Tropheops kumwera, Li, Shan, Konings, Adrianus F. & Stauffer, Jay R., 2016

Li, Shan, Konings, Adrianus F. & Stauffer, Jay R., 2016, A Revision of the Pseudotropheus elongatus species group (Teleostei: Cichlidae) With Description of a New Genus and Seven New Species, Zootaxa 4168 (2), pp. 353-381 : 362-364

Tropheops kumwera , new species

Fig. 4 A–E

Pseudotropheus elongatus ‘boadzulu’, Ribbink et al. 1983 Tropheops sp. ‘ elongatus boadzulu’, Konings 2007

Holotype. PSU 12762, adult male, 66.8 mm SL, S 14°15.004’, E 35°8.597’, Boadzulu Island , Lake Malaŵi, Malaŵi, Africa, 16 Jan. 1991, J. R. Stauffer Jr.

Paratypes. PSU 12763, 23 , (52.0 mm– 70.5 mm SL), same data as holotype ; PSU 12764, 7 , (53.3 mm – 69.9 mm SL), S 14°15.569’, E 35°7.550’, Makokola Reef , Lake Malaŵi, Malaŵi, Africa, 19 Feb. 2008, J. R. Stauffer Jr. ; PSU 12765, 15 , (55.9 mm –67.0 mm SL), S 14°2.472’, E 34°54.714’, Tsano Rock , Lake Malaŵi, Malaŵi, Africa, 12 Oct. 2004, A. F. Konings & J. R. Stauffer Jr.

Diagnosis. The steeply-sloped vomer (74.0° in holotype) without a swollen rostral tip, a small mouth, retrognathic jaws, and the presence of bicuspid teeth in the outer rows of the oral jaws and enlarged conical teeth at the back of the jaws place this species in Tropheops . Tropheops kumwera (BD 23.6–31.0% SL) cannot reliably be distinguished from other Tropheops in body depth (26.6–34.5%). Tropheops kumwera (HED 25.8–32.6% HL, VED 24.2–31.4% HL) does have relatively smaller eye than other described Tropheops spp. (HED 31.2–43.8% HL, VED 29.9–43.3% HL) except T. kamtambo (HED 26.3–30.2% HL, VED 24.0–29.7% HL). Tropheops kumwera can often be distinguished from T. kamtambo by a shallower head depth than in T. kamtambo (HD 70.2– 84.5% HL vs. HD 79.4–97.1% HL). Males of T. kumwera in territorial color are distinguished from those of T. biriwira by their blue ground coloration and a blue dorsal fin, which are olive green/light blue and yellow-green in T. biriwira , respectively. Breeding male T. kumwera usually exhibit only the first 3–4 flank bars while male T. kamtambo exhibit all 9–10 bars. Female T. kumwera lack a black submarginal band in the dorsal fin which is present in female T. kamtambo .

Description. Morphometric and meristic data in Table 3 . Elongate species (BD 23.6–31.0% SL) with greatest body depth at base of fifth or sixth dorsal-fin spine. Dorsal body profile with gradual downward curve to soft-rayed portion of dorsal fin then more acute curve to posterior origin of dorsal fin, gradual taper to caudal fin; ventral body profile between pelvic and anal fins flat with upward curve from anterior point of anal fin to caudal fin. Dorsal head profile concave to almost straight between snout tip and interorbital area, with about 70° angle with body axis, then round to dorsal-fin origin. Teeth on outer rows mostly bicuspid, all inner rows tricuspid towards the center and unicuspid laterally with greatly enlarged conical teeth on sides of upper jaw. First dorsal-fin spine about one fourth length of last spine. Dorsal fin with subacuminate posterior tip, third or fourth ray longest, slightly beyond base of caudal fin. Pectoral fin rounded, paddle-shaped reaching to ninth dorsal-fin spine. Anal fin with third or fourth ray longest, length beyond base of caudal fin in both male and female, to about as far as dorsal-fin tip. Caudal fin subtruncate to emarginate. Length of longest ray of pelvic fin not to anal fin in females; to first anal-fin ray in males.

Flank scales large, ctenoid; abrupt difference to small cycloid scales on breast and belly; cheek with 4–7 (mode 5) rows of small scales. Dorsal-fin and anal-fin rays with narrow proximal band of tiny scales; tiny scales from base to 3/4 length caudal fin.

Color notes and photos of live breeding adults (PSU 12766).

Population at Boadzulu Island ( Fig. 4 B–C). Males in territorial color with blue flank and 7–9 dark bars, first 4– 6 distinct, posterior bars faint. Head black with 2 light blue interorbital bars; throat dark brown; cheek and preopercle dark brown to black. Dorsal fin proximally blue with black submarginal band, white/light blue lappets; posterior 5 rays light blue with light gray/clear membranes and yellow highlights. Pectoral fin with black rays and clear membranes; fin base yellow. Pelvic fin black to yellow ventrally with white leading edge. Anal fin black with 4–6 yellow ocelli; light blue marginal band ( Fig. 4 B).

Females with purple/dark blue flank and 6–8 black bars, less distinct on center flank. Belly and breast light gray/beige. Head blue/purple with 1–2 faint blue interorbital bars; green highlights on opercle; throat brown/gray. Anal-fin spines gray; rays light gray without ocelli. Pectoral fin with gray rays and clear membranes. Pelvic fin with white leading edge, dark gray rays, and clear membranes ( Fig. 4 C).

Population at Makokola Reef ( Fig. 4 D). Males in territorial color with similar color pattern as those of Boadzulu Island, except with blue/purple/gray flank and 4–5 black bars; belly gray. Cheek purple/blue with green highlight on opercle. Anal fin with 3–6 ocelli.

Females with same color pattern as those found around Boadzulu Island.

Population at Tsano Rock ( Fig. 4 E). Males in territorial color with similar color pattern as those of Boadzulu Island, except with orange highlights on opercle. Anal fin black with leading edge light blue fading to green/blue with 3–6 ocelli.

Females with similar color pattern as those of Boadzulu Island, except with blue/light gray flank; caudal peduncle light gray. Head light gray with 1 green interorbital bar; throat light gray/beige. Dorsal fin light gray proximally, dark gray distally with blue lappets and blue/green highlights. Caudal fin gray with clear membranes and blue dorsal and ventral margin. Anal fin with green highlights proximally.

Distribution. Tropheops kumwera is known from Boadzulu Island, Makokola Reef (S 14°15.569’, E 35°7.550’), and Tsano Rock (S 14°2.472’, E 34°54.714’), Lake Malaŵi, Malaŵi.

Etymology. The name kumwera means “south” in Chichewa, alluding to the species’ distribution in the southern part of Lake Malaŵi, and it is used as a noun in apposition.

Figures

FIGURE 4. Tropheops kumwera. A. Holotype, PSU 12762, adult male, 66.8 mm SL, Boadzulu Island, Lake Malaŵi, Malaŵi, Africa; B. Male in breeding coloration (approx. 65 mm SL) at type locality; C. Female (approx. 55 mm SL) at type locality; D. Male in breeding coloration (approx. 63 mm SL) at Makokola Reef, Malaŵi; Male in breeding coloration (approx. 65 mm SL) at Tsano Rock, Malaŵi.

Tables

TABLE 3. Morphological and meristic data for Tropheops kumwera from Boadzulu Island, Lake Malaŵi (PSU 12762, holotype; PSU 12763, n = 23); Makokola Reef, Lake Malaŵi (PSU 12764, n = 7); Tsano Rock, Lake Malaŵi, Malaŵi (PSU 12765, n = 15). Ranges include holotype.

Variable	Holotype	Mean	Std Dev Min–Max Makokola	Tsano	Boadzulu
Standard length (mm) Head length (mm) Percent head length (%)	PSU12762 66.8 22.1	62.5 19.9	Reef PSU12764 4.5 52.0–70.5 1.5 16.6–23.1	Rocks PSU12765 53.3–69.9 16.9–21.4	Island PSU12763 55.9–67.0 17.8–21.2
Snout length Postorbital head length Horizontal eye diameter Vertical eye diameter Preorbital depth	41.7 41.4 29.1 27.6 22.9	37.7 42.0 29.2 27.3 22.8	2.5 36.5–42.8 1.3 39.2–43.4 1.7 25.8–32.6 1.4 24.2–29.9 1.7 20.4–26.0	34.1–39.8 41.3–45.5 26.7–31.3 26.5–31.4 19.4–25.4	28.0–39.8 40.9–44.0 26.1–31.4 26.0–29.3 19.4–25.3
Cheek depth Lower jaw length Head depth Percent standard length (%) Body depth	25.2 35.2 82.2 29.2	24.8 34.1 78.5 27.9	1.9 23.7–30.2 1.7 32.3–38.0 4.6 72.3–84.5 1.7 27.1–31.0	21.5–28.3 31.1–34.1 70.2–79.0 23.6–27.9	20.9–27.1 31.4–36.3 70.4–82.2 25.6–29.1
Snout to dorsal fin origin Snout to pelvic fin origin Dorsal fin base length Anterior dorsal to anterior anal Anterior dorsal to posterior anal	35.5 39.0 62.5 47.0 64.2	34.5 36.9 61.4 49.3 63.3	1.2 32.5–37.8 1.6 36.0–40.9 1.7 55.7–64.9 1.7 45.4–52.3 1.7 57.7–66.2	32.6–36.8 34.8–37.1 58.7–64.3 46.8–50.3 61.7–64.6	32.9–36.4 33.0–37.2 60.6–64.1 46.0–50.3 61.8–64.3
Posterior dorsal to anterior anal Posterior dorsal to posterior anal Posterior anal to dorsal caudal Posterior dorsal to ventral caudal Anterior dorsal to pelvic-fin origin	28.3 14.1 15.6 18.0 32.2	27.9 13.8 15.8 18.1 30.9	1.0 25.8–29.1 0.7 12.8–15.2 0.6 14.7–16.7 0.9 16.2–19.8 1.6 29.2–34.0	25.8–27.8 12.4–14.4 14.7–17.1 16.2–19.0 26.7–31.9	27.5–29.9 12.8–15.1 15.1–17.1 16.9–19.7 27.8–32.2
Posterior dorsal to pelvic-fin origin Caudal peduncle length Least caudal peduncle depth Meristics Dorsal-fin spines	52.8 10.3 12.6 18	56.2 10.1 11.8 Mode 18	1.8 50.6–57.5 0.7 8.8–11.9 0.6 11.1–12.9 Freq(%) 67.4 18–19	53.5–58.3 8.6–11.2 10.8–11.9 18–19	55.8–59.4 9.5–11.1 10.8–12.2 17–19
Dorsal-fin rays Anal-fin spines Anal-fin rays Pelvic-fin rays	8 3 7 5	8 3 8 5	52.2 8–10 100.0 3 89.1 8 100.0 5	8–10 3 7–8 5	8–10 3 7–8 5
Pectoral-fin rays Lateral-line scales Pored scales caudal Cheek scale rows Gill rakers 1st ceratobranchial Gill rakers 1st epibranchial	13 32 2 5 10 4	13 32 2 5 10 4	97.8 13 71.7 31–33 97.8 2 91.3 5 58.7 9–10 80.4 3–4	13 32–33 2 4–5 9–10 3–4	12–13 31–33 1–2 4–7 9–11 3–5
Teeth outer left lower jaw Tooth rows upper jaw Tooth rows lower jaw	11 4 4	10 4 4	32.6 9–12 52.2 4–5 69.6 4–5	9–12 4–5 4–5	6–12 4–6 4–6