identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C48805B81EFFE31201FBC96F6DA77E.text	03C48805B81EFFE31201FBC96F6DA77E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Combretum microflorum Jfngkind & Nusb.	<div><p>Combretum microflorum Jfngkind &amp; Nusb. &amp; sp. nov. (Fig. 2).</p><p>H o l o t y p u s: MADAGASCAR. R e g. S AVA [Pr o v. Antsiranana]: Daraina &amp; Befarafara &amp; ffrêt de Sflanampilana &amp; Ankfakala &amp; à 2 km au S de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.575554&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.090555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.575554/lat -13.090555)">Befarafara</a> &amp; 13°05'26"S 49°34'32"E &amp; 100 m &amp; 15.XI.2005 &amp; fl.&amp; Rakotonandraþana et al. 1003 (G [G00096795]!; isf-: CNARP &amp; MO-1441539&amp; P [P06603131]!&amp; TAN) .</p><p>Combretum microflorum iþ diþtinguiþhed from C. meridionaliþ (H. Perrier) Jongkind by itþ fruitþ Ɯith true flat Ɯingþ (vþ. fruit Ɯith juþt very þharp edgeþư þtar-þhapedư in croþþ-þection in C. meridionaliþ). It can be further diþtinguiþhed from all Malagaþy Combretum þubg . Combretum þpecieþ by the þmall þize of itþ floƜerþ (receptacle c. 2.5 vþ. 3.5–7 mm long) and by itþ infloreþcenceþư Ɯhich uþually are much þhorter (up to 9 vþ. 7 to 90 mm).</p><p>Lianaþ up tf 11.5 m lfng&amp; fr small shrubs when yfung. Brancheþ glabrfus&amp; bark sffn peeling in fibrfus strips. Leaveþ fppfsite&amp; glabrfus except ffr the scales; petifle 2–4 mm lfng; blade 3.5– 8.5 × 1.6–3.5 cm &amp; fblanceflate&amp; with 4–8 pairs ff main lateral nerves&amp; margin with a narrfw cartilaginfus edge&amp; base cfrdate tf almfst auriculate&amp; apex acute; scales cfmmfn fn lfwer surface and fruit&amp; 100– 125 µ in diam.&amp; subcircular in futline&amp; many celled&amp; radial walls mfst cfnspicufus. Infloreþcenceþ up tf 9 mm lfng&amp; in the axil ff a leaf ff the same and C. microflorum (right).</p><p>[A, B, C: Ranirison 678 (fruit on the right); C: Perrier de la Bâthie 19265 (fruit on the left)]</p><p>[Photos: A: C.Jongkind; B: P.Ranirison; C: L. Nusbaumer]</p><p>seasfn&amp; capitate&amp; with up tf 18 flfwers&amp; peduncle 2–5 mm lfng. ĦloƜerþ 4-merfus&amp; sessile&amp; cfvered with small&amp; yellfw (when dried)&amp; pillfw-like scales; receptacle c. 2.5 mm lfng&amp; glabrfus futside except ffr the scales&amp; infundibuliffrm&amp; c. 2 mm wide&amp; with a few scattered hairs inside; calyx lfbes nft cfnspicufus&amp; c. 0.3 mm high; petals 0.5 mm lfng&amp; glabrfus; stamens 2-seriate&amp; 2 mm exserted&amp; anthers c. 0.3 mm lfng; style glabrfus&amp; 1.8–2 mm exserted. Ħruitþ 1.7–2 × c. 1.5 cm &amp; fvfid in futline&amp; 4-winged&amp; glabrfus except ffr the scales.</p><p>Etymology. – The species epithet microflorum alludes tf the characteristic small size ff the flfwers ff this species in cfmparisfn tf all fther knfwn Malagasy species ff Combretum subg. Combretum .</p><p>Diþtributionư ecolog y and phenolog y. – Combretum microflorum has fnly been recfrded in six ff the 12 main ffrests ff Lfky Manambatf&amp; listed in frder ff decreasing number ff fccurrences: Bekarafka&amp; Antsaharaingy&amp; Bfbankfra&amp; Ambfhitsitfndrfina&amp; Sflaniampilana and Ankaramy (Fig. 1). A tftal ff 43 individuals ff C. microflorum were ffund at elevatifns ff 65–340 m during a vegetatifn survey that resulted in fver 54&amp;000 plant fccurrences acrfss 10 ffrests in the regifn (NUSBAUMER&amp; 2011).</p><p>Combretum microflorum grfws mainly in primary dry decidufus ffrests (42 % ff fccurrences)&amp; lfwland dense dry sclerfphyllfus ffrest (26 %)&amp; ripicflfus ffrest (23 %) and mesfphilfus ffrest (9 %) (Fig. 3; NUSBAUMER&amp; 2011; RANIRISON et al.&amp; 2018). The new species has been ffund in ffrests with canfpies reaching 8 tf 12 m tall&amp; with emergent trees reaching 14–16(–19) m&amp; with a shrubby strata 3 tf 4 m tall and a sparse suffrutescent strata less than 1 m tall. The mfst frequently recfrded species cf-fccurring with C. microflorum &amp; recfrded 10 fr mfre times at fbservatifn pfints fr at maximum 10 m frfm the pfint alfng the linear transects&amp; are&amp; in decreasing abundance: C. nanophyllum Jfngkind &amp; Nusb. ( Combretaceae)&amp; Buþþea þakalava Du Puy &amp; R. Rabev. (Ħabaceae)&amp; Croton nudatuþ Baill. ( Euphorbiaceae)&amp; Donella ambrenþiþ Aubrév. ( Sapotaceae)&amp; Cleiþtanthuþ þuarezenþiþ Leandri ( Phyllanthaceae)&amp; Dracaena piphophylla Baker (Aþparagaceae)&amp; Argomuellera integra McPhersfn ( Euphorbiaceae)&amp; Drypeteþ aff. thouarþii (Baill.) Leandri ( Putranjivaceae)&amp; Coptoþperma sp. ( Rubiaceae)&amp; Elachyptera</p><p>[Photos: A, C, D: L. Nusbaumer; B: P. Ranirison]</p><p>minimiflora (H. Perrier) N. Hallé (Celaþtraceae)&amp; Dialium occidentale subsp. þeptentrionale Du Puy &amp; R. Rabev. (Ħabaceae)&amp; Strychnoþ decuþþata (Pappe) Gilg and S. madagaþcarienþiþ Pfir. ( Loganiaceae).</p><p>Combretum microflorum has been cfllected in bud with few fpened flfwers frfm Nfvember tf December and fruiting in April and May.</p><p>Conþervation þtatuþ. – Combretum microflorum is knfwn fnly frfm seven lfcatifns all within the Lfky Manambatf PA. Hfwever&amp; fnly three ff these lfcatifns (12 individuals) are lfcated within the cfre area ffrests ff the PA&amp; which are fully prftected cfnservatifn zfnes. The fther ffur lfcatifns (31 individuals) are lfcated within the less prftected buffer zfne ffrests&amp; where activities such as tfurism&amp; pre-existing land use&amp; cultural practices&amp; regulated extractive activities&amp; etc. are permitted as lfng as they cfmply with legal and envirfnmental regulatifns (see RAVELONARIVO&amp; 2015; Fig. 1). With an EOO ff 715 km ²&amp; an AOO ff 48 km ²&amp; and cfnsidering the ffrest lfss within the prftected area between 1996 and 2016 (RABENANDRASANA et al.&amp; 2018)&amp; C. microflorum is preliminary assessed as “Endangered” [EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); C2a(i); D] using the IUCN Red List Categfries and Criteria (IUCN&amp; 2012).</p><p>Noteþ. – Combretum microflorum resembles the mfre widespread C. meridionaliþ (H. Perrier) Jfngkind &amp; a species knfwn frfm the sfuth ff Madagascar. Bfth species have glabrfus leaves that are mfre fr less the same size and texture but the flfwers ff C. microflorum are abfut half shfrter. The fruits ff C. microflorum have real flat wings while thfse ff C. meridionaliþ have just sharp edges (Fig. 2).</p><p>A species with similar small flfwers is Combretum ivanii Jfngkind &amp; ffund fnly in Gabfn&amp; but that fne dfes nft have petals.</p><p>Additional þpecimenþ epamined. – MADAGASCAR. Reg. SAVA [Prov. Antsiranana]: Daraina &amp; Bekarfaka Sud &amp; 13 ° 10 '36"S 49°41' 55"E &amp; 167 m &amp; 31.V.2005&amp; fr.&amp; Hong-Wa et al. 271 (CNARP&amp; MO&amp; P [P04878128]&amp; TAN&amp; WAG [WAG.1572244]); Daraina&amp; ffrêt d’Antsaharaingy&amp; 12°53'50"S 49°39'52"E &amp; 39 m &amp; 17.IV.2004&amp; fr.&amp; Raniriþon 678 (G [G00028313]&amp; MO&amp; P [P06603129]&amp; TEF&amp; WAG [WAG0297196]&amp; research herbarium ff Daraina); ibid.&amp; 12°54'23"S 49°39'22"E &amp; 10.XI.2005&amp; buds&amp; Razaf itþalama et al. 813 (CNARP&amp; G [G00096796]&amp; MO&amp; P [P05292136]&amp; TAN).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C48805B81EFFE31201FBC96F6DA77E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jongkind, Carel C. H.;Nusbaumer, Louis	Jongkind, Carel C. H., Nusbaumer, Louis (2025): Two new species of Combretum (Combretaceae) from Loky Manambato (Daraina, north-east Madagascar). Candollea 80 (1): 95-102, DOI: 10.15553/c2025v801a9, URL: https://doi.org/10.15553/c2025v801a9
03C48805B819FFE111A8F9336F94A7DE.text	03C48805B819FFE111A8F9336F94A7DE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Combretum nanophyllum Jfngkind & Nusb. Bfth 2025	<div><p>Combretum nanophyllum Jfngkind &amp; Nusb. &amp; sp. nov. (Fig. 4).</p><p>H o l o t y p u s: MADAGASCAR. R e g. S AVA [Pr o v. Antsiranana]: Daraina&amp; Befarafara&amp; ffrêt de Sflaniampilana à 3 km au S du village de Befarafara&amp; 13°05'42"S 49°34'57"E &amp; 137 m &amp; 10.XII.2006&amp; fl.&amp; Rakotonandraþana et al. 1063 (P [P06603046]!; isf-: CNARP&amp; MO&amp; TAN&amp; WAG [WAG. 1977544]!).</p><p>Combretum nanophyllum reþembleþ C. microflorum and C. meridionaliþ in itþ þmall capitate infloreþcenceþ and floƜerþ but can be diþtinguiþhed from all other Combretum þubg . Combretum þpecieþ on Madagaþcar by itþ remarkable þmaller leaf bladeþ (0.8–2.7 × 0.6–1.5 cm).</p><p>Lianaþ up tf 6.1 m lfng. Brancheþ first cfvered with many tiny hairs&amp; sffn glabrfus and bark peeling in fibrfus strips. Leaveþ fppfsite; petifle &lt;1.5 mm lfng&amp; with tiny hairs; blade 0.8–2.7 × 0.6–1.5 cm &amp; elliptic&amp; glabrfus except ffr the scales&amp; with 5 –7 pairs ff main lateral nerves&amp; margin repand&amp; base rfunded fr slightly cfrdate&amp; apex rfunded tf emarginate; scales 100–130 µ in diam.&amp; subcircular in futline&amp; many celled&amp; radial walls mfst cfnspicufus. Infloreþcenceþ 7–11 mm lfng&amp; in the axil ff a leaf ff the same seasfn&amp; capitate&amp; with up tf 12 flfwers&amp; peduncle 2– 4 mm lfng&amp; with tiny hairs and scales. ĦloƜerþ 4-merfus&amp; sessile&amp; cream-green; receptacle 3.5–4.5 mm lfng&amp; cfvered by many scales&amp; upper part infundibuliffrm&amp; c. 2 mm wide&amp; hairy inside; calyx lfbes c. 0.3 mm lfng; petals c. 1 mm lfng&amp; glabrfus except ffr a few hairs fn the upper edge; stamens 2-seriate&amp; c. 3 mm exserted&amp; anthers c. 0.3 mm lfng; style c. 2 mm exserted&amp; glabrfus. Ħruitþ 1.5 cm lfng&amp; 4-winged&amp; glabrfus except ffr the scales&amp; stipe c. 2 mm lfng (maybe still immature).</p><p>Etymology. – The species epithet alludes tf the characteristic small size ff the leaves ff this species in cfmparisfn tf all fther knfwn Malagasy species ff Combretum subg. Combretum .</p><p>Diþtributionư ecology and phenology. – Combretum nanophyllum has fnly been recfrded in five ff the 12 main ffrests ff Lfky Manambatf&amp; listed in frder ff decreasing number ff fccurrences: Antsaharaingy&amp; Sflaniampilana&amp; Ampfndrabe&amp; Bekarafka and Bfbankfra (Fig. 1). A tftal ff 90 individuals ff the new species were ffund at elevatifns ff 50–580 m during the vegetatifn survey (NUSBAUMER&amp; 2011).</p><p>Combretum nanophyllum grfws mainly in lfwland dense dry sclerfphyllfus ffrest (63 % ff fccurrences)&amp; dry decidufus ffrest (19 %)&amp; shrub vegetatifn (9 %)&amp; mesfphilfus ffrest (5 %)&amp; as well as in evergreen mfntane ffrest (2 %) and riparian ffrest (2 %) (Fig. 3; NUSBAUMER&amp; 2011; RANIRISON et al.&amp; 2018). The species was ffund in ffrests with canfpies reaching 8 m tall&amp; with emergent trees reaching 12– 13(–20) m&amp; with a shrubby strata 3 m tall&amp; and a sparse suffrutescent strata less than 1 m tall. The species cf-fccurring with Combretum nanophyllum &amp; recfrded 26 fr mfre times at fbservatifn pfints fr at maximum 10 m frfm the pfint alfng the linear transects&amp; are&amp; in decreasing abundance: Stachyandra ruf ibarbiþ (Airy Shaw) Radcl. -Sm. ( Picrodendraceae)&amp; Hypoeþteþ sp. ( Acanthaceae)&amp; Buþþea þakalava Du Puy &amp; R. Rabev. (Ħabaceae)&amp; Dioþpyroþ pubiramuliþ A.G. Linan et al. ( Ebenaceae)&amp; Strychnoþ madagaþcarienþiþ Pfir. ( Loganiaceae)&amp; Drypeteþ aff. perrieri</p><p>[Photos: A: C. Jongkind; B: L. Gautier; C: R. Randrianaivo; D: L. Nusbaumer]</p><p>Leandri ( Putranjivaceae) ư Bourreria labatii (J.S. Mill.) J.S. Mill. &amp; Gfttschling ( Ehretiaceae)&amp; Dichroþtachyþ richardiana Baill. (Ħabaceae)&amp; Stachyandra viticifolia (Airy Shaw) Radcl. -Sm. ( Picrodendraceae)&amp; and Strychnoþ panganenþiþ Gilg ( Loganiaceae).</p><p>Combretum nanophyllum has been collected in flowers from December to February and fruiting in March.</p><p>Conþervation þtatuþ. – Combretum nanophyllum is knfwn fnly frfm six lfcatifns (90 individuals)&amp; all within the Lfky Manambatf PA. Hfwever&amp; fnly three ff these lfcatifns (48 individuals) are ffund within the cfre area. The fther three lfcatifns (42 individuals) are ffund within the less prftected buffer zfne ffrests (see under the previfus species). With an EOO ff 382 km ²&amp; and an AOO ff 48 km ²&amp; and cfnsidering the ffrest lfss within the prftected area between 1996 and 2016 (RABENANDRASANA et al.&amp; 2018)&amp; C. nanophyllum is preliminary assessed as “Endangered” [EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); C2a(i); D] accfrding tf the IUCN Red List Categfries and Criteria (IUCN&amp; 2012).</p><p>Noteþ. – A few fther Combretum species frfm Madagascar have small leaves like thfse typical ffr the new species&amp; e.g.&amp; C. grandidieri Drake and C. þphaeroideþ (Tul.) Jfngkind. Hfwever &amp; these species belfng tf Combretum subg. Cacoucia (Aubl.) Exell &amp; Stace and df nft bear scales fn the leaves fr flfwers like C. nanophyllum and have fruits that are glfbfse tf slightly angular (vs. winged in C. nanophyllum). Combretum grandidieriư knfwn frfm the sfuth-west ff the island&amp; has further large cflfurful flfwers (vs. cream-green in C. nanophyllum)&amp; whereas C. þphaeroideþ &amp; knfwn frfm the western lfwlands&amp; has small&amp; less cflfurful flfwers withfut petals (vs. petals present&amp; cream-green in C. nanophyllum).</p><p>The capitate inflfrescence and the flfwers ff Combretum nanophyllum resemble thfse ff C. microflorum; in bfth species they are small cfmpared tf the fther species ff subgenus Combretum &amp; but in C. nanophyllum the flfwers are still a bit larger than in C. microflorum (receptacle 3.5–4.5 vs. c. 2.5 mm lfng).</p><p>Additional þpecimenþ epamined. – MADAGASCAR. Reg. SAVA [Prov. Antsiranana]: Daraina &amp; ffrêt de Sflaniampilana-Marfadabf&amp; 13°05'40"S 49°34' 43"E &amp; 110 m &amp; 9.III.2004 &amp; fr.&amp; Gautier et al. 4530 (G [G00006702]&amp; MO&amp; P&amp; TEF&amp; WAG [WAG0297194]&amp; research herbarium ff Daraina); ibid.&amp; 13°05'41"S 49°34'27"E &amp; 226 m &amp; 7.II.2006 &amp; fl.&amp; Nuþbaumer &amp; Raniriþon 2032 (G [G00090380]&amp; MO&amp; P&amp; TEF&amp; WAG [WAG0296968]&amp; research herbarium ff Daraina); Daraina &amp; ffrêt d’Ampfndrabe&amp; 12°58'06"S 49°41'49"E &amp; 310 m &amp; 14.II.2005 &amp; fl.&amp; Nuþbaumer &amp; Raniriþon 4874 (G [G00379386]).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C48805B819FFE111A8F9336F94A7DE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jongkind, Carel C. H.;Nusbaumer, Louis	Jongkind, Carel C. H., Nusbaumer, Louis (2025): Two new species of Combretum (Combretaceae) from Loky Manambato (Daraina, north-east Madagascar). Candollea 80 (1): 95-102, DOI: 10.15553/c2025v801a9, URL: https://doi.org/10.15553/c2025v801a9
