Scorpiopidae Kraepelin, 1905

Sulakhe, Shauri, Deshpande, Shubhankar, Dandekar, Nikhil, Padhye, Anand & Bastawade, Deshabhushan, 2021, Four new lithophilic species of Scorpiops Peters 1861 (Scorpiones Scorpiopidae) from peninsular India, Euscorpius 337, pp. 1-49 : 8

Family Scorpiopidae Kraepelin, 1905 Scorpiops Peters, 1861

( Figures 1–157 , Tables 1–7) http: //zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 45E3D60F-

43C5-4655-9675-E8C72D771112

TYPE SPECIES. Scorpiops hardwickii Gervais, 1843

Figures

Figure 1. Scorpiops vrushchik sp. n., male, holotype in vivo habitus.

Figures 2–6. Scorpiops vrushchik sp. n., male, holotype, dorsal (2) and ventral (3) views, sternopectinal area (4), metasomal segment V and telson in lateral view (5) and chelicera in dorsal view (6).

Figures 7–8. Scorpiops vrushchik sp. n., male, holotype dorsal (7) and ventral (8) views under UV light.

Figures 9–12. Scorpiops vrushchik sp. n., female, paratype, BNHS SC 253, dorsal (9) and ventral (10) views, sternopectinal area (11) and metasomal segment V and telson in lateral view (12).

Figures 13–16. Scorpiops vrushchik sp. n. Figures 13–14. Male, holotype, carapace under white light (13) and UV fluorescence (14). Figures 15-16. Female, paratype, BHNS SC 253, carapace under white light (15) and UV fluorescence (16).

Figures 17–22. Scorpiops vrushchik sp. n., male, holotype. Figures 17–22. Pedipalp chela dorsal (17), ventral (18) and dorsoexternal (19), patella external (20), dorsal (21) and ventral (22) views under UV fluorescence. Trichobothrial pattern indicated by yellow circles.

Figures 23–29. Scorpiops vrushchik sp. n. Figures 23–26. Male, holotype, left legs I-IV, retrolateral aspect. Figures 27–29. Male, paratype, INHER-238, hemispermatophore internal (27), external (28) views and capsular region in internal view (29). Abbrevations: distal lamina (dl), capsule (c), trunk (t), pedicel (p), distal posterior lobe (dpl), lateral hook (lh), terminal membrane of the sperm duct (tmsd) and basal carina (bc).

Figures 30–32. Type locality of Scorpiops vrushchik sp. n., view of mountains surrounding Harishchandragad fort very close to type locality (30, 31) and view of Ganesh caves on top of Harishchandragad fort where population of the new species was observed (32).

Figure 33. Scorpiops nagphani sp. n., female, paratype BNHS SC 256 in vivo habitus.

Figures 34–38. Scorpiops nagphani sp. n., male, holotype, dorsal (34) and ventral (35) views, sternopectinal area (36), metasomal segment V and telson in lateral view (37) and chelicera in dorsal view (38).

Figures 39–40. Scorpiops nagphani sp. n., male, holotype in dorsal (39) and ventral (40) views under UV light.

Figures 41–44. Scorpiops nagphani sp. n., female, paratype, BNHS SC 256, in dorsal (41) ventral (42) views, sternopectinal area (43) and metasomal segment V and telson in lateral view (44).

Figures 45–48: Scorpiops nagphani sp. n. Figures 45–46. Male, holotype, carapace under white light (45) and UV fluorescence (46). Figures 47–48. Female, paratype, BHNS SC 256, carapace under white light (47) and UV fluorescence (48).

Figures 49–54. Scorpiops nagphani sp. n., male, holotype. Figures 49–54. Pedipalp chela dorsal (49), ventral (50) and dorsoexternal (51), patella external (52), dorsal (53) and ventral (54) views under UV fluorescence. Trichobothrial pattern indicated by yellow circles.

Figures 55–61. Scorpiops nagphani sp. n. Figures 55–58. Scorpiops nagphani sp. n., male, holotype, left legs I-IV, retrolateral aspect. Figures 59–61. Scorpiops nagphani sp. n., male, paratype, INHER-259, hemispermatophore internal (59), external (60) views and capsular region in internal view (61). Abbrevations: distal lamina (dl), capsule (c), trunk (t), pedicel (p), distal posterior lobe (dpl), lateral hook (lh), terminal membrane of the sperm duct (tmsd) and basal carina (bc).

Figures 62–64. Type locality of Scorpiops nagphani sp. n., aerial view of semi-evergreen forest inside Bhimashankar wildlife sanctuary (BWLS), very close to the type locality (62), view of Kolvan waterfalls inside BWLS where the new species was observed (63) and Scorpiops nagphani sp. n., female (specimen not collected) in vivo habitus with juveniles (64).

Figure 65. Scorpiops neera sp. n., male, holotype in vivo habitus.

Figures 66–70. Scorpiops neera sp. n., male, holotype, dorsal (66) and ventral (67) views, sternopectinal area (68), metasomal segment V and telson in lateral view (69) and chelicera in dorsal view (70).

Figures 71–72. Scorpiops neera sp. n., male, holotype in dorsal (71) and ventral (72) views under UV light.

Figures 73–76. Scorpiops neera sp. n., female, paratype, BNHS SC 259, in dorsal (73) ventral (74) views, sternopectinal area (75) and metasomal segment V and telson in lateral view (76).

Figures 77–80: Scorpiops neera sp. n. Figures 77–78. Male, holotype, carapace under white light (77) and UV fluorescence (78). Figures 79–80. Female, paratype, BHNS SC 259, carapace under white light (79) and UV fluorescence (80).

Figures 81–86. Scorpiops neera sp. n., male, holotype. Figures 81–86. Pedipalp chela dorsal (81), ventral (82) and dorsoexternal (83), patella external (84), dorsal (85) and ventral (86) views under UV fluorescence. Trichobothrial pattern indicated by yellow circles.

Figures 87–93. Scorpiops neera sp. n. Figures 87–90. Male, holotype, left legs I-IV, retrolateral aspect. Figures 91–93. Male, paratype, BNHS SC 260, hemispermatophore internal (91), external (92) views and capsular region in internal view (93). Abbrevations: distal lamina (dl), capsule (c), trunk (t), pedicel (p), distal posterior lobe (dpl), lateral hook (lh), terminal membrane of the sperm duct (tmsd) and basal carina (bc).

Figures 94–95. Type locality of Scorpiops neera sp. n., view of Neera river backwaters very close to the type locality (94) and basaltic rock wall at the type locality from where the type series is collected (95).

Figure 96. Scorpiops lioneli sp. n., male, paratype BHNS SC 263 in vivo habitus.

Figures 97–101. Scorpiops lioneli sp. n., male, holotype, dorsal (97) and ventral (98) views, sternopectinal area (99), metasomal segment V and telson in lateral view (100) and chelicera in dorsal view (101).

Figures 102–103. Scorpiops lioneli sp. n., male, holotype in dorsal (102) and ventral (103) views under UV light.

Figures 104–107. Scorpiops lioneli sp. n., female, paratype, BNHS SC 264, in dorsal (104) ventral (105) views, sternopectinal area (106) and metasomal segment V and telson in lateral view (107).

Figures 108–111: Scorpiops lioneli sp. n. Figures 108–109. Male, holotype, carapace under white light (108) and UV fluorescence (109). Figures 110–111. Female, paratype, BHNS SC 264, carapace under white light (110) and UV fluorescence (111).

Figures 112–117. Scorpiops lioneli sp. n., male, holotype. Figures 112–117. Pedipalp chela dorsal (112), ventral (113) and dorsoexternal (114), patella external (115), dorsal (116) and ventral (117) views under UV fluorescence. Trichobothrial pattern indicated by yellow circles.

Figures 118–124. Scorpiops lioneli sp. n. Figures 118–121. Scorpiops lioneli sp. n., male, holotype, left legs I-IV, retrolateral aspect. Figures 122–124. Male, paratype, BNHS SC 263, hemispermatophore internal (122), external (123) views and capsular region in internal view (124). Abbrevations: distal lamina (dl), capsule (c), trunk (t), pedicel (p), distal posterior lobe (dpl), lateral hook (lh), terminal membrane of the sperm duct (tmsd) and basal carina (bc).

Figures 125–126. Type locality of Scorpiops lioneli sp. n., view of mountains with semi-arid habitat and rocky out-crops at the type locality (125, 126).

Figures 127–138: Figures 127–130: Comparison of left pedipalps. Figures 131–134: Comparison of metasomal segments II-IV in lateral view. Figures 135–138: Comparison of pedipalp patella dorsal view with internal aspect tubercles. Figures 127, 131, 135. Scorpiops vrushchik sp. n., male, holotype. Figures 128, 132, 136. Scorpiops nagphani sp. n., male, holotype. Figures 129, 133, 137. Scorpiops neera sp. n., male, holotype. Figures 130, 134, 138. Scorpiops lioneli sp. n., male, holotype.

Figures 139–152: Figures 139–142: Comparison of dorsolateral granules on anal rim of metasomal segment V in dorsal view. Figures 143–152: Comparison of dentition on movable finger of chela with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images in dorsal view. Figures 139, 149. Scorpiops vrushchik sp. n., male, holotype. Figures 140, 150. Scorpiops nagphani sp. n., male, holotype. Figures 141, 151. Scorpiops neera sp. n., male, holotype. Figures 142, 152. Scorpiops lioneli sp. n., male, holotype. Figure 143. S. tenuicauda, male, INHER-214. Figure 144. S. satarensis, male, INHER-213. Figure 145. S. deccanensis, male, INHER-86. Figure 146. S. maharashtraensis, male, INHER-179. Figure 147. S. phaltanensis, male, paratype, INHER-64. Figure 148. S. telbaila, male, paratype, INHER-123.

Figure 153. Distribution of Scorpiops species from Peninsular India. Localities with a star indicate new species described in this study.

Figure 154. Boxplots showing variations in ratios of pedipalp chela length to width in males for all Scorpiops species from Peninsular India (except S. pachmarhicus due to unavailability of sufficient males).

Figure 155. Projection of first two Principal Component factors explaining 81.89% variation among the nine species of the genus Scorpiops from Peninsular India (except S. pachmarhicus and S. satarensis due to unavailability of sufficient males).

Figure 156. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree (ML) for Scorpiops. Values along the nodes are bootstraps for 1000 iterations.

Figure 157. Bayesian phylogenetic tree for Scorpiops. Values along the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities for Bayesian Inference and Bayesian Poisson Tree Process (bPTP) respectively. Vertical bars represent delimitation analyses results.