Coptotermes travians (Haviland, 1898)

Krishna, Kumar, Grimaldi, David A., Krishna, Valerie & Engel, Michael S., 2013, Treatise on the Isoptera of the World, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2704 (377), pp. 623-973 : 738-745

travians .

— Maiti, 2006: 39–40, fig. 12 • Coptotermes bornensis ; key; synonymy; soldier described and figured; distribution. Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia: Sabah.

 DISTRIBUTION: Oriental Region— Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia: Mainland, Sabah, Sarawak; Singapore.

Coptotermes truncatus (Wasmann, 1897)

Termes (Coptotermes) truncatus Wasmann, 1897b: 164–165 (soldier), pl. 11: figs. 12, 12a.

TYPE DATA: Lectotype: NHMM soldier. Paralectotypes: AMNH soldier, NHMM soldiers.

LECTOTYPE DESIGNATION: Van Boven , 1969a: 40.

TYPE LOCALITY: Madagascar: Nossi Bé.

— Sjöstedt, 1900a: 71, 168 • Eutermes truncatus ; soldier characters; key; distribution; new combination. Madagascar.

— Sjöstedt, 1904: 36, 78, 112, 115, 119 • Eutermes truncatus ; key; distribution.

— Desneux, 1904b: 35 • Termes (Coptotermes) truncatus ; reference list. Madagascar.

— Holmgren, 1909b: 91, fig. 52 • Coptotermes truncatus ; anatomy; gut figured.

— Holmgren, 1909a: 2–6, pl. 1: figs. 1, 2, 4 • Coptotermes truncatus ; soldier, worker, nest described; nest figured; new combination. Madagascar.

— Wasmann, 1910a: 123 • Coptotermes truncatus ; listed. Madagascar.

— Bugnion and Popoff, 1910a: 121 • Coptotermes truncatus ; listed.

— Holmgren, 1910a: 144 • Coptotermes truncatus ; synonymy; remarks; locality. Seychelles.

— Holmgren, 1911a: 73 • Coptotermes truncatus ; listed. Madagascar; Seychelles.

— Silvestri, 1912a: 219, fig. 3 • Coptotermes truncatus ; listed.

— Hegh, 1922: 365, 684, fig. 253 • Coptotermes truncatus ; biology; reference list; distribution.

— Sjöstedt, 1926d: 56, 58 • Coptotermes truncatus ; reference list; biology; key; locality. Madagascar; Seychelles.

— Light, 1927a: 78, 81, 85, 86 • Coptotermes truncatus ; measurements.

— Vesey-Fitzgerald, 1941: 154 • Coptotermes truncatus ; damage; distribution. Seychelles.

— Snyder, 1949a: 84 • Coptotermes truncatus ; catalog; reference list. Madagascar; Seychelles.

— Cachan, 1949: 188, 222–223, fig. 17 • Coptotermes truncatus ; synonymy; soldier described and figured. Madagascar; Seychelles.

— Cachan, 1950b: 6, 11, figs. 11, 12 • Coptotermes truncatus ; soldier described and figured; distribution. Madagascar.

— Cachan, 1950a: 111, 113, 115, 117, figs. 4, 5, 13 • Coptotermes truncatus ; soldier figured; distribution. Madagascar.

— Cachan, 1951: 7 • Coptotermes truncatus ; localities. Madagascar.

— Roonwal and Chhotani, 1960c: 127 • Coptotermes truncatus ; tibial spur formula.

— Harris, 1961a: 64, 95, 106, 156, 163 • Coptotermes truncatus ; damage; distribution.

— Mathur and Thapa, 1962a: 24 • Coptotermes truncatus ; collection catalog. Madagascar.

— Harris, 1966d: 166 • Coptotermes truncatus ; listed.

— Van Boven, 1969a: 40 • Coptotermes truncatus ; types listed.

— Paulian, 1970: 284 • Coptotermes truncatus ; distribution. Madagascar; Seychelles.

— Williams, 1977: 122 • Coptotermes truncatus ; pest; ecology; distribution by vegetation zones.

— Eggleton and Davies, 2003: 657, table 8.26 • Coptotermes truncatus ; checklist; distribution. Madagascar and associated coastal Islands.

— Maiti, 2006: 86, fig. 50 • Coptotermes truncatus ; key; synonymy; soldier described and figured; distribution. Madagascar; Sceychelles [sic].

 DISTRIBUTION: Ethiopian Region— Madagascar; Seychelles.

Coptotermes varicapitatus Tsai and Li, 1985

Coptotermes varicapitatus Tsai et al., 1985: 108–109 , 115 (soldier), fig. 6.

TYPE DATA: Holotype: NAP soldier [no mention in the English summary of where the holotype

is deposited; most likely it is in NAP, where the senior author has deposited his other types].

Paratypes: NAP soldiers, worker [see comments under holotype].

TYPE LOCALITY: China: Guangdong Province: Hainan Island.

— Xia and He, 1986: 159 • Coptotermes (Polycrinitermes [unavailable]) varicapitatus ; key.

— Huang et al., 1989: 237–238, fig. 143 • Coptotermes varicapitatus ; soldier described and figured; key. China: Hainan.

— Gao et al., 1992a: 43 • Coptotermes varicapitatus ; checklist; distribution. China: Guangdong.

— Lin et al., 1994b: 2 • Coptotermes varicapitatus ; checklist; distribution. China: Guangxi.

— Gu et al., 1995: 648 • Coptotermes varicapitatus ; checklist. China: Hainan.

— Hua, 2000: 24 • Coptotermes varicapitatus ; listed. China: Hainan.

— Huang et al., 2000: 338–339, fig. 153 • Coptotermes (Polycrinitermes [unavailable]) varicapitatus ; soldier described and figured; key. China.

— Ahmad and Akhtar, 2002: 15 • Coptotermes varicapitatus ; catalog. China.

 DISTRIBUTION: Oriental Region— China: Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan.

Coptotermes vastator Light, 1929

Coptotermes vastator Light, 1929c: 422–449 (imago, soldier, worker), figs. 1–4, pls. 1–6 [synonymized with gestroi by Yeap et al., 2007: 467, 469].

TYPE DATA: Syntypes: AMNH Light nos. 471 and 491 imagoes, soldiers, workers [numerous other syntypes from many other localities listed by Light, 1929: 433–438, but their whereabouts are unknown]; USNM imagoes, soldiers, workers, NCIP imago, soldier [incorrectly cited as paratypes by Ruelle, 1975b], MCZ No. 1047 imago, soldier, FRI imago, soldier, worker.

TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines: Luzon: Manila.

— Oshima, 1914c: 20–21, pl. 1: fig. 5 • Coptotermes travians [misidentification]; soldier described and figured. Indonesia; Malaysia.

— Oshima, 1917b: 12–13, pl. 1: fig. 2 • Coptotermes travians [misidentification]; soldier figured. Philippines.

— Oshima, 1917a: 223 • Coptotermes travians [misidentification]; soldier described. Philippines.

— Oshima, 1920b: 491–492 • Coptotermes travians [misidentification]; Coptotermes formosanus [misidentification]; soldier, worker described. Philippines.

— Light, 1921a: 250 • Coptotermes travians [misidentification]; distribution [some localities]; Coptotermes formosanus [misidentification]; distribution [some localities].

— Light, 1930f: 19 • Coptotermes vastator ; listed; reference list. Philippines.

— Jucci, 1937: 305 • Coptotermes vastator ; distribution.

— Light, 1937b: 22 • Coptotermes vastator ; remarks; may be travians .

— Snyder, 1949a: 84 • Coptotermes vastator ; catalog; reference list. Philippines.

— Ahmad, 1958: 62, 67 • Coptotermes vastator ; key.

— Roonwal and Chhotani, 1960c: 127 • Coptotermes vastator ; tibial spur formula.

— Harris, 1961a: 156, 159 • Coptotermes vastator ; damage; distribution.

— Snyder and Francia, 1962: 64, 65, 68, 73 • Coptotermes vastator ; key; distribution; biology. Philippines.

— Mathur and Thapa, 1962a: 24 • Coptotermes vastator ; collection catalog. Philippines.

— Yu and Ping, 1964a: 21 • Coptotermes vastator ; listed.

— Ahmad, 1965: 19 • Coptotermes vastator ; comparisons.

— Weesner, 1965: 64, 65, 66, fig. 20 • Coptotermes vastator ; characters; imago figured; introduced into Hawaii.

— Bess, 1966: 136 • Coptotermes vastator ; listed; measurements; established in Hawaii.

— Gay, 1967: 13, 34, 35, 81, fig. 22 • Coptotermes vastator ; imago, soldier described and figured; distribution; intercepted in USA: Hawaii.

— Bess, 1970: 467–468 • Coptotermes vastator ; characters; biology; damage; distribution. USA: Hawaii.

— Roonwal, 1970c: 339 • Coptotermes vastator ; biology; distribution.

— Nishimoto, 1973: 17 • Coptotermes vastator ; distribution and introductions.

— Morimoto, 1975c: 53, fig. 14 • Coptotermes vastator ; key; soldier figured; distribution.

— Ruelle, 1975b: 5 • Coptotermes vastator ; types listed.

— Roonwal et al., 1979b: 341, 344 • Coptotermes vastator ; wing microsculpturing.

— Sen-Sarma, 1982: 142–146 • Coptotermes vastator ; damage. Oriental Region.

— Chhotani, 1984: 118 • Coptotermes vastator ; listed; castes known; distribution. Philippines.

— Xia and He, 1986: 174 • Coptotermes (Oligocrinitermes [unavailable]) vastator ; comparisons.

— Tho, 1992: 205 • Coptotermes vastator ; listed.

— Su and Scheffrahn, 1998: 13–18 • Coptotermes vastator ; introduction. Guam.

— Haverty et al., 2000a: 1167–1191 • Coptotermes vastator ; chemotaxonomy; cuticular hydrocarbons. USA: Guam, Hawaiian Islands.

— Woodrow et al., 2001: 667–673 • Coptotermes vastator ; distribution. USA: Hawaii.

— Ahmad and Akhtar, 2002: 15 • Coptotermes vastator ; catalog. Philippines.

— Grace et al., 2003: 153–157 • Coptotermes vastator ; tunneling behavior.

— Shelton and Grace, 2003: 205–211 • Coptotermes vastator ; cuticle permeability; water balance.

— Uchima and Grace, 2003a: 281–288 • Coptotermes vastator ; foraging; biomass. USA: Hawaii.

— Uchima and Grace, 2003b: 289–294 • Coptotermes vastator ; feeding rate.

— Acda, 2004b: 159–168 • Coptotermes vastator ; damage; distribution. Philippines.

— Scheffrahn et al., 2004: 872–876 • Coptotermes vastator ; 16S rRNA sequences; phylogeny.

— Szalanski et al., 2004a: 145–151 • Coptotermes vastator ; vasator [sic] in table; 16S rRNA sequences.

— Maiti, 2006: 86–87, fig. 51 • Coptotermes vastator ; key; synonymy; imago, soldier described and figured; distribution. Philippines.

— Yeap et al., 2007: 467–474 • Coptotermes vastator ; ribosomal DNA, COII mt-DNA sequences; relationships; synonymized with gestroi .

— Zhang et al., 2010: 93–98 • Coptotermes vastator ; 16S rRNA; molecular phylogeny.

 DISTRIBUTION: Oriental Region— Philippines: Cebu, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Samar. ◆ Papuan Region— Guam, Hawaii.

Coptotermes xiamensis Ahmad and Aktar, 2002 [nomen nudum]

Coptotermes xiamensis Ahmad and Akhtar, 2002: 15 [nomen nudum. There is no evidence in the literature that this species, ascribed to Li and Huang, was ever described by them or anyone else].

 DISTRIBUTION: Oriental Region— China: Fujian.

HETEROTERMITINAE Froggatt, 1897

Heterotermitinae Froggatt, 1897a: 550 [Lo et al.; 2004, Inward et al., 2007b, consider Heterotermitinae (Heterotermes) + Coptotermitinae (Coptotermes) as a clade, excluding Reticulitermes ].

TYPE GENUS: Heterotermes Froggatt, 1897 .

— Kemner, 1934b: 67 • Heterotermitinae ; synonymy.

— Snyder, 1949a: 66 • Heterotermitinae ; catalog; reference list; synonymy.

— Grassé, 1949: 533 • Heterotermitinae ; characters; genera included.

— Emerson, 1955: 516 • Heterotermitinae ; number of genera; distribution.

— Tu, 1955a: 33, 34 • Heterotermitinae ; distribution.

— Weidner, 1955b: 66 • Heterotermitinae ; of Rhinotermitidae ; characters.

— Weidner, 1955f: 39, 40, 55, 69 • Heterotermitinae ; key; characters; genera included.

— Weidner, 1960a: 57 • Heterotermitinae ; distribution.

— Harris, 1961a: 51 • Heterotermitinae ; characters; genera included.

— Bouillon and Mathot, 1965: 20 • Heterotermitinae ; key; characters.

— Araujo, 1970d: 531, 533 • Heterotermitinae ; number of genera and species; ecology; distribution. Neotropical Region.

— Krishna, 1970: 131, 137, 138, figs. 1, 4 • Heterotermitinae ; discussion; phylogeny of subfamily and genera; distribution.

— Weidner, 1970c: 11, 12, 21 • Heterotermitinae ; key; discussion.

— Emerson, 1971: 272 • Heterotermitinae ; characters; phylogeny.

— Sen-Sarma, 1974: 452–453 • Heterotermitinae ; ecology and biogeography.

— Morimoto, 1975b: 13, 14 • Heterotermitinae ; key.

— Quennedey and Deligne, 1975: 248 • Heterotermitinae ; frontal gland; fontanelle.

— Sen-Sarma et al., 1975: 22 • Heterotermitinae ; ecology. India.

— Thakur, 1975a: 341–345 • Heterotermitinae ; of Rhinotermitidae ; zoogeography of Northwest Himalaya.

— Prestwich, 1979d: 131, fig. 4 • Heterotermitinae ; phylogeny.

— Prestwich, 1979b: 463 • Heterotermitinae ; chemical defense; frontal gland; biochemistry.

— Prestwich, 1983b: 290, 292, figs. 1, 2 • Heterotermitinae ; defensive secretions; biochemistry; phylogeny.

— Roonwal, 1983b: 367, 377, 379 • Heterotermitinae ; wing microsculpturing.

— Roonwal and Chhotani, 1989: 467–470 • Heterotermitinae ; synonymy; characters; distribution and composition; key to genera.

— Thakur, 1989b: 355 • Heterotermitinae ; number of genera and species. India.

— Chuah et al., 1990: fig. 2 • Heterotermitinae ; phylogeny based on defensive secretions.

— Watson and Gay, 1991: 344 • Heterotermitinae ; characters; genera included; biology.

— Noirot, 1995b: 197–226 • Heterotermitinae ; gut morphology.

— Poole and Gentili, 1997: 493 • Heterotermitinae ; listed.

— Bose, 1999: 24–25 • Heterotermitinae ; key.

— Kambhampati and Eggleton, 2000: 23 • Heterotermitinae ; key.

— König et al., 2002: 125–156 • Heterotermitinae ; hind gut fauna and flora; symbionts: protozoa and bacteria; physiology of digestion; review.

— Engel and Krishna, 2004a: 2, 5, table 1 • Heterotermitinae ; synonymy; classification; listed.

— Ohkuma et al., 2004: 701–710 • Heterotermitinae ; phylogeny; COII sequences; Asian taxa.

— Maiti, 2006: 14, 15 • Heterotermitinae ; key.

— Inward et al., 2007b: 959, table 3 • Heterotermitinae ; Coptotermitinae + Heterotermitinae as a clade.

— Costa-Leonardo et al., 2009: 1–6 • Heterotermitinae ; semiochemicals; trail, alarm and sex pheromones.

Leucotermitinae Holmgren, 1910b: 285.

TYPE GENUS: Leucotermes Silvestri, 1901 .

— Holmgren, 1911a: 10, 68–69, 70, 71 • Leucotermitinae; of Mesotermitidae ; characters; key; systematic position.

— Holmgren, 1911c: 206 • Leucotermitinae; key.

— Emerson, 1925: 340 • Leucotermitinae; discussion; genera included.

— Sjöstedt, 1926d: 8, 59 • Leucotermitinae; of Rhinotermitidae ); key; reference list.

— Kemner, 1934b: 67 • Leucotermitinae; synonymized with Heterotermitinae .

— Hare, 1937: 475, pl. 2 • Leucotermitinae (= Heterotermitinae ); of Mesotermitidae ; Holmgren’s phylogeny compared.

— Lal and Menon, 1953: 21, 22, 23, 29 • Leucotermitinae; key; catalog; reference list.

— Engel and Krishna, 2004a: 2, 5, table 1 • Leucotermitinae; classification; listed as synonym.

— Engel et al., 2009: 10 • Leucotermitinae; classification; listed as synonym.

▲ 2 genera: 168 living species, 11 fossil species.

   DISTRIBUTION: Australian Region; Ethiopian Region ; Nearctic Region ; Neotropical Region ;

Oriental Region; Palaearctic Region.

Heterotermes Froggatt, 1897

Heterotermes Froggatt, 1897a: 518 , 550.

TYPE SPECIES: Heterotermes platycephalus Froggatt, 1897 by monotypy.

— Haviland, 1898: 378, 398 • Termes [section with T. tenuis for type]; characters; key.

— Desneux, 1904b: 29, 31, 32–33 • Heterotermes ; tentatively treated as synonymous with Leucotermes .

— Froggatt, 1905: 25 • Heterotermes ; characters.

— Holmgren, 1910b: 285 •? Heterotermes ; listed.

— Holmgren, 1911a: 11, 69–71 • Heterotermes ; tentatively treated as synonymous with

Leucotermes .

— Emerson, 1928b: 406 • Heterotermes ; distribution.

— Light, 1930f: 17, 18 • Heterotermes ; key.

— Light, 1933: 82, 107 • Heterotermes ; = Leucotermes ; key; remarks.

— Kemner, 1934b: 67–68 • Heterotermes ; synonymy; remarks.

— Snyder, 1934a: 24, 27 • Heterotermes ; key.

— Light, 1934j: 338 • Heterotermes ; key.

— Light and Pickens, 1934: 150–156, fig. 39 • Heterotermes ; distribution of American species.

— Hare, 1937: 474, pl. 1 • Heterotermes ; phylogeny.

— Hill, 1942: 14, 120–121 • Heterotermes ; key; synonymy; imago, soldier, worker diagnosed.

— Snyder, 1949a: 66 • Heterotermes ; catalog; reference list; synonymy.

— Cachan, 1949: 186 • Heterotermes ; key.

— Ratcliffe et al., 1952: 54, 95 • Heterotermes ; key; discussion; biology; species included.

— Lal and Menon, 1953: 29–30 • Heterotermes ; catalog; reference list; synonymy; key.

— Emerson, 1955: 509 • Heterotermes ; number of species; distribution.

— Weidner, 1955f: 55, 69 • Heterotermes ; key; number of species; distribution.

— Ahmad, 1958: 58, 59 • Heterotermes ; key.

— Calaby and Gay, 1959: 212 • Heterotermes ; zoogeography; number of species.

— Roonwal, and Bose, 1964: 8 • Heterotermes ; key.

— Tsai and Chen, 1964b: 57, 67 • Heterotermes ; key; characters.

— Bouillon and Mathot, 1965: 20, 74, 75, pl. 5: fig. 7b • Heterotermes ; species included; imago/

worker mandibles figured.

— Weesner, 1965: 36, 37 • Heterotermes ; key; characters; distribution.

— Krishna, 1966: 1094, 1096 • Heterotermes ; key.

— Chatterjee and Thakur, 1967: 4 • Heterotermes ; key.

— Harris, 1968c: 6 • Heterotermes ; key.

— Araujo, 1970d: 533, 544 • Heterotermes ; distribution; number of species in Neotropical Region.

— Weesner, 1970: 504 • Heterotermes ; biology.

— Emerson, 1971: 272–274 • Heterotermes ; taxonomy; characters; phylogeny; origin; ecology; distribution.

— Bouillon and Mathot, 1971: table • Heterotermes ; number of species in Ethiopian Region; soldier measurements.

— Chaudhry et al., 1972: 17 • Heterotermes ; characters.

— Chhotani and Bose, 1973: 233 • Heterotermes ; distribution. Indian region.

— Akhtar, 1974a: 90, 91, 96, 97, 100 • Heterotermes ; distribution; ecology. Pakistan.

— Roonwal et al., 1974: 63 • Heterotermes ; wing cuticular structures.

— Sen-Sarma, 1974: 440, 446, 452 • Heterotermes ; ecology and biogeography.

— Akhtar, 1975: 36 • Heterotermes ; key.

— Morimoto, 1975b: 15 • Heterotermes ; key.

— Morimoto, 1975c: 53 • Heterotermes ; remarks.

— Quennedey and Deligne, 1975: 248, 261, 264 • Heterotermes ; frontal gland; fontanelle; labrum; defense; phylogeny.

— Sen-Sarma et al., 1975: 1–2, 4, 7 • Heterotermes ; distribution and ecology; key. India.

— Araujo, 1977c: 25 • Heterotermes ; catalog.

— Mathews, 1977: 83 • Heterotermes ; synonymy; characters.

— Roonwal and Rathore, 1977: 308 • Heterotermes ; wing microsculpturing.

— Roonwal and Verma, 1977b: 464 • Heterotermes ; biogeography.

— Thakur, 1978d: 95, 96 • Heterotermes ; biology.

— Bandeira, 1979b: 491 • Heterotermes ; ecology. Brazil: Amazonas State.

— Chhotani and Bose, 1979b: 17, 19 • Heterotermes ; nesting behavior and nests. India.

— Roonwal et al., 1979b: 351 • Heterotermes ; wing microsculpturing.

— Thakur and Sen-Sarma, 1979: 1–4 • Heterotermes ; zoogeography; phylogeny; synonymy; imago, soldier, worker diagnosed; key to species.

— Chhotani, 1980: 5, 26 • Heterotermes ; Indian species listed; key.

— Mill, 1982a: 255 • Heterotermes ; habitat; nest location; food; locality. Brazil.

— Bose and Das, 1982: 199 • Heterotermes ; key.

— Mill, 1982b: 56 • Heterotermes ; habitat; nest location; food.

— Chhotani and Bose, 1983: 124 • Heterotermes ; distribution. Arabian Peninsula.

— Maiti, 1983: 16, 22 • Heterotermes ; key.

— Roonwal, 1983b: 363 • Heterotermes ; wing microsculpturing.

— Chhotani, 1984: 111–112 • Heterotermes ; key; taxonomy; distribution and zoogeography; biology; ecology; nesting behavior.

— Bose, 1984: 78–79 • Heterotermes ; key; synonymy; remarks.

— Collins, 1984: 76 • Heterotermes ; key.

— Chhotani, 1985: 93–94 • Heterotermes ; distribution and zoogeography.

— Chhotani, 1986: 22, 24 • Heterotermes ; distribution and zoogeography. Oriental Region.

— Bose and Das, 1987: 108 • Heterotermes ; key.

— Chhotani, 1988: 363 • Heterotermes ; imagoes discussed. Oman.

— Roonwal and Chhotani, 1989: 471–476 • Heterotermes ; synonymy; characters; distribution and composition; key to species.

— Thakur, 1989b: 352 • Heterotermes ; ecology.

— Thakur (R.K.), 1989: 8 • Heterotermes ; key.

— Watson et al., 1989: 299–325 • Heterotermes ; taxonomy; worker cuticular hydrocarbons.

— Nickle and Collins, 1990: 93, 110 • Heterotermes ; key; characters.

— Chhotani and Bose, 1991: 262 • Heterotermes ; key.

— Carpenter, 1992: 142 • Heterotermes ; fossil distribution.

— Nickle and Collins, 1992: 221, 222, 224 • Heterotermes ; key; characters.

— Maiti and Saha, 1993: 516 • Heterotermes ; key.

— Watson and Abbey, 1993b: 3 • Heterotermes ; remarks; Australian species.

— Akhtar and Ahmad, 1997: 215, 218 • Heterotermes ; zoogeographical distribution.

— Poole and Gentili, 1997: 494, 495 • Heterotermes ; listed.

— Constantino, 1998b: 156 • Heterotermes ; catalog.

— Fontes, 1998: 330 • Heterotermes ; catalog.

— Fontes and Monteiro, 1998: 37 • Heterotermes ; etymology and pronunciation.

— Sands, 1998: 25, 69–71, figs. 62–83 • Heterotermes ; key; worker described; worker mandibles,

gut figured; biology and economic status; distribution.

— Constantino, 1999a: 396, 411 • Heterotermes ; key; biology; distribution.

— Huang and Li, 1999: 279, 303 • Heterotermes ; key; characters.

— Constantino, 2000b: 463, 464 • Heterotermes ; South American species.

— Thorne et al., 2000: 80 • Heterotermes ; number of fossil species; age; distribution.

— Constantino, 2002c: fig. 3 • Heterotermes ; distribution map of South American species.

— Constantino, 2002a: 18 • Heterotermes ; South American species.

— DeSouza et al., 2003: 645 • Heterotermes ; nesting habits.

— Rathore and Tak, 2004a: 43 • Heterotermes ; key.

— Rathore and Bhattacharyya, 2004: 8 • Heterotermes ; key.

— Maiti, 2006: 15, 106–111 • Heterotermes ; key; synonymy; characters; key to species;

distribution.

— Bourguignon and Roisin, 2011: 70 • Heterotermes ; characters; distribution.

Leucotermes Silvestri, 1901: 3 .

TYPE SPECIES: Termes tenuis Hagen, 1901 by monotypy.

— Wasmann, 1902d: 117–118 • Leucotermes ; characters.

— Silvestri, 1903: 37–38 • Leucotermes ; characters; distribution.

— Desneux, 1904b: 29, 31, 32–33 • Termes (Leucotermes) [part]; synonymy; characters; key to species; distribution.

— Holmgren, 1906: 540 • Leucotermes ; remarks; synonymy.

— Escherich, 1909: 176 • Leucotermes ; characters.

— Holmgren, 1910b: 285 • Leucotermes ; listed;? Heterotermes ; listed.

— Holmgren, 1910a: 142 • Leucotermes ; remarks; relationship to Heterotermes .

— Holmgren, 1911a: 11, 69–71 • Leucotermes [part]; synonymy; species included; distribution.

— Holmgren, 1913c: 60, 63 • Leucotermes (Leucotermes) ; key; characters.

— Warren, 1919: 2 • Leucotermes ; distribution.

— Banks, 1919: 479, 480 • Leucotermes ; key.

— Banks and Snyder, 1920: 54, 75–76 • Leucotermes ; key; characters; included in Termitinae .

— Light, 1921b: 57–58 • Leucotermes ; diagnosis.

— Snyder, 1924i: 12–13 • Leucotermes ; discussion.

— Emerson, 1925: 340 • Leucotermes ; remarks; distribution.

— Snyder, 1926g: 3, 4 • Leucotermes ; characters; remarks.

— Sjöstedt, 1926d: 59 • Leucotermes ; reference list.

— Bathellier, 1927: 130–131, 132 • Leucotermes ; characters; also as Leucotermes (Leucotermes) ;

key.

— Hill, 1927a: 40 • Leucotermes ; list of species included; Heterotermes platycephalus included

with a question mark.

— Light, 1930f: 15 • Leucotermes ; synonymized with Heterotermes .

— Tembrock, 1944: fig. 11 • Leucotermes ; map; species distribution.

Psalidotermes Silvestri, 1909b: 296 [junior subjective synonym of Heterotermes Froggatt, 1897 ]. TYPE SPECIES: Termes ferox Froggatt, 1898 by monotypy.

— Warren, 1919: 2 • Psalidotermes ; distribution.

— Holmgren, 1911a: 69 • Psalidotermes ; synonymized with Leucotermes .

▲ 30 living species, 2 fossil species.

   DISTRIBUTION: Australian Region; Ethiopian Region ; Nearctic Region ; Neotropical Region ;

Oriental Region; Palaearctic Region.

Heterotermes aethiopicus (Sjöstedt, 1911)

Eutermes aethiopicus Sjöstedt, 1911d: 172 (soldier).

TYPE DATA: Syntypes: MNHP soldiers, NHRM soldiers, workers, AMNH soldier, workers.

TYPE LOCALITY: Ethiopia [ Abessinien]: Kottouki Dagaga [10°20′N, 42°25′E].

— Holmgren, 1913c: 15 • Leucotermes aethiopicus ; new combination.

— Hegh, 1922: 469, 694 • Eutermes aethiopicus ; reference list; distribution.

— Sjöstedt, 1922: 246, pl. 1T1, fig. 4 • Eutermes aethiopicus ; soldier, worker described; soldier figured; locality. Ethiopia.

— Sjöstedt, 1926d: 59 • Leucotermes aethiopicus ; reference list; key; remarks; locality. Ethiopia.

— Ghidini, 1938: 226 • Reticulitermes aethiopicus ; new combination.

— Snyder, 1949a: 71 • Reticulitermes aethiopicus ; catalog; reference list. Ethiopia.

— Harris, 1957c: 423 • Reticulitermes aethiopicus ; ecology; distribution. Ethiopia; Yemen.

— Harris, 1961a: 155, 158 • Heterotermes aethiopicus ; damage; distribution; new combination.

— Bouillon and Mathot, 1965: 20 • Reticulitermes aethiopicus ; distribution.

— Harris, 1968c: 2, 11, fig. 4 • Heterotermes aethiopicus ; soldier figured; biology; locality. Sudan.

— Bouillon and Mathot, 1971: 7, table: no. 63 • Heterotermes aethiopicus ; catalog; measurements; distribution. Sudan.

— Johnson and Wood, 1980: 279–293 • Heterotermes aethiopicus ; checklist; ecology; distribution.

— Chhotani and Bose, 1983: 124 • Heterotermes aethiopicus ; distribution. Arabian Peninsula.

— Weidner, 1984: 6 • Heterotermes aethiopicus ; listed. Southern Arabia.

— Badawi et al., 1986a: 416, 418 • Heterotermes aethiopicus ; distribution. Saudi Arabia.

— Cowie, 1989a: 159, 160, 163, 164, table 1 • Heterotermes aethiopicus ; checklist; biogeography; distribution. Abu Dhabi; North Yemen; Oman; Saudi Arabia; South Yemen.

— Cowie et al., 1990: 23, 24, table 1 • Heterotermes aethiopicus ; checklist; distribution. Ethiopia.

— Chhotani and Bose, 1991: 261, 263 • Heterotermes aethiopicus ; key. Saudi Arabia.

— Sands, 1998: 71, 328, 329, figs. 65–72, 75–83 • Heterotermes aethiopicus ; worker mandibles, gut figured; locality. Ethiopia; Sudan; Yemen.

— Faragalla, 2002: 203 • Heterotermes aethiopicus ; checklist; ecozoogeography. Saudi Arabia.

 DISTRIBUTION: Ethiopian Region— Ethiopia; North Yemen; South Yemen; Sudan. ◆ Palaearctic Region—Abu Dhabi; Oman; Saudi Arabia.

Heterotermes assu Constantino, 2000

Heterotermes assu Constantino, 2000b: 464 (imago, soldier, worker), fig. 1.

TYPE DATA: Holotype: DZUB soldier. Paratypes: DZUB soldiers, workers, DZUB soldiers, workers, DZUB imagoes, soldiers, workers (several colonies).

TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil: State of Espírito Santo: Presidente Kennedy, Praia das Neves.