Neurostigma, Enderlein, 1900

Reategui, Natália S., Rafael, José A. & da Silva-Neto, Alberto M., 2025, Neurostigma Enderlein, 1900 (Psocodea: ‘ Psocoptera’: Epipsocidae) from Brazilian Amazon Rainforest: new species and variations in forewings, European Journal of Taxonomy 976, pp. 1-32 : 25-26

publication ID	https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.976.2771
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4E810C5C-B478-4CDC-8AD3-9B4E65B518C4
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14725404
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE802C-FFF3-FFB9-FF5F-FDA3A763F877
treatment provided by	Plazi (2025-01-06 08:59:46, last updated 2025-01-23 12:56:56)
scientific name	Neurostigma
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Treatment

Key to males of Neurostigma View in CoL

Neurostigma furcivenula and N. chaetocephalum are excluded from the key as their male genitalia remain unknown..

1. Forewing with areola postica fused with M; M vein concave with a V-shape before bifurcation ( Fig. 23H–K View Fig ) ..................................................................................................................................... 2

– Forewing with areola postica free, not fused with M; M vein concave with a U-shape before bifurcation ( Figs 3A–B View Fig , 8A–B View Fig , 12A–B View Fig , 16A–B View Fig , 20A–B View Fig , 23A–G View Fig ) .................................................. 4

2. Proximal half of forewing homogeneously pigmented ( Fig. 23K View Fig ) .............. N. enderleini New, 1980 View in CoL

– Proximal half of forewing not homogeneously pigmented, with some areas having lighter pigmentation and other areas having distinctly darker pigmentation ( Fig. 23H–J View Fig ) ......................... 3

3. Large irregular dark brown spots from base of pterostigma to CuP ( Fig. 23I View Fig ) or only from M+CuA to CuP ( Fig. 23H View Fig ); small dark brown spot at pterostigma base transverse veins pigmented along its entire length ( Fig. 23H–I View Fig ) ..................................................................... N. xanthopterum New, 1980 View in CoL

– Almost continuous spot from base of areola postica to CuP, with central discontinuity; no irregular spot between half of anal vein and wing margin strongly pigmented spot along M+Cu ( Fig. 23J View Fig ) ... ........................................................................... N. atlanticum Reategui, Rafael & Silva-Neto, 2022 View in CoL

4. Forewing completely hyaline ( Fig. 23E–G View Fig ) ..................................................................................... 5

– Forewing not hyaline ( Figs 3A–B View Fig , 8A–B View Fig , 12A–B View Fig , 16A–B View Fig , 20A–B View Fig , 23A–D View Fig ) ................................. 7

5. M with three primary branches and third branch unforked ( Fig. 23E View Fig ); phallosome not as below ..... ........................................................................................................................................................... 6

– M with three primary branches, M 3 forked into M 3a and M 3b ( Fig. 23F View Fig ); posterior process of aedeagus short and straight distally; endophallus with two groups of small spines separated by reticulated area ( Fig. 24A View Fig ) ........................................................................................................................................... .............. N. lienhardi González-Obando, Carrejo-Gironza, Mendivil-Nieto & García Aldrete, 2021

6. Areola postica narrow, with Cua 1 touching wing margin at a point parallel to the second bifurcation of M ( Fig. 23E View Fig ); distal process of aedeagal arch wide and short; endophallus with two sclerites with numerous small spines, directed antero-laterally ( Fig. 24E View Fig ) .............................................................. ..................... N. newi González-Obando, Carrejo-Gironza, Mendivil-Nieto & García Aldrete, 2021

– Areola postica wide, with Cua 1 touching wing margin at a parallel point after the first bifurcation of M vein ( Fig. 23G View Fig ); posterior process of edeagal arch long and narrow with slight indentation of outer margin; endophallus with sharp spines directed antero-mesally, with long spicules on outer margin and dense field of short spines and spicules latero-posteriorly ( Fig. 24H View Fig ) ......................................... .......................................................................................................................... N. roesleri New, 1980

7. M+Cu has with slight concavity before bifurcation that gives rise to Cu A and M ( Fig. 8A–B View Fig ) ....... 8

– M+Cu straight, without concave region ( Figs 3A–B View Fig , 16A–B View Fig , 20A–B View Fig , 24A–D View Fig ) ............................. 9

8. Posterior process of aedeagal arch long and wide, with slight indentation of external and internal margins; anterior margin of endophallus with U-shaped indentation, originating two areas similar to ‘angels’ wings, extremely membranous, ending posteriorly with six strongly sclerotized and acuminate projections ( Fig. 9C View Fig ) ...................................................................... N. angelicum sp. nov.

– Posterior process of aedeagal arch long, wide, with long indentation of external margin, and slight indentation of internal margin; endophallus with two distinctly sclerotized areas, with separate endophallic sclerites touching anteriorly, separated posteriorly by membranous area, each sclerite with denticulated posterior margin with numerous small acuminate projections coiled anteriorly, giving rise to spiral area ( Fig. 13C View Fig ) .................................................................... N. patriciae sp. nov.

9. Pterostigma with spot on distal half, M gently concave before first bifurcation ( Fig. 23D View Fig ); endophallus subquadrate with recess, originating two symmetrical regions composed of two lobes with numerous rows of vertical spines ( Fig. 24G View Fig ) ........................................................ N. paucivenosum New, 1980

– Pterostigma without spots or with spot only along crossveins; M vein gently concave with U-shaped before its bifurcation ( Figs 3A–B View Fig , 16A–B View Fig , 20A–B View Fig , 23A–C View Fig ) ......................................................... 10

10. R 2+3 four times as long as section Rs ( Fig. 23B View Fig ); endophallus region without sclerites or spines ..... ..........................................................................................................................................................11

– R 2+3 two times as long as section Rs ( Fig. 24I View Fig ); endophallus region with sclerites or spines ........ 12

11. M 3 unbifurcated; areola postica rounded distally ( Fig. 23B View Fig ); edeagal arch posterior process robust, rounded apically ( Fig. 24C View Fig ) ................................................................................................................ ............ N. mockfordi González-Obando, Carrejo-Gironza, Mendivil-Nieto & García Aldrete, 2021

– M 3 bifurcated into M 3a and M 3b; areola postica almost triangular distally ( Fig. 23A View Fig ); aedeagal arch distal process narrow, almost truncate apically ( Fig. 24B View Fig ) ................................................................. ........ N. valderramae González-Obando, Carrejo-Gironza, Mendivil-Nieto & García Aldrete, 2021

12. Aedeagal arch posterior process short and wide, apically U-shaped; endophallus with pair of golf club-shaped sclerites separated by membranes ( Fig. 24I View Fig ) ..................... N. dispositum Roesler, 1940

– Aedeagal arch posterior process robust and long; endophallus with sclerites sepated by membranes ( Figs 4C View Fig , 17B View Fig , 21C View Fig , 24A–F View Fig ) ........................................................................................................... 13

13. Endophallus with sclerites and spines V-shaped ( Figs 4C View Fig , 24F View Fig ) .................................................... 14

– Endophallus without sclerites and with anchor-shaped spines ( Figs 17B View Fig , 21C View Fig , 24D View Fig ) ................... 15

14. Areola postica wide, with Cua 1 touching wing margin at parallel point, after second bifurcation of M ( Fig. 23C View Fig ); endophallus with two distinctly long, sclerotized and acuminate sclerites directed antero-laterally, arising from dense field of small spines ( Fig. 24F View Fig ) .............. N. radiatum Mockford, 1991

– Areola postica narrower basally, with Cua 1 touching wing margin at point parallel between first and second bifurcation of M ( Fig. 3A–B View Fig ); endophallus with numerous V-shaped small spines, radula with two sclerites, these almost together in middle of endophallus, basally almost triangular and weakly sclerotized, posteriorly strongly sclerotized, with numerous acuminate projections, with two medially detached projections ( Fig. 4C View Fig ) .............................................................. N. alfonsoi sp. nov.

15. Endophallus with indentation in anterior region, laterally with rows of spines ( Fig. 24D View Fig ) ............... ............. N. thorntoni González-Obando, Carrejo-Gironza, Mendivil-Niero & García Aldrete, 2021

– Endophallus not as above ( Figs 17B View Fig , 21C View Fig ) .................................................................................... 16

16. Endophallus with slight central indentation, with field of spines close to posterolateral margins with numerous small spines on posterior edges, separated by large membranous area ( Fig. 21C View Fig ) ............ .......................................................................................................................... N. willkeniae sp. nov.

– Endophallus with median region deeply septate with V-shaped indentation, laterally membranous with seven distinct rows of spines, separated by membranous area ( Fig. 17B View Fig ) ................................. ........................................................................................................................... N. spinosum sp. nov.

References

Gonzalez-Obando R., Carrejo-Gironza N., Mendivil-Nieto J. & Garcia Aldrete A. N. 2021. Neurostigma (Psocodea: Psocomorpha: Epipsocidae) from Colombia: New species and an identification key. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 61 (1): 83 - 98. https: // doi. org / 10.37520 / aemnp. 2021.005

Mockford E. 1991. New species and records of Psocoptera (Insecta) from Roraima State, Brazil. Acta Amazonica 21: 211 - 217. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921991211318

New T. R. 1980. Epipsocetae (Psocoptera) from the Reserva Ducke, Amazonas. Acta Amazonica 10 (1): 179 - 206. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921980101179

Reategui N. S., Rafael J. A. & Silva-Neto A. M. da 2022 a. Neurostigma xanthopterum New, 1980 (Psocodea: Psocoptera: Epipsocidae): Updated diagnosis, description of a female specimen, morphological variations and a checklist of all known species of the genus. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 62: e 202262052. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / 1807 - 0205 / 2022.62.052

Roesler V. R. 1940. Neue und wenig bekannte Copeognathengattungen. Zoologischer Anzeiger 130: 1 - 25.

Figures

Fig. 23. Forewings of Neurostigma spp., ♂. A. N. valderramae González-Obando, Carrejo-Gironza, Mendivil-Nieto & García Aldrete, 2021 (adapted from González-Obando et al. 2021: fig. 25). B. N. mockfordi González-Obando, Carrejo-Gironza, Mendivil-Nieto & García Aldrete, 2021 (adapted from González-Obando et al. 2021: fig. 7). C. N. radiatum Mockford, 1991 (photo of the forewing from the slide with the type specimen, INPA-PSO 000166). D. N. paucivenosum New, 1980 (photo of the forewing from the slide with the type specimen, INPA-PSO 000165). E. N. newi González-Obando, Carrejo-Gironza, Mendivil-Nieto & García Aldrete, 2021 (adapted from González-Obando et al. 2021: fig. 13). F. N. lienhardi González-Obando, Carrejo-Gironza, Mendivil-Nieto & García Aldrete, 2021 (adaptaded from González-Obando et al. 2021: fig. 1). G. N. roesleri New, 1980 (adapted from Reategui et al. 2024: fig. 18d; INPA-PSO 000029). H. N. xanthopterum New, 1980 (adapted from Reategui et al. 2022b: fig. 10c; INPA-PSO 000164). I. N. xanthopterum (adapted from Reategui et al. 2022b: fig. 10d; INPA-PSO 000164). J. N. atlanticum Reategui, Rafael & Silva-Neto, 2022 (adapted from Reategui et al. 2022a; fig. 3). K. N. enderleini New, 1980 (adapted from Reategui et al. 2024: fig. 1b; INPA-PSO 000163).

Fig. 3. Neurostigma alfonsoi sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (INPA-PSO 000030). A. Right forewing. B. Left forewing. C. Right hindwing. D. Left hindwing. E. Right front leg. F. Right medial leg. G. Right hind leg. Scale bars in mm.

Fig. 8. Neurostigma angelicum sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (INPA-PSO 000035). A. Right forewing. B. Left forewing. C. Right hindwing. D. Left hindwing. Scale bars in mm.

Fig. 12. Neurostigma patriciae sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (INPA-PSO 000036). A. Right forewing. B. Left forewing. C. Right hindwing. D. Left hindwing. E. Right front leg. F. Right medial leg. G. Right hind leg. Scale bars in mm.

Fig. 16. Neurostigma spinosum sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (INPA-PSO 000037). A. Right forewing. B. Left forewing. C. Right hindwing. Scale bars in mm.

Fig. 20. Neurostigma willkeniae sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (INPA-PSO 000038). A. Right forewing. B. Left forewing. C. Right hindwing. D. Left hindwing. E. Right hind leg. Scale bars in mm.

Fig. 24. Phallosomes of Neurostigma spp., ♂. A. N. lienhardi González-Obando, Carrejo-Gironza, Mendivil-Nieto & García Aldrete, 2021 (adapted from González-Obando et al. 2021: fig. 6). B. N. valderramae González-Obando, Carrejo-Gironza, Mendivil-Nieto & García Aldrete, 2021 (adapted from González-Obando et al. 2021: fig. 30). C. N. mockfordi González-Obando, Carrejo- Gironza, Mendivil-Nieto & García Aldrete, 2021 (adapted from González-Obando et al. 2021: fig. 12). D. N. thorntoni González-Obando, Carrejo-Gironza, Mendivil-Nieto & García Aldrete, 2021 (adapted from González-Obando et al. 2021: fig. 24). E. N. newi González-Obando, Carrejo-Gironza, Mendivil- Nieto & García Aldrete, 2021 (adapted from González-Obando et al. 2021: fig. 18). F. N. radiatum Mockford, 1991 (photo of the phallosome from the slide with the type specimen, INPA-PSO 000166). G. N. paucivenosum New, 1980 (photo of the phallosome from the slide with the type specimen). H. N. roesleri New, 1980 (adapted from Reategui et al. 2024b: fig. 18h). I. N. dispositum (adapted from Roesler 1940: fig. 47; INPA-PSO 000165).

Fig. 9. Neurostigma angelicum sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (INPA-PSO 000035). A. Hypandrium. B. Right paraproct and epiproct. C. Phallosome. Scale bars in mm.

Fig. 13. Neurostigma patriciae sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (INPA-PSO 000036). A. Hypandrium. B. Right paraproct and epiproct. C. Phallosome. Scale bars in mm.

Fig. 4. Neurostigma alfonsoi sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (INPA-PSO 000030). A. Hypandrium. B. Right paraproct and epiproct. C. Phallosome. Scale bars in mm.

Fig. 17. Neurostigma spinosum sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (INPA-PSO 000037). A. Right paraproct and epiproct. B. Phallosome. Scale bars in mm.

Fig. 21. Neurostigma willkeniae sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (INPA-PSO 000038). A. Hypandrium. B. Right paraproct and epiproct. C. Phallosome. Scale bars in mm.