Rena dulcis
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.13257923 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A87FF-FFE8-FFCF-DE37-FBFC052AF818 |
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treatment provided by |
Felipe |
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scientific name |
Rena dulcis |
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Both of these species are non-endemics.
In summary, of the 48 single-region species in Hidalgo, 23 are Mexican endemics, one is a state endemic, 23 are non-endemics, and one is a non-native. Of the four physiographic regions, the SMO is of the greatest conservation importance given that it houses the greatest overall number of species (166), the greatest number of single-region species (25), and the largest number of country endemics (14).
A Coefficient of Biogeographic Resemblance (CBR) matrix was created for studying the herpetofaunal similarity relationships among the four physiographic regions in Hidalgo ( Table 6) and those data were used to construct a UPGMA dendrogram. The SMO contains the greatest species richness (166 species) and the MXP the least (77 species). The mean species richness value for all four areas is 105.5. The number of shared species between each of the regional pairs ranges from a high of 72 between SMO and GCL to a low of 13 between TMV and GCL. The mean value of shared species among all four regions is 47.8. The lowest number of shared species between the TMV and the GCL (13 species) was expected because these two regions are situated on opposite ends of Hidalgo, are not connected geographically (being completely separated by the No. 13. Isthmura gigantea (Taylor 1939) . The Giant False Brook Salamander ranges “in the La Joya-Jalapa region of Veracruz and into northeastern Hidalgo, Mexico ” (Frost 2019). This individual was encountered at Chilijapa, in the municipality of Tepehuacan de Guerrero. Wilson et al. (2013b) determined its EVS as 16, placing it in the middle portion of the high vulnerability category. Its conservation status has been considered as Critically Endangered by the IUCN, but this species is not listed by SEMARNAT. Photo by Christian Berriozabal-Islas.
No. 15. Gerrhonotus ophiurus Cope 1867 . This alligator lizard occurs in the Mexican states of Hidalgo, Veraruz, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Michoacán, and Puebla ( Ramírez-Bautista et al. 2014). This individual was encountered at El Demañi, in the municipality of Tlahuiltepa. Wilson et al. (2013a) assessed its EVS as 12, placing it in the upper portion of the medium vulnerability category. Its conservation status has been considered as Least Concern by the IUCN, but this species is not listed by SEMARNAT. Photo by Christian Berriozabal-Islas.
No. 14. Barisia imbricata (Wiegmann, 1828) . TheTransvolcanic Alligator Lizard ranges in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Sierra Madre Oriental , in the states of México, Ciudad de México, Querétaro, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Puebla, Oaxaca, Michoacán, Morelos, and Tlaxcala. This individual was found at Puentecillas in the municipality of Singuilucan. Wilson et al. (2013b) calculated its EVS as 15, placing it in the lower portion of the high vulnerability category. Its conservation status has been assessed as Least Concern by the IUCN, and it has been placed in the Special Protection (Pr) category by SEMARNAT. Photo by Cristian Raúl Olvera-Olvera .
No. 16. Norops naufragus (Campbell, Hillis, and Lamar 1989) . The Hidalgo Anole is found only in the states of Hidalgo and Puebla in Mexico ( Ramírez-Bautista et al. 2014).This individual was found at Cuatatlán, in the muncipality of Tlanchinol. Wilson et al. (2013a) ascertained its EVS as 13, placing it at the upper limit of the medium vulnerability category. Its conservation status has been considered as Vulnerable by the IUCN, and it is placed in the Special Protection (Pr) category by SEMARNAT. Photo by Christian Berriozabal-Islas.
SMO and the MXP), and are environmentally different on an elevational scale. The GCL, with an elevational range from near sea level to 1,200 m, contains tropical evergreen forest and subhumid formations of scrublands to tropical dry forests. On the other hand, the TMV with a limited geographic area within Hidalgo contains humid, semihumid, and subhumid vegetation in montane environments at elevations from 1,000 m in large sloping river valleys to 3,400 m on volcanic peaks. The SMO and the GCL share the most species (72), which also was not unexpected because they are directly adjacent to each other in Hidalgo, and the tropical lowland environments of the GCL ascend into the mountainous habitats of the SMO. The pairwise comparisons of regions aligned in order from highest to lowest species richness (underlined values) and their corresponding numbers of shared species (in parentheses) are:
SMO 166: GCL (72), MXP (67), TMV (66)
GCL 95: SMO (72), MXP (16), TMV (13)
TMV 85: SMO (66), MXP (53), GLC (13)
MXP 77: SMO (67), TMV (53), GLC (16)
In general, the pattern indicates how species richness values within each of the four biogeographic regions of Hidalgo equate to numbers of shared species among the other three regions. There is a higher correlation of species richness values to number of shared species between regions that are in contact with each other, but also observed correlations between regions that share similar ecological parameters. Interestingly, the two regions that share the most species (72) are a highland region (SMO) and a lowland region (GCL), which is probably due to the GCL containing many generalist species that can endure both montane and non-montane environments in low to moderate elevations. The fact that the GCL shares few species with the MXP and the TMV gives credibility to the premise that regions separated by ecological barriers will share fewer species than they will with regions in direct contact.
The following data show ranges and mean numbers of shared species (bold in parentheses) for each of the four regions that are arranged according to increasing species richness (underlined values) in each region:
Sierra Madre Oriental – SMO (166): 66–72 (68.3) Gulf Coastal Lowlands – GCL (95): 13–72 (33.6) Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt – TMV (85): 13–66 (44.0) Mexican Plateau – MXP (77): 16–67 (45.3)
The mean numbers of shared species compared to the species richness values in all four regions indicate that higher species richness in pairwise comparisons does not translate into higher reciprocal numbers when all regional pairs are totaled. The most apparently extreme example of this is the comparison between the SMO and the GCL—which are 1 st and 2 nd in species richness, but 1 st and last (4 th) in mean numbers of shared species, respectively. The SMO also has higher mean numbers of shared species with TMV (44.0) and MXP (45.3), but if GCL (2 nd in species richness, last in mean number of shared species) is removed from the tabulation, the three montane regions have even higher mean numbers of shared species. Specifically, the average number of shared species between the SMO, the TMV, and the MXP combined is 62.0 (calculated from Table 6).
Regarding area, the two largest geographic regions, the SMO and the MXP, reflect opposite relationships in species richness (166 vs. 77 species, respectively). The SMO contains more tropical, subtropical humid, and semihumid vegetation formations compared to the mostly subhumid environments in the MXP, in addition to being in direct contact with the second most species-rich region, the GCL, which shares the highest number of species in Hidalgo with the SMO. The GCL, the second most speciose region and third smallest region in the state, contains 10 more species than does the TMV, the smallest area by far that also contains less humid and semi-humid environments than does GCL. Also note that Hidalgo is a relatively small state in area (5 th smallest of the 31 in Mexico), which undoubtedly affects species richness. As an example, the adjacent state of Puebla, which is slightly larger and contains two more physiographic regions than does Hidalgo, contains 267 species of amphibians and reptiles ( Woolrich-Piña et al. 2017).
Based on the data in Table 6, a UPGMA dendrogram ( Fig. 6 View Fig ) was created to depict the herpetofaunal similarity resemblance patterns in a hierarchical fashion among the four physiographic regions of Hidalgo (see map, Fig. 1 View Fig ). The dendrogram is composed of two distinct clusters; one comprising two montane regions (MXP and TMV) at the 0.65 level and the other containing one montane region (SMO) and the lowland region (GCL) at the 0.55 level. The two clusters connect together at the 0.39 level. Regions within both clusters are adjacent to each other and depict patterns of ecological similarity; and in the case of the SMO and the GCL, they share generalist species that primarily occur on the Gulf-facing side that ascends from the lowlands (the GCL) into the higher elevations in the SMO. Fifty-three of the 203 herpetofaunal species (26.2%) presently known from Hidalgo are shared only between the SMO and the GLC ( Table 4), and many of them are wide-ranging species along the Gulf versant of Mexico, some of which also enter the USA, and/or Central America and South America ( Wilson and Johnson 2010). Those 53 species also represent 73.6% of the 72 species shared among the SMO, the GCL, and other regions in Hidalgo. We also predict that other species now restricted to either the SMO or especially the GCL eventually will be discovered in both regions. In our opinion, the shared generalist species within the SMO and the GCL are the exclusive reason why the SMO clusters with the GCL instead of with the two other montane regions (MXP and TMV).
No. 17. Phrynosoma orbiculare (Linnaeus 1758) . The Mountain Horned Lizard is known from the states of Chihuahua, Aguascalientes, Hidalgo, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Michoacán, Ciudad de México, Estado de México, Jalisco, Morelos, Tlaxcala, and Guanajuato ( Ramírez-Bautista et al. 2014). This individual was located in Parque Nacional El Chico , in the municipality of Mineral del Chico. Wilson et al. (2013a) determined its EVS as 12, placing it in the upper portion of the medium vulnerability category. Its conservation status has been considered as Least Concern by the IUCN, and as Threatened (A) by SEMARNAT. Photo by Christian Berriozabal-Islas.
No. 19. Sceloporus minor Cope 1885 . The Minor Scaly Lizard ranges into the states of Nuevo León, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Querétaro, and Guanajuato ( Ramírez-Bautista et al. 2014). This individual was located at La Mesa, in the Municipality of Zacualtipán. Wilson et al. (2013a) calculated its EVS as 14, placing it at the lower limit of the high vulnerability category. Its conservation status has been considered as Least Concern by the IUCN, but this species is not listed by SEMARNAT. Photo by Aarón Garcia-Rosales.
No. 18. Sceloporus bicanthalis Smith 1937 . The Transvolcanic Bunchgrass Lizard is distributed in the states of Hidalgo, México, Oaxaca, Puebla, and Veracruz ( Ramírez-Bautista et al. 2014). This individual was found in the municipality of Mineral El Chico . Wilson et al. (2013a) calculated its EVS as 13, placing it at the upper limit of the medium vulnerability category. Its conservation status has been considered as Least Concern by the IUCN, but this species is not listed by SEMARNAT. Photo by Uriel Hernández-Salinas.
No. 20. Lepidophyma occulor Smith 1942 . The Jalpan Tropical Night Lizard has a restricted distribution in adjacent areas of Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, and Hidalgo ( Ramírez-Bautista et al. 2014). This individual came from Puerto Oscuro, in the municipality of Pisaflores. Wilson et al. (2013a) determined its EVS as 14, placing it at the lower limit of the high vulnerability category. Its conservation status has been considered as Least Concern by the IUCN, and it is placed in the Special Protection (Pr) category by SEMARNAT. Photo by Daniel Lara-Tufiño.
Distribution Status Categorizations
The assessment of the distribution status of the members of the Hidalgo herpetofauna here uses the system developed by Alvarado-Díaz et al. (2013) and employed in all the other entries in the Mexican Conservation Series (see above). The categories in the system are non-endemic, country endemic, state endemic, and non-native, and data are presented in Table 7 and summarized in Table 8.
The numbers of species in each of the four categories, in decreasing order of size, are: country endemics, 104 (51.2%); non-endemics, 92 (45.3%); state endemics, four (2.0%); and non-natives, three (1.5%). As with the states of Michoacán ( Alvarado-Díaz et al. 2013), Nayarit ( Woolrich-Piña et al. 2016), Jalisco ( Cruz-Sáenz et al. 2017), and Puebla ( Woolrich-Piña et al. 2017), the greatest number of herpetofaunal species in Hidalgo lies within the country endemic category. The largest number falls within the non-endemic category in the other states surveyed thus far: Oaxaca ( Mata-Silva et al. 2015); Tamaulipas ( Terán-Juárez et al. 2016); Nuevo León (Nevárez-de los Reyes et al. 2016); and Chiapas ( Johnson et al. 2015a).
In the ten previous individual-state entries in the MCS, the numbers of state endemics varied considerably, from one in Nayarit and Nuevo León ( Woolrich-Piña et al. 2016; Nevárez-de los Reyes et al. 2016) to a maximum of 93 in Oaxaca ( Mata-Silva et al. 2015). The number of state endemics in Hidalgo is near the lower end of that range at four, and all of them are plethodontid salamanders in the genus Chiropterotriton : C. chico , C. dimidiatus , C. mosaueri , and C. terrestris ( Table 7).
As noted in the introduction, we hypothesized that the number of endemic species should be greater for the state of Puebla than for Hidalgo. Woolrich-Piña et al. (2017) reported the number of country endemics for Puebla as 162 (60.7% of state total). As noted above, this figure for Hidalgo is 104, which is 51.2% of the state total. The number of state endemics, however, is the same for these two states, at four ( Woolrich-Piña et al. 2017), which supports our hypothesis since Puebla has the greater total number of endemic species (166) than does Hidalgo (108).
Three non-native species occur in Hidalgo: Lithobates catesbeianus , Hemidactylus frenatus , and Indotyphlops braminus . Two of these three ( H. frenatus and I. braminus ) are the most widespread of the non-native species thus far recorded in the 11 entries in the Mexican Conservation Series ( Woolrich-Piña et al. 2017), having been recorded, as of this paper, in 10 and 11 states, respectively.
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