Stagmatoptera hyaloptera ( Perty, 1832 )

Rodrigues, Henrique Miranda & Cancello, Eliana Marques, 2016, Taxonomic revision of Stagmatoptera Burmeister, 1838 (Mantodea: Mantidae, Stagmatopterinae), Zootaxa 4183 (1), pp. 1-78 : 29-37

Stagmatoptera hyaloptera ( Perty, 1832)

Male—Figures 3F, 5F, 7F, 9F, 11F, 29A, 42A–48A. Female—Figures 4E, 6E, 8E, 10E, 12E, 20E–22E, 29B.

Mantis hyaloptera Perty, 1832 , p.117, t.23, f.6 (descr.).

= Mantis pavonina Burmeister, 1838 , p.540 (descr).

= Mantis luna Audinet Serville, 1839 , p.183 (descr.); De Haan, 1842, p.74 (cit.).

Stagmatoptera hyaloptera, Saussure, 1869 , p.67 (cit.); Saussure, 1870, p.231 (cit.); Saussure, 1871b, p.95, t.1, f.12 (redesc.); Saussure, 1872, p.257 (cit.); Stål, 1877, p.72 (redesc.); Westwood, 1889, p.16 (cit.); Giglio-Tos, 1897, p.15; Kirby, 1904, p.299 (cit.); Rehn, 1911, p.12 (cit.); Giglio-Tos, 1914, p.34 (redesc.); Giglio-Tos, 1927, p.599 (redesc.); Terra, 1995, p.64 (cit.); Ehrmann, 1999, p.12 (redesc.); Ehrmann, 2002, p.328 (cit.); Agudelo et al., 2007, p.125 (cit.); Ehrmann & Koçak, 2009, p.12 (cit.).

= Stagmatoptera pavonina, Saussure, 1871a , p.212 (redesc.); Ehrmann, 1999, p.12 (syn.). = Chlidonoptera pavonina, Kirby, 1904 , p. 292 (cit.)

= Stagmatoptera luna, Kirby, 1904 , p.300 (cit.); Rehn, 1911, p.12 (cit.); Giglio-Tos, 1914, p.34 (syn.). Stagmatoptera biocellata Saussure, 1869 in Werner, 1925a , p.167—misidentification (redesc).

Type: unknown (see “Remarks”).

Type locality. Amazon River , Brazil.

Synonym types: Holotype of S. luna , 1♂, Cordoba (not examined).

Diagnosis. Smaller size, spot on stigma circular ( Fig. 28).

Redescription. Male —Prothorax slender, lateral margins slightly crenulated on the prozona, smooth on the metazona. Metazona with a weakly marked central keel ( Fig. 5 F). Forecoxae with 7–11 large spines, which alternate with 0–8 smaller spines ( Fig. 7 F). Forefemora broad, the first three discoidal spines dark on their anterior surface; 14–17 anteroventral spines, usually 15, all the spines black only at the tips. Anterior femoral spot absent or, if present, extending from the femoral groove to the 6th anteroventral spine, rectangular, an effaced black color or an effaced green color ( Fig. 9 F). Foretibiae with 9–13 posteroventral spines, usually 11, and 14–18 anteroventral spines, usually 15 or 16; tibial spur green on its anterior surface ( Fig. 11 F). Foretarsi with apical black spots on the anterior surface of the tarsomeres I to IV. Discoidal area of forewings with an opaque-green stripe anteriorly that surrounds the stigma spot, gradually becoming hyaline. Spot on the stigma circular, medium sized, reaching the middle of the discoidal area, with an anterior white spot surrounded by a brown spot, and in the center a small semi-hyaline spot. Discoidal area of the hindwings hyaline with yellow stripes on the crossveins and anal area completely hyaline or hyaline with yellow stripes on the crossveins on the first half ( Fig. 29 A).

Genitalia. Left phallomere longer than wide; sclerite L4B as long as wide; paa elongated, slightly dilated on the left side of its base, angled approximately 30° from the body axis, afterwards curving to the left, apex simple, directed ventrally ( Fig. 42 A); pda short, broad, flattened, sharply bent 90° to the right, compressed in two places, one after the bent, the other at the base of the apex, the latter strongly sclerotized and tapered ( Fig. 45 A); afa elongated, parallel to the body axis ( Fig. 43 A), right margin rugous and slightly sinuous ( Fig. 44 A), posterior apex tumid with a projection on the right margin, rugged and sclerotized, anterior apex straight, margins very sclerotized and tumid forming a groove ( Fig. 43 A); loa short, bent to the right ( Fig. 43 A); membrane adjacent to afa glabrous ( Fig. 43 A). Right phallomere with the posterior apex rounded; bm short, a gentle expansion on the middle ( Fig. 46 A); pia short, sclerotized ( Fig. 47 A–48A); pva elongated, strongly sclerotized, rectangular apex ( Fig. 48 A); an elongated, apex abruptly rounded ( Fig. 47 A).

Measurements. Body length: 49.8–64.7; head width: 6–7.3; prozona length: 3.4–4.6; metazona length: 12.9–17.8; prothorax width: 3.7–4.9; forecoxae length: 8.9–12; forefemora length: 10.7–14.6; forefemora width: 2.2–3; foretibiae length: 5.7–7.8.

Ratios. Head/prothoracic-width: 1.34–1.67; metazona/prozona: 3.32–4.28; metazona length/prothoracic width: 3.19–3.79; metazona/forecoxae: 1.33–1.57; forefemora length/width: 4.52–5.48.

Female —Prothorax slender, lateral margins slightly crenulated. Metazona with a weakly marked central keel ( Fig. 6 E). Forecoxae with 8–13 large spines, which alternate with 1–10 smaller spines ( Fig. 8 E). Forefemora broad, the first three discoidal spines dark on their anterior surface; 14–16 anteroventral spines, usually 15, all the spines black only at the tips. Anterior femoral spot absent ( Fig. 10 E) or, if present, extending from the femoral groove to the 6th anteroventral spine, rectangular, an effaced black color or an effaced green color. Foretibiae with 10–13 posteroventral spines, usually 11, and 14–16 anteroventral spines, usually 15; tibial spur green on its anterior surface ( Fig. 12 E). Foretarsi with apical black spots on the anterior surface of tarsomeres I to IV. Spot on the stigma circular, medium sized, without reaching the middle of the discoidal area, with an anterior white spot surrounded by a brown spot, and in the center a small semi-hyaline spot. Costal area of the hindwings hyaline, discoidal and anal areas hyaline with yellow stripes on the crossveins ( Fig. 29 B).

Genitalia. Base of the gonapophysis VIII projecting inwards ( Fig. 20 E); bv roughly triangular ( Fig. 20 E), the inner surface sculpted ( Fig. 21 E); ib sclerotized and sculpted ( Fig. 21 E); pe short, weakly sclerotized, with irregular margins ( Fig. 21 E); gs weakly sclerotized, smooth ( Fig. 22 E); ls roughly rectangular, posterior process elongated, conical ( Fig. 22 E).

Measurements. Body length: 56.4–79.3; head width: 7.3–9.4; prozona length: 4.7–6; metazona length: 15.9–22.7; prothorax width: 5.5–7.6; forecoxae length: 12.5–17.1; forefemora length: 15–20; forefemora width: 3.3–4.4; foretibiae length: 7.7–10.3.

Ratios. Head/prothoracic-width: 1.17–1.38; metazona/prozona: 3.23–3.78; metazona length/prothoracic width: 2.66–3.1; metazona/forecoxae: 1.21–1.38; forefemora length/width: 4.33–4.77.

Remarks. Perty (1832) described Stagmatoptera hyaloptera based on a specimen he claimed to be from the “Amazon River”. However, almost all material analyzed for this study attributable to S. hyaloptera were collected outside the Amazon rainforest, except for two specimens that may come from French Guiana, thus making the type locality somewhat disconnected from the geographical distribution observed in this species. Burmeister (1838) described Mantis (Stagmatoptera) pavonina based on specimens presumably from Africa; later, Kirby (1904) transferred this species to the African genus Chlidonoptera . Ehrmann (1999) studied Burmeister’s specimens and concluded that they were in fact Stagmatoptera hyaloptera with incorrect locality labels, conclusion we corroborated after examining the same specimens. This is one of the most widespread species of Stagmatoptera , occurring from northern Argentina to northeastern Brazil where it is found in plant formations such as Cerrado and Pampas. We are including the record from French Guiana, noting that it likely resulted from mislabeled specimens.

Baehr (1983) designated a specimen housed at the ZSM as the lectotype of Stagmatoptera hyaloptera . Baehr (1983) assumed that this was the undesignated specimen Perty (1832) originally used to described S. hyaloptera after stating that it had a similarly positioned pin, and lables with the same hand writing, as the lectotype of Acontista concinna , another species described in the same publication ( Perty, 1832). We find Baehr’s justification unconvincing because other reasons behind such coincidences cannot be ruled out, such as subsequent re-labeling and/or re-pining. Therefore, we here void Baehr’s (1983) procedure in agreement with ICZN art. 74.2 (ICZN, 1999; http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp).

Distribution. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Norte, São Paulo, Tocantins), French Guiana [?], Paraguay.

Examined material. ARGENTINA: 1♂ ( ZSM) . Chaco de Santa Fé, Las Garzas, bords du Rio Las Garzas , 25 Km O d'Ocampo, 1903, E.R. Wagner, 1♂ ( MNHN) . Chaco de Santiago del Estero, bords du Rio Salado , env. d'Icaño, 1904, E.R. Wagner, 1♀ ( MNHN) . Chaco de Santiago del Estero, bords du Rio Salado , env. d'Icaño, 1910, E.R. Wagner, 1♂ ( MNHN) . Chaco de Santiago del Estero, bords du Rio Salado , la Palisa del Bracho, 20 Km NNO d'Icaño, Laguna Mamaíta, 1904, E.R. Wagner, 1♀ ( MNHN) . Chaco de Santiago del Estero, bords du Rio Salado, la Palisa del Bracho , 25 Km NO d'Icaño, xii.1909, E.R. Wagner, 1♀ ( MNHN) . Env. d’Icaño, bords du Rio Salado , Santiago del Estero, 1909, E.R. Wagner, 1♂ ( MNHN) . Jujui , iii.1958, Martinez & Pereira col., 1♂ ( MZSP) . Eldorado , Misiones, 08.ii.1969, 1♂ ( MHNG) . Eldorado , Misiones, 09.ii.1969, achat Bâle 1971, 1♂ ( MHNG) . Eldorado , Misiones, 13.ii.1969, achat Bâle 1971, 1♂ ( MHNG) . Mina Clavero , Córdoba, 01.iii.2005, Dr. Forest , 1♂ ( MNHN) . Rosário, Santa Fé, Hubrist S.V., 1♂ ( ZMB) . San Ignacio, Huat-Parana, Misiones, i.sem ano, E.R. Wagner, 1♂ ( MNHN) . Tapia, Tucuman, iii-iv.1903, G.A. Baer, 1♂ ( MNHN) . Tucuman, 1♀ 1♂ ( ZSM) . 40km O de Salavina , Santiago del Estero, 1909, E.R. Wagner, 1♀ ( MNHN) . Tucuman, i.1928, Schreiter. leg. F. Nosswitz, 1♀ ( ZSM) . Vila Lutecia, env. de San Ignacio, Missiones, 1910, E.R. Wagner, 1♂ (MNHN). BOLIVIA: El Carmen , 26-28.ii.1958, Lauro col., 1♀ ( MZSP) . Sara, Steinbach S.V., 2♀ (ZMB). BRAZIL: 1♂, ( ZSM) ; Mato Grosso—MT, 1♀ (ZMB); Mato Grosso do Sul—Salobra, iii.1940, Com. Inst. O. Cruz, 1♂ ( MZSP) ; Paraíba—Corema , vi.1957, Exp. Dept. Zoologia, 2♂ ( MZSP) ; Paraná—Rolândia, Dirings , i.1954, 1 ♂ ( MZSP) ; Pernambuco—Afrânio , 08°31’53”S 41°02’59”W, 550m, 16.v.2007, J.A. Rafael & F.F. Xavier Fº, 2♂ ( INPA) ; Rio Grande do Sul—Bom Jesus , 17.iii.1980, L. Jantsch leg., 1♂, 0 531 ( MCTP) . Pelotas, 1980, Cavero, 1♀, 0 926 (MCTP). Porto Alegre , 12.ii.1982, C.C. Morate leg., 1♂, 0 365 ( MCTP) . Porto Alegre , 05.v.1982, N. Andrade, 1♂, 0 727 ( MCTP) . Santo Cristo , 26.ii.1981, A. Heck leg., 1♀, 0 287 ( MCTP) . São Borja , 10.iv.1982, L. Ramos leg, 1♀, 0 323 ( MCTP) . São Sepé , 13.iii.1986, C.M. Souto, 1♂, 1226 ( MCTP) . Sta. C. do Sul , 12.iii.1980, L. Jantsch leg., 1♂, 0 471 ( MCTP) . Uruguaiana , 08.ii.1989, S.M. Piment, 1♀, 1339 ( MCTP) ; São Paulo—Andes , ii.1955, M. Carrera, 2♂ ( MZSP) . Catanduva , i.1956, O.P. Silva, 1♀ ( MZSP) . Ilha Seca, 18-26.ii.1940, Com. I. O. Cruz, 1♂ ( MZSP) ; Tocantins—Pindorama, Rio Balsas , 340m, 11°01’04”S 47°29’08”W, 28.iii.2008, J.A. Rafael & F.F. Xavier Fº, 2♂ ( INPA) . FRENCH GUIANA: Herr, 1♀ 1♂ ( MHNG) . PARAGUAY: École agricole, Santa Rosa del Araguay , 200m, 23°46'47"S 56°32'46”""W , San Pedro, 24.i.2001, H.- P. Aberlenc & P. Silvie leg., 1♂ ( MNHN) . Vila Rica, G. Schauer, 1♂ (ZMB). Vila Rica , iii.1934, M. Holtz, 1♂ ( ZMB) .

Figures

FIGURE 5. Stagamatoptera spp., dorsal view of pronotum (males). A, Stagmatoptera binotata; B, S. diana sp. n.; C, S. cerdai sp. n.; D, S. biocellata; E, S. femoralis; F, S. hyaloptera. Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURE 6. Stagmatoptera spp., dorsal view of pronotum (females). A, Stagmatoptera binotata; B, S. diana sp. n.; C, S. biocellata; D, S. femoralis; E, S. hyaloptera. Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURE 7. Stagmatoptera spp., anterior view of forecoxae (males). A, Stagmatoptera binotata; B, S. diana sp. n.; C, S. cerdai sp. n.; D, S. biocellata; E, S. femoralis; F, S. hyaloptera. Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURE 8. Stagmatoptera spp., anterior view of forecoxae (females). A, Stagmatoptera binotata; B, S. diana sp. n.; C, S. biocellata; D, S. femoralis; E, S. hyaloptera. Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURE 9. Stagmatoptera spp., anterior view of forefemora (males). A, Stagmatoptera binotata; B, S. diana sp. n.; C, S. cerdai sp. n.; D, S. biocellata; E, S. femoralis; F, S. hyaloptera. Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURE 10. Stagmatoptera spp., anterior view of forefemora (females). A— Stagmatoptera binotata; B— S. diana sp. n.; C— S. biocellata; D— S. femoralis; E— S. hyaloptera. Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURE 11. Stagmatoptera spp., anterior view of foretibiae (males). A, Stagmatoptera binotata; B, S. diana sp. n.; C, S. cerdai sp. n.; D, S. biocellata; E, S. femoralis; F, S. hyaloptera. Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURE 12. Stagmatoptera spp., anterior view of foretibiae (female). A, Stagmatoptera binotata; B, S. diana sp. n.; C, S. biocellata; D, S. femoralis; E— S. hyaloptera. Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURE 20. Stagmatoptera spp., ventral view of ovipositor (females). A, Stagmatoptera binotata; B, S. diana sp. n.; C, biocellata; D, S. femoralis; E, S. hyaloptera. Abbreviations: bv, basivalvula; ib, interbasivalvula; pe, posterolateral extensions.

FIGURE 21. Stagmatoptera spp., detail basal portion of ovipositor (females). A, Stagmatoptera binotata; B, S. diana sp. n.; C, biocellata; D, S. femoralis; E, S. hyaloptera. Abbreviations: bv, basivalvula; ib, interbasivalvula; pe, posterolateral extensions.

FIGURE 22. Stagmatoptera spp., dorsal view of genital chamber floor (females). A, Stagmatoptera binotata; B, S. diana sp. n.; C, S. biocellata; D, S. femoralis; E, S. hyaloptera. Abbreviations: gs, sclerite on the dorsal wall of genital papilla; ls, laterosternal shelf.

FIGURE 29. Stagmatoptera hyaloptera dorsal habitus. A, male; B, female. Scale bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 42. Stagmatoptera spp., dorsal view of left phallomere complex (males). A, Stagmatoptera hyaloptera; B, S. pia; C, S. precaria; D, S. reimoseri; E, S. septentrionalis; F, S. supplicaria.

FIGURE 43. Stagmatoptera spp., dorsal view of apofisi falloide (males). A, Stagmatoptera hyaloptera; B, S. pia; C, S. precaria; D, S. reimoseri; E, S. septentrionalis; F, S. supplicaria.

FIGURE 44. Stagmatoptera spp., latero-ventral view of apofisi falloide (males). A, Stagmatoptera hyaloptera; B, S. pia; C, S. precaria; D, S. reimoseri; E, S. septentrionalis; F, S. supplicaria.

FIGURE 45. Stagmatoptera spp., ventral view of left phallomere complex (males). A, Stagmatoptera hyaloptera; B, S. pia; C, S. precaria; D, S. reimoseri; E, S. septentrionalis; F, S. supplicaria.

FIGURE 46. Stagmatoptera spp., dorsal view of right phallomere (males). A, Stagmatoptera hyaloptera; B, S. pia; C, S. precaria; D, S. reimoseri; E, S. septentrionalis; F, S. supplicaria.

FIGURE 47. Stagmatoptera spp., lateral view of right phallomere (males). A, Stagmatoptera hyaloptera; B, S. pia; C, S. precaria; D, S. reimoseri; E, S. septentrionalis; F, S. supplicaria.

FIGURE 48. Stagmatoptera spp., ventral view of right phallomere (males). A, Stagmatoptera hyaloptera; B, S. pia; C, S. precaria; D, S. reimoseri; E, S. septentrionalis; F, S. supplicaria.