identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C36E1E1213FF8B6118E360FBA3FC07.text	03C36E1E1213FF8B6118E360FBA3FC07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Liolaemus balerion QUINTEROS ET AL. 2020	<div><p>LIOLAEMUS BALERION QUINTEROS ET AL.,  SP. NOV.</p><p>(FIG. 9)</p><p>Liolaemus bibronii Lobo &amp; Abdala (2001, 2002),  L. bibronii 7. Morando et al. (2007), L. sp. 7. In part. Quinteros (2013), L. sp. 9. Portelli &amp; Quinteros (2018), ‘ L. sp. from Ojos de Agua’.</p><p>L S I D: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. o r g: a c t: 6 E F 5 E 8 F 6- BB25-4445-A9B5-039EB8C0D976</p><p>Holotype: FML 21533. Male. 1.5 km N de Ojos de Agua por <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.860085&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.543415" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.860085/lat -41.543415)">Provincial Road</a> 6, Pilcaniyeu, Río Negro, Argentina. 41°32’36,3”S; 69°51’36,3”W. 1104 M. COLS C. Abdala, S. Quinteros, J. C. Stazzonelli.</p><p>Paratypes: FML 21532, 21457–458. Same data of  Holotype; 16345–346: 19 km W of Ingeniero Jacobacci,  Pilcaniyeu,  Río Negro, Argentina; 10075–076: 3.4 km S of Ingeniero Jacobacci, Pilcaniyeu, Río Negro ,</p><p>Argentina; MACN 15194–196: Ingeniero Jacobacci, Río Negro, Argentina.</p><p>Additional specimens: MCN 490–93; 496: Ingeniero Jacobacci, Pilcaniyeu, Río Negro, Argentina.</p><p>Diagnosis:  Liolaemus balerion is a small slender  Liolaemus (max. SVL 59.83). It belongs to the  L. alticolor –  bibronii group because it exhibits a set of character states that defines this group (see: Quinteros, 2012, 2013; Quinteros et al., 2014). Populations of  Liolaemus balerion were previously assigned to  L. bibronii . However, there exist some character state combinations that allow us to distinguish them in two different taxa.  Liolaemus balerion differs from  L. bibronii in the contact between nasal and rostral, this contact being broad in  L. bibronii and narrow in the new species. In  L. bibronii, the nasal scale is separated from the canthal by one scale, whereas in  L. balerion there are two scales between nasal and canthal. Moreover, there are five scales between frontal and supercilliaries in  L. balerion, being four in  L. bibronii . In specimens of  L. bibronii, the fourth supralabial never contacts the subocular scale, whereas in 60% of specimens of  L. balerion, the fourth supralabial scale contacts the subocular scale. Colour pattern between  L. bibronii and  L. balerion are similar, but some differences exist. Shape of paravertebral spots are line-shaped in  L. balerion, being rounded in  L. bibronii . On the dorsal head of specimens of  L. bibronii, there exists a black line surrounding the interparietal scale; this line is absent in  L. balerion . The ventral surface of the tail is immaculate in  L. balerion; which distinguishes the new taxon from  L. bibronii, which has black to grey spots on the ventral surface of the tail.</p><p>Liolaemus balerion also differs from the other two new species described. Subocular is white (lighter than loreal region) in  L. balerion, being of the same colour as the loreal region in L. sp. from Malargüe. Paravertebral spots are line-shaped in  L. balerion, whereas in L. sp. from Malargüe they are merged, forming a longitudinal stripe. Dorsolateral stripes in L. sp. from Malargüe are bordered with a black line, whereas in  L. balerion, this black line is absent. In  L. balerion, 60% of specimens show contact between fourth supralabial and subocular scales, whereas in L. sp. from Malargüe, the fourth supralabial never contacts the subocular. Snout–vent length is larger in  L. balerion than in L. sp. from Malargüe. Lengths of second and third toes are larger in  L. balerion than in L. sp. from Malargüe, whereas the length of the fourth toe is larger in L. sp. from Malargüe. The head in  L. balerion is shorter and wider than in L. sp. from Malargüe. The number of neck and gular scales is higher in  L. balerion than in L. sp. from Malargüe. The number of infradigital lamellae on the second finger is higher in  L. balerion than in L. sp. from Malargüe. The number of infradigital lamellae on the first, second, third and fourth toes is higher in  L. balerion than in L. sp. from Malargüe. The number of temporal scales in  L. balerion (average) is lower than in L. sp. from Comallo (average). On the dorsum of the head of specimens of L. sp. from Comallo, there exists a black line surrounding the interparietal scale, which is absent in  L. balerion . The lengths of the first, second, third and fourth toes are larger in  L. balerion than in L. sp. from Comallo. The number of neck and gular scales is lower in  L. balerion than in L. sp. from Comallo. The number of infradigital lamellae on the second finger is higher in  L. balerion than in L. sp. from Comallo. The number of infradigital lamellae on the first, second, third and fourth toes is higher in  L. balerion than in L. sp. from Comallo.</p><p>Liolaemus balerion is geographically isolated (&gt; 1400 km) from  L. alticolor,  L. aparicioi,  L. bitaeniatus,  L. chaltin,  L. chavin,  L. chungara,  L. incaicus,  L. pachacutec,  L. pagaburoi,  L. paulinae,  L. puna,  L. ramirezae,  L. tacnae,  L. variegatus,  L. walkeri,  L. wari and  L. yanalcu . Lanceolate dorsal scales of  L. balerion distinguish it from  L. bitaeniatus and  L. variegatus (rhomboidal dorsal scales). Dorsal scales of  L. balerion are mucronate, while dorsal scales of  L. chavin,  L. pachacutec,  L. paulinae and  L. tacnae lack a mucron, and sclaes of  L. yalguaraz have a tiny mucron. The number of scales around the midbody in  L. balerion (45–57) is higher than in  L. abdalai,  L. gracilis and  L. variegatus (33–45). Moreover, the number of dorsal scales between occiput and thighs is higher in  L. balerion (45–53) than in  L. abdalai,  L. alticolor,  L. aparicioi and  L. pagaburoi (32–44). The dorsal surface of the head (smooth) distinguishes this new taxon from  L. exploratorum,  L. pagaburoi (slightly rugose) and from  L. bitaeniatus,  L. lemniscatus,  L. saxatilis,  L. tacnae and  L. variegatus (markedly rugose). Specimens of  L. balerion show smooth temporal scales, differing from  L. abdalai,  L. chaltin,  L. chungara,  L. curicensis,  L. exploratorum,  L. fuscus,  L. incaicus,  L. pagaburoi,  L. pyriphlogos,  L. ramirezae,  L. tandiliensis,  L. yalguaraz and  L. yanalcu (weakly keeled), and from  L. alticolor,  L. aparicioi,  L. bitaeniatus,  L. cyaneinotatus,  L. lemniscatus,  L. sanjuanensis,  L. saxatilis and  L. variegatus (markedly keeled). Also, the neck scales of  L. balerion are smooth, distinguishing it from  L. abdalai,  L. curicensis and  L. puna (some scales are keeled), and from  L. aparicioi,  L. bitaeniatus,  L. chaltin,  L. cyaneinotatus,  L. fuscus,  L. incaicus,  L. lemniscatus,  L. paulinae,  L. pagaburoi,  L. pyriphlogos,  L. ramirezae,  L. sanjuanensis,  L. saxatilis,  L. tandiliensis and  L. variegatus (markedly keeled). The number of neck scales of  L. balerion (35–41) is bigger than of  L. abdalai,  L. gracilis,  L. lemniscatus,  L. saxatilis,  L. tandiliensis and  L. yalguaraz (18–32). The number of gular scales is also larger in  L. balerion (35–41) than in  L. alticolor,  L. aparicioi,  L. bitaeniatus,  L. chaltin,  L. incaicus,  L. pagaburoi,  L. tacnae and  L. variegatus (20–34). A lack of precloacal pores in females distinguishes the new taxon from  L. aparicioi,  L. bitaeniatus,  L. incaicus,  L. ramirezae,  L. variegatus and  L. yanalcu (females exhibit precloacal pores). Specimens of  L. balerion show paravertebral spots, absent in  L. alticolor,  L. chungara,  L. fuscus,  L. gracilis,  L. chaltin, most of males of  L. puna and  L. walkeri . The presence of a vertebral line in  L. balerion differentiates it from  L. abdalai,  L. bitaeniatus,  L. exploratorum,  L. fuscus,  L. lemniscatus,  L. gracilis,  L. saxatilis, females of  L. incaicus,  L. paulinae and most males of  L. puna . Specimens of  L. alticolor,  L. aparicioi,  L. chaltin,  L. pyriphlogos,  L. puna,  L. chavin,  L. pachacutec and some specimens of  L. wari have a black line surrounding the interparietal scale, while this line is absent in  L. balerion . Presence of dorsolateral stripes in  L. balerion differentiates this species from  L. tacnae and  L. yanalcu . Males of  L. balerion (50.6–56.7 mm) are larger than males of  L. alticolor,  L. abdalai and  L. tacnae (43–48). Also, females of  L. balerion (47.7– 57.2 mm) are larger than females of  L. abdalai and  L. fuscus (36–45).</p><p>Description of the holotype: Adult male. Snout– vent length (SVL) 53.13 mm. Axilla–groin distance 27.03 mm. Head 11.18 mm long (from anterior border of auditory meatus to tip of snout), 9.01 mm wide (at anterior border of auditory meatus), 6.53 mm high. Interorbital distance (between postorbital semicircles) 6.71 mm. Eye–nostril distance 3.79 mm. Tibia length 7.52 mm. Foot length 16.75 mm (from ankle to tip of claw on fourth toe). Dorsal head scales smooth between rostral and anterior border of auditory meatus. Seven smooth temporals. Interparietal subpentagonal, lower than parietal in size, surrounded by six scales. Frontal scale azygous. Five scales between frontal and rostrals. Supraorbital semicircles complete. Four enlarged supraoculars. Six scales between frontal and supercilliaries. Seven flat, elongated, imbricate supercilliaries. Canthal separated from nasal by two scales. Loreal region flat. Seven scales, including rostral, surrounding nasals. Nasals narrowly contact rostral scale. Six lorilabials, third to fifth in contact with subocular. Six enlarged supralabials. Fourth supralabial curved upward posteriorly contacting subocular. Five infralabials, slightly taller than supralabials. Orbit diameter 3.34 mm (measured between upper and lower ciliaries). Subocular scale elongate, length 3.83 mm. Preocular unfragmented. Longitudinal ridge along upper margin of the three ocular scales. Rostral scale 2.8 times as wide (2.52 mm) as high (0.91 mm). Mental twice as wide (2.68 mm) as high (1.29 mm), followed posteriorly by two rows of four chinshields. Two scales in contact with second infralabial. Scales of throat between chinshields subimbricate. Thirty-five gulars between auditory meatus. Three outward projecting laminar scales along anterior border of auditory meatus. Auditory meatus higher (2.8 mm) than wide (1.29 mm). Lateral scales of neck laminar and smooth. Antehumeral fold distinct. Thirty-three scales on the neck (between posterior margin of auditory meatus and shoulder). Twenty-two scales between auditory meatus and antehumeral fold (counted along postauricular and longitudinal folds). Fifty-five dorsal scales between occiput and anterior surface of thighs. Dorsal body scales lanceolate, imbricate, keeled and mucronate. Fifty-six scales around midbody. Ninety ventral scales between mental and the cloaca. Four precloacal pores.</p><p>Colour of holotype in alcohol: Dorsal background, light brown to grey. It has a black, complete vertebral line that extends to the tip of the tail. Dorsolateral stripes are absent. The paravertebral region has the same colour as the vertebral region. Two rows of linear paravertebral spots are distinct (nine between fore and hindlimbs). Lateral field, light brown to grey, with dark brown/black irregular spots. Ventrolateral line faded but evident. Head the same colour as the dorsum (light brown), without a black line surrounding the interparietal scale, but speckled with black spots. With dark brown spots on supra and infralabial scales. Temporal region with two white lines: the upper beginning at the posterior margin of the eye, and the lower at the posterior margin of subocular scale. The upper extends over the neck to the shoulder. The lower follows the anterior margin of the auricular meatus and extends to the ventrolateral line over the auricular and longitudinal fold. Fore and hindlimbs are light brown with dark brown spots. Two or three tiny white spots can be observed on the shoulder. Ventrally, the throat is grey with some dark brown lines. Chest and belly are grey, spotless. The region of chinshields has a few black spots. Fore and hindlimbs are immaculate grey, almost white. The tail is dorsally light brown with a black vertebral line and some paravertebral spots, and ventrally light brown, speckled with line-shaped dark brown spots. Lateral region of the tail has dark brown spots (which are a continuation of those of the lateral field of body).</p><p>Variation: Based on 16 paratypes (seven males and nine females) and five additional specimens. Snout–vent length 47.70–57.83 mm (mean = 53.80; SD = 4.60) in males; 47.46–59.15 mm (mean = 52.70; SD = 4.50) in females. Head length 10.12–12.28 mm (mean = 11.40; SD = 1.01) in males; 9.76–12.01 mm (mean = 10.90; SD = 0.80) in females. Head width 8.23–9.1 mm (mean = 8.72; SD = 0.40) in males; 7.50–9.79 mm (mean = 8.30; SD = 0.80) in females. Head height 5.54–6.57 mm (mean = 6.10; SD = 0.51) in males; 5.12–6.74 mm (mean = 5.90; SD = 0.59) in females. Axilla–groin distance 21.98–27.90 mm (mean = 28.90; SD = 2.66) in males; 23.23–30.75 mm (mean = 27.70; SD = 3.08) in females. Tail length 62.74– 88.22 mm (mean = 79.17; SD = 8.60). Tibia length 5.84–9.55 mm (mean = 8.30; SD = 1.16). Foot length (from ankle to the tip of fourth claw) 15.170–18.18 mm (mean = 16.90; SD = 1.30) in males; 13.62–16.14 mm (mean = 15.12; SD = 0.80) in females. Midbody scales 45–57 (mean = 512.88; SD = 4.2). Dorsal scales, 46–55 (mean = 50.67; SD = 4.12) between occiput and anterior surface of thighs. Dorsal head scales (Hellmich’s Index) 10–12 (mean = 10.9; SD = 0.6). Ventrals 75–95 (mean = 87.4; SD = 6.75). Scales around interparietal 5–7 (mean = 6; SD = 0.53). Three to four enlarged supraoculars (mean = 3.5; SD = 0.53). Preocular not divided, not fused to subocular. Subocular scale length 2.83–4.49 (mean = 3.67; SD = 0.5). Temporals 7–8 (mean = 7.5; SD = 0.53), smooth. Scales of neck smooth and laminar. Number of scales on neck (between auditory meatus and shoulder, along the horizontal fold) 29–35 (mean = 31.5; SD = 2.51). Scales between auditory meatus and antehumeral fold 19–23 (mean = 21.5; SD = 1.41). Gulars 35–38 (mean = 36.4; SD = 1.14). Six supralabials. Infralabials 4–5 (mean = 4.83; SD = 0.41). Fourth supralabial upturned, in contact with subocular scale in 60% of specimens. Six to eight scales around nasals (mean = 7; DS = 0.43). Five to six scales between rostral and frontal (mean = 5.2; DS = 0.42). Two postrostrals, with 3–7 scale organs each (mean = 4.81; SD = 1.2). Lorilabials 6–7 (mean = 6.25; SD = 0.5). Subdigital lamellae on fourth finger 16–22 (mean = 18.75; SD = 2.55); on fourth toe 22–27 (mean = 23.5; SD = 1.77). Three to four (mean = 3.67; SD = 0.6) precloacal pores in males, absent in females.</p><p>Colour in life (Fig. 9): Dorsal background brown. In some females, vertebral and paravertebral region lighter than in males. With a black, complete (in some specimens segmented) vertebral line that extends to the tip of the tail. Dorsolateral stripes evident, but faint, beginning at the upper margin of the eye and extending to the forelimbs. The paravertebral region has the same colour as the vertebral region. Two rows of black line-shaped paravertebral spots are distinct. In some females, a yellowish colouration is observed in the paravertebral and vertebral regions. The lateral field is the same colour as the dorsum, with dark brown/ black spots. Some females show pink spots. In some specimens, the lateral field has rounded, white, bright spots. These spots are more evident on the shoulder. Ventrolateral line always evident. Head darker than dorsum, speckled with black spots. Temporal region with two white lines: the upper one beginning at the posterior margin of the eye and joining the dorsolateral stripes; and the lower one beginning at the posterior margin of subocular scale and finishing at the anterior margin of the auricular meatus. Between these white lines, the temporal surface is black. The subocular scale is white (lighter than loreal region). Fore and hindlimbs are the same colour as the dorsum, with black spots. Ventrally, throat, chest and belly light grey, without spots. Some specimens show a few dark grey spots in lateral region of throat. Females can show an orange or pale pink colouration on the sides of the belly. Tail dorsally brown with black vertebral line and two rows of paravertebral spots. Lateral region of tail with dark brown spots. Ventrally grey, speckled with dark grey/black spots. Females with proximal region of tail orange-pink. Males with ventral surface of thighs yellow.</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 8):  Liolaemus balerion is known from its type locality to the North of Ojos de Agua, and from a close locality: Ingeniero Jacobacci, both from Río Negro Province, Argentina.</p><p>Biology:  Liolaemus balerion can be found in hills where bushes are the predominant vegetation. It inhabits in sintopy with species of  Phymaturus Gravenhorst, 1838; in its type locality with  P. excelsus, Lobo &amp; Quinteros, 2005 and  P. spurcus Barbour, 1921, and in Ingeniero Jacobacci with  P. spectabilis Lobo &amp; Quinteros, 2005 . No more data about its biology are known.</p><p>Etymology: In George R. R. Martin’s epic story A song of ice and fire, Balerion, also known as the Black Dread, is one of the mighty dragons who helped king Aegon conquer Westeros.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C36E1E1213FF8B6118E360FBA3FC07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Quinteros, A. S.;Ruiz-Monachesi, M. R.;Abdala, C. S.	Quinteros, A. S., Ruiz-Monachesi, M. R., Abdala, C. S. (2020): Solving the Liolaemus bibronii puzzle, an integrative taxonomy approach: redescription of L. bibronii and description of three new species (Iguania: Liolaemidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189: 315-348
03C36E1E1209FF876116E115FF1CF890.text	03C36E1E1209FF876116E115FF1CF890.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Liolaemus meraxes QUINTEROS ET AL. 2020	<div><p>LIOLAEMUS MERAXES QUINTEROS ET AL.,  SP. NOV.</p><p>(FIG. 10)</p><p>Liolaemus bibronii Schulte et al. (2000),  L. bironii 8 Morando et al. (2007), L. sp. 10 Portelli &amp; Quinteros (2018), ‘ L. sp. from Malargüe’.</p><p>L S I D: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. o r g: a c t: E 5 F F B 1 1 B - 9120-4CB0-A439-03B24249184B</p><p>Holotype: FML 7207. Male. Bardas Blancas. Malargüe, Mendoza Province. 35°45’04,0”S; 69°34’49,0”W.</p><p>Paratypes: FML 7202–06. 7208–13. Eight females and two males. Same data as the Holotype .</p><p>Diagnosis:  Liolaemus meraxes is a small, slender  Liolaemus (Max SVL 53.14mm) that belongs to the  L. alticolor –  bibronii group, because it shares a set of character states as defined by Quinteros (2012, 2013) and Quinteros et al. (2014).  Liolaemus meraxes was previously identified as a population of  L. bibronii, but it has a combination of characters that allow us distinguish it from  L. bibronii and from all the other members of the  L. alticolor –  bibronii group.</p><p>The number of scales between canthal and nasal is two in  L. meraxes, being one in  L. bibronii . The number of scales between frontal and rostral in  L. meraxes is 6–7, being lower in  L. bibronii (5). Number of supercilliaries is higher in  L. meraxes (average) than in  L. bibronii (average) .  Liolaemus meraxes has enlarged scales on the anterior margin of the auditory meatus; these scales are absent in  L. bibronii . The number of scales of circumorbital semicircles is higher in  L. meraxes (average) than in  L. bibronii (average) . Subocular scale in  L. bibronii is white (lighter than loreal region), being of the same colour as the loreal region in  L. meraxes . Paravertebral spots are rounded in  L. bibronii, whereas in  L. meraxes these spots are merged forming a longitudinal stripe. In  L. bibronii there is a black line surrounding the interparietal that projects forward to the frontonasals; this line is absent in  L. meraxes .</p><p>Liolaemus meraxes occurs geographically closely to  L. yalguaraz, but  L. yalguaraz has the upper temporal scales weakly keeled, which are smooth in  L. meraxes . The number of temporal scales is higher in  L. yalguaraz (8–9) than in  L. meraxes (7). The dorsal scales of  L. yalguaraz exhibit a tiny mucron, whereas in  L. meraxes the dorsal scales have a large mucron. The subocular scale is of the same colour as the loreal region in  L. meraxes, being white (lighter than loreal region) in  L. yalguaraz . Specimens of  L. yalguaraz (SVL mean = 55.8) are larger than specimens of  L. meraxes (SVL mean = 47.8). Also, the colour pattern of  L. meraxes distinguishes it from  L. yalguaraz . The dorsal colour is golden-reddish in  Liolaemus yalguaraz and brown-greyish in  L. meraxes . Paravertebral spots in  L. meraxes are merged forming an evident continuous line, whereas in  L. yalguaraz, paravertebral spots are rectangular and faded in some specimen. The vertebral field is narrower in  L. meraxes (2.9 mm) than in  L. yalguaraz (4.6 mm).</p><p>Liolaemus meraxes can be distinguished from  L. balerion and L. sp. from Comallo by the following characters: the subocular is white (lighter than loreal region) in  L. balerion, being of the same same colour as the loreal region in  L. meraxes . The paravertebral spots are linear in  L. balerion, whereas in  L. meraxes they are merged, forming a longitudinal stripe. Dorsolateral stripes in  L. meraxes are bordered with a black line, whereas in  L. balerion, this black line is absent. In  L. balerion, 60% of specimens show contact between the fourth supralabial and subocular scales, whereas in  L. meraxes, the fourth supralabial never contacts the subocular. Snout–vent length is larger in  L. balerion than in  L. meraxes . The lengths of the second and third toes are larger in  L. balerion than in  L. meraxes, whereas the length of the fourth toe is larger in L. sp. from Malargüe. The head is shorter in  L. bibronii than in  L. meraxes . The head of  L. balerion is wider than the head of  L. meraxes . The number of neck and gular scales is higher in  L. balerion than in  L. meraxes . The number of infradigital lamellae on second finger is higher in  L. balerion than in  L. meraxes . The number of infradigital lamellae on first, second, third and fourth toes is higher in  L. balerion than in  L. meraxes . The number of temporal scales in  L. meraxes (average) is lower than in  L. meraxes (average). The subocular scale is white (lighter than loreal region) in L. sp from Comallo, being of the same colour as the loreal region in  L. meraxes . Paravertebral spots in  L. meraxes are merged forming a longitudinal stripe, whereas in L. sp from Comallo, these spots are irregularly shaped and never merged. Dorsolateral stripes in  L. meraxes are bordered by a black line, in L. sp. from Comallo dorsolateral stripes lack the black border. In the dorsum of the head of specimens of L. sp. from Comallo, there is a black line surrounding the interparietal scale, but this line is absent in  L. meraxes . Snout–vent length is larger in L. sp. from Comallo than in  L. meraxes . The fifth finger is longer in  L. meraxes than in L. sp. from Comallo. The head is longer in  L. meraxes than in L. sp. from Comallo, but wider in L. sp. from Comallo than in  L. meraxes . The tibia of  L. meraxes is longer than in L. sp. from Comallo. The numbers of neck and gular scales are smaller in  L. meraxes than in L. sp. from Comallo. The number of infradigital lamellae on the second finger is larger in L. sp. from Comallo than in  L. meraxes .</p><p>The presence of a vertebral line distinguishes  L. meraxes from  L. abdalai,  L. bitaeniatus,  L. exploratorum,  L. fuscus,  L. incaicus,  L. lemniscatus,  L. sanjuanensis and  L. saxatilis . Males of  L. chavin,  L. pachacutec,  L. wari and  L. walkeri have a partial or total ventral melanism, absent in  L. meraxes . Dorsal scales of  L. meraxes have a mucron, which is absent in  L. alticolor,  L. chavin,  L. pachacutec,  L. paulinae,  L. tacnae and  L. tandiliensis . Temporal scales of  L. meraxes are smooth, which distinguishes it from  L. abdalai,  L. alticolor,  L. chaltin,  L. chungara,  L. curicensis,  L. exploratorum,  L. fuscus,  L. incaicus,  L. pagaburoi,  L. pyriphlogos,  L. ramirezae,  L. tandiliensis L. variegatus and  L. yanalcu (weakly keeled), and from  L. aparicioi,  L. bitaeniatus,  L. cyaneinotatus,  L. lemniscatus,  L. sanjuanensis and  L. saxatilis (markedly keeled). Neck scales of  L. meraxes are laminar and smooth, differing from  L. alticolor and  L. yanalcu (laminar and weakly keeled), from  L. abdalai,  L. aparicioi,  L. bitaeniatus,  L. chaltin,  L. curicensis L. incaicus,  L. pagaburoi,  L. paulinae,  L. puna,  L. pyriphlogos,  L. ramirezae and  L. variegatus (some scales keeled),  L. cyaneinotatus,  L. fuscus,  L. lemniscatus,  L. sanjuanensis,  L. saxatilis and  L. tandiliensis (keeled neck scales) and from  L. chungara (both granular and laminar scales). The number of neck scales of  L. meraxes (26–32) is lower than in  L. exploratorum (34–41). The surface of the head is smooth in  L. meraxes, whereas it is slightly rugose in  L. exploratorum and rugose in  L. bitaeniatus,  L. lemniscatus and  L. saxatilis .  Liolaemus meraxes shows paravertebral spots, but they are absent in  L. fuscus and  L. gracilis .</p><p>Description of the holotype: Adult male. Snout– vent length (SVL) 54.21 mm; axilla–groin distance 26.39 mm. Head 12.35 mm long (from anterior border of auditory meatus to tip of snout), 9.56 mm wide (at anterior border of auditory meatus), 7.08 mm high. Interorbital distance (between postorbital semicircles) 6.73 mm. Eye–nostril distance 4.35 mm. Tibia length 9.06 mm. Foot length 16.12 mm (from ankle to tip of claw on fourth toe). Dorsal head scales smooth between rostral and anterior border of auditory meatus. Seven smooth temporals. Interparietal subpentagonal, larger than parietal in size, surrounded by six scales. Frontal azygous. Six scales between frontal and rostral. Supraorbital semicircles incomplete. Four enlarged supraoculars. Six scales between frontal and supercilliaries. Six flat, elongate, imbricate supercilliaries. Canthal separated from nasal by two scales. Loreal region flat. Seven scales, including rostral, surrounding nasals. Nasals contact rostral scale. Seven lorilabials, third to fifth in contact with subocular. Six enlarged supralabials. Fourth supralabial curved upward posteriorly, without contacting subocular. Four infralabials, slightly taller than supralabials. Orbit diameter 4.66 mm (measured between upper and lower ciliaries). Subocular scale elongate, length 3.94 mm. Preocular unfragmented. Longitudinal ridge along upper margin of the three ocular scales. Rostral scale 2.4 times as wide (3.02 mm) as high (1.23 mm). Mental 1.6 times as wide (2.62 mm) as high (1.59 mm), followed posteriorly by two rows of four chinshields. Two scales in contact with second infralabial. Scales of throat between chinshields subimbricate. Thirty-five gulars between auditory meatus. Four outward projecting laminar scales along anterior border of auditory meatus. Auditory meatus higher (2.21 mm) than wide (1.02 mm). Lateral scales of neck laminar and smooth. Antehumeral fold distinct. Thirty scales in neck (between posterior margin o auditory meatus and shoulder). Twenty scales between auditory meatus and antehumeral fold (counted along postauricular and longitudinal folds). Forty-seven dorsal scales between occiput and anterior surface of thighs. Dorsal body scales lanceolate, imbricate, keeled and mucronate. Fifty-three scales around midbody. Eighty-two ventrals between mental and the vent. Three precloacal pores.</p><p>Colour of holotype in alcohol: Dorsal background, light brown to grey, with a black, complete vertebral line that extends to the tip of the tail. Dorsolateral stripes present but faded. The paravertebral region presents the same colour as the vertebral region. Paravertebral spots are merged, forming a narrow, longitudinal line. Lateral field, light brown to grey, with faded, dark, black irregular spots. Ventrolateral line faded but evident. Head the same colour as the dorsum, with dark brown spots. Some black spots are evident on supra and infralabial scales. Subocular scale of the same colous as the loreal region. A light-grey to white line begins at the upper margin of the auditory meatus and extends to the shoulder along the auricular and longitudinal fold. Fore and hindlimbs are light grey with some dark brown spots. Ventrally, the throat and anterior region of the chest grey with some dark brown lines. Posterior region of chest and belly grey, spotless. Fore and hindlimbs are immaculate grey. The tail is dorsally light brown with a black vertebral line. Ventrally, light brown, speckled with linear dark brown spots. Lateral region of tail with dark brown spots.</p><p>Variation: Based on 11 paratypes (eight males and three females). Snout–vent length 45.10–53.14 mm (mean = 47.80; SD = 3.60) in males; 37.4–48.6 mm (mean = 4.3; SD = 4.6) in females. Head length 13.18–15.53 mm (mean = 14.10; SD = 1.20) in males; 9.8–14.7 mm (mean = 12.5; SD = 2.1) in females. Head width 7.58–8.60 mm (mean = 8.20; SD = 0.50) in males; 6.60–8.86 mm (mean = 7.50; SD = 0.70) in females. Head height 6.02–6.76 mm (mean = 6.50; SD = 0.39) in males; 4.74–6.66 mm (mean = 5.80; SD = 0.60) in females. Axilla–groin distance 18.80–23.12 mm (mean = 21.40; SD = 2.27) in males; 16.7–22.5 mm (mean = 20.2; SD = 1.8) in females. Tail length 70.05– 92.98 mm (mean = 77.01; SD = 7.17). Tibia length 7.54–9.57 mm (mean = 8.64; SD = 0.69). Foot length (from ankle to the tip of fourth claw) 15.17–21.22 mm (mean = 17.80; SD = 3.46) in males; 12.53–16.23 mm (mean = 13.08; SD = 1.04) in females. Midbody scales 45–53 (mean = 49.31; SD = 2.14). Dorsal scales 44–55 (mean = 51; SD = 2.58) between occiput and anterior surface of thighs. Dorsal head scales (Hellmich’s Index) 10–15 (mean = 12.54; SD = 1.27). Ventrals 70–86 (mean = 81.08; SD = 4.23). Scales around interparietal 6–7 (mean = 6.31; SD = 0.48). Three to four enlarged supraoculars (mean = 3.54; SD = 0.52). Preocular not divided, not fused to subocular. Subocular scale length 2.32–2.76 (mean = 2.52; SD = 0.13). Seven smooth temporals. Scales of neck smooth and laminar. Number of scales on neck (between auditory meatus and shoulder, along the horizontal fold) 26–34 (mean = 30.46; SD = 2.3). Scales between auditory meatus and antehumeral fold, 18–24 (mean = 21.23; SD = 1.83). Gulars 31–37 (mean = 33.46; SD = 1.94). Five to seven supralabials (mean = 6; SD = 0.41). Infralabials 5–6 (mean = 5.08; SD = 0.28). Fourth supralabial upturned, in contact with subocular scale in 8% of specimens. Seven scales around nasals. Six to seven scales between rostral and frontal (mean = 6.38; DS = 0.51). Two postrostrals, with 3–7 scale organs each (mean = 4.81; SD = 1.2). Six to eight lorilabials (mean = 6.62; SD = 0.77). Subdigital lamellae on fourth finger 17–21 (mean = 18.46; SD = 0.97); on fourth toe 22–27 (mean = 24.08; SD = 1.38). Two to three (mean = 2.67; SD = 0.58) precloacal pores in males, absent in females.</p><p>Colour in life (Fig. 10): Dorsal background, greyishbrown. With a black, complete (fragmented in some specimens) vertebral line that extends to the tip of the tail. Dorsolateral stripes evident, bordered by a black line. The paravertebral region darker than the vertebral region. The paravertebral spots are merged forming a longitudinal stripe. Lateral field, light brown, with black, rounded spots. Ventrolateral line is evident. Head of the same colour as the dorsum, without a black line surrounding the interparietal scale, but speckled with black spots. These are more evident on supraocular scales. With black spots on supra and infralabial scales. Temporal region with a white to yellow line, which begins in the posterior margin of the eye and joins dorsolateral stripes. This line extends over the neck to the shoulder. A white to yellow line begins on upper margin of the auditory meatus, and extends to the ventrolateral line over the auricular and longitudinal folds. Fore and hindlimbs light brown with dark brown spots. Ventrally, throat presents a cream colour with some dark brown spots. These spots extend to the neck on some specimens. Chest and belly cream colour, without spots. Fore and hindlimbs, immaculate, almost white. Tail, dorsally brown with black vertebral line (sometime fragmented). Ventrally, light brown, speckled with line-shaped, dark brown spots. Lateral region of tail with dark brown spots. Males with ventral surface of thighs yellow. Most females show the same colour pattern described previously. One female exhibits a light pattern, vertebral line evident. Dorsolateral stripes are light grey and narrower than in the other specimens. Paravertebral region present the same colour as the vertebral region. Paravertebral spots are merged forming a longitudinal line, but narrower than the other specimens. Lateral field, light brown with a few faded spots. Ventrolateral line barely distinguishable. Ventrally, the throat, chest and belly are light grey. The throat has the same spots as the other specimens. Lateral regions of the belly and cloacal regions yellow.</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 8):  Liolaemus meraxes is known from its type locality at Bardas Blancas and nearby el Manzano, in Malargüe, South of Mendoza Province, Argentina.</p><p>Biology:  Liolaemus meraxes inhabits places where bushes and pastureland are predominant. This species is associated with rocky places, where  Festuca spp. grasses occur. In Bardas Blancas, the new species is sympatric with  L. grosseorum Etheridge, 2001,  L. josei Abdala, 2005 and  L. smaug Abdala et al., 2010 . In Manzano, it is found together with  L. choique Abdala et al., 2010 .</p><p>Etymology: In George R. R. Martin’s epic A song of ice and fire, Meraxes, is one of the three mighty dragons who helped to conquer Westeros. It was mounted by Rhaenys.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C36E1E1209FF876116E115FF1CF890	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Quinteros, A. S.;Ruiz-Monachesi, M. R.;Abdala, C. S.	Quinteros, A. S., Ruiz-Monachesi, M. R., Abdala, C. S. (2020): Solving the Liolaemus bibronii puzzle, an integrative taxonomy approach: redescription of L. bibronii and description of three new species (Iguania: Liolaemidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189: 315-348
03C36E1E1205FF85616CE5EDFEF7FC86.text	03C36E1E1205FF85616CE5EDFEF7FC86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Liolaemus vhagar QUINTEROS ET AL. 2020	<div><p>LIOLAEMUS VHAGAR QUINTEROS ET AL.,  SP. NOV.</p><p>(FIG. 11)</p><p>Liolaemus bibronii 4 in part. Morando et al. (2007), L. sp. 15. Portelli &amp; Quinteros (2018), ‘ L. sp. from Comallo’.</p><p>L S I D: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. o r g: a c t: 6 D 0 B F B 6 4 - 05D1-4891-A14E-DEC894365885</p><p>Holotype: FML 10064. Male. Cerro Alto, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.57827&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-40.734566" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.57827/lat -40.734566)">Pilcaniyeu</a>, Rio Negro. 40°44,074’ S; 70°34,696’W. Abdala C.S. and R. E. Espinoza cols.</p><p>Paratypes: FML 10063; 10065–67. Two females and two males. Same data as the Holotype .   FML 21484. Male. National Road 40, near Cerro Alto, Pilcaniyeu, Río Negro. 40°52’17.4’’S; 70°3357.3’’ W. Abdala, Quinteros, Scrocchi and Stazzonelli, Cols.; 21540–41. One female and two males. Five km  West of Comallo. 41°03’21.8’S; 70°23’15’ W. Abdala, Quinteros, Scrocchi and Stazzonelli, Cols  .</p><p>Diagnosis:  Liolaemus vhagar is a small, slender  Liolaemus (Max SVL 56.5), which belongs to the  L. alticolor –  bibronii group, because it shares a set of character states as defined by Quinteros (2012, 2013) and Quinteros et al. (2014).  Liolaemus vhagar was previously considered as a population of  L. bibronii, but has a combination of characters that allow us to distinguish it from  L. bibronii and from all members of the  L. alticolor –  bibronii group.</p><p>Liolaemus vhagar differs from  L. bibronii in the number of scales between nasal and canthal (2 and 1, respectively).The number of scales between frontal and supercilliaries is higher in  L. vhagar (average) than in  L. bibronii (average) .  Liolaemus vhagar shows enlarged scales in the anterior margin of the auditory meatus; these enlarged scales are absent in  L. bibronii . The number of scales of circumorbital semicircles is higher in  L. vhagar (average) than in  L. bibronii (Average) . The dorsal scales of  L. vhagar are mucronless, whereas the dorsal scales of  L. bibronii show an evident mucron. The antegular fold is evident in  L. vhagar, but absent in  L. bibronii . The fourth supralabial never contacts the subocular in  L. bibronii; in most (90%) specimens of  L. vhagar that contact exists. Paravertebral spots are rounded in  L. bibronii, being irregularly shaped in  L. vhagar . The ventral region of tail in  L. vhagar is without spots, whereas in  L. bibronii that region is spotted.</p><p>Liolaemus vhagar can be distinguished from  L. balerion and  L. meraxes by several characters. Dorsal scales of  L. balerion have a mucron, while these are mucronless in  L. vhagar . The number of temporal scales in  L. balerion (average) is lower than in  L. vhagar (8–9). In the dorsum of the head of specimens of  L. vhagar, there is a black line surrounding the interparietal scale, but this line is absent in  L. balerion . The lengths of the first, second, third and fourth toes are larger in  L. balerion than in  L. vhagar . The number of neck and gular scales is lower in  L. balerion than in  L. vhagar . The number of infradigital lamellae of the second finger is higher in  L. balerion than in  L. vhagar . The number of infradigital lamellae on the first, second, third and fourth toes is higher in  L. balerion than in  L. vhagar . The subocular scale is white (lighter than loreal region) in  L. vhagar, being the same colour as the loreal region in  L. meraxes . Paravertebral spots in  L. meraxes are merged, forming a longitudinal stripe, whereas in  L. vhagar, these spots are irregularly shaped, but never merged. Dorsolateral stripes in  L. meraxes are bordered by a black line, while in  L. vhagar, dorsolateral stripes lack this black border. In the dorsal side of the head of specimens of  L. vhagar, there is a black line surrounding the interparietal scale, which is absent in  L. meraxes . Dorsal scales show a mucron in  L. meraxes, being absent in dorsal scales of  L. vhagar . Snout–vent length is larger in  L. vhagar than in  L. meraxes . The fifth finger is longer in  L. meraxes than in  L. vhagar . The head is longer in  L. meraxes than in  L. vhagar, but the head of  L. vhagar is wider than the head of  L. meraxes . The tibia of  L. meraxes is longer than  L. vhagar . The number of neck and gular scales is lower in  L. meraxes than in  L. vhagar . The number of infradigital lamellae on the second finger is larger in  L. vhagar than in  L. meraxes .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C36E1E1205FF85616CE5EDFEF7FC86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Quinteros, A. S.;Ruiz-Monachesi, M. R.;Abdala, C. S.	Quinteros, A. S., Ruiz-Monachesi, M. R., Abdala, C. S. (2020): Solving the Liolaemus bibronii puzzle, an integrative taxonomy approach: redescription of L. bibronii and description of three new species (Iguania: Liolaemidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189: 315-348
