Syntomoza Enderlein, 1912

Aléné Geonho Cho, Daniel Burckhardt Liliya Š. Serbina Igor Malenovský Dalva L. Queiroz Désirée C. & Percy, Diana M., 2024, Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 201 (2), pp. 387-421 : 407

Syntomoza Enderlein, 1912

Syntomoza Enderlein 1921: 117 .

Type species: Euphyllura magna Kuwayama, 1908 , by original designation and monotypy.

Diagnosis: Adult. Head, in lateral view, deflexed 45° from longitudinal axis of body ( Fig. 1E ); in dorsal view much narrower than thorax, moderately transverse. Vertex rhomboidal, covered in areolate-rugose microsculpture, passing smoothly into genae anteriorly; coronal suture weakly developed at base; genae weakly produced ventrally but not enlarged into processes; frons forming narrow longitudinal band which is narrowed in the middle; frontal ocellus barely visible from above; compound eyes, in dorsal view, hemispherical, adpressed to head. Clypeus pear-shaped, small, rounded ventrally, hardly visible in lateral view as it is hidden by genae. Antenna slightly shorter than head width; flagellum with simple setae; segment 3 longest; segments 4, 6, 8, and 9 bearing each a subapical rhinarium surrounded by a wreath of spines. Thorax massive; dorsal outline, in lateral view, strongly curved. Pronotum, in dorsal view, almost straight, subrectagular; propleurites subrectangular, divided by oblique suture into larger epimeron and smaller episternum. Metapostnotum with flattened blunt tubercle. Mesosternum ( Fig. 5F ) wider than head, forming transverse band, more than three times as wide as long laterally; anterior margin weakly concave; pleurosternal suture hardly visible; basisternum small, oval; katepisternum small antero-laterally, not bent dorsad laterally; angle between arms of precoxale obtuse. Pro- and mesotibiae cylindrical. Metacoxa ( Fig. 6B ) with short, knob-like meracanthus. Metafemur with the three ventral sense organs in the middle; apex without stout long setae. Metatibia longer than metafemur, slightly widened apically; bearing 9–10 slightly irregularly spaced apical sclerotized spurs and one peg-like seta adjacent to inner spurs. Both metatarsal segments relatively short, subequal in length. Forewing subtrapezoidal, with relatively straight, subparallel costal and anal margins, about 1.8 times as long as wide, coriaceous; vein C + Sc almost straight, slightly widened but indistinctly delimited from cell; costal break well-developed, in distance from apex of vein R 1, pterostigma indistinct; nodal line not developed; veins R and M + Cu subequal; vein Rs weakly sinuous; vein M much longer than its branches; vein Cu 1a concave relative to anal wing margin; veins Rs, M 1 + 2, M 3 + 4 and Cu 1a apically slightly curved towards costal margin; anal break adjacent to apex of vein Cu 1b; surface spinules present in all cells, densely spaced. Hindwing slightly shorter than forewing; with six to nine costal setae proximal to costal break and two groups distal to costal break, four to five dense setae proximally and three to four spaced setae distally; vein R + M + Cu indistinctly trifurcating, base of vein Cu indistinct. Abdominal base with a weakly sclerotized area on either side covered in spines. Aedeagus with simple proximal portion bearing many weak folds subapically; apex of distal portion not differentiated from stem. Female subgenital plate lacking apical process.

Last instar immature. Antenna eight segments; lacking sectasetae or lanceolate setae on antennal flagellum. Mid- and hindlegs without massive peg-like setae. Dorsal body surface lacking minute clavate setae. Precaudal abdominal tergites lacking densely spaced simple setae or sectasetae. Anus in terminal position; no additional pore fields developed.

Comments: The molecular and morphological analyses ( Figs 10 , 11 ; Supporting Information, File S4) suggest that Syntomoza sensu Burckhardt and Mifsud (2003) is polyphyletic (cf. comment under Anomoterga ). In the restricted definition the genus is monotypic. The distribution and host plants are summarized in Table 3 and Supporting Information, File S3.

Figures

Figure 1. Habitus images illustrating generic diversity within Liviinae: A, Anomoterga africana (Loginova); B, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); C, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); D, Livia junci (Schrank); E, Syntomoza magna (Kuwayama); F, Diclidophlebia eastopi Vondráček; G, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); H, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); I, Liella cf. insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); J, Melanastera smithi (Burckhardt et al.); K, Paurocephala chonchaiensis Boselli; L, Woldaia nebulosa Brown and Hodkinson. Scales 1.0 mm.

Figure 5. Mesosternum of adult Liviinae: A, Anomoterga scolopiae (Yang); B, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); C, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); D,Livia junci (Schrank); E, Paurocephala robusta Mifsud and Burckhardt; F, Syntomoza magna (Kuwayama).Abbreviations:bas, basisternum; kat, katepisternum; pcx, precoxale; pss, pleurosternal suture; scs, sternocostal suture. Scales 0.1 mm.

Figure 6. Hindlegs of adult Liviidae: A, Anomoterga africana (Loginova); B, Syntomoza magna (Kuwayama); C, Liella cf. insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); D, N, Paurocephala bifasciata Kuwayama; E, Psyllopsis fraxinicola (Foerster); F, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); G, D. excetrodendri (Li and Yang); H, D.xuani (Messi); I, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); J, H. irvingiae (Burckhardt et al.); K, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); L, Liella lanceomedia (Brown and Hodkinson); M, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); O, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor). A–D, metacoxa; E–N, metafemur, base left; O, apex of metafemur. Scales A–D = 0.2 mm; E–N = 0.1 mm; O = 0.05 mm.

Figure 10. Maximum likelihood (ML-mix) tree resulting from a mixture (heterotachous) model (–m GTR+H4 option in IQ TREE) based on the molecular data of the Liviidae and showing the three subfamilies Euphyllurinae, Neophyllurinae, and Liviinae, and two tribes Liviini and Paurocephalini. The numbers below the branches represent the bootstrap values of ≥50. Nodes with boostrap values of <50 are shown in interrupted lines.Light blue and yellow bars indicate the non-monophyletic genera, Diclidophlebia and Haplaphalara.

Figure 11. Phylogeny of the Liviidae showing strict consensus tree of the most parsimonious trees based on morphological data (character matrix in Supporting Information, File S2) and obtained with ‘Traditional search’ in TNT using equal weights.‘Unambiguous changes only’ in WINCLADA was used to optimize the character states on the cladogram. Black circles represent synapomorphies, light circles homoplasies; numbers above circles refer to characters numbers, number below to the character states (Table 2). Host plants of Liviini: Malpigiales, Poa, Poales, Ran, Ranunculales; of Paurocephalini:representation of members of Malvales. Distribution: Afrotropics (Afr), Australasia (Aus), Indomalaya (Ind), Nearctic (Nea), Neotropics (Neo), Oceania (Oce), Palaearctic (Pal).