Thraulodes yara, Nascimento & Castelaci & Hamada, 2021

Nascimento, Jeane Marcelle Cavalcante Do, Castelaci, Luciana Camurça & Hamada, Neusa, 2021, More about Thraulodes Ulmer, 1920 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from the Brazilian Amazonia: three new species, a new record and a gynandromorph report, Zootaxa 5076 (1), pp. 21-38 : 22-27

Thraulodes yara n. sp.

( Figs. 1–4 , 9A )

Diagnosis. Male imago of the new species can be distinguished from the other species of Thraulodes based on the following characteristics: (1) costal membrane basal to bulla with 4–5 very thin cross veins ( Fig. 9A ); (2) femora with blackish brown band on basal 2/5 and another one on apical 1/3 ( Fig. 2A ); (3) abdominal terga II–VI translucent white, with blackish lateral mark extending to posteromedial margin ( Fig. 2B ); (4) styliger plate with dorsal extension well developed (approximately 2.4 times longer than wide) ( Fig. 4B ); (5) penis lobe with welldeveloped ear-like projection ( Fig. 4A–C ); (6) lateral pouch present ( Fig. 4A–B ); (7) penes spines narrow and long (approximately two times longer than the width of the medial region of the penis lobe) ( Fig. 4A–D ).

Male imago. Body length: 6.2–6.8 mm (n = 2); forewing length: 7.3 mm; hind wing length: 1.5 mm. General coloration yellowish brown, some areas translucent white ( Fig. 2A–B ).

Head ( Figs. 2A–C ). Yellowish brown, with gray marks; cervix grayish. Upper portion of eyes orangish brown; lower portion dark gray. Ocelli whitish, surrounded by grayish. Antennae with scape yellowish white, pedicel brownish, yellowish basally, flagellum yellowish gray.

Thorax ( Figs. 2A–C ). Pronotum yellowish brown, washed with gray, posterior margin black. Mesonotum brownish yellow, sutures brown, except by median longitudinal suture washed with black. Pleurae and sterna brownish, with blackish and reddish marks irregularly distributed.

Legs ( Fig. 2A ). Forelegs yellowish brown; femora with blackish-brown band on basal 2/5 and another one on apical 1/3; tibiae with thin blackish brown band apically. Middle and hindlegs whitish, femora with bands and marks similar to foreleg.

Wings ( Figs. 2A , 9A ). Membrane of forewings hyaline, with blackish brown macula around the costal brace and bases of Sc and R; veins yellowish; costal membrane basal to bulla with 4–5 very thin cross veins and 15–17 cross veins distal to bullae. Membrane of hind wings hyaline, with dark blackish brown macula at base; with 2–3 cross veins; veins brownish yellow.

Abdomen ( Fig. 2A–B ). Tergum I almost entirely blackish; terga II–VI translucent white, with blackish lateral mark extending to posteromedial margin; terga VII–X yellowish brown, slightly washed with red, with blackish marks on medial area near anterior margin; terga II–VI with stigmatic dot; terga VI and VII with paired, well-defined black marks medially on posterior margin. Sterna II–VI translucent white, washed with grayish brown; sterna VII–IX light yellowish brown. Caudal filaments whitish, intersegmental joints darker in all segments.

Genitalia ( Figs. 2D , 3A–D ). Styliger plate yellowish translucent, with reddish marks; triangular; dorsal extension well developed (approximately 2.4 times longer than wide), with apex rounded and base narrow. Forceps whitish, distal region of segment I and segment II washed with reddish brown; with strong constriction below the middle of segment I. Penes relatively short and wide, whitish brown with red marks; apicolateral area of the penis lobe rounded, forming a well-developed ear-like projection; lateral pouch present; inner margins of the lobes almost parallels; each lobe with recurved fold slightly marked; penes spines narrow (approximately with the same width along entire length) and long (approximately two times longer than the width of the medial region of the penis lobe), projected medially and anteriorly.

Female imago. Body length: 5–5.8 mm (n = 4); forewing length: 6.9–7.2 mm; hind wing length: 1–1.2 mm. Color pattern similar to male imago, except: coloration lighter, abdominal terga II–VI without blackish brown mark extending from submedial area to posterior margin and abdominal tergum VI and VII without paired well-defined black marks medially on posterior margin ( Fig. 4A ).

Nymph. Unknown.

Etymology. Yara, from the indigenous word “Iuara”, means “the one who lives in the water”. Iuara is a character in the Brazilian folklore represented by a mermaid who lives in the Amazon waters. This name is used in apposition.

Comments. Thraulodes yara n. sp. resembles Thraulodes pinhoi Mariano & Lima, 2013, especially in its abdominal color pattern (terga II–VI translucent, with lateral and dorsal dark marks), femora with two blackish brown bands and in the general shape of the penes with lateral pouch present, each lobe with recurved fold slightly marked and penes spines narrow and long. However, both species can be easily differentiated as follows: in T. yara n. sp. the styliger plate has a more prominent dorsal extension (approximately 2.4 times longer than wide) with narrow base, whereas in T. pinhoi the dorsal extension is approximately 0.9 times longer than wide, with wider base; in the penis lobe, the ear-like projection is more developed in the new species than the in T. pinhoi , and the penes spines is two times longer than the width of the medial region of the penis lobe in T. yara n. sp., whereas in T. pinhoi it has 2.8 times the width of penis lobe. The forewings in both species can be differentiated as follows: T. yara n. sp. has 4–5 very thin cross-veins in the costal membrane basal to bulla, whereas in T. pinhoi these cross-veins are absent.

Gynandromorph report. Among the analyzed specimens of Thraulodes yara n. sp. one gynandromorph was found. This individual has half of the head with male turbinate eye and the other half with female eye ( Fig. 4B ). The abdomen has general coloration and structure similar to the female, the sternum IX is asymmetric, malformed; no eggs were seen (4B–D).

Material examined. Holotype: male imago (Pennsylvania trap), BRAZIL, Amapá state, Oiapoque municipality, Marripá waterfalls (03°48’07.6” N; 51°52’31.8” W); 09/VIII/2013; J.M.C. Nascimento; N. Hamada & J.O. Silva cols. ( INPA) . Paratypes: 2 female imagoes, 1 gynandromorph (same data as holotype) ( INPA); 01 male imago , 2 female imagoes (same data as holotype) ( MZUSP) .

Figures

FIGURE 1. Distribution of the species analyzed in this study. (A) Map of South America with detailed area containing partial region of Brazil and Peru; (B–E) sampled sites with new species of Thraulodes Ulmer (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae); (B) Amapá state, Oiapoque municipality, Oiapoque River, Marripá waterfalls; (C) Mato Grosso state, Alta Floresta municipality, Juruena River; (D, E) Rondônia state, Vilhena municipality, Hermes River.

FIGURE 2. Thraulodes yara n. sp. (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae), male imago. A) habitus, lateral view; B) habitus, dorsal view; C) head and thorax, lateral view; D) male terminalia, lateral view.

FIGURE 3. Thraulodes yara n. sp. (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae), male imago, terminalia.A) dorsal view; B) ventral view; C) lateroventral view; D) caudal view.

FIGURE4. Thraulodes yara n.sp.(Ephemeroptera:Leptophlebiidae),imago.A) femalehabitus,lateral view;B)gynandromorph habitus, dorsal view; C) gynandromorph abdome, lateral view; D) gynandromorph terminalia, ventral view.

FIGURE 9. Thraulodes Ulmer (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae), male imago, fore and hind wings.A) Thraulodes yara n. sp.; B) Thraulodes yaciara n. sp.; C) Thraulodes ykamiaba n. sp.