Anthothela Verrill, 1879

Moore, Kirrily M., Alderslade, Philip & Miller, Karen J., 2017, A taxonomic revision of Anthothela (Octocorallia: Scleraxonia: Anthothelidae) and related genera, with the addition of new taxa, using morphological and molecular data, Zootaxa 4304 (1), pp. 1-212 : 19

Anthothela Verrill, 1879

Anthothela Verrill, 1879a: 199 ; 1883: 40; Studer 1887: 28; Wright & Studer 1889: xxxiii; (part) Broch 1912b: 4; 1916: 12–14;? Kükenthal 1916: 174; (part) 1919: 20–31, 43, 103–107, 685, 696, 725–728, 796, 818–826, 874–878, Tafel LVI Karte I., Tafel LXXV; (part) Verrill 1922: 18; (part) Kükenthal 1924: 9, 14; Aurivillius 1931: 10;? Deichmann 1936: 75, 78; (part) Stiasny 1937: 19; Carlgren 1945: 33; Bayer 1956a: 86; Bayer 1956b: F194; Bayer 1961: 67; Arantes & de Medeiros 2006: 12.

?Gymnosarca Saville Kent, 1870 but see Stiasny, 1937: 19.

Type species: Briareum grandiflorum Sars, 1856 , by designation

Diagnosis: Monomorphic scleraxonians which form both membranous and branched colonies. Branched colonies are tangled with no central or main stem; anastomoses common; cortex separated from medulla by a ring of intact coelenteric canals (boundary canals); coelenteric canals almost always absent from central medulla (occasionally present as only a thinning in the density of sclerites); calyces distinct, cylindrical to conical, spread irregularly throughout colonies with some free space between but tending to crowd together at branch tips; polyps often exsert but may be partly or fully invaginated into calyces; medulla sclerites are straight, simple sticks and spindles with light to moderate tuberculation; all other sclerites are sticks and spindles, clubs and hockeystick spindles, many clubs being bent with thorny tips; sticks and spindles are arranged as collaret and points on polyp head and longitudinally along the aboral side of the tentacle rachis; pinnules are crowded with longitudinally arranged, narrow spatulate clubs; the pharynx has small tuberculate rods. Membranous colonies are as above but lack a medulla.

Remarks: Specimens of Anthothela have historically been understood to be of relatively common occurrence amongst deep-water samples from the Northern Atlantic. In reality, the understanding of Anthothela had been so modified and expanded as to ultimately incorporate specimens which were actually from other genera. The removal of these specimens means the diagnosis of Anthothela has now been refined and tightened. The worldwide distribution of the genus remains with confirmed records from the North and South Atlantic Ocean, southern Indian Ocean, North and South Pacific Ocean and on the northern boundary of the Southern Ocean. All occurrences are restricted to cold waters with most specimens collected deeper than 100 m down to over 1800 m in depth.