Fistulococcus pokfulamensis, Hodgson, Chris J. & Martin, And Jon H., 2005

Hodgson, Chris J. & Martin, And Jon H., 2005, Fistulococcus, a new genus of soft scale insect (Sternorrhyncha, Coccidae) proposed for two new species from Hong Kong and Papua New Guinea, Zootaxa 1075, pp. 1-40 : 7-23

Fistulococcus pokfulamensis sp. nov.

ADULT FEMALE ( Fig. 1 )

(Described from 5 specimens, mostly in good condition).

As for generic diagnosis, with following details:

Unmounted material: amount of material small but all adults located adpressed to a leaf vein, surrounded by a wide fan of numerous white wax threads, each thread at least as long as width of body and more or less straight. Dorsum covered in a dusting of white wax, with white wax threads / filaments appearing to arise from near margin (except the part of margin adpressed to leaf vein). Body of female very flat but with a slight longitudinal ridge anterior to anal plates.

Mounted material: length 2.2–3.5 mm, width 1.0–2.0 mm. Anal cleft about 1/10th total body length, set at a distinct angle to body axis.

Dorsum: dermal areolations mainly near margin and submedially. Dorsal setae each about 2 m long (occasionally up to 5 m); many setae separated from their basal sockets, each with a narrow flange towards base: most abundant in small groups of 2–6 between submarginal chambered ducts submarginally, usually arranged in an arc; also sparsely distributed elsewhere, perhaps most frequent submedially but present throughout most of dorsum. Dorsal pores: (i) small microductule each about 2 mm wide: frequent throughout but absent in some mediolateral areas; (ii) concave pore larger than microductule: present more or less throughout but most abundant submedially and submarginally, and (iii) preopercular pores, each about 3–4 m wide: fairly abundant in two broad bands extending anteriorly from anal plates onto head. Submarginal chambered ducts: large duct about 75–85 m long and 8–9 m wide; with about 8–12 satellite, funnel­shaped pores forming U­shaped area of sclerotisation, plus 3–9 setae: chambered ducts almost restricted to submargin of most curved margin, with (on curved margin): 6 between apex of body and anterior stigmatic cleft; 4–6 between stigmatic clefts laterally, and 12–15 between posterior stigmatic cleft and anal cleft; straighter margin with 1 or 2 at anterior end and 3–5 posteriorly near anal cleft, otherwise completely absent (except on one specimen, where 1 between stigmatic clefts laterally). Anal plates 115–133 m long, combined widths 100 m; each with four strong setae: both anterior and posterior inner margin setae 55–60 m long, apical seta 60–70 m long, and outer margin seta 48–58 m long. Anogenital fold: seta at each corner on anterior margin about 30–33 m long; anal ring: longest setae perhaps 155–175 m long.

Margin: marginal setae each quite long (25–40 m), each with rather parallel sides and a rather blunt point; each with a strongly sclerotised basal socket, which appears to have internal extensions: with, on curved margin, 80–109 between apex and anterior stigmatic cleft; 47–64 between stigmatic clefts laterally, and 131–176 between posterior cleft and anal cleft; on straighter side: 84–115 between apex and anterior stigmatic cleft; 43–62 between clefts laterally, and 160–207 between posterior cleft and anal cleft. Stigmatic clefts as in diagnosis.

Venter: preanal disc­pores scarce, with about 16–25 on segment VII, 7–9 on VI, 2–6 on V and 2–4 on IV; on one specimen, a single quinquelocular pore present just posterior to a procoxa. Spiracular disc­pores in broad bands between spiracle and margin, with, in each anterior band, about 22–38 on curved side and 13–20 on short side and, in each posterior band, 29–40 on curved side and 9–27 on short side; also with 0–2 extending around each spiracle medially. Ventral microducts frequent throughout. Ventral setae: with bands of 5–18 setae across each abdominal segment, those medially longest, 20–50 m long but some in segments VI and VII up to 75 m. Antennae 6 segmented but segmentation often obscure; each 198–225 m long; with 3 setae on scape, 2 on pedicel, 3 on segment III, 1 fleshy seta on both segments IV and V (latter sometimes also with a hair­like seta) and apical segment with 4 fleshy setae, 2 stiff setae and 2 hair­like setae; terminal stiff seta 15–18 m; longest hair­like seta short, 25 m. Mouthparts: clypeolabral shield 105–125 m; labium probably with 4 pairs of setae. Spiracles: width of peritremes: anterior 38–45 m wide, posterior 43– 50 m. Legs; measurements of metathoracic leg (m): coxa 66–75; trochanter + femur 70–80; tibia + tarsus 75; claw 11–13; segmentation between tibia and tarsus often obscure; setal distribution: coxa 3 or 4; trochanter 2 or 3; femur 1; tibia 2 or 3; tarsus 4.

3RD­INSTAR FEMALE ( Fig. 2 )

(Described from 3 specimens in fair­to­good condition).

As for generic diagnosis with the following additional details:

Mounted material: as for adult female; length 2.2–2.3 mm, width 1.0– 1.05 mm. Anal cleft short, about 1/11th total body length.

Dorsum: dorsal setae each about 2–3 m long, basal socket width subequal to length of setae: in groups of 0–5 (generally 0 or more than 3) between submarginal chambered ducts on chambered duct side but almost absent submarginally on leaf vein side; also fairly frequent in two submedial lines, plus a few others scattered submarginally. Dorsal pores of two types: (i) microductules, each slightly oval, heavily sclerotised and about 2–3 m wide: most abundant submarginally but frequent throughout, and (ii) larger concave pores, each about 4–5 m wide but possibly slightly larger medially and possibly with either a long fine inner ductule or 1 or 2 shorter, broader ductules: most abundant submarginally but frequent throughout, possibly in a reticulate pattern. Submarginal chambered ducts: each large duct about 40–67 m long and 7–8 m wide; chambered duct opening on dorsum similar to that on adult female, with 1–7 setae: mainly restricted to one margin, where 5 present between apex of body and anterior stigmatic cleft; 3 or 4 between stigmatic clefts laterally, and 7 or 8 between posterior stigmatic cleft and anal cleft; other margin with 2 anteriorly on head and 2 posteriorly near anal cleft, otherwise completely absent. Anal plates each 80–87 m long, combined widths 78–85 m; each with four strong setae: lengths (m) anterior and posterior inner margin setae 30–36, apical seta 40–43 and outer margin seta about 30–36 m long. Anogenital fold and anal ring as on adult female, anal ring setae: 4 about 145–150 m long, and 2 much shorter, each 70–75 m long.

Margin: marginal setae each 11–25 m, mostly 20+ m: with, on margin with chambered ducts: 60–64 between apex and anterior stigmatic cleft; 32–34 between stigmatic clefts laterally, and 103–105 between posterior cleft and anal cleft; on margin without ducts: 60–64 between apex and anterior stigmatic cleft; 35 or 36 between clefts laterally, and 114–118 between posterior cleft and anal cleft. Stigmatic clefts as on adult female.

Venter: preanal disc­pores absent. Spiracular disc­pores with mainly 5 outer loculi and a distinct small inner loculus: few, in narrow bands between spiracle and margin, with 6–11 in each anterior band and 11–16 in each posterior band; with none extending medially around each spiracle. Ventral microducts very sparse, most abundant near labium. Ventral setae: abdominal segments II: 2 or 3 longer setae medially + 0 or 1 submedially; III–VI: 4–7 longer setae medially + 0–2 small setae submedially, and VII: 1 pair long setae (each about 33–35 m long) medially + 3–5 shorter setae on either side of anal cleft. Antennae 6 segmented (one specimen had a 5­segmented antenna); each antenna 142–150 m long; setal distribution as on adult female; terminal stiff seta 8 m; longest hair­like seta short, 23– 25 m. Mouthparts clearly slightly twisted to one side but normally developed; clypeolabral shield 125 m long; labium twisted through 90° and pointing laterally; probably with 4 pairs of setae. Spiracles: width of all peritremes 23 –27 m wide. Legs rather short: measurements of metathoracic leg (m): coxa 48–52; trochanter + femur 50–54; tibia + tarsus 45–52 (segmentation indistinct); claw 8; setal distribution: coxa 2 or 3; trochanter 1; femur 0 or 1; tibia 1–3; tarsus 3. Claw very reduced and almost bifid.

2ND­INSTAR FEMALE ( Fig. 3 )

(Described from 3 specimens in fair­to­good condition).

As for generic diagnosis with the following additional details:

Mounted material: length 1.0– 2.1 mm, width 0.53–0.9 mm. Anal cleft short, about 1/15th total body length.

Dorsum: derm without areolations. Dorsal setae extremely short, each about 2 m long: rather scarce, restricted to two submedial lines of about 4–6 setae between point dorsad to metacoxae to a point dorsad to each scape; absent submarginally between submarginal chambered ducts. Dorsal pores of two types: (i) microductules each about 2

m wide: most abundant submarginally but frequent throughout, and (ii) larger concave pore, each about 4–5 m wide: frequent throughout, possibly in a reticulate pattern. Submarginal chambered ducts: each large duct about 40–53 m long and 7–8 m wide; duct opening similar to that on adult female but with only 2–4 setae; distribution: almost restricted to one margin, where 3 between apex of body and anterior stigmatic cleft; 2 between stigmatic clefts laterally, and 7 between posterior stigmatic cleft and anal cleft; other margin with 1 anteriorly on head and 1 posteriorly near anal cleft, otherwise completely absent. Anal plates each 63–67 m long, combined widths 58–65 m; each with four strong setae: lengths (m) anterior inner margin seta 16–22, posterior inner margin seta about 25, apical seta 35–38 and outer margin seta about 25–27. Anogenital fold and anal ring as on adult female; anal ring setae with 4 about 112 m long, and 2 much shorter.

Margin: marginal setae each 8–17 m long: on margin with chambered ducts: 35–42 between apex and anterior stigmatic cleft; 17–19 between stigmatic clefts laterally, and 56 or 57 between posterior cleft and anal cleft; on margin without ducts: 30–33 between apex and anterior stigmatic cleft; 14–18 between clefts laterally, and 58–61 between posterior cleft and anal cleft. Stigmatic clefts as on adult female.

Venter: preanal disc­pores absent. Spiracular disc­pores with mainly 5 outer loculi and a distinct small inner loculus: few, in narrow bands between spiracle and margin, with 5 or 6 in each anterior band and 4–10 in each posterior band; with none extending medially around each spiracle. Ventral microducts very sparse, most abundant near labium. Ventral setae: with 0 or 1 small seta submedially on abdominal segments II–VI plus a pair of longer setae on segment VII, each 20–30 m long. Antennae 6 segmented; each antenna 107–120 m long; setal distribution as on adult female; terminal stiff seta 5–8 m; longest hair­like seta short, 17 m. Mouthparts slightly displaced to one side but normally developed; clypeolabral shield 100–108 m long; labium twisted through 90° and pointing laterally; probably with 4 pairs of setae. Spiracles: width of all peritremes 16–18 m wide. Legs rather short; measurements of metathoracic leg (m): coxa 34–40; trochanter + femur 40–43; tibia + tarsus 30–45 (segmentation indistinct); claw 3–5; setal distribution: coxa 3; trochanter 1; femur 0 or 1; tibia 1 or 2; tarsus 2. Claw as on adult female.

1ST­INSTAR (sex not determined) ( Fig. 4 )

(Described from 3 specimens in fair­to­good condition).

Unmounted material: appearance similar to a minute adult female except that fan of glassy wax threads appears to surround entire body, with some over dorsum; filaments abundant, particularly laterally. Each filament or thread more or less straight, length up to about equal to length of body (or longer) and brownish in colour; under low power, each filament appearing to reflect light as a series of minute beads.

Mounted material: body rounded at both ends, showing only slight signs of asymmetry; length 0.62–1.0 mm, width 0.3–0.5 mm. Anal cleft short or practically absent.

Dorsum: derm membranous. Dorsal setae extremely short, each about 2 m long, subequal to width of basal socket: scarce, restricted to two submedial lines of about 4 setae between point almost dorsad to metacoxae and a point dorsad to each scape; absent elsewhere. Dorsal pores of two types: (i) microductules each about 2 m wide: sparsely distributed, perhaps 2 pairs per segment on thorax plus 1 pair submedially on abdomen, and (ii) a pair of slightly larger pores, structure unclear but possibly trilocular, each about 4 m wide, near anterior margin of head. Submarginal ducts unlike those on older instars, each membranous and apparently twisted, with a heavily sclerotised inner end; each "duct" about 25–28 m long; duct opening on dorsum simple, without setae but with 1 or 2 oval thickening on inner margins; ducts evenly distributed on both sides as follows: 1–2 between stigmatic clefts anteriorly; 2 between stigmatic clefts laterally and 4 or 5 on each side between posterior stigmatic clefts and anal cleft. Anal plates each 48–52 m long, combined widths 55–57 m; each with four setae: lengths (m) anterior inner margin seta 13–16, posterior inner margin seta about 16–20, apical seta 160–175 and outer margin seta about 20–23. Anogenital fold and anal ring as on adult female; longest anal ring setae 85–90 m long.

Margin: marginal setae each 13–20 m long, with 10 between eyespots on margin, 6–8 between eyespots and anterior stigmatic cleft; 6–8 between stigmatic clefts laterally and 22–24 on each side between posterior stigmatic clefts and anal cleft. Stigmatic clefts as on adult female.

Venter: preanal disc­pores absent. Spiracular disc­pores with mainly 2–4 loculi without an inner loculus: few, in a line between spiracle and margin, with 2 or 3 in each anterior band and 2–5 in each posterior band; with none extending medially around each spiracle. Ventral microducts very few, sparse: with 1 submedially on most abdominal segments and a few posterior to labium. Ventral setae: sparse; with 0 or 1 small seta submedially on abdominal segments; longer setae on segment VII each 45–53 m long; with a single submarginal seta laterally between stigmatic clefts; with a single pair of interantennal setae, each about 30 m long. Antennae 6 segmented; each antenna 160–170 m long; setal distribution as on adult female, but flagellate seta on segment V very long ­ up to about 70 m; terminal stiff seta 40–45 m; longest hair­like seta short, 88– 93 m. Clypeolabral shield not displaced to one side, 90–100 m long; labium not twisted on some specimens but twisted through 90° on others; probably with 4 pairs of setae. Spiracles: width of all peritremes 10–12 m wide. Legs relatively well developed; measurements of metathoracic leg (m): coxa 50–52; trochanter + femur 75–78; tibia 45–48; tarsus 34–36; claw 18–20; setal distribution: coxa 4; trochanter 3; femur 2; tibia 2 or 3; tarsus 4. Length of long coxal setae 38–48 m; length of long trochanter setae 36– 40 m. Tarsal digitules staggered, dissimilar, one much shorter than other, a smaller apical knob (smaller digitule on prothoracic legs perhaps without a swollen apex). Claw digitules dissimilar, one longer and stouter than other. Claw long and narrow, with a strong denticle.

Comment: As far as the authors are aware, dorsal ducts of any sort have not been recorded before on 1st­instar nymphs. This is otherwise a fairly typical coccid crawler.

2ND­INSTAR MALE ( Fig. 5 )

(Described from 4 specimens in good condition, and with reference to a further 5).

As for generic diagnosis with the following additional details:

Unmounted material: body surrounded by white wax threads similar to those on adult female, each more than 2–3 times as long as width of test; body covered in a white glassy test which appears to consist of four plates: 2 long narrow plates along lateral margins, a roundish plate posteriorly (which is probably raised to allow adult male to emerge) and a dorsal plate, pointed anteriorly and blunt posteriorly where it meets top of posterior plate. Narrow lateral plates also with 3 fine transverse fracture lines down each side (equating to radial lines of dorsal tubular ducts).

Mounted material: length 1.7–2.4 mm, width 0.7–1.13 mm. Anal cleft short, about 1/ 15th total body length, sometimes at a slight angle to body.

Dorsum: derm without areolations. Dorsal setae each about 2 m long; rather scarce, almost absent from submargin with chambered ducts, and most frequent on leaf vein submargins (therefore not shown in figure) with about 20 setae between anterior and posterior chambered ducts; also frequent submedially; absent from between submarginal chambered ducts. Dorsal pores of two types: (i) microductules each about 2 m wide: frequent throughout, and (ii) larger concave pore, each about 5 m wide: frequent throughout. Dorsal tubular ducts present in a distinct pattern, each duct quite long (outer ductule 30–35 m, inner ductule 16–18 m), with a large terminal gland: present in a submarginal ring except for about posterior 1/4–1/3 of abdomen (total around margin about 70–78), also in two elongate rows submedially extending from just anterior to anal plates to about dorsad to antennae (total about 25–30); also in 4 pairs of radial lines, one pair on head, two between stigmatic clefts on thorax and another about 2/3 down abdomen, each transverse band with 4–8 ducts; with a small group of 4 or 5 in submedian group where first radial band joins it. Submarginal chambered ducts: each duct about 53–58 m long, 7–8 m wide; duct opening similar to that on adult female, with 3–9 setae; distribution: margin away from leaf vein with 3 between apex of body and anterior stigmatic cleft; 2 or 3 between stigmatic clefts laterally, and 7 between posterior stigmatic cleft and anal cleft; other margin with 1 anteriorly on head and 2 posteriorly near anal cleft, otherwise completely absent. Anal plates each 69–80 m long, combined widths 60–70 m; each with four strong setae: anterior and posterior inner margin setae both 31–40 m long, apical seta 38–45 m long and outer margin seta each 33–35 m long. Anogenital fold and anal ring as on adult female; longest four anal ring setae each about 115–140 m long, 2 shorter each about 70 m long.

Margin: marginal setae each 12–20 m: with, on margin away from leaf vein, 40–51 between apex and anterior stigmatic cleft; 22–26 between stigmatic clefts laterally, and 81–87 between posterior cleft and anal cleft; on margin against leaf vein: 36–38 between apex and anterior stigmatic cleft; 23–27 between clefts laterally, and 79–90 between posterior cleft and anal cleft. Stigmatic clefts as on adult female.

Venter: preanal disc­pores absent. Spiracular disc­pores with mainly 5 outer loculi and a distinct small inner loculus: few, with 5–11 in each anterior band and 6–8 in each posterior band; with none extending medially around each spiracle. Ventral microducts very sparsely distributed. Ventral setae: with perhaps 2 small setae submedially on each abdominal segment plus 1 or 2 longer setae generally on segment VIII, each 40–50 m long. Antennae 6 segmented but segmentation often obscure and often with 1 or 2 pseudosegments in segment III; each antenna 137–155 m long; setal distribution as on adult female; terminal stiff seta 10–16 m; longest hair­like seta short, 25 m long. Mouthparts displaced to one side but normally developed; clypeolabral shield 107–120 m long; labium twisted through 90° and pointing laterally; probably with 4 pairs of setae. Spiracles: width of all peritremes 20–23 m wide. Legs rather short; measurements of metathoracic leg (m): coxa 50–55; trochanter + femur 50–58; tibia + tarsus 40–50 (segmentation indistinct); claw 6–7; setal distribution: coxa 4; trochanter 2 or 3; femur 1; tibia 2 or 3; tarsus 4. Claw similar to that on adult female.

Comment: the distribution of the tubular ducts on the dorsum is similar to that seen in Marsipococcus marsupialis (Green) ( Miller & Williams, 1997) , also included by Hodgson (1994) in the Paralecaniini.

The two small groups of tubular ducts at the median end of each posterior radial band of ducts probably secrete the "hinges" which allow the posterior part of the glassy test to open, so that the male can emerge, as suggested for other similar tests by Henderson & Rhode (2001).

PREPUPA (Fig. 6)

(Described from 1 specimen in good condition).

Mounted material: length 0.78 mm. Elongate oval, head quite wide, only slightly narrower than abdomen; penial sheath large, giving posterior end a rather pointed appearance.

Head: antennae about 200 m long (ratio to body length 1:4.). With a group of about 5 fleshy setae just dorsad to each scape, and with a few small setae near posterior margin dorsally.

Thorax: setae sparse, but with a distinct group anterior to each mesocoxa ventrally; spiracles all with some sclerotisation or high staining material around peritremes; anterior spiracle with possibly 1 spiracular disc­pore near lateral margin; apparently with no discpores associated with posterior spiracles; width of peritremes 30– 33 m. Length of metathoracic legs 260 m. Wing­buds: length 320–360 m, width 105–108 m (ratio of length to width 1:0.3).

Abdomen: segmentation fairly distinct ventrally. With perhaps 2 ante­anal setae, each very short and fleshy, on segment VIII. Dorsal setae small, (totals): VII– V 2; IV–I: 4–6; ventral abdominal setae small, (totals): VII 6 or 7; VI & V 4; IV & III 2 or 3; II 1 or 0. Dorsal pleural setae small, (totals): VII–V, 2; I V – I 4–6; ventral pleural setae few, perhaps 1 on each side per segment. Segment VII with a pair of large, rounded lateral lobes, each lobe much shorter than length of penial sheath; each without setae marginally but 1 small ventral pleural seta ventrally. Segment VIII represented by a narrow segment medially (appearing to be part of penial sheath), position of lobes only indicated by 3 small fleshy "setae" dorsally on either side of base of penial sheath; setose setae absent. Anus probably present along posterior margin of segment VIII dorsally. Penial sheath much longer than lateral lobes of segment VII and much longer than wide (165 m long and 100 m wide at base; ratio length to width 1:1.65); with 2 pairs of minute setae or pores on dorsum.

Comment. Relatively few prepupae have been described. The prepupa of F. pokfulamensis resembles that of Crystalotesta ornatella Henderson & Hodgson (Hodgson & Henderson, 2004) in having rounded lobes on abdominal segment VII and a long penial sheath, but differs in having non­fleshy pleural setae and in having few or possibly no disc­pores associated with the anterior spiracles.

ADULT MALE (Fig. 7)

Described from 1 specimen in good condition.

As for generic diagnosis with the following additional details:

Unmounted material: unknown.

Mounted material: total body length about 1.75 mm, width at mesothorax about 380 m. Wings large, about 1.3 mm long and 0.55 mm wide.

Head: in dorsal view rounded posteriorly, and pointed anteriorly, probably with posterior eyes on a ventral cone; length about 290 m; width across genae 275 m. Almost hairless. Median crest (mc) pronounced and polygonally reticulated; postoccipital ridge (por) absent; with a total of 15 small dorsal head setae (dhs). Mid­cranial ridge: absent dorsally; ventrally (vmcr) narrow but well­defined, extending from lateral midcranial ridges (lmcr) posteriorly to meet preocular ridges (procr); with a narrow reticulated margin anteriorly which widens posteriorly near procr; with 1 or 2 pairs hs ventral midcranial ridge setae (vmcrs). Preocular ridge (procr) distinct and extending posteriorly and meeting vmcr medially. Genae (g) completely covered in polygonal reticulations, each without inner microridges; without genal setae. Eyes: two pairs of particularly large, round, simple eyes, dorsal pair (dse) appearing to be on anterior margin of mounted specimen; subequal in size, width 75– 82 m. Ocelli each 17 m wide. Ocular sclerite (ocs) heavily polygonally reticulated, each reticulation without inner microridges. Postocular ridge (pocr) extending medially almost to median crest and not nearly touching ocelli; interocular ridge absent. Dorsal ocular setae absent. Ventral head setae absent apart from 1 hs just posterior to each scape. Preoral ridge (pror) poorly developed. Cranial apophysis (ca) long, about 85 m, with a bifurcated apex. Tentorial pits visible but arrangement unclear.

Antennae: each about 1140 m long (ratio of total body length to antennal length 1:0.65). Scape (scp): 51–56 m long and 48 m wide; with 2 (or 3?) hs. Pedicel (pdc): 46–50 m long and 50–52 m wide, with 3 or 4 fs + 9–11 hs, all on ventral surface. Segments III–X each about 21–25 m wide; length of fs 36–40 m: segment lengths (m): III: 81–91; IV: 162–168; V: 154–156; VI: 150–154; VII: 136–142; VIII: 124–130; IX: 107–116; X: 127–135; approximate number of setae per segment: III: 9 or 10 fs + 0 hs; IV: 21–25 fs + 0 hs; V: 24–30 fs + 0 hs; VI: 30–34 fs + 0 hs; VII: 29–32 fs + 0 hs; VIII: 26–29 fs + 0 hs + 1 antennal bristle (ab); IX: 25 fs + 0 hs + 1 ab; X: 24–26 fs, 0 hs, 3 sensilla basiconica + perhaps only 2 capitate setae (caps).

FIGURE 7. Fistulococcus pokfulamensis . Adult male. Where A = tip of aedeagus; F = polygonal reticulation on each ocular sclerite; G = polygonal reticulation on each gena; K = cranial apophysis; M = metatarsus + claw; P = dorsal view of genital area, and S = ventral view of genital area; and where aas = ante­anal setae; ab = antennal bristle; ads = dorsal abdominal setae; aed = aedeagus; as = abdominal sternites; avs = abdominal ventral setae; bma = basal membranous area; bra = basal rod; caps = capitate setae; cdt = claw digitule; cx = coxa; dhs = dorsal head setae; dps = dorsal pleural setae; dse = dorsal simple eye; epm3 = metepimeron; eps2 = mesepisternum; f = furca; fs = fleshy seta; g = gena; gls = glandular pouch setae; gp = glandular pouch; h = hamulohaltere; hs = hair­like setae; lmcr = lateral arm of midcranial ridge; lpl = lateropleurite; mc = median crest; mdr = median ridge; mr = marginal ridge; o = ocellus; ocs = ocular sclerite; pa = postalare; pcr2 = mesoprecoxal ridge; pdc = pedicel; pepcv = proepisternum + cervical sclerite; plr3 = metapleural ridge; pn2 = mesopostnotum; pn3 = metapostnotum; pocr = postocular ridge; prn = lateral pronotal sclerite; prnr = pronotal ridge; procr = preocular ridge; prsc = prescutum; ps = penial sheath; psp = small sensilla on tip of penial sheath; pss = minute setae on penial sheath; pt = post­tergite; scl = scutellum; scp = scape; sct = scutum; ser = subepisternal ridge; sma = membranous area of scutum; sp2 = mesothoracic spiracle; sp3 = metathoracic spiracle; stn1 = prosternum; stn2 = mesosternum; stn3 = metasternum; ta = tarsus; tars = tarsal spur; tdt = tarsal digitule; teg = tegular; ti = tibia; tibs = tibial spur; vmcr = ventral midcranial ridge; vmcrs = setae on either side of ventral midcranial ridge; vps = ventral pleural setae; vse = ventral simple eye.

Thorax. Prothorax: pronotal ridge (prnr) well developed, appearing to be fused medially and with a sclerotised bridge anteriorly; lateral pronotal sclerites (prn) narrow and striated; without lateral pronotal setae. Post­tergite (pt) sclerotised with polygonal reticulations, without post­tergital setae. Medial pronotal setae absent. Proepisternum + cervical sclerite (pepcv) normal. Sternum (stn1) with a strong median and transverse ridges; prosternal setae, anteprosternal and antemesospiracular setae absent.

Mesothorax: prescutum (prsc) about 120 m long and 207 m wide; heavily sclerotised, with some nodulations. Scutum (sct): median membranous area (sma) large, about 115 m long and 180 m wide, with 2–4 pairs hs; lateral areas of scutum without setae, but area laterad to scutellum with polygonal reticulations. Scutellum (scl) 58 m long and 175 m wide; with a small foramen. Mesepisternum (eps2) not reticulated but perhaps with some shallow nodulations. Basisternum (stn2) large, about 199 m long and 270 m wide; with a strong median ridge (mdr) anteriorly which weakens somewhat at posterior end; bounded by strong marginal (mr) and precoxal ridges (pcr2); without setae; lateropleurite (lpl) with a strong extension from marginal ridge; furca (f) extending anteriorly to about level with point where marginal ridge and precoxal ridges meet laterally. Mesothoracic spiracle (sp2): width of peritreme 30 m; postmesospiracular setae absent. Postalare (pa) not reticulated or nodulated at anterior end; without postalare setae. Tegula (teg): quite large, each with 3 or 4 tegular setae (tegs). Subepisternal ridge (ser) well developed. Antemetaspiracular setae absent. Mesopostnotum (pn2) with a few shallow ridges.

Metathorax: metatergal setae absent or represented by a single hs laterally. Metapleural ridge (plr3) well developed; small suspensorial sclerite present; episternum (eps3) poorly developed, without postmetaspiracular setae; metepimeron (epm3) well developed and sclerotised, without setae. Metathoracic spiracle (sp3): width of peritreme 30 m. Dorsospiracular setae absent. Metasternum (stn3) unsclerotised and not reticulated. Anterior metasternal and posterior metasternal setae absent.

Wings: hyaline; of moderate length and width, about 1300 m long and 550 m wide (ratio of length to width 1:0.42). Hamulohalteres (h) present, each about 90 m long and 22 m wide; hamuli each about 40 m long and hooked.

Legs: long and hairy; anterior legs longest. Coxae (cx): length (m): I: 115, II: 107–110, III: 111–114; coxal setae mainly fs and abundant; without coxal bristles. Trochanter + femur poorly separated; length (m): I: 294–300; II: 290–295, III: 285–290; each trochanter (tr) with 2 oval campaniform sensilla on each side; each with 7 fs + 4 hs; longer trochanter seta undifferentiated, seta in this position about 36 m long; each femur with perhaps 35 fs and 18 hs. Tibia (ti) long: length (m) I: 355–365; II: 295–305; III: 300–312; each with many setae, mainly fs but with some hs and with increasing numbers of spur­like setae on distal third; apical spur (tibs) quite short, about 28 m long. Tarsi (ta): lengths (m): I: 149–154; II: 165–170; III: 160–170; each with many setae, mainly fs and spur­like setae; tarsal campaniform pore absent; distal tarsal spur (tars) 28 m long; tarsal digitules (tdt) longer than claw. Claws (c) long and thin, of an unusual shape, with a strong projection basally; longer than width of tarsi; without a denticle; length 40 m; claw digitules (cdt) slightly longer than claw.

Abdomen. Segments I–VII: tergites (at) absent; sternites (as) present on segments III–VII, those anteriorly poorly sclerotised, becoming more heavily sclerotised posteriorly. Caudal extension of segment VII small or absent, rounded and unsclerotised. Dorsal setae (ads) few, with 0–2 pairs of setae on each segment. Pleural setae: dorsal pleural setae (dps) on each side: I–IV: 0; V: 2 hs; VI: 4 hs; VII: 3 hs; ventral pleural setae (vps) on each side: segments I–IV: 0; V–VII: 1 hs. Ventral abdominal setae (avs): II: 0; III–VII: 2 or 3 pairs hs. Caudal extension on segment VII rounded.

Segments VIII: tergite absent; sternite well sclerotised. Tergite with 2 ante­anal setae (aas); sternite without setae; caudal extension rounded; with 3 hs. Glandular pouches (gp) present, each with two setae (gls), 120–125 m long.

Genital segment. Penial sheath (ps) quite stout and strong, narrowing slightly towards base and also gradually towards apex; about 1/5th total body length (ratio of total body length to penial sheath length 1:0.23); total length of penial sheath 293 m; 90 m wide at base; with strongly sclerotised margins. Basal rod (bra) apparently rather diffuse, part anterior to aedeagus about 40 m long; anterior end of basal rod not nearly reaching basal membranous area (bma) anteriorly; aedeagus (aed) rather broad, 165 m long and 18 m wide at tip; narrows slightly towards middle. Posterior half of penial sheath with 2 hs + about 7 pairs of minute setae (pss) along margins and with a cluster of small sensilla (psp) near apex.

Comment: relatively few adult male Coccidae have been described which have hamulohalteres. The adult male of F. pokfulamensis differs from all of them in the following combination of characters: (i) two pairs of exceptionally large simple eyes; (ii) no fleshy setae on body; (iii) gena polygonally reticulated throughout; (iv) post­tergite polygonally reticulated; (v) scutum laterad to scutellum reticulated; (vi) penial sheath quite short and stout; (vi) postocular ridge not nearly touching ocellus; (vii) ventral preocular ridge meeting medially; (viii) scutellum with a small foramen, and (ix) cranial apophysis trifurcated. Males of species in other genera currently included in the Paralecaniini have not been described.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Fistulococcus pokfulamensis. Adult female. In this figure and in Figs. 2 to 5 inclusive, A = dorsal chambered duct; B = satellite pore to dorsal chambered duct; C = dorsal seta; D = dorsal concave pore; E = dorsal microductule; F = preopercular pore; G = dorsal tubular duct; H = dorsal view of anal plates; J = ventral view of anal area; K = marginal seta; L = spiracular discpore; M = preanal disc­pores; N = ventral microduct; P = stigmatic cleft; Q = antenna; R = metathoracic leg.

FIGURE 2. Fistulococcus pokfulamensis. Third­instar female nymph. For lettering, see Fig. 1 except S = structure of long wax filaments on all unmounted 2 nd­ and 3 rd­instar nymphs and adult females.

FIGURE 3. Fistulococcus pokfulamensis. Second­instar female nymph. For lettering, see Fig. 1 but where D = various appearances of dorsal concave pores.

FIGURE 4. Fistulococcus pokfulamensis. First­instar nymph. For lettering, see Fig. 1 except A = 1 st­instar form of dorsal chambered duct; D = dorsal " trilocular " pore, and S = structure of glassy filaments on unmounted material.

FIGURE 5. Fistulococcus pokfulamensis. Second­instar male nymph. For lettering, see Fig. 1, except S = ventral seta.