Sphyrna zygaena ( Linnaeus, 1758 )

Ebert, David A., Wintner, Sabine P. & Kyne, Peter M., 2021, An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyans of South Africa, Zootaxa 4947 (1), pp. 1-127 : 69-70

publication ID	https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4947.1.1
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7F3B4794-65CF-4691-A330-78A423F2606F
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4614859
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039287A1-952D-FFCB-CFF7-5F71FDED210B
treatment provided by	Plazi (2021-03-17 17:33:09, last updated 2024-11-25 21:52:55)
scientific name	Sphyrna zygaena ( Linnaeus, 1758 )
status

Treatment

Sphyrna zygaena ( Linnaeus, 1758) View in CoL View at ENA

Smooth Hammerhead

Squalus zygaena Linnaeus, 1758: 234 View in CoL View Cited Treatment . Syntype: NRM LP 88, male embryo 215 mm (see Fernholm & Wheeler, 1983). Type locality: Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic (inc. Spain, France, Italy, Greece, Syria).

Local synonymy: Sphyrna malleus: Thompson, 1914: 143 View in CoL . Sphyrna zygaena: Barnard, 1925: 32 View in CoL ; Smith, 1949a: 46, fig. 21; D’Aubrey, 1964a: 45, pl. 26; Smith, 1965: 46, fig. 21; Gilbert, 1967: 31, fig. 8; Bass et al., 1975b: 45, fig. 26; Bass, 1986: 97, fig. 13.3, pl. 2; Compagno, 1984b: 553, fig.; Cliff & Wilson, 1986: 28; Compagno, 1988a: 35; Compagno et al., 1989: 72, pl.; Compagno, 1999: 120; Heemstra & Heemstra, 2004: 68; Compagno et al., 2005: 326, fig., pl. 64; Ebert et al., 2013 a: 504, fig., pl. 75; Mann, 2013: 285; NPOA, 2013: 48; Ebert & Dando, 2014: 19, fig.; da Silva et al., 2015: 248; Ebert & van Hees, 2015: 146; Compagno, 2016: 1335; Weigmann, 2016: 881.

South Africa voucher material: SAIAB 6115, SAIAB 7014, SAIAB 7015, SAIAB 7016, SAIAB 7017, SAIAB 7018, SAIAB 7019, SAIAB 7020, SAIAB 7021, SAIAB 7022, SAIAB 7023, SAIAB 7024, SAIAB 7025, SAIAB 7026, SAIAB 7027, SAIAB 7028, SAIAB 7029, SAIAB 7030, SAIAB 7031, SAIAB 7032, SAIAB 7033, SAIAB 7034, SAIAB 7035, SAIAB 7036, SAIAB 7037, SAIAB 7038, SAIAB 7039, SAIAB 7040, SAIAB 7041, SAIAB 7042, SAIAB 7043, SAIAB 7044, SAIAB 7045, SAIAB 7046, SAIAB 7047, SAIAB 7048, SAIAB 7049, SAIAB 7050, SAIAB 7051, SAIAB 7052, SAIAB 7053, SAIAB 11961, SAIAB 13003, SAIAB 13004, SAIAB 13005, SAIAB 13133, SAIAB 26446, SAIAB 26641, SAIAB 51214, SAIAB 51215, SAIAB 75566, SAIAB 75567, SAIAB 75568, SAIAB 189174, SAIAB 200675, SAIAB 201703, SAIAB 202977, SAIAB 203735.

South African distribution: St. Helena Bay (WC) to the KZN border with Mozambique.

Remarks: This hammerhead shark species is found mostly in cool to temperate waters and is most common in southern and western Cape waters where it seasonally forms large aggregations.

Conservation status: VU (2019).

References

Barnard, K. H. (1925) A monograph of the marine fishes of South Africa. Part I (Amphioxus, Cyclostomata, Elasmobranchii, and Teleostei-Isospondyli to Heterosomata). Annals of the South African Museum, 21, 1 - 418.

Bass, A. J., D'Aubrey, J. D. & Kistnasamy, N. (1975 b) Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. III. The families Carcharhinidae (excluding Mustelus and Carcharhinus) and Sphyrnidae. Investigational Report. Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, 38, 1 - 100.

Bass, A. J. (1986) Families Chlamydoselachidae, Heterodontidae, Orectolobidae, Rhinicodontidae, Scyliorhinidae, Pseudotriakidae, Sphyrnidae, Lamnidae, Cetorhinidae, Alopiidae, Pseudocarchariidae, Squatinidae. In: Smith, M. M. & Heemstra, P. C. (Eds.), Smith's Sea Fishes. Macmillan, Johannesburg, pp. 47 - 48 + 64 - 66 + 87 - 102 + 103 + 107.

Cliff, G. & Wilson, R. B. (1986) Natal Sharks Board's Field Guide to Sharks and Other Marine Animals. Natal Sharks Board, Umhlanga Rocks, 57 pp.

Compagno, L. J. V. (1984 b) FAO Species Catalogue. Sharks of the World. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. Vol. 4. No. 125. Part 2. Carcharhiniformes. FAO, Rome, pp. 251 - 655.

Compagno, L. J. V. (1988 a) Sharks of the Order Carcharhiniformes. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 486 pp.

Compagno, L. J. V., Ebert, D. A. & Smale, M. J. (1989) Guide to the Sharks and Rays of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, 158 pp.

Compagno, L. J. V. (1999) An overview of chondrichthyan systematics and biodiversity in southern Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 54, 75 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00359199909520406

Compagno, L., Dando, M. & Fowler, S. (2005) Field Guide to the Sharks of the World. Harper Collins Publishers Ltd, London, 368 pp.

Compagno, L. J. V. (2016) Sharks. In: Carpenter, K. E. & De Angelis, N. (Eds.), The Living Marine Resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic. Vol. 2. Bivalves, Gastropods, Hagfishes, Sharks, Batoid Fishes, and Chimaeras. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. FAO, Rome, pp. 1122 - 1336.

D'Aubrey, J. D. (1964 a) Preliminary guide to the sharks found off the east coast of South Africa. South African Association for Marine Biological Research, Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigational Report, 8, 1 - 95.

da Silva C., Booth, A. J., Dudley, S. F. J., Kerwath, S. E., Lamberth, S. J., Leslie, R. W., McCord, M. E., Sauer, W. H. H. & Zweig, T. (2015) A description and updated overview of the status and management of South Africa's chondrichthyan fisheries. South African Journal of Marine Science, 37, 233 - 248. https: // doi. org / 10.2989 / 1814232 X. 2015.1044471

Ebert, D. A. & Dando, M. (2014) On Board Guide for the Identification of Pelagic Sharks and Rays of the Western Indian Ocean. SmartFish Programme, FAO, Rome & Indian Ocean Commission, Port Louis, 109 pp.

Ebert, D. A. & van Hees, K. E. (2015) Beyond jaws: rediscovering the Lost Sharks of southern Africa. African Journal of Marine Science, 37, 141 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.2989 / 1814232 X. 2015.1048730

Ebert, D. A., Fowler, S. & Compagno, L. J. V. (2013) Sharks of the World: A Fully Illustrated Guide to the Sharks of the World. Wild Nature Press, Plymouth, 528 pp.

Fernholm, B. & Wheeler, A. C. (1983) Linnaean fish specimens in the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 78 (3), 199 - 286. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1983. tb 00867. x

Gilbert, C. R. (1967) A revision of the hammerhead sharks (family Sphyrnidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 119 (3539), 1 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.119 - 3539.1

Heemstra, P. C. & Heemstra, E. (2004) Coastal Fishes of Southern Africa. National Inquiry Service Centre and South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, 488 pp.

Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542

Mann, B. Q. (2013) Southern African marine linefish species profiles. Oceanographic Research Institute, Special Publication, 9, 1 - 343.

NPOA. (2013) National Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks (NPOA-Sharks). Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), Rogge Bay, Cape Town, 63 pp.

Smith, J. L. B. (1949 a) The Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. South Africa Central News Agency Ltd., 550 pp.

Smith, J. L. B. (1965) The Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. 5 th Edition. Central News Agency Ltd., 580 pp.

Thompson, W. W. (1914) Catalogue of the fishes of the Cape Province (Pt 1). Marine Biological Report, Cape Town, 2 (8), 132 - 167.

Weigmann, S. (2016) Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity. Journal of Fish Biology, 88, 837 - 1037. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jfb. 12874