Penicillidia monoceros Speiser, 1900

Orlova, M. V. & Orlov, O. L., 2015, Attempt To Define The Complexes Of Bat Ectoparasites In The Boreal Palaearctic Region, Vestnik Zoologii 49 (1), pp. 75-86 : 82

Penicillidia monoceros Speiser, 1900

Most of the findings are concentrated in the temperate zone of the Palaearctic from the Atlantic to the Pacific and Japan ( Mogi, 1979; Medvedev et al., 1991; Orlova et al., 2014). Probably, the main host of P. monoceros is considered the pond bat, but its findings in other species, and at a considerable distance from the boundaries of the area of the main host (Far East) indicate that in areas where M. dasycneme is rare, P. monoceros acquires the ability to parasitize on other species of the genus Myotis ( Orlova et al., 2014) .

Transpalaearctic spread of ectoparasites — a consequence of two factors: the wide distribution of the species of host (fleas Ischnopsyllus (I.) obscurus , Ischnopsyllus (H.) hexactenus ), oligo- and polyxenous feeding pattern (gamasid mites Macronyssus crosbyi , Steatonyssus spinosus ), or both factors (gamasid mites Spinturnix myoti , S. kolenatii , S. plecotinus , bat fly Penicillidia monoceros ).