Campsiandra Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 2: 93. 1840.

Bruneau, Anne, de Queiroz, Luciano Paganucci, Ringelberg, Jens J., Borges, Leonardo M., Bortoluzzi, Roseli Lopes da Costa, Brown, Gillian K., Cardoso, Domingos B. O. S., Clark, Ruth P., Conceicao, Adilva de Souza, Cota, Matheus Martins Teixeira, Demeulenaere, Else, de Stefano, Rodrigo Duno, Ebinger, John E., Ferm, Julia, Fonseca-Cortes, Andres, Gagnon, Edeline, Grether, Rosaura, Guerra, Ethiene, Haston, Elspeth, Herendeen, Patrick S., Hernandez, Hector M., Hopkins, Helen C. F., Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Isau, Hughes, Colin E., Ickert-Bond, Stefanie M., Iganci, Joao, Koenen, Erik J. M., Lewis, Gwilym P., de Lima, Haroldo Cavalcante, de Lima, Alexandre Gibau, Luckow, Melissa, Marazzi, Brigitte, Maslin, Bruce R., Morales, Matias, Morim, Marli Pires, Murphy, Daniel J., O'Donnell, Shawn A., Oliveira, Filipe Gomes, Oliveira, Ana Carla da Silva, Rando, Juliana Gastaldello, Ribeiro, Petala Gomes, Ribeiro, Carolina Lima, Santos, Felipe da Silva, Seigler, David S., da Silva, Guilherme Sousa, Simon, Marcelo F., Soares, Marcos Vinicius Batista & Terra, Vanessa, 2024, Advances in Legume Systematics 14. Classification of Caesalpinioideae. Part 2: Higher-level classification, PhytoKeys 240, pp. 1-552 : 1

Campsiandra Benth., J. Bot. (Hooker) 2: 93. 1840.

Figs 95 , 96

Type

(here designated). Campsiandra laurifolia Benth.

Description.

Medium to large trees (6-25 m tall). Stipules inconspicuous and caducous. Leaves imparipinnate, 7-13-foliolate, leaflets in opposite pairs plus a single terminal leaflet, often gland-dotted although these frequently obscured by a waxy epidermal layer; extrafloral nectaries absent. Inflorescence a multi-flowered, often showy, terminal panicle (Fig. 95B, D ). Flowers actinomorphic to zygomorphic, hermaphrodite, pedicellate, the pedicels 1-3 cm long and articulated just below the calyx; calyx with 5 imbricate lobes; petals 5, imbricate, white or with rose-reddish markings; stamens 10-17 per flower ( Stergios 1998) or up to 25 ( Polhill and Vidal 1981), the filaments dark red and showy, exserted from the corolla; pollen in perforate monads; gynoecium glabrous, stipitate. Fruit a large, coriaceous to sub-woody, straight to falcate, laterally compressed legume (Fig. 95A, C ), the two valves usually coiling upon dehiscence. Seeds discoid, the testa expanded into a spongy wing (Fig. 95C ) which circles the seed and aids flotation and thus water dispersal.

Chromosome number.

Unknown.

Included species and geographic distribution.

The number of species in the genus varies greatly depending on the treatment consulted. Polhill and Vidal (1981) considered the genus to include only four taxa in three species. Stergios (1998) recognised 22 species, with 19 of those recorded from Venezuela. Stergios (2001) subsequently added one new species. Lewis (2005b) slightly amended the overall number to a total of 19 species. Stergios (2012) and Stergios and Niño (2012) then added a further two new species. It is probable that the higher numbers of species recorded are an overestimate, and a phylogenetic study and taxonomic revision of the genus are certainly needed. The full geographical range of the genus includes Colombia, southern Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Peru, northern Brazil, and Bolivia [13 endemic to Venezuela, five in Venezuela and Brazil (of which four species extend variously to Colombia, Bolivia and Peru), and one restricted to the Guianas] (Fig. 96 ).

Ecology.

Mainly in the Amazon and Orinoco basins in flooded forests, swamp forests (of both black and white-water rivers), on alluvial plains, white sand riverine beaches and embankments, with seeds being mostly water dispersed.

Human uses.

The seeds of a few species are used locally to make a flour and medicinally ( Lewis 2005b).

Etymology.

From Greek, campso, campsis (= bending, a bend) and andro - (= man, anther) referring to the long wavy stamens of especially the first described species.

Notes.

Campsiandra was originally placed in the informal Peltophorum group of tribe Caesalpinieae sensu Polhill and Vidal (1981), but shown to be more closely related to Dimorphandra group genera in Bruneau et al. (2008), and its position was left unresolved with respect to placement in the broad tribe Caesalpinieae in Lewis (2005b).

Taxonomic references.

Lewis (2005b); Polhill and Vidal (1981); Stergios (1996, 1998, 2001, 2012); Stergios and Niño (2012); Stergios and Stergios (1997).

Figures

Figure 95. Flower, fruit and vegetative characters of tribe Campsiandreae A foliage and fruits, Campsiandra comosa Benth., Brazil B compound inflorescence, Campsiandra angustifolia Spruce ex Benth., Peru C fruit and seed, Campsiandra laurifolia Benth., cultivated Rio de Janeiro Botanic Gardens, Brazil D inflorescence and foliage, Campsiandra sp., Amazonas, Brazil E-I Dinizia jueirana facao G. P. Lewis & G. S. Siqueira, Reserva Natural Vale, Espirito Santo, Brazil E foliage and fruits F trunk and crown of mature tree G inflorescences H mature fruits (hand for scale) I rough bark of trunk. Photo credits A D Cardoso B T Pennington D M Falcao E, G, I D Folli C, F, H GP Lewis.

Figure 96. Distribution of Campsiandra based on quality-controlled digitised herbarium records. See Suppl. material 1 for the source of occurrence data.