 700 (NY); Dist. Tehuantepec, Mun. Santiago Astata, Las Tres Peladas, 3 km al SE de Barra de la Cruz cerca de la playa, 15 ° 49 ' 51 '' N, 95 ° 57 ' 13 '' W, 10 m, 15 Jun 2000 (fl, fr), Elsora 3117 (NY); 6 km NE of Juchitán, along the Pan-American highway (route 19), elevation less then 50 m, 9 Jul 1958 (fl, fr), King 446 (TEX, WIS); 11 km NW of the village of La Ventosa, along the Trans-Isthmian highway (route 185), elevation 50 mor less, 14 Jul 1958 (fl, fr), King 555 (TEX); 2 km NW of Juchitan, 29 Jun 1981 (fl, fr), LaSalle et al. 810629 – 2 (TEX); Mun. Salina Cruz, Dto. Tehuantepec, Carnero, 10 km al NO de Rincon Bamba, 16 ° 05 ' N, 95 ° 30 ' W, 8 Jul 1988 (fl, fr), Martinez 1461 (F, MO); near Oaxaca, 5000 ft, 5 Jul 1897 (fl, fr), Pringle 6729 (BH, BR, F, G, GH, K, M, MO, NY, PH, UC, US, WU); Jomillin Cañon, 6 Jul 1897 (fl, fr), Pringle 7508 (MO); Santa Catarina, 14 Jul 1910 (fl, fr), Rusby 85 (NY, US); Mun. Cuicatlán, Dist. Cuicatlán, 4 km al Ede Cuicatlán, brecha a Concepción papalo, 17 ° 41 ' 31 '' N, 96 ° 57 ' 44 '' W, 925 m, 19 Jun 1993 (fl), Salinas et al. 7242 (NY); Almoloya, 100 –250 m, Jul 1937 (fl, fr), Williams 9819 (F); 80 miles Sof Oaxaca on Rt 190, km mark 670, 22 Jun 1966 (fl), Windler & Snider 994 (MO). Puebla: near Oaxaca, vicinity of San Luis Tultitlanapa, Puebla, Jul 1908 (fr), Purpus 3563 (F, GH, MO, NY, UC, US). Querétaro: Mun. de Arroyo Seco, 1 km al NNW de Vegas Cuatas, 760 m, 19 Aug 1991 (fl, fr), Carranza 3413 (TEX); Mun. Jalpan, 4.7 mi Wof Jalpan, 1260 m, 7 Jul 1985 (fr), Cowan et al. 5455 (MO, NY, TEX). San Luis Potosí: edge of hill and corn field beside Tamasopo Falls, 12 Sep 1978 (fr), D’Arcy 11896 (MO, TEX). Sinaloa: vicinity of Culiacan, Culiacan, 18 Oct 1904 (fl, fr), Brandegee s.n. (GH, US); vicinity of Culiacan, Culiacan, 10 Sep 1904 (fl, fr), Brandegee s.n. (UC); Cerros del Fuerte, 18 – 24 miles north of Los Mochis, 200 – 1000 ft, 3 – 5 Oct 1954 (fr), Gentry 14430 (LL, US); near Rosario, on the road to Aeaponeta, 27 Jul 1897 (fl, fr), Rose 1852 (F, GH, K, US); Eof Villa Union, on Hwy 40, near 106 ° 08 ' W, 23 ° 14 ' N, 200 m, 18 Aug 1988 (fl), Sanders et al. 8033 (NY). Sonora: 0.5 mi SE of Alamos at junction of Güirocoba and El Fuerte Rds., 1400 ft, 1 Sep 1973 (fr), Fish 73 (UC); El Naranjo, ca. 23.5 mi NE Alamos, 9 Aug 1980 (fl), Lehto 24716 (NY); Alamos, 4 miles Nof A., 250 – 300 m, 3 Aug 1935 (fl), Pennell 19496 (PH); Mun. de Soyopa, arroyo Las Tinajas below ruins of Toledo smelter, near Loma Maderistra, 3.5 km Sof Tónichi, west side of Rio Yaqui, 220 m, 28 ° 34 ' 03 '' N, 109 ° 33 ' 25 '' W, 17 Sep 2006 (fl, fr), Van Devender & Reina 2006– 937 (MO); Mun. de Alamos, 1 km Eof Yocogigua on road to Capitahuasa, 26 ° 47 ' 25 '' N, 109 ° 0 ' 55 '' W, 230 m, 25 Sep 1993 (fr), Van Devender et al. 93 – 1114 (MO). Tamaulipas: 3 miles Sof Villa de Aldama, Nof Tampico, 18 Jul 1971 (fl), D. Spellman et al. 95 (MO). Veracruz: La Granja Vista Hermosa, entrada a la presa de Temascal, km 25, 8 m, 20 Nov 1966 (fr), Calderón 1169 (BM, MO); Mun. Apazan, Baños de Carrizal, 7 km SE of Emiliano Zapata [=Carrizal], 19 ° 19 ' N, 96 ° 38 ' W, 250 m, 27 Jun 1980 (fr), Hansen & Nee 7447 (F, MO); Pte. Nacional, 3 km al Edel Crucero, camino de terracería, 8 Jul 1986 (fl, fr), Ortiz 1029 (MO); Baños del Carrizal, Aug 1912 (fr), Purpus 6100 (BM, F, GH, MO, NY, UC, US); Zacuapan, Sep 1907 (fl), Purpus 7860 (MO, NY, UC, US); Zacuapan, 1917 (fl, fr), Purpus 8016 (GH, M, UC); Barranca de Panoaya, Sep 1919 (fr), Purpus 8498 (GH, M, MO, NY, UC, US); Rancho Tlacosinatla, Aug. 1929 (fl), Purpus 10771 (M, NY, PH, US); Zacuapan, Aug 1929 (fl, fr), Purpus 12055 (NY); Zacuapan, Aug 1929 (fl, fr), Purpus 13000 (A); Mun. Xalapa, Chitares, antes Arteria, cerca de San Nicolás, 640 m, 9 Jul 1971 (fl, fr), Ventura 3835 (CORD, F); Mun. Totutla, Encinal, 750 m, 21 Aug 1971 (fl, fr), Ventura 4123 (CORD, F); Mun. de Puente Nacional, Mata de Caña, 100 m, 20 Aug 1973 (fr), Ventura 8883 (F); La Concepción, Mun. de Jilotepec, 900 m, 7 Aug 1978 (fr), Ventura 11750 (F). Zacatecas: 5 miles NE of Mesquitula near the Rio Juchilipa, 3500 ft, 11 Aug 1969 (fl, fr), Taylor &. Taylor 6073 (NY, US). Distrito Federal: Vicinity of Rancho del Rosario, 10 miles Nof Mexico City near Atzcapotzolco, 7300 – 7500 ft, 1 – 15 Jul 1937 (fr), Happ 101 (MO). Without State: Mexico, (fl), Orcutt 5286 (MO).

GUATEMALA. Chiquimula: bei Chiquimula, 400 m, Jul 1881 (fl, fr), Lehmann 1671 (BM, G, US); near divide on road from Zacapá to Chiquimula, ca. 660 m, 9 Oct 1940 (fr), Standley 73719 (F); Chiquimula, transecto La Hondonada, 300–400 m, 14 ° 51 ' 03 '' N 89 ° 31 ' 08 '' W, 8 Jul 2003 (fl), Véliz & Ramirez 13712 (MO). El Progreso: San Agustín, Aldea El Rancho, 200–300 m, 14 ° 54 ' 42 '' N, 90 ° 02 ' 08 '' W 10 Jul 2003 (fr), Cóbar & García 520 (MO); El Jícaro, 200 – 300 m, 14 ° 55 ' 19 '' N, 89 ° 52 ' 25 '' W, 9 Jun 2003 (fr), García et al. 715 (MO); Morazán, Aldea Pasasagua, 300 – 400 m, 14 ° 55 ' 41 '' N, 90 ° 03 ' 42 '' W, 10 Jul 2003 (fr), Ramirez & Veliz 948 (MO). Guatemala: 15 km SE of Granados, dry hillside above Rio Motagua, 15 Jul 1970 (fl, fr), Harmon & Dwyer 3085 (MO, WIS). Jutiapa: near Mongoy, 1800 m, 27 Jun 1949 (fr), Williams & Molina 16796 (F). Suchitepequez: Eside of San Antonio, 30 Jul 1970 (fr), Harmon & Dwyer 3399 (MO). Zacapá: Río Hondo, 170 – 200 m, 15 ° 01 ' 32 '' N, 89 ° 35 ' 06 '' W, 8 Jul 2003 (fl, fr), Cóbar & Garciá 385 (MO); Cabañas, 200 –300 m, 14 ° 55 ' 54 '' N, 89 ° 46 ' 55 '' W, 9 Jul 2003 (fr), Ramírez & Véliz 813 (MO); Río Hondo, Transecto Río Hondo, 210 m, 15 ° 01 ' 32 '' N, 89 ° 35 ' 06 '' W, 8 Jul 2003 (fl, fr), Véliz & Ramírez 13681 (MO).

HONDURAS. Comayagua: vicinity of Comayagua, ca. 600 m, 12–23 Mar 1947 (fl, fr), Standley & Chacón 5407 (F); al Oeste de Comayagua cerca de El Taladro, 650 m, 27 Jun 1964 (fl, fr), Standley & Molina 14278 (F, G, NY, US). Copán: Mun. Nueva Arcadia, 3 mi SW of Los Tangos along Santa Rosa de Copán-San Pedro Sula highway, 15 ° 06 ' 25 '' N, 88 ° 41 ' 51 '' W, 425 m, 26 Jun 1994 (fl, fr), Davidse et al. 35391 (MO, NY). Francisco Morazán: Tegucigalpa D.C., Col. Miraflores Sur y alrededores, 900 m, 26 Jun 1978 (fr), Díaz 63 (MO); drainage of the Río Yeguare, ca. 14 ° N, 87 ° W, 900 m, 2 Aug 1949 (fr), Molina 2535 (GH); El Zamorano, Dept. of Agronomy, common in corn field of Monte Redondo drainage of Yeguare river, 800 m, 11 Dec 1971 (fr), Molina 27185 (F, US); meadows around Escuela [El Zamorano], Aug 1960 (fr), Pfeifer 1245 (US); Zamorano, 800 m, 21 Sep 1943 (fr), Rodriguez 940 (F); same loc., 24 Sep 1943 (fl, fr), Rodríguez 1013 (F); same loc., May 1944 (fl, fr), Rodríguez 2126 (F); same loc., 800 m, 7 Mar 1945 (fl, fr), Rodríguez 3800 (F, GH, MO, US); vicinity of El Zamorano, 780 –900 m, 26 Nov 1946– 9 Jan 1947 (fr), Standley 1654 (F); same loc. and date? (fr), Standley 1811 (F); same loc. (fr), Standley 3833 (F); same loc., 12 Oct 1948 (fl, fr), Standley 13024 (F); same loc. (fl), Standley 16093 (F); same loc., 800 – 850 m, 16 Jul 1949 (fl, fr), Standley 21306 (F); región of Río de la Orilla, southeast of El Zamorano, 900 – 950 m, 5 Aug 1949 (fl, fr), Standley 22210 (F). Olancho: matorrales al lado de la carretera 6 km a Juticalpa, 430 m, 18 Nov 1963 (fr), Standley & Molina 13233 (F, NY, US). Valle: Mun. Nacaome, 1 mi NE of Jícaro Galán, along main highway to Tegucigalpa, 13 ° 32 ' 37 '' N, 87 ° 25 ' 35 '' W, 80 m, 18 Jun 1994 (fl, fr), Davidse et al. 35103 (MO).

EL SALVADOR. Ahuachapán: San Francisco Menéndez, El Corozo, Mariposario, zona alta “Mariposario,” 13 ° 49 ' N, 89 ° 59 ' W, 250 m, 25 May 2000 (fl), Rosales 837 (BM, MO, NY). Cabañas: Cinquera, zona protegida, quebrada calle antígua, 500 m, 13 ° 51 ' N, 88 ° 57 ' W, 13 Aug 2002 (fr), Carballo 371 (MO); Cinquera, zona protegida, entrada cementerio, 400 m, 13 ° 53 ' N, 88 ° 57 ' W, 29 Aug 2002 (fr), Carballo & Carrillo 433 (MO). La Paz: San Luis Talpa, Centro Experimental Universidad El Salvador, 29 Aug 1995 (fl, fr), Montalvo 6380 (MO, NY). Morazán: adjacent to ditch leading to reservoir, Montecristo (ca. 15 km northeast of San Miguel), 13 ° 36 ' N, 88 ° 04 ' W, ca. 140 m, 9 Dec 1941 (fl, fr), Tucker 502 (BH, F, G, GH, IAC, IAN, K, LL, NY, UC, US). San Salvador: vicinity of San Salvador, 650–850 m, 20 Dec 1921–4 Jan 1922 (fl, fr), Standley 19647 (G, GH, NY, US); vicinity of San Salvador, 650 – 850 m, 30 Mar-24 Apr 1922 (fl, fr), Standley 22678 (US). San Vicente: vicinity of San Vicente, 400–500 m, 7–14 Feb 1947 (fl, fr), Standley & Padilla 3808 (F). Sonsonate: vicinity of Santa Emilia, ca. 135 m, 22 –25 Mar 1922 (fr), Standley 22063 (GH, S, US); vicinity of Santa Emilia, ca. 135 m, 22–25 Mar 1922 (fl, fr), Standley 22258 (GH, MO, NY, US).

NICARAGUA. Boaco: Km 57.5 on Hwy 7 (Carretera al Rama), ca. 5.0 km NE of Managua line, ca. 12 ° 22 ' N, 85 ° 52 ' W, ca. 130 m, 16 Jul 1978 (fr), Stevens 9363 (MO). Chinandega: Ebase of Coseguina [Cosegúina] Volcano, 6 Jul 1932 (fl, fr), Howell 10253 (F, US); Ameya, near sea level, 19– 21 Jun 1923 (fl, fr), Maxon et al. 7138a (US); Ameya, near sea level, 19 – 21 Jun 1923 (fl, fr), Maxon et al. 7191 (US); vicinity of Chichigalpa, ca. 90 m, 12 – 18 Jul 1947 (fr), Standley 11148 (F). Chontales: 0.9 km Wof bridge at Lóvago, km 166, 95 m, ca 12 ° 00 ' N, 85 ° 10 ' W, 7 Jun 1981 (fl), Stevens & Henrich 20473 (MO). Esteli: near El Dorado, 8 km Nof Estelí, along the Río La Sirena, 13 ° 09 ' N, 86 ° 23 ' W, 800 m, 30 May 1985 (fl, fr), Davidse et al. 30657 (MO, NY); Mun. San Juan de Limay. Had. La Grecia “Cerro Quiniento,” 13 ° 11 ' N, 86 ° 35 ' W, 518 m, 3 Sep 1980 (fr), Moreno 2157 (MO); ca. 7 km from Hwy 1 (at ca. km 193) on road to Pueblo Nuevo, from Quebrada Jamaili to near summit of Cerro El Pedrero, ca. 13 ° 24 ' N, 86 ° 27 ' W, 600 – 700 m, 3 Jul 1977 (fr), Stevens 2610 (BM, LL); Km 163 on Hwy 1, ca. 11.2 km Nof entrance to Estelí, ca. 13 ° 13 ' N, 86 ° 23 ' W, ca. 920 m, 19 May 1981 (fl, fr), Stevens & Henrich 20185 (MO). León: Mun. de La Paz Centro, Miramar, nivel del mar, 12 ° 10 ' N, 86 ° 45 ' W, 27 Sep 1997 (fl, fr), Rueda 7420 (NY); Las Peñitas, al SEde Poneloya, 12 ° 21 ' N, 87 ° 01 ' W, 10 m, 22 Jun 1982 (fl, fr), Sandino 3134 (MO); slope and ridge immediately Wof Quebrada Las Ruedas, Nof road, NW of El Transito, ca. 12 ° 05 ' N, 86 ° 43 ' W, ca. 15 – 30 m, 16 Oct 1977 (fr), Stevens 4708 (MO). Managua: Managua, Aug 1923 (fl, fr), Chaves 2 (US). Matagalpa: 9 km south of Sebaco, collection from wet depression along road (Nic. 1), 500 m, 7 Feb 1971 (fl, fr), Harmon & Fuentes 6016 (MO, WIS); just Wof Puente de Rio Viejo, ca. 8 km SE of San Isidro, 12 ° 53 ' N, 86 ° 09 ' W, 460 m, 24 Jun 1982 (fl, fr), Kral 69080 (MO); Darío, “Cuajiniquilapa,” a 4 km de la Carretera Panamericana siguiendo la carretera a Terrabona, 12 ° 44 ' N, 86 ° 04 ' W, 440 – 480 m, 18 Jun 1981 (fl, fr), Moreno 9222 (MO); Darío, “Las Joyas,” en la quebrada a 7 km de la Carretera Panamericana, sobre el camino a Terrabona, 12 ° 45 ' N, 86 ° 01 ' W, 480 – 500 m, 18 Jun 1981 (fr), Moreno 9280 (MO); Darío, “El Caracol,” a 14 km de la Carretera Panamericana, 12 ° 45 ' N, 85 ° 59 ' W, 560 – 580 m, 18 Jun 1981 (fl, fr), Moreno 9294 (MO); Entrada Paso de Carreta, quebrada, 12 ° 52 ' N, 86 ° 08 ' W, 460 – 480 m, 24 Jun 1982 (fl, fr), Moreno 16703 (MO); SW slopes of Cerro El Pilón and adjacent Laguna Tecomapa, 420 – 540 m, 12 ° 37 ' N, 86 ° 02 ' W, 20 Jul 1978 (fl, fr), Stevens 9376 (MO). Nueva Segovia: above Rio Dipilto 6 km Nof Ocotal, 700 m, 15 Jun 1977 (fl, fr), Neill 2174 (MO). Rivas: Las Salinas, sea level, 25 Aug 1977 (fl), Neill 2460 (MO).

COSTA RICA. Alajuela: Cantón de Orotina, Valle del Tárcoles, de la carretera Orotina-Caldera, ca. 1 km S rumbo a playa Bajamar, Guacalillo, 9 ° 53 ' 0 '' N, 84 ° 38 ' 10 '' W, 100 m, 21 July 1995 (fl, fr), Hammel & Grayum 19933 (INB); La Balsa de Rio Grande, 2 June 1911 (fl), Pittier 3646 (US). Guanacaste: Cantón de Bagaces, P.N. Palo Verde, Valle de Tempisque, A.C.T. Sector Palo Verde, sitio la Carreta, 10 ° 22 ' 0 '' N, 85 ° 17 ' 0 '' W, 10–100 m, 30 July 1996 (fl, fr), Chavarría 1503 (INB, MO); Cantón de Bagaces, P.N. Palo Verde, Cuenca del Tempisque, sector La Carreta, 14 m, 10 ° 21 ' 40 '' N, 85 ° 19 ' 20 '' W, 9 Oct 1997 (fr), Chavarría 1766 (MO); Comelco E, Wof Bagaces, 2 Aug 1971 (fl, fr), Heithaus 274 (MO); Rio Higuerón, near Taboga, 0 – 100 m, 10 ° 20 ' N, 85 ° 12 ' W, 29 – 30 Jun 1977 (fl, fr), Liesner et al. 2798 (MO); Finca La Pacífica Cañas, Secondary Plot, 100 m, 13 Jun 1972 (fl, fr), Opler 860 (F, UC). Puntarenas: vicinity of Cascajal (25 km ESE of Puntarenas), along road from Cascajal to Pigres, 30 – 100 m, 6 Jul 1949 (fr), Holm & Iltis 295 (A, G, MO); entre Mata de Limón y Cerro de las Mesas, 50 m, 1 Jun 1963 (fl, fr), Jimenez 721 (F); Cantón de Montes de Oro, cuenca del Aranjuez, San Isidro, Las Lomas, 2.5 km Nde Cuatro Cruces, 10 m, 10 ° 01 ' 33 '' N, 84 ° 44 ' 12 '' W, 13 Aug 1998 (fr), Rodríguez et al. 3909 (F, MO); near junction of Hwy. 1 and road to Miramar, 50 m, 28 Aug 1966 (fl, fr), Weston et al. 2060 (UC).

Notes— Solanum deflexum and S. lignescens are the only two species in the section that occur in Central America. The straight, multicelled, unbranched hairs of S. deflexum are unlike the hairs of S. hoffmanseggii , S. olympicum, and S. turneroides that bend up or down the stem, and, unlike S. lignescens , they are not stellate. Solanum lignescens is sympatric with S. deflexum , but the latter is a diminutive nonwoody plant, reaching 30 to rarely 40 cm in height. Solanum deflexum is frequently many-branched at the base, creating a “flat” appearance that is distinct from the upright appearance of other members of the clade. Solanum deflexum is also unique in that the first inflorescence often appears with the first pair of leaves after the cotyledons, giving the appearance of flowering while still a seedling ( Nee 1989). Unlike other members of the clade, S. deflexum is rarely rhizomatous, although it does appear in patches, likely due to the explosive dehiscence of the fruits.

In the description of S. deflexum, Greenman lists three collections, Nelson 2876a, Pringle 6400, and Smith 403, but none was designated as the type. Smith 403 was chosen as the lectotype from among the syntypes because of the quality of the specimen, with both flowering and fruiting material. Acollection bearing a label for Smith 403 exists at MEXU but this specimen also bears a label for Pringle 6400, a different syntype collection. The material is likely that of Smith 403 as it is both flowering and fruiting while all of the many Pringle 6400 collections at MEXU and other herbaria only have flower buds or fruit. Nelson 2876a is comprised of plants that are unusually large and are not reflective of the species as a whole.

The type of Salpichroa wrightii exemplifies the problems botanists have encountered with collections by Charles Wright made along the boundary with Mexico. In the protologue, Gray gives the collection locality as “Arizona on the Sonoita” and the type as Wright 1692. Consultation of Shaw’s (1987) book about Wright’s expeditions and W. T. Kittredge’s label on the lectotype sheet, presumably with information taken from Wright’s field notes, indicates that his field number for this collection is 549 and it was made on September 17, 1851. The specimens, all apparently belonging to the same gathering, have been distributed with the numbers 1592 and 1692. In fact, on the lectotype sheet at GH the handwritten “1592” appears to have been changed to “1692”. Because the distribution number 1692 does not exist for Wright’s Solanaceae collections according to Shaw (1987), it is apparent that all the collections should bear the distribution number 1592 and the protologue contains a typographical error.

Figures

FIG. 6. Solanum deflexum (Bohs 2715, UT). A. Habit. B. Closed flower in the late afternoon; note straight hairs on calyx and pedicel. C. Open flower in the day; note straight hairs on stem. Scale bars: A = 1 cm. B, C = 5 mm.

FIG. 7. Distribution of S. deflexum, S. lignescens, and S. manabiense.