Paramisophria walteri, Zagami & Stanković & Bonanzinga & Costanzo, 2021
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https://doi.org/ 10.1080/00222933.2021.1948127 |
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https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039F9A7E-FFA3-FFEA-D3E7-E532FC819D5A |
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Plazi |
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Paramisophria walteri |
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sp. nov. |
Paramisophria walteri sp. nov.
( Figures 2–10 View Figure 2 View Figure 3 View Figure 4 View Figure 5 View Figure 6 View Figure 7 View Figure 8 View Figure 9 View Figure 10 )
Material examined
Three adult males and seven adult females from Midway Island . Male and female body length ranges 1.07–1.17 mm and 1.31–1.37 mm, respectively. No notable variations were detected among the male and female specimens, except in body length. Holotype: adult male, 1.17 mm, dissected on 12 slides ( USNM 1012024 View Materials ) . Paratype: adult female, 1.37 mm, dissected on 12 slides ( USNM 1615935 View Materials ) . In addition, 2 adult male ( USNM 1615936 View Materials ) and 6 adult female ( USNM 1615937 View Materials ) paratypes are stored in the same museum . Collected by T.C. Walter, 12 August 1977.
Species Sex Distribution References
P. cluthae T. Scott 1897 ♂, ♀ Loch Fyne ( UK), Kristiansund ( Norway), Porto Conte ( Italy) Scott (1897); Sars (1902) P. spooneri Krishnaswamy, 1959 ♂, ♀ Plymouth ( UK) Krishnaswamy (1959) P. ammophila Fosshagen, 1968 ♂, ♀ North Atlantic ( Bahamas), Minorca ( Spain) Fosshagen (1968)
P. giselae ( Campaner 1977) ♀ South Brazilian continental shelf ( Brazil) Campaner (1977)
P. variabilis McKinnon and Kimmerer 1985 ♂, ♀ Shark Bay ( Australia) McKinnon and Kimmerer (1985) P. itoi Ohtsuka, 1985 ♂, ♀ Tanabe Bay ( Japan) Ohtsuka (1985)
P. platysoma Ohtsuka and Mitsuzumi 1990 ♂, ♀ Tanabe Bay and Kanayama Bay ( Japan) Ohtsuka and Mitsuzumi (1990) P. japonica Ohtsuka et al. 1991 ♂, ♀ Kume Island and Zamami Island ( Japan) Ohtsukaetal (1991)
P. fosshageni Ohtman and Greenwood 1992 ♂, ♀ Gulf of Carpenteria ( Australia) Ohtman and Greenwood (1992) P. reducta Ohtsuka et al. 1993 ♂, ♀ Canary Island ( Spain) Ohtsuka et al. (1993) P. galapagensis Ohtsuka et al. 1993 ♂ Galapagos Island ( Ecuador) Ohtsuka et al. (1993)
P. sinica Lian and Qian 1994 ♀ Southern Huanghai and Hainan Island ( China) Lian and Qian (1994)
P. ovata Heinrich, 1996 ♂ Mozambique Strait ( Madagascar) Heinrich (1996)
P. rostrata Heinrich, 1996 ♂ Mozambique Strait ( Madagascar) Heinrich (1996)
P. mediterranea Jaume et al. 2000 ♂, ♀ Balearic Islands ( Spain) Jaume et al. (2000)
P. bathyalis Jaume et al. 2000 ♂ Catalan Sea ( Spain) Jaume et al. (2000)
P. intermedia Jaume et al. 2000 ♂ Catalan Sea ( Spain) Jaume et al. (2000)
P. sinjinensis Lim and Min, 2014 ♂ Sinjindo Island ( South Korea) Lim and Min (2014)
P. koreana Lim and Min, 2014 ♂, ♀ Geomundo Island, Cheongsando Island, Geojedo Island ( South Korea) Lim and Min (2014)
P. aegypti Zagami et al., 2019 ♂, ♀ Ras Mohammed ( Egypt) Zagami et al. (2019)
P. walteri sp. nov. ♂, ♀ North Pacific (Sand Island, Midway Atoll) This study
Description of male (holotype USNM 1012024)
Body ( Figure 2 View Figure 2 (a,b)) symmetrical. Rostrum ( Figure 2 View Figure 2 (c)) ventrally directed, with pair of rostral filaments on tip. Cephalosome separated from first pedigerous somite; fourth and fifth pedigerous somites fused, with pair of pointed dorsolateral processes; ventro-lateral processes not developed. Urosome with 5 somites. Caudal rami symmetrical, approximately 1.7 times longer than wide, bearing 7 setae; caudal setae symmetrical in length. Seta I vestigial; seta VII small and naked; setae II to VI well developed and plumose, of which IV and V are longest.
Antennules strongly asymmetrical, left longer. Left antennule ( Figure 3 View Figure 3 (a)) with 18 antennomeres, showing geniculation between antennomeres 17 (XX) and 18 (XXI–XXVIII); first to sixth antennomeres fringed with long setules along posterior margin. Armature pattern of antennomeres as follows: antennomere 1 (corresponding to ancestral antennomeres I–IV), 7 setae + 4 aesthetascs; antennomeres 2 to 6 (V–IX), 2 setae + 1 aesthetasc each; antennomere 7 (X), 1 spiniform process + 1 seta + 1 aesthetasc; antennomere 8 (XI), 2 setae + 1 aesthetasc; antennomeres 9 to 12 (XII–XV), each with 1 spiniform process + 1 seta + 1 aesthetasc; antennomeres 13 to 15 (XVI–XVIII), 2 setae + 1 aesthetasc each; antennomere 16 (XIX), 1 spiniform plate-like element + 1 seta + 1 aesthetasc; antennomere 17 (XX), 2 spiniform plate-like elements + 1 seta + 1 aesthetasc; antennomere 18 (XXI–XXVIII), 2 spiniform plate-like elements + 14 setae + 3 aesthetascs; partially expressed articulation line in antennomere 18 corresponding to original articulation between ancestral antennomeres XXV and XXVI.
Right antennule ( Figure 3 View Figure 3 (b)) with 21 antennomeres. First to ninth fringed with long setules along posterior margin. Armature pattern of antennomeres as follows: antennomere 1 (I–III), 7 setae + 3 aesthetascs; antennomeres 2 to 7 (IV–IX), 2 setae + 1 aesthetasc each; antennomeres 8 to 10 (X to XII), 1 spiniform process + 1 seta + 1 aesthetasc; antennomere 11 (XIII), 2 setae + 1 aesthetasc; antennomere 12 (XIV), 1 spiniform process + 1 seta + 1 aesthetasc; antennomeres 13 to 19 (XV–XXI), 2 setae + 1 aesthetasc each; antennomere 20 (XXII), 1 seta; antennomere 21 (XXIII–XXVIII), 12 setae + 2 aesthetascs.
Antenna ( Figure 4 View Figure 4 (a)) with unarmed short coxa. Basis with inner subterminal seta. Endopod 2-articulated, both antennomeres elongate, proximal with 1 subdistal seta on inner margin; distal antennomere with 3 unequal inner setae about midway and 6 distal setae. Exopod inserted on pedestal, indistinctly 7-articulated; first and second antennomeres unarmed; third to fifth antennomeres with 1, 2, 1 setae, respectively; sixth antennomere with 1 submedial seta; seventh antennomere with 2 distal setae and 1 short process.
Mandible ( Figure 4 View Figure 4 (b)) with coxal gnathobase flexed about midway, bearing on cutting edge 4 sharp teeth, 2 acute processes at base of second and third teeth and two rows of spinules on gnathobase. Mandibular palp with basis bearing a row of setules on outer margin. Endopod reduced to bulbous articulated remnant, bearing 2 unequal setae. Exopod 5-articulated, second article longest, armature formula 1, 1, 1, 1, 2.
Maxillule ( Figure 4 View Figure 4 (c)) with praecoxa bearing 4 stout marginal spines and 1 short spinelike process. Coxal endite unarmed. Coxal epipodite with 8 marginal setae. Basis without endites. Endopod bearing 1 article with 2 unequal setae, distally. Exopod fused into basis, bearing 3 distal long setae.
Maxilla ( Figure 5 View Figure 5 (a)) with praecoxa and coxa partially fused to form syncoxa. Proximal and distal praecoxal endites bearing 1 and 2 setae, respectively. Coxal endites each with 2 setae. Basis elongate, bearing 1 stout naked spine on medial margin. Endopod reduced to single article bearing 8 pectinate setae.
Maxilliped ( Figure 5 View Figure 5 (b)) with praecoxa and coxa fused to form syncoxa bearing 1 medial and 2 subdistal setae. Basis partially fused to first endopod article to form allobasis bearing patch of spinules, 2 medial setae and 1 seta on first partially incorporated endopod article. Free endopod 5- articulated, each article with 4, 4, 3, 3, 4 setae, respectively.
Legs 1–4 ( Figures 6 View Figure 6 (a–c) and 7(a)) biramous, each comprising coxa, basis and 3-articulated rami. Spine and seta formula shown in Table 2.
Leg 1 with outer spine on first exopodal article pinnate along outer and inner margin, reaching the end of second article; distal seta on third exopodal article plumose along inner margin, slightly pinnate along outer margin.
Legs 2–4 with basis bearing 2 processes on inner distal angle; outer distal angle of second endopod article produced into acute process. Outer basal seta of leg 4 displaced on posterior medial surface.
Leg 5 asymmetrical ( Figure 7 View Figure 7 (b)). Coxa and intercoxal sclerite fused forming transverse unarmed plate. Right leg uniramous; basis with short outer seta at about midlength on posterior surface. Exopod 3-articulated; first article with distal outer margin produced into lobe bearing terminal seta, finely pinnate on outer margin only; second article swollen, shorter than left counterpart, with 1 seta on outer subdistal margin, seta finely pinnate along outer margin only; third article ovoid, with 3 stout distal spines, finely pinnate along outer margin only, completely incorporated into article by loss of proximal articulation, innermost longest, intermediate and outer shorter and approximately of equal length. Left leg biramous; basis with stout plumose seta at about midlength of the outer margin; endopod small and bulbous reaching the proximal margin of first exopodal article; exopod 3-articulated; first article similar to right counterpart; second article ellipsoidal, longer than preceding article, bearing 1 subdistal outer seta, seta finely pinnate along outer margin only; third article very small, with long and stout terminal pinnate spine, completely incorporated into article by loss of proximal articulation, and 3 subequal short spines on outer margin.
Description of female (paratype, USNM1615935)
Body shape more swollen than the male ( Figure 8 View Figure 8 (a,b)), moreover, it is similar to male except for urosome with 4 urosomites, articulation and armature pattern of antennules, and fifth legs. Genital double-somite with paired ventrolateral gonopores opening on anterior part of somite; single copulatory pore opening ventrolaterally on right side of genital double somite near posterior margin. Oral parts and legs 1–4 as described in male. Left antennule ( Figure 9 View Figure 9 (a)) with 21 antennomeres. Antennomeres 1 to 8 ornamented with long setules along posterior margin; antennomeres 8, 9, 10 and 12 (ancestral X, XI, XII and XIV) with one seta modified into process by loss of proximal articulation to segment. Articulatation pattern and armature as follows: antennomere 1 (ancestral segment I–III), 7 setae + 3 aesthetascs; antennomere 2 (IV), 2 setae; antennomere 3 (V), 2 + aesthetasc; antennomeres 4 to 7 (VI to IX), 2 + aesthetasc each; antennomeres 8 to 10 (X to XII), 1 seta + 1 spiniform process + aesthetasc; antennomere 11 (XIII), 2 + aesthetasc; antennomere 12 (XIV), 1 seta + aesthetasc + 1 process; antennomeres 13 to 19 (XV to XXI), 2 + aesthetasc each; antennomere 20 (XXII), 1 seta; antennomere 21 (XXIII–XXVIII), 12 setae + 2 aesthetascs.
Right antennule ( Figure 9 View Figure 9 (b)) as in male except for absence of aesthetasc on antennomere 2 (IV).
Fifth legs ( Figure 10 View Figure 10 ) asymmetrical. Coxa and intercoxal sclerite fused to form unarmed article. Basis and endopod completely fused, with posterolateral seta of left basis more developed and plumose than its naked right counterpart; endopodal lobe bearing long plumose seta and acute process terminally. Exopod 1-articulated, elongated, approximately 2.7 times longer than wide, bearing 3 stout spines along outer margin, with decreasing length from former to latter, 1 long distal spine, and 1 subdistal spine on inner margin. Stout process between terminal spine and subdistal inner spine.
Etymology
The species is named in honour of Mr T. Chad Walter, distinguished copepodologist of the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, for his significant contribution to the study of copepods.
Type locality. Midway Island , Northern Pacific Ocean .
Remarks
Paramisophria walteri , Paramisophria variabilis McKinnon and Kimmerer, 1985 , Paramisophria platysoma Ohtsuka and Mitsuzumi, 1990 and Paramisophria bathyalis Jaume, Cartes and Boxshall, 2000 are the only representatives of the genus sharing 4 armature elements on the third exopod article in the male left leg 5. In particular, these 4 armature elements have been described by different authors as 1 terminal spine plus 2 subequal spines and 1 short process in P. variabilis ; 1 terminal process plus 2 lateral setules and 1 short outer medial process in P. platysoma ; 1 terminal spine plus 3 subequal outer spines in P. bathyalis ; and 1 terminal spine plus 3 subequal outer spines in P. walteri . The new species can be easily distinguished from P. variabilis by differences in the armature elements on the third exopod article of the male left leg 5 (terminal spine pinnate, plus 3 subequal spines, compared with terminal spine naked, plus 2 subequal spines and 1 short process in P. variabilis ); patch of setules on the distal inner margin of the second article of the male right leg 5 (absent, vs present in P. variabilis ); the ornamentation of the terminal spines on third exopod article of the male right leg 5 (pinnate along outer margin only, compared with naked in P. variabilis ); in addition, male (1.07–1.17 mm) and female (1.31– 1.37 mm) body length ranges of the new species are shorter than those of P. variabilis (male 1.42 mm and female 1.64 mm).
The new species can be easily distinguished from P. platysoma by its symmetrical prosome (prosome asymmetrical in P. platysoma ); male left antennule 18-articulated (20- articulated in P. platysoma ); distal inner margin of the second exopod article of the male right leg 5 naked (with patch of setules in P. platysoma ); third exopod article of the male right leg 5 is completely separate from the second article and bears 3 distal spines, of which the innermost is longest, while the intermediate and outer are shorter and of approximately equal length, pinnate only along outer margin (in P. platysoma it is incompletely fused to the second article and bears 4 unequal spines increasing in size inward); the leg 5 endopodal lobes of the female bear 1 long plumose seta (setae are lacking in P. platysoma ); copulatory pore located on right side of genital double somite in the new taxon (on the left in P. platysoma ).
Significant differences between the new species and P. bathyalis include the 4 + 1 armature elements of the maxillulary praecoxal arthrite (5 + 1 in P. bathyalis ), inner distal margin of the second exopod article of the male right leg 5 is naked (inner margin bears a patch of setules, 2 small bulges and 1 short process in P. bathyalis ), third exopod article of the male right leg 5 with 3 distal stout spines, of which the innermost is longest, while the intermediate and outer are shorter and of approximately equal length (compared to 1 slender inner seta plus 2 smooth, subequal reduced intermediate and outer setae, in P. bathyalis ), male left antennule 18-articulated (indistinctly 20-articulated in P. bathyalis ).
Further differential diagnosis of the new taxon with respect to the other six Paramisophria taxa recognised in the northern Pacific Ocean show significant differences regarding the morphology of the fifth legs of both sexes: in the new species, the third exopodal articles of the male left leg bears 1 long terminal spine, plus 3 reduced spines on outer margin, and the right leg counterpart bears 3 distal stout spines, of which the innermost is longest, while the intermediate and outer are shorter and of approximately equal length (compared with 1 long terminal spine, plus 2 lateral short spines, and 1 long inner and 2 unequal outer spines, respectively, in Paramisophria itoi Ohtsuka, 1985 ; in P. japonica Ohtsuka et al., 1991 the same articles bear 2 pectinate processes of unequal length, plus 1 minute outer setule, and 2 subterminal crest-like cuticular structures, plus 2 triangular terminal projections and 1 small setule, respectively; in Paramisophria fosshageni Ohtman and Greenwood, 1992 the same articles bear 2 short equal outer spines,plus 1 long terminal spine and 3 terminal short spines, respectively); male left leg 5 with endopod (endopods are lacking in Paramisophria sinjinensis Lim and Min,2014 and P.koreana Lim and Min, 2014 ). In addition, female fifth leg endopods of the new species both bear 1 seta, whereas in Paramisophria japonica both bear 2 setae; in Paramisophria sinica Lian and Qian, 1994 both bear 4 setae.
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