Robustagramma, Marshall & Cui, 2005

Marshall, Stephen A. & Cui, Yongsheng, 2005, Systematics of Robustagramma, a new genus of New World Sphaeroceridae (Diptera), Zootaxa 1026 (1), pp. 1-122 : 12-18

Key to the species of Robustagramma

1. Prosternum bare. Greatest palpal width less (usually much less) than 1/3 palpus length ....................................................................................................................................... 7

­­ Prosternum setulose. Greatest palpal width 1/3 palpus length ( R. crassipalpus group)2

2. Mid tibia with an anterodorsal bristle on middle third ................................................. 3

­­ Mid tibia without anterodorsal bristle middle third .................................................... 4

3. Mid tibia with an additional small bristle besides normal dorsal bristle on proximal third. In lateral view, cercus of male with a blunt apex ( Fig 108 ) ( Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica) ............................................... R. latistylum Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Mid tibia with only a dorsal bristle on proximal third. In lateral view, cercus of male with a pointed apex ( Fig. 122 ) ( Ecuador) ...................................................................... ............................................................. R. nigrivittatum Cui and Marshall , new species

4. Both preapical palpal bristles distinctly shorter than greatest width of palpus. Cercus of male about half as long as surstylus ( Fig. 115 ) ( Ecuador, Costa Rica, Panama) ....... ............................................................... R. longistylum Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ One of two preapical palpal bristles similar in length to, or longer than, greatest width of palpus. Cercus of male distinctly longer than half of length of surstylus ............... 5

5. Prosternum with 3 or 4 pairs of setulae. Eye height about 3 times genal height ( Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, Panama) … R. crassipalpus Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Prosternum with 2 pairs of setulae. Eye height about 2.5 times genal height............... 6

6. Cercus of male similar in length to surstylus ( Fig. 85 ). Posteromedial prominence of sternite 5 of male with a wide medial emargination ( Venezuela) .................................. ................................................................ R. bolivarense Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Cercus of male distinctly shorter than surstylus ( Fig. 92 ). Posteromedial prominence of sternite 5 of male with a small middle emargination ( Brazil) ................................... .................................................................. R. brasilense Cui and Marshall , new species

7. Interfrontal bristles usually in more than two pairs (in addition to the pair of interfrontal setulae just above ptilinal suture). Arista slightly longer than head height .......... 15

­­ Interfrontal bristles in one or two pairs (in addition to the pair of interfrontal setulae above ptilinal suture). Arista distinctly shorter than head height ( R. brevicilium group) ...................................................................................................................................... 8

8. Interfrontal bristles in 2 pairs (in addition to the pair of interfrontal setulae above ptilinal suture). Sternite 3 of male with a transverse row of long, strong bristles ( Fig. 37 ) ( Costa Rica, Panama) ............................. R. setilamella Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Interfrontal bristles in a single strong pair. Sternite 3 of male without a transverse row of long, strong bristles ...................................................................................................... 9

9. Head with only one pair of orbital bristles ................................................................. 10

­­ Head with two pairs of orbital bristles ........................................................................ 11

10. Sternite 5 of male with a broadly emarginate posteromedial margin and 4 pairs of short, stout bristles ( Fig. 32 ). ( Ecuador) ........................................................................ ................................................................ R. parauniseta Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Sternite 5 of male with a convex posteromedial margin and 3 pairs of short stout bristles ( Fig. 41 ). ( Ecuador) ............................... R. uniseta Cui and Marshall , new species

11 Wing with a stump vein on second sector of R 2+3 ( Fig. 364 ) ..................................... 12

­­ Wing without a stump vein on second sector of R .................................................. 13

2+3

12. Sternite 5 of male with 6 pairs of long appressed bristles ( Fig. 28 ) ( Venezuela)............ ........................................................... R. paralongiseta Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Sternite 5 of male with a row of 9 short, strong bristles ( Fig. 16 ) ( Venezuela) .............. ................................................................. R. lingulatum Cui and Marshall , new species

13. Sternite 5 of male with 6 pairs of appressed, long bristles ........................................ 14

­­ Sternite 5 of male without appressed, long bristles, but with two patches of short, strong bristles ( Fig. 5 ) ( Costa Rica) ............ R. atratum Cui and Marshall , new species

14. Sternite 5 of male with a black, shiny, globose posteromedial prominence; without short, stout bristles ( Fig. 21 ) ( Costa Rica) ..................................................................... .................................................................... R. longiseta Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Sternite 5 of male without a posteromedial prominence, but with 5 pairs of short, stout bristles behind long bristles ( Fig. 12 ) ( Panama) ............................................................ ................................................................. R. brevicilium Cui and Marshall , new species

15. Distal portion of R 2+3 conspicuously curved forward. Postocellar bristles distinct ( R. flavistylum group) ....................................................................................................... 16

­­ Distal portion of R 2+3 almost straight or slightly curved forward. Postocellar bristles absent or indistinct ..................................................................................................... 21

16. Dorsocentral bristles in 3 pairs (anterior pair distinctly longer than nearby acrostichal setulae but shorter than prescutellar acrostichal bristles). Cercus distinctly longer than halflengthofsurstylus.Whip­likescleritesofdistiphalluswithoutdistinct,node­likestructures 17

­­ Dorsocentral bristles in 2 pairs. Cercus broad, shorter than half surstylus length ( Fig. 302 ). Whip­like sclerites of distiphallus with node­like structures ( Fig. 304 ). ( Ecuador, Venezuela) ....................................... R. brevicauda Cui and Marshall , new species

17.Cercus similar in length to surstylus.Surstylus,in lateral view,broad and nearly rectangular 18

­­ Cercus much shorter than surstylus. Surstylus, in lateral view, not rectangular ........ 19

18. Surstylus yellow or reddish yellow, with long, dense setae ( Figs. 317, 318 ) ( Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama) .............................. R. flavistylum Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Surstylus usually pale yellow, with relatively short setae ( Fig. 325 ) ( Mexico) ............. .............................................................. R. pallidistylum Cui and Marshall , new species

19. Wing lightly, evenly pigmented, without clear bands or marks ................................. 20

­­ Wing pigmented, with hyaline bands distal to the apex of R ( Brazil, Argentina) ..... ................................................................ R. cultriforme Cui and Marshall , new species

2+3

20. Acrostichal setulae in 8 rows between anterior postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Surstylus in lateral view with posterior portion longer than anterior portion ( Venezuela) .... ............................................................ R. angusticauda Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Acrostichal setulae in 6 rows between anterior postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Surstylus in lateral view with anterior portion longer than anterior portion ( Brazil) ............. ............................................................ R. setituberosum Cui and Marshall , new species

21. Facial ridge between antennae very narrow, much narrower than width of scape. Frontal vitta between interfrontal plates usually gradually but distinctly convex from middle to front. Relatively small species, less than 1.9mm, often less than 1.5mm ( R. altifrons group) .......................................................................................................... 22

­­ Facial ridge between antennae subequal to, or broader than, width of scape. Frontal vitta between interfrontal plates flat or nearly so. Size variable ................................ 27

22. Frons with anterior half yellow or reddish yellow. Arista slightly longer than head height Surstylus variable, but not divided into two subequal lobes............................ 23

­­ Frons with anterior half mostly dark brown. Arista slightly shorter than head height. Surstylus divided into 2 subequal broad lobes (Figs. 164,165) ( Mexico, Honduras) .... .............................................................. R. obscurifrons Cui and Marshall , new species

23. Palpus with preapical bristles very small, shorter than greatest width of palpus. (Southwestern United States) ............................. R. minutiseta Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Palpus with preapical bristles distinctly longer than greatest width of palpus ........... 24

24. In lateral view,surstylus with ventral apex rounded,blunt( Fig.144 )(Eastern United States) R. hebes Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ In lateral view, surstylus with ventral apex more or less pointed ............................... 25

25. In posterior view, surstylus with ventral apex conspicuously curved inward ( Fig. 150 ). (Eastern Canada, United States) … R. incurvum Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ In posterior view, surstylus at most indistinctly curved inward distally .................... 26

26. In lateral view, surstylus almost triangular ( Fig. 137 ). (Southwestern United States) … ................................................................. R. arizonense Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ In lateral view, surstylus anteriorly bifurcate ( Fig. 130 ) ( United States) ....................... ..................................................................... R. altifrons Cui and Marshall , new species

27. Palpus conspicuously thickened, greatest palpal width about 1/3 length of palpus ... 28

­­ Greatest palpal width distinctly less than one third of length of palpus .................... 29

28. Mid tibia with a dorsal proximal bristle. Sternite 5 of male over 3 times as long as sternite 4 ( Fig. 70 ). ( R. binitidum group; Peru, Venezuela) ........................................... ............................................................ R. macrosternum Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Mid tibia with a posterodorsal proximal bristle. Sternite 5 of male less than twice as long as sternite 4 ( Peru) … R. orthogonium Cui and Marshall , new species

29. Dorsocentral bristles in 3 pairs. Posterodorsal katepisternal bristle distinctly longer than 2/3 of distance between bristle base and wing base .......................................... 30

­­ Dorsocentral bristles in 2 pairs. Posterodorsal katepisternal bristle usually not longer than 2/3 of distance between bristle base and wing base ........................................... 32

30. Mid tibia with 7 dorsal bristles, including an additional anterodorsal proximal bristle and a small, additional anterodorsal bristle near middle ( R. triangulatum group, Dominican Republic) ................................ R. multiseta Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Mid tibia with the usual 5 dorsal bristles ................................................................... 31

31. Mid tibia of male with a row of short, stout ventral bristles on distal 3/4. Cercus of male triangular in posterior view ( Fig. 287 ) ( R. triangulatum group. ( Cuba) ............... .............................................................. R. triangulatum Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Only distal 1/3 of mid tibia of male with stout ventral bristles. Cerci divergent, not triangular ( Fig. 342 ) ( Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama) .................... ................................................................. R. disjunctum Cui and Marshall , new species

32. Anterodorsal katepisternal bristle absent; frons slightly shiny and flattened; vein R 2+3 short, ca. 1.2 times as long as first sector of vein R 4+5 ( Brazil) … R. acutistylum Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Anterodorsal katepisternal bristle present; frons pruinose; vein R 2+3 over 1.5 times as long as first sector of vein R 4+5 .................................................................................. 33

33. Male wing with first costal sector (between humeral and subcostal breaks) thicker than second costal sector in dorsal view. Sternite 5 of male usually over twice as long as sternite 4 ( R. robustinervus group) ............................................................................. 34

­­ Male wing with first costal sector thinner than second costal sector in dorsal view. Sternite 5 of male usually 1.5 times as long as sternite 4 ........................................... 36

34. Mid femur of male with ventral bristles only on basal third. First costal sector of male conspicuously thicker than second costal sector in superior view.............................. 35

­­ Mid femur of male with ventral bristles on basal ¾. First costal sector of male slightly thicker than second sector in superior view ( Brazil) ...................................................... ................................................................... R. dilatatum Cui and Marshall , new species

35. Preapical palpal bristles of male shorter than greatest width of palpus. Wing nearly clear. Sternite 5 2.5 times as long as wide, posteromedial lobes each densely covered with setulae but without long bristles ( Fig. 52 ) ( Venezuela, Guyana) ........................... ............................................................ R. robustinervus Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Preapical palpal bristles of male slightly longer than greatest width of palpus. Wing uniformly lightly pigmented. Sternite 5 twice as long as wide, posteromedial lobes each with a few long bristles ( Fig. 59 ) ( Ecuador) .......................................................... ...................................................................... R. setosum Cui and Marshall , new species

36. Sternite 5 of male with a characteristic pair of large, dark posterolateral lobes and a pale central area ( Fig 352 ). Surstylus with a long, tapering anterior lobe ( Fig. 350 ). ( Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guyana, Peru) .................. ..................................................................... R. mirabile Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Sternite 5 without posteromedial lobes or with lobes much smaller than Fig. 350 ; anterior part of surstylus not elongate and tapered as in Fig. 352 ................................... 37

37. Greatest width of palpus about 1/4 as long as palpus. Male with preapical palpal bristles similar in length to greatest width of palpus; female with preapical palpal bristles slightly longer than greatest width of palpus. Sternite 5 of male with a distinct borderline between anterior dark and posteromedial pale area( Fig.63 )( R. binitidum group, part) 38

­­ Greatest width of palpus usually less than 1/5 of length of palpus. Preapical palpal bristles at least 1.5 times as long as greatest width of palpus. Sternite 5 of male rarely with borderline between anterior and posterior area ( R. robustum group) ............... 40

38. Sternite 5 of male with a pair of shiny posteromedial patches ( Fig. 63 ). Cercus of male with distal half very narrow ( Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru) ................................ ................................................................... R. binitidum Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Sternite 5 of male without a pair of shiny patches. Cercus of male with distal half broad 39

39. Surstylus with an almost bare anterior lobe ( Fig. 75 ). In posterior view, apex of male cercus blunt ( Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama, Venezuela, Columbia, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru) ...................................... R. obscuratum Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Surstylus almost entirely setose ( Fig. 82 ). In posterior view, apex of cercus of male pointed ( Venezuela) … R. rarum Cui and Marshall , new species

40. Eye conspicuously small, eye height about 1.2–1.3 times genal height. General body color usually reddish yellow ( Mexico) ..... R. oculiculus Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Eye large, eye height usually more than 2 times genal height. General body color usually dark brown .......................................................................................................... 41

41. Sternite 5 of male with 3 or 4 pairs of strong spine­like bristles, twice as long as distancebetweenbristlebaseandposteriormarginofsternite5( Fig.267 )( Venezuela, Colombia) R. spinatimargo Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Sternite 5 of male without strong bristles, or with strong bristles not surpassing posterior margin of sternite 5 ............................................................................................. 42

42. Wing lightly pigmented, with transverse clear bands beyond intersection of costa and R 2+3. Surstylus usually whitish in color, shorter than cercus, and with strong bristles ( Fig. 273 ) ( Canada, United States, Mexico). R. vulgare Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Wing clear, or very lightly pigmented and without distinct transverse clear bands. Surstylus usually yellow to reddish yellow, usually with relatively short bristles ........... 43

43. In lateral view, surstylus with a tapering apex, and distal half similar in width to basal half ( Fig. 179 ) ( Mexico) .................... R. angustistylum Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ In lateral view, surstylus with a truncate apex; distal half wider than basal half ........ 44

44. Ejaculatory apodeme extraordinarily large, over 2/3 as long as aedeagal apodeme ( Fig. 202 ). In lateral view, cercus perfectly straight ( Fig. 201 ) ( Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru) ........................... ....................................................... R. gigantisclerosum Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Ejaculatory apodeme shorter, usually shorter than half of length of aedeagal apodeme. In lateral view, cercus more or less curved backward ................................................ 45

45. Sternite 5 of male with at least one pair of short, strong bristles on posterior half .... 48

­­ Sternite 5 of male without short, strong bristles on posterior half ............................. 46

46. Mid femur of male with a regular row of stout anteroventral bristles. Male cercus with distal quarter slightly inflated (Figs. 221,222) ( St. Lucia) ............................................. ..................................................................... R. luciense Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Mid femur of male with only scattered small bristles.Cercus with distal quarter not inflated 47

47. Sternite 5 of male with many small lanceolate bristles on anteromedial area ( Fig. 217 ). ( St. Kitts) .................................................... R. kittsense Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Sternite 5 of male without lanceolate bristles ( Fig. 246 ). ( Paraguay, Argentina) ........... ........................................................................................................ R. ovipennis (Duda)

48. In lateral view, cercus of male sinuate at middle ( Fig. 258 ). Small species (1.0­ 1.4 mm) ( Venezuela, Guyana) ........................ R. sinuosum Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ In lateral view, cercus of male weakly curved backward ........................................... 49

49. Cercus distinctly longer than surstylus. In lateral view, distal third of cercus slightly inflated. Surstylus with anteroventral and posteroventral portions rounded ( Fig. 251 ) ( Costa Rica, Panama) .................................................................... R. robustum (Spuler)

­­ Either cercus shorter than surstylus or distal third of cercus narrow (not inflated) in lateral view ...................................................................................................................... 50

50. Sternite 5 of male with only one or two pairs of short, stout bristles on posterior half .. ..................................................................................................................................... 51

­­ Sternite 5 of male with 3 or more pairs of short, stout bristles on posterior half ....... 52

51. Cercus of male much longer than surstylus; in posterior view, inner margins of cerci nearly parallel ( Fig. 207 ) ( Grenada) ..... R. grenadense Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ Cercus of male similar in length to surstylus; in posterior view, gap between inner margins of cerci rhomboid in shape ( Venezuela, Guyana) ............................................. ..................................................................... R. aequale Cui and Marshall , new species

52. In lateral view surstylus with posteroventral margin rounded ( Fig. 193 ). Ejaculatory apodeme much less than 1/3 length of aedeagal apodeme ( Venezuela, Guyana) .......... ............................................................. R. crassisaccus Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ In lateral view surstylus with posteroventral margin angular ( Fig. 186 ). Ejaculatory apodeme distinctly longer than one third of aedeagal apodeme ................................. 53

53. In lateral view, anteroventral margin of surstylus angular ( Fig. 186 ). Mid tibia of male with a row of short, stout ventral bristles on distal half ( Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama).......... R. biangulatum Cui and Marshall , new species

­­ In lateral view, anteroventral margin of surstylus rounded ( Fig. 228 ). Mid tibia of male with short, stout ventral bristles on distal third ( Belize) ................................................ .................................................................... R. mayense Cui and Marshall , new species

Figures

FIGURES 107–113. Robustagramma latistylum sp. nov.: 107, posterior view of male terminalia; 108, lateral view of male terminalia; 109, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 110, male sternite 5; 111, dorsal view of female terminalia; 112, ventral view of female terminalia; 113, spermathecae.

FIGURES 121–127. Robustagramma nigrivittatum sp. nov.: 121, posterior view of male terminalia; 122, lateral view of male terminalia; 123, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 124, male sternite 5; 125, dorsal view of female terminalia; 126, ventral view of female terminalia; 127, spermathecae.

FIGURES 114–120. Robustagramma longistylum sp. nov.: 114, posterior view of male terminalia; 115, lateral view of male terminalia; 116, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 117, male sternite 5; 118, dorsal view of female terminalia; 119, ventral view of female terminalia; 120, spermathecae.

FIGURES 85–91. Robustagramma bolivarense sp. nov.: 85, posterior view of male terminalia; 86, lateral view of male terminalia; 87, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 88, male sternite 5; 89, dorsal view of female terminalia; 90, ventral view of female terminalia; 91, spermathecae.

FIGURES 92–98. Robustagramma brasilense sp. nov.: 92, posterior view of male terminalia; 93, lateral view of male terminalia; 94, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 95, male sternite 5; 96, dorsal view of female terminalia; 97, ventral view of female terminalia; 98, spermathecae.

FIGURES 33–37. Robustagramma setilamella sp. nov.: 33, posterior view of male terminalia; 34, lateral view of male terminalia; 35, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 36, male sternite 5; 37, ventral view of male abdoman.

FIGURES 29–32. Robustagramma parauniseta sp. nov.: 29, posterior view of male terminalia; 30, lateral view of male terminalia; 31, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 32, male sternite 5.

FIGURES 38–41. Robustagramma uniseta sp. nov.: 38, posterior view of male terminalia; 39, lateral view of male terminalia; 40, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 41, male sternite 5.

FIGURES 363–370. Robustagramma spp. wings (not to scale): 363, R. atratum sp. nov.; 364, R. lingulatum sp. nov.; 365, R. setilamella sp. nov.; 366, R. robustinervus sp. nov.; 367, R. binitidum sp. nov.; 368, R. macrosternum sp. nov.; 369, R. longistylum sp. nov.; 370, R. hebes sp. nov.

FIGURES 25–28. Robustagramma paralongiseta sp. nov.: 25, posterior view of male terminalia; 26, lateral view of male terminalia; 27, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 28, male sternite 5.

FIGURES 13–17. Robustagramma lingulatum sp. nov.: 13, posterior view of male terminalia; 14, lateral view of male terminalia; 15, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 16, male sternite 5; 17, posterolateral flange of male sternite 5.

FIGURES 2–8. Robustagramma atratum sp. nov.: 2, posterior view of male terminalia; 3, lateral view of male terminalia; 4, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 5, male sternite 5; 6, dorsal view of female terminalia; 7, ventral view of female terminalia; 8, spermathecae.

FIGURES 18–24. Robustagramma longiseta sp. nov.: 18, posterior view of male terminalia; 19, lateral view of male terminalia; 20, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 21, male sternite 5; 22, dorsal view of female terminalia; 23, ventral view of female terminalia; 24, spermathecae.

FIGURES 9–12. Robustagramma brevicilium sp. nov.: 9, posterior view of male terminalia; 10, lateral view of male terminalia; 11, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 12, male sternite 5.

FIGURES 302–308. Robustagramma brevicauda sp. nov.: 302, posterior view of male terminalia; 303, lateral view of male terminalia; 304, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 305, male sternite 5; 306, dorsal view of female terminalia; 307, ventral view of female terminalia; 308, spermathecae.

FIGURES 317–323. Robustagramma flavistylum sp. nov.: 317, posterior view of male terminalia; 318, lateral view of male terminalia; 319, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 320, male sternite 5; 321, dorsal view of female terminalia; 322, ventral view of female terminalia; 323, spermathecae.

FIGURES 324–330. Robustagramma pallidistylum sp. nov.: 324, posterior view of male terminalia; 325, lateral view of male terminalia; 326, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 327, male sternite5;328,dorsalviewoffemaleterminalia;329,ventralviewoffemaleterminalia;330,spermathecae.

FIGURES 143–149. Robustagramma hebes sp. nov.: 143, posterior view of male terminalia; 144, lateral view of male terminalia; 145, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 146, male sternite 5; 147, dorsal view of female terminalia; 148, ventral view of female terminalia; 149, spermathecae.

FIGURES 150–156. Robustagramma incurvum sp. nov.: 150, posterior view of male terminalia; 151, lateral view of male terminalia; 152, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 153, male sternite 5; 154, dorsal view of female terminalia; 155, ventral view of female terminalia; 156, spermathecae.

FIGURES 136–142. Robustagramma arizonense sp. nov.: 136, posterior view of male terminalia; 137, lateral view of male terminalia; 138, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 139, male sternite 5; 140, dorsal view of female terminalia; 141, ventral view of female terminalia; 142, spermathecae.

FIGURES 128–135. Robustagramma altifrons sp. nov.: 128, dorsal view of left tibia; 129, posterior view of male terminalia; 130, lateral view of male terminalia; 131, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 132, male sternite 5; 133, dorsal view of female terminalia; 134, ventral view of female terminalia; 135, spermathecae.

FIGURES 67­73. Robustagramma macrosternum sp. nov.: 67, posterior view of male terminalia; 68, lateral view of male terminalia; 69, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 70, male sternite 5; 71, dorsal view of female terminalia; 72, ventral view of female terminalia; 73, spermathecae.

FIGURES 287–293. Robustagramma triangulatum sp. nov.: 287, posterior view of male terminalia; 288, lateral view of male terminalia; 289, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 290, male sternite 5; 291, dorsal view of female terminalia; 292, ventral view of female terminalia; 293, spermathecae.

FIGURES 342–348. Robustagramma disjunctum sp. nov.: 342, posterior view of male terminalia; 343, lateral view of male terminalia; 344, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 345, male sternite 5; 346, dorsal view of female terminalia; 347, ventral view of female terminalia; 348, spermathecae.

FIGURES 49–55. Robustagramma robustinervus sp. nov.: 49, posterior view of male terminalia; 50, lateral view of male terminalia; 51, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 52, male sternite 5; 53, dorsal view of female terminalia; 54, ventral view of female terminalia; 55, spermathecae.

FIGURES 56–59. Robustagramma setosum sp. nov.: 56, posterior view of male terminalia; 57, lateral view of male terminalia; 58, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 59, male sternite 5.

FIGURES 349–355. Robustagramma mirabile sp. nov.: 349, posterior view of male terminalia; 350, lateral view of male terminalia; 351, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 352, male sternite 5; 353, dorsal view of female terminalia; 354, ventral view of female terminalia; 355, spermathecae.

FIGURES 60–66. Robustagramma binitidum sp. nov.: 60, posterior view of male terminalia; 61, lateral view of male terminalia; 62, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 63, male sternite 5; 64, dorsal view of female terminalia; 65, ventral view of female terminalia; 66, spermathecae.

FIGURES 74–80. Robustagramma obscuratum sp. nov.: 74, posterior view of male terminalia; 75, lateral view of male terminalia; 76, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 77, male sternite 5; 78, dorsal view of female terminalia; 79, ventral view of female terminalia; 80, spermathecae.

FIGURES 81–84. Robustagramma rarum sp. nov.: 81, posterior view of male terminalia; 82, lateral view of male terminalia; 83, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 84, male sternite 5.

FIGURES 264–270. Robustagramma spinatimargo sp. nov.: 264, posterior view of male terminalia; 265, lateral view of male terminalia; 266, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 267, male sternite 5; 268, dorsal view of female terminalia; 269, ventral view of female terminalia; 270, spermathecae.

FIGURES 271–278. Robustagramma vulgare sp. nov.: 271, dorsal view of left mid tibia of male; 272, posterior view of male terminalia; 273, lateral view of male terminalia; 274, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 275, male sternite 5; 276, dorsal view of female terminalia; 277, ventral view of female terminalia; 278, spermathecae.

FIGURES 178–184. Robustagramma angustistylum sp. nov.: 178, posterior view of male terminalia; 179, lateral view of male terminalia; 180, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 181, male sternite 5; 182, dorsal view of female terminalia; 183, ventral view of female terminalia; 184, spermathecae.

FIGURES 200–206. Robustagramma gigantisclerosum sp. nov.: 200, posterior view of male terminalia; 201, lateral view of male terminalia; 202, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 203, male sternite 5; 204, dorsal view of female terminalia; 205, ventral view of female terminalia; 206, spermathecae.

FIGURES 214–220. Robustagramma kittsense sp. nov.: 214, posterior view of male terminalia; 215, lateral view of male terminalia; 216, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 217, male sternite 5; 218, dorsal view of female terminalia; 219, ventral view of female terminalia; 220, spermathecae.

FIGURES 242–249. Robustagramma ovipennis (Duda, 1925): 242, posterior view of male terminalia; 243, lateral view of male terminalia; 244, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 245, anteroventral view of distiphallus; 246, male sternite 5; 247, dorsal view of female terminalia; 248, ventral view of female terminalia; 249, spermathecae.

FIGURES 257–263. Robustagramma sinuosum sp. nov.: 257, posterior view of male terminalia; 258, lateral view of male terminalia; 259, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 260, male sternite 5; 261, dorsal view of female terminalia; 262, ventral view of female terminalia; 263, spermathecae.

FIGURES 250–256. Robustagramma robustum sp. nov.: 250, posterior view of male terminalia; 251, lateral view of male terminalia; 252, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 253, male sternite 5; 254, dorsal view of female terminalia; 255, ventral view of female terminalia; 256, spermathecae.

FIGURES 207­213. Robustagramma grenadense sp. nov.: 207, posterior view of male terminalia; 208, lateral view of male terminalia; 209, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 210, male sternite 5; 211, dorsal view of female terminalia; 212, ventral view of female terminalia; 213, spermathecae.

FIGURES 192–199. Robustagramma crassisaccus sp. nov.: 192, posterior view of male terminalia; 193, lateral view of male terminalia; 194, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 195, anteroventral view of distiphallus; 196, male sternite 5; 197, dorsal view of part of female terminalia; 198, ventral view of female terminalia; 199, spermathecae.

FIGURES 185–191. Robustagramma biangulatum sp. nov.: 185, posterior view of male terminalia; 186, lateral view of male terminalia; 187, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 188, male sternite 5; 189, dorsal view of female terminalia; 190, ventral view of female terminalia; 191, spermathecae.

FIGURES 228–234. Robustagramma mayense sp. nov.: 228, posterior view of male terminalia; 229, lateral view of male terminalia; 230, lateral view of male internal genitalia; 231, male sternite 5; 232, dorsal view of female terminalia; 233, ventral view of female terminalia; 234, spermathecae.