Spinophyllum daemonorops (UNGER) HUARD

Dedicated in memory of the late FrantiŠek Holý (1935 - 1984), an eminent Czech palaeobotanist, Holý, František, Kvaček, Zlatko & Teodoridis, Vasilis, 2012, A Review Of The Early Miocene Mastixioid Flora Of The Kristina Mine At Hrádek Nad Nisou In North Bohemia (The Czech Republic), Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae Series B 68 (3 - 4), pp. 53-118 : 65-67

Spinophyllum daemonorops (UNGER) HUARD

Pl. 5, fig. 13

1860

1863

1937

1957

1967

1975

1978

1980

2003

Palaeospathe daemonorops UNGER , pp. 9-10, pl. 2, figs 9-12 (Laubach).

Palmacites daemonorops (UNGER) HEER , p. 36, pl. 4, figs 7-15 (Bovey Tracey).

Palmoxylon daemonorops (UNGER) KIRCHHEIMER , p. 46, fig. 43 (Laubach).

Calamus daemonorops (UNGER) CHANDLER , p. 88, pl. 12, figs 24-42 (Bovey Tracey).

Spinophyllum daemonorops (UNGER) HUARD , p. 332 (Arjuzanx).

Daemonorps cf. geniculatus (GRIFF.) MART. ; Czeczott and Juchniewicz, pp. 57, 62, pl. 12, fig. 3 (Turów).

Calamus daemonorops (UNGER) CHANDLER ; Holý, p. 2 (Hrádek/N., Kristina Mine).

Spinophyllum daemonorops (UNGER) HUARD ; Czeczott and Juchniewicz, p. 26, pls 4-5, 7 (Turów).

Calamus daemonorops (UNGER) CHANDLER ; Teodoridis, p. 26, pl. 7, figs 17-18 (Hrádek/N., drill cores).

Spines narrowly pointed, 5–18 mm long, 0.5–1.4 mm thick, solitary or fused at base to form groups of 3–4 (max. 5), lustrous to dull on surface, free or rarely attached to fragments of wood ( Holý 1975, pp. 97-98, pl. 21, fig. 2).

D i s c u s s i o n: Chandler (1957) believed, on account of fruits and flowers co-occurring with spines at Bovey Tracey, in the affinity of such fossils to Calamus L. while Huard (1967) transferred Calamus daemonorops (UNGER) CHANDLER to an artificial fossil genus doubting this straight-forward relationship. In a detailed anatomical study he defined Spinophyllum HUARD typified by S. daemonorops (UNGER) HUARD adding another species S. lepidocaryoides HUARD. According to Czeczott and Juchniewicz (1975) the same type of spines occurs also at Turów and seems to belong to Daemonorops, while later ( Czeczott and Juchniewicz 1980) they returned to the noncommital name Spinophyllum . According to Mai and Walther (1978, p. 147), the likely living analogue of this fossil palm represented by a single species Calamus daemonorops is the East Asiatic calamoid Calamus draco WILLD. The material at hand does not suit to a verification of this view.

M a t e r i a l: Ca. 50 fragments of spines, G 3075, 4606.

Cyperaceae JUSS.

Dulichium PERSOON Dulichium marginatum (C. et E.M. REID) DOROFEEV

Pl. 5, figs 14-15

1915 Dulichium spathaceum var. marginatum C. et E.M. REID, p. 66, pl. 3, figs 3-6 (Reuver).

1963a Dulichium marginatum (C. et E.M. REID) DOROFEEV, p. 117, pl. 13, figs 17-23 (Kozjulino).

2003 Dulichium marginatum (C. et E.M. REID) DOROFEEV; Teodoridis, p. 25, pl. 7, figs 7-8, 11, pl. 8, figs 11-12 (Hrádek/N, drill cores).

Fruits 1.8–2.6 mm long, 0.7–0.9 mm wide, elliptic elongate, on the base narrowed into a short neck, apex narrowed, shortly pointed, remains of bristles arising from the basal collar, walls coriaceous, rows of small cells visible on the surface ( Holý 1975, p. 95, pl. 20, figs 11-12).

D i s c u s s i o n: According to Holý (1975), this record is very close to that from western Siberia ( Dorofeev 1963a) while similar fruits from the Netherland are bigger. Dulichium is a monotypic genus containing the single aquatic to semiaquatic species D. arundinaceum (L.) BRITT. native to North America.

M a t e r i a l: 5 fruits, G 3035, 3087.

Stemonaceae CARUEL

? Stemona LOUR. cf. Stemona germanica (MAI) MAI

Pl. 5, fig. 16

? 2008 Stemona germanica (MAI) MAI , p. 197, pl. 4, figs 1-18 (Gonna, Walbeck, Hartau, Nochten).

For more detailed synonymy see Mai (2008).

Seeds obliquely ovoid to rounded rhomboidal, 1.3–1.4 mm long, 0.9–1.3 wide, hilum seen as a large oval scar above the base, micropyle on opposite end, surface covered by ca. 20 sharp distinct ribs with small tubercles on edges, running continuously from hilum to micropyle ( Holý 1975, p. 100, pl. 21, fig.13, as Carpolithus sp. ).

D i s c u s s i o n: Holý (1975) did not recognize the affinity of the two specimens available and called them Carpolithus . According to Martinetto (in scheda, i.e. a note on the label) they may represent a new species of Spirellea E. KNOBLOCH et MAI. Mai (2008) suggested for such fossil seeds affinity to the Stemonaceae . They were also recorded from the Miocene of nearby Hartau, Germany ( Mai 1964, as Carpolithus sp. ) and many more sites of the European Maastrichtian to Upper Miocene (for more details see Mai 2008). Similar ribbed seeds of a broader form and coarser ribbing were assigned to Lemnospermum NIKITIN associat- ed with an aquatic plant called Limnobiophyllum expansum (HEER) KVAČEK ( Araceae ) in the Early Miocene deposits of the North Bohemian Basin in the Bílina Mine ( Kvaček 1995, 1998).

M a t e r i a l: 2 seeds, G 3067 a, b.

Typhaceae JUSS. (incl. Sparganiaceae JUSS. )

Sparganium L. Sparganium camenzianum KIRCHHEIMER

Pl. 5, figs 17-18

1941a Sparganium camenzianum KIRCHHEIMER , p. 226, fig. 18 (Wiesa).

1977a Sparganium camenzianum KIRCHHEIMER ; Holý, p. 113 (Hrádek/N., Kristina Mine).

2003 Sparganium camenzianum KIRCHHEIMER ; Teodoridis, pp. 25-26, pl. 7, figs 12-16, pl. 8, fig. 6 (Hrádek/N., drill cores).

Endocarps obovoid to elongate obovoid, in two forms, smaller 0.9–1.2 mm long, 0.75–1.25 mm wide, slender 2.4–2.9 mm long, 1.3–1.6 mm wide, acute at base, suddenly narrowed, in slender forms base wedge-shaped, apex abruptly narrowing into 0.94 mm long and 0.2–0.3 mm wide neck with slightly oblique apical pore, upper surface smooth, with a rarely visible longitudinal rib and 5–6 fine traces of vascular bundles ( Holý 1975, p. 96, pl. 20, figs 13-16).

D i s c u s s i o n: According to Holý (1975) the record is identical with Sparganium camenzianum from Wiesa and Hartau, from where two forms were also indicated (see Mai 1964). Holý (1975) does not rule out a mixture of two species. Mai (1999a) compared fossil endocarps of S. camenzianum with the extant S. emersum REHM. and S. glomeratum LAEST from Japan.

M a t e r i a l: 4 endocarps, G 3070, 8975-76.

Sabiaceae BLUME

Meliosma BLUME Meliosma miessleri MAI

Pl. 5, fig. 19-20

1964 Meliosma miessleri MAI , p. 109, pl. 14, figs 19-24 (Hartau). 1977a Meliosma miessleri MAI ; Holý, p. 112 (Hrádek/N., Kristina

Mine).

Endocarps bisymmetrical, widely ovoid to globular (to obliquely slightly reniform), disc-shaped compressed from sides to inflated, 3.8–4.5 mm long, 3.4–4.0 mm wide, walls ca. 0.3 mm thick, keel on the base blunt forming an eccentrically shifted knob towards ventral side, with 0.8–1.2 mm wide chalaza showing oblique rapidly narrowing funicular canal, 3–5 weak or indistinct little combs radiating from chalaza, partly anastomosing, partly mixed with isolated tubercles, more distinct near chalaza, surface partly fully smooth, near apex reticulate with shallow lacunae, below chalaza mostly tiny micropyle showing the position of the dehiscence line ( Holý 1975, pp. 81-2).

D i s c u s s i o n: According to Holý (1975) the material is identical with the type specimens from Upper Lusatia (Hartau). The nearest fossil species appears to be M. reticulata (C. et E.M. REID) CHANDLER (1957) from Bovey Tracy, which differs in thicker walls and distinct dense surface reticulum with sharp ribs. Mai (2000) indicated that M. pendens REHD. et WILS. and M. myriantha SIEBOLD et ZUCC. from East Asia be living species producing comparative fruits but stated that no exact closely related living relative can be suggested. Teodoridis (2003) described about 20 Meliosma wetteraviensis (LUDWIG) MAI endocarps from the Hr 42, Hr 44 and Hr 51 drill cores from the environs of Hrádek/N. These endocarps differ from Meliosma miessleri in their form and size, the form and size of chalaza, and thickness of the endocarp’s wall.

M a t e r i a l: Over 50 seeds and free valves, G 3071, 8859-60.

Menispermaceae JUSS.

Parabaena MIERS Parabaena europaea CZECZOTT et SKIRGIEŁŁO

Pl. 5, fig. 21

1967

Parabaena europaea CZECZOTT et SKIRGIEŁŁO , p. 109, pl. 5, figs 13-14 (Turów).

1977a Parabaena europaea CZECZOTT et SKIRGIEŁŁO ; Holý, p. 112 (Hrádek/N., Kristina Mine).

Endocarps broadly ovate, 6.7–7.4 mm long, 5.3 mm wide, 3.9 mm thick, apically pointed into the rest of style, at base slightly cordate, with short and thin ventrally orientated stalk, bisymetrical along the dorso-ventral plane of dehiscence, in side view boat-shaped, on sides vaulted and decorated, apex flatly beak-shaped, dorsally sub-hemispherical, divided by a thin medial ridge, on sides with two or three meridionally orientated apendices converting towards medial ridge and reaching almost to the margin of the ventral side, on the surface finely striate, ventral side deeply concave, cavity broadly ovoid, undivided, on margin a thin border with four blunt lobes, locule biconvex, in dorsal view broadly oval, cross section of the locule in the dehiscence plane asymmetrically horn-shaped, narrower at the base, widen at the apex, with the opening of raphe obliquely orientated from the ventral hilum, micropyllar chanel entering the rest of style ( Holý 1975, p. 22-3, pl. 3, figs 6-10).

D i s c u s s i o n: Holý (1975) did not complete any emendation of Parabaena europaea CZECZOTT et SKIRGIEŁŁO (1967) based on a single poorly preserved specimen because of insufficient comparative living material. He suggested a broader revision of similar remains of the Menispermaceae from the Eocene and Pliocene of England ( Chandler 1964, Reid C. and E.M. 1915, as Jongmansia cypreaeformis ).

M a t e r i a l: Two endocarps, one valve, G 4604, G 4850, 8850.

Santalaceae R. BR. (incl. Viscaceae MIQ. )

Viscum L. Viscum morlotii (UNGER) E. KNOBLOCH et KVAČEK

Pl. 2, figs 8-9, pl. 12, fig. 1

1852 Potamogeton morlotii UNGER , p. 88, pl. 29, figs 6-8 (Kainberg).

1904 Viscophyllum morlotii (UNGER) KNOLL , p. 17, pl. 4, figs 1-9, 13-18, text-figs A, B (Hochwald).

1961b Viscum lusaticum CZECZOTT , pp. 74, 113, pl. 22, figs 3-7, pl. 23, figs 1-5, text-figs 12g-h (Turów).

1976 Viscum morlotii (UNGER) E. KNOBLOCH et KVAČEK , p. 67, pl. 12, fig. 17, pl. 17, figs 5, 13, pl. 33, figs 4-11 (Wackersdorf).

Complete leaves and fragments, short petiolate, lamina obovate, 11–25 mm long and 4–9 mm wide, L/W index 2.4–3.1, base cuneate to decurrent, apex obtuse, margin entire, venation acrodromous, looping near the margin, thicker midrib and 2 or 3 lateral veins on either side, poorly preserved, venation of higher orders alternate percurrent, consisting of sinuous veins, areolation lacking. Adaxial and abaxial epidermis of the same structure, thickly cutinized, outlines of non-modified cells ca. 30 µm in diameter, anticlinal wall straight, pitted, outer periclinal wall with very indistinct lens-shaped medial papilla in the cell centre, stomata brachyparacytic, 60-70 µm long, with two broad subsidiary cells attached by thinner cuticular zone to two deeply sunken guard cells, stomatal ledges reaching both stomatal poles, pore narrow slit-like.

D i s c u s s i o n: Knobloch and Kvaček (1976) after detailed comparative study of the epidermal anatomy of the Loranthaceae and Viscaceae confirmed the view of Czeczott (1961b) and used the genus Viscum L. instead of Viscophyllum KNOLL for the leaf remains with narrow forms from various populations in Europe. They also corrected the priority of using the epithet “ morlotii ” instead of “ lusaticum ”, contrary to Czeczott (1961b). For more information on affinities and synonymy see Knobloch and Kvaček (1976). Viscum morlotii occurs mostly in the European mastixioid floras, recently also in Arjuzanx ( Kvaček et al. 2011), while Pliocene records of Viscum belong prevailingly to the broader-leaved Viscum miquelii (GEYLER et KINKELIN) CZECZOTT. Due to uniform foliage morphology and anatomy, the nearest living relatives have not yet been established.

M a t e r i a l: Isolated leaf compressions on slides, G 9156-9165 (KR 20, 33, 65, 68, 183, 188, 426, 327).

Altingiaceae HORAN.

Liquidambar L. Liquidambar europaea A. BRAUN plexus

Pl. 5, fig. 22

1836 Liquidambar europaea A. BRAUN in BUCKLAND, p. 513 (Öhningen).

1847 Liquidambar europaea A. BRAUN ; Unger, p. 120, pl. 35, figs 1-5 (Parschlug).

1959 Liquidambar magniloculata CZECZOTT et SKIRGIEŁŁO in CZECZOTT et al., p. 121, pl. 15, figs 1-4 (Turów).

1977a Liquidambar europaea A. BRAUN ; Holý, p. 112 (Hrádek/N., Kristina Mine).

Rounded compressed infructescenses 9–14 mm in diameter, showing roundish polygonal locules 2–3 mm across on surface, interlocular septa smooth, inner septa partly preserved showing septicidal fruitlet dehiscence ( Holý 1975, p. 38, pl. 6, figs 5-6).

D i s c u s s i o n: According to Holý (1975) the living relative appears to be L. styraciflua L. from the Atlantic part of North America. Later Holý (in sched.) identified the material as “ L. magniloculata CZECZOTT et SKIRGIEŁŁO ”. Mai (1999b) treated the two fossil species L. europaea and L. magniloculata as synonymous.

M a t e r i a l: 5 compressed abraded infructescences, G 4588-89.

Haloragaceae R. BR.

Proserpinaca L. Proserpinaca ervinii HOLÝ

Pl. 5, fig. 23, Pl. 6, fig. 1

1978a Proserpinaca ervinii HOLÝ , p. 8, pl. 2, figs 10-18, text-figs 2 A-C (Hrádek/N., Kristina Mine).

For the description and discussion see Holý (1978a). M a t e r i a l: 15 fruits, G 3066, 4263-69, 4370-77.