Calliactis polypus ( Forsskål, 1775 )

Barragán, Yamaly, Sánchez, Carlos & Rodríguez, Estefanía, 2019, First inventory of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria) from La Paz Bay, southern Gulf of California (Mexico), Zootaxa 4559 (3), pp. 501-549 : 540-543

Calliactis polypus ( Forsskål, 1775)

( FIgS. 2 , 24–26 , TAble 10)

Priapus polypus Forsskål, 1775

Actinia polypus: de Blainville 1834

Cribrina Polypus [sic]: Ehrenberg 1834

Actinia decorata Couthouy in Dana, 1846

Adamsia decorata: Milne-Edwards 1857

Adamsia priapus: Milne-Edwards 1857

Cereus sinenesis Verrill, 1869

Calliactis decorata Drayton : Verrill 1869

Calliactis polypus: Hertwig 1882

No Calliactis polypus: Dawson 1966

Calliactis decorata Andres, 1883

No Adamsia rondeletti Andres, 1883

Adamsia miriam Haddon & Shackleton, 1893

Calliactis Miriam [sic] Haddon & Shackleton, 1893: Haddon 1898

Pro parte Calliactis armillatas Verrill, 1928

Calliactis sinensis ( Verrill, 1869) : Verrill 1928

Calliactis marmorata Studer, 1879

Calliactis valdiviae Carlgren, 1938

Calliactis variegata Verrill, 1869 : Carlgren 1949

Material eXamined. (See TAble 2).

Description. EXTeRNAl ANATOmY ( FIg. 24 ): Well deVelOped pedAl dISC, TO 51 mm dIAmeTeR IN pReSeRVed SpeCImeNS, WIdeR ThAN COlUmN. COlUmN CYlINdRICAl, CORRUgATe, TO 26 mm heIghT ANd TO 34 mm dIAmeTeR IN pReSeRVed SpeCImeNS. COlUmN dIVISIble INTO SCApUS ANd SCApUlUS; SCApUlUS delICATe. ONe OR TWO TRANSVeRSAl ROWS Of CONSpICUOUS CINClIdeS, ON pApIllAe IN pROXImAl pART Of SCApUS. FUllY eXpANded ORAl dISC ANd TeNTACleS TO 45 mm dIAmeTeR, ORAl dISC TO 38 mm dIAmeTeR IN pReSeRVed SpeCImeNS. Up TO 300 TeNTACleS, heXAmeROUSlY ARRANged IN SeVeN CYCleS, TO TWO mm leNgTh IN pReSeRVed SpeCImeNS; SImple, ShORT, STICkY, SmOOTh, All Of SImIlAR leNgTh. MeSeNTeRIAl INSeRTIONS VISIble IN pedAl dISC, pROXImAl COlUmN ANd ORAl dISC.

INTeRNAl ANATOmY ANd mICROANATOmY ( FIg. 25 ): MeSeNTeRIeS heXAmeROUSlY ARRANged IN fIVe CYCleS: fIRST peRfeCT ANd STeRIle, OTheRS ImpeRfeCT ANd feRTIle. GONOChORIC, OOCYTeS 0.07–0.08 ANd SpeRmATIC CYSTS 0.09–0.10 mm IN dIAmeTeR IN SpeCImeNS COlleCTed IN AUgUST. MORe meSeNTeRIeS dISTAllY ThAN pROXImAllY (bASed ON NUmbeR Of TeNTACleS). ACONTIA WITh ONlY bASITRIChS. TWO SIphONOglYphS ATTAChed TO TWO pAIR Of dIReCTIVe meSeNTeRIeS. ReTRACTOR mUSCleS WeAk ANd dIffUSe, OCCUpYINg OVeR hAlf-leNgTh Of meSeNTeRIeS. PARIeTObASIlAR mUSCleS pOORlY deVelOped, WeAk. BASIlAR mUSCleS Well deVelOped, WITh VeRY ShORT ANd ThICk meSOgleAl pROCeSSeS. MARgINAl SphINCTeR mUSCle meSOgleAl. LONgITUdINAl mUSCleS Of TeNTACleS eCTOdeRmAl.

COlOR ( FIg. 24 ): IN lIVINg SpeCImeNS, pedAl dISC lIghT gReeN ANd beIge. COlUmN OlIVe gReeN, beIge, dARk bROWN ANd ROSe. CINClIdeS beIge. ACONTIA flUOReSCeNT pINk. ORAl dISC TRANSlUCeNT bROWN WITh WhITe RAdIAl lINeS. MOUTh ORANge WITh A WhITe hYpOSTOme. TeNTACleS TRANSlUCeNT dARk bROWN WITh WhITe SpOTS.

CNIdOm ( FIg. 26 ): BASITRIChS, p -mASTIgOphOReS B1, ANd SpIROCYSTS. See TAble 10 fOR SIZe ANd dISTRIbUTION.

Geographic and bathymetric distribution. Calliactis polypus IS The mOST COSmOpOlITAN SpeCIeS WIThIN The geNUS. IT IS fOUNd IN The PACIfIC, ATlANTIC, ANd INdIAN OCeANS, MedITeRRANeAN SeA ANd Red SeA ( GUSmãO 2010). IN The PACIfIC OCeAN IS RepORTed fROm ECUAdOR TO MeXICO. IN MeXICO, IT IS fOUNd IN CONCepCION BAY ( CARlgReN 1951). IT hAS beeN RepORTed beTWeeN 0–638 meTeRS ( VeRRIll 1928; CARlgReN 1938). ThIS IS The fIRST ReCORd fOR PUNTA COYOTe (NORTh 1, 2 ANd 3) IN The INTeRTIdAl ANd IN SAN RAfAelITO AT 20 meTeRS.

Remarks. Of All 18 deSCRIbed SpeCIeS Of Calliactis ACCORdINg TO DAlY & FAUTIN (2018), GUSmãO (2010) CONSIdeRed 13 SpeCIeS TO be VAlId bUT WIThOUT CONSIdeRINg ThRee SpeCIeS ThAT She dId NOT ReVISe ( C. polypores PeI, 1996, C. xishaensis PeI, 1996 ANd C. argentacolorata PeI, 1996). She CONClUded ThAT TWO SpeCIeS, C. annulata CARlgReN, 1922 ANd C. polypus , ARe fOUNd IN The EASTeRN PACIfIC (IN ChIle ANd PANAmA, ReSpeCTIVelY). GUSmãO (2010) meNTIONed ThAT C. polypus IS fOUNd beTWeeN 0–81 meTeRS deep; hOWeVeR, beCAUSe C. valdiviae IS fOUNd Up TO 638 meTeRS deep ANd IS CONSIdeRed A SYNONYmY Of C. polypus, We CONSIdeR The bAThYmeTRIC RANge Of C. polypus TO eXTeNd TO beTWeeN 0–638 meTeRS. The STUdIed mATeRIAl AgReeS Well WITh pReVIOUS deSCRIpTIONS Of The SpeCIeS. CARlgReN (1951) Re-deSCRIbed C. variegata (= C. polypus ACCORdINg TO GUSmãO (2010)) bUT dId NOT pROVIde The TYpeS Of CNIdAe IN The ACTINOphARYNX; hOWeVeR, The CNIdAe AgRee Well WITh The SIZe RANge Of The bASITRIChS Of GUSmãO (2010) ANd The pReSeNT STUdY ( TAble 10). We dId NOT fINd p -mASTIgOphOReS B1 IN The COlUmN RepORTed bY GUSmãO (2010) ( TAble 10). We COUld NOT fINd The SIXTh CYCle Of meSeNTeRIeS IN The dISTAl COlUmN Of The SpeCImeNS eXAmINed; hOWeVeR, beCAUSe The NUmbeR Of meSeNTeRIeS IS RelATed TO The CYCleS Of meSeNTeRIeS ( STepheNSON 1928), dUe TO The NUmbeR Of TeNTACleS (Up TO 300) fOUNd, TheRe hAS TO be A SIXTh CYCle dISTAllY. IN LA PAZ BAY SpeCImeNS Of C. polypus ARe fOUNd IN SYmbIOSIS WITh heRmIT CRAbS OR lIVINg SOlITARIlY, ATTAChed TO ROCkS OR empTY ShellS. The ThRee SpeCImeNS COlleCTed IN The INTeRTIdAl Of The ROCkY ShORe WeRe fOUNd STRONglY ATTAChed TO ROCkS WheReAS The OTheR SeVeN SpeCImeNS fOUNd AT 20 meTeRS WeRe lIVINg IN SYmbIOSIS ATTAChed TO ShellS hOUSINg A heRmIT CRAb. We NOTICed ThAT The INTeNSITY Of AdheSION Of SpeCImeNS IS STRONgeR IN SOlITARY ThAN IN SYmbIOTIC SpeCImeNS. WheN dISTURbed SpeCImeNS Of ThIS SpeCIeS ejeCT flUOReSCeNT pINk ACONTIA.

Figures

FIGURE 2. Living specimens of A) Anthopleura dowii. B) Bunodosoma californicum. C) Bunodosoma grande. D) Isoaulactinia hespervolita. E) Phymactis papillosa. F) Phialoba steinbecki. G) Alicia beebei. H) Calliactis polypus.

FIGURE 24. External anatomy of Calliactis polypus (Forsskål, 1775). A) Lateral view of preserved specimens. B) Detail of distal lateral view of the column showing the scapulus and scapus. C) Detail of the proximal lateral view of the column showing cinclides and acontia. D) Lateral view of the living specimens on hermit crab. Acontia (Aco), Column (Co), Cinclide (Ci), Mesenterial insertions (Mi), Scapulus (Sca), Scapus (S). A, D specimens living on hermit crab; B, C solitary specimens. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 25. Internal anatomy of Calliactis polypus (Forsskål, 1775). A) Longitudinal section of the distal column. B) Cross section of the column at the level of the actinopharynx showing the cycles of mesenteries (cycles marked by numbers). C) Longitudinal section of proximal end showing basilar muscles. D) Cross section through a tentacle showing ectodermal longitudinal musculature. E) Cross section of column showing gametogenic tissue. F) Detail of a cross section of column showing parietobasilar muscles. Basilar muscles (Ba), Ectoderm (Ec), Endoderm (En), Mesoglea (Me), Oocytes (O), Parietobasilar muscles (Pa), Retractor muscles (Re), Sphincter (Sp), Tentacle (Te). Scale bars: A–F, 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 26. Cnidae of Calliactis polypus (Forsskål, 1775). A, B, D, E, F, G, I) Basitrichs. H) p-mastigophore B1. C) Spirocysts.