identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CE87B1FFECFFA7A4D2FB285286F85C.text	03CE87B1FFECFFA7A4D2FB285286F85C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus rugosiceps Fox 1899	<div><p>Identification key to species closely related to Z. rugosiceps</p><p>(run this key if reaching couplet 9 of Z. biglumis group in Bohart &amp; Stange 1965: 183)</p><p>1. Tegula abnormally bowed out, wider posteriorly (Fig. 7)................................. Z. willinki Bohart &amp; Stange</p><p>- Tegula at most of same width posteriorly (Figs 8–11)......................................................... 2</p><p>2. Ocular sinus entirely punctured............................................................. Z. proximus Fox</p><p>- Ocular sinus with an evident smooth shiny spot (Figs 2, 4, 6)................................................... 3</p><p>3. Humeral angle blunt, barely projected (Fig. 8); clypeal apex strongly biconcave in frontal view with evident well marked teeth (Fig. 12).......................................................................... Z. nolli Lopes, sp. nov.</p><p>- Humeral angle acute, projected as an evident spine (Figs 9–11); clypeal apex in frontal view at most nearly straight with inconspicuous lateral teeth (Figs 13–15)................................................................... 4</p><p>4. Pronotal carina almost straight all across in dorsal view, just briefly curved forward at the very humeral angle, which in turn barely points obliquely forward (Fig. 9); tegula straight along the middle of its outer margin (Fig. 9); mandible with subapical deflected tooth (Figs 12, 13, 16)............................................................ Z. rugosiceps Fox</p><p>- Pronotal carina curving forward from its middle to the humeral angle, so this latter projects strongly forward obliquely (Figs 10, 11); tegula curved along the middle of its outer margin (Figs 10, 11); mandible without subapical deflected tooth (Fig. 17) ................................................................................................... 5</p><p>5. Clypeal apex straight (Fig. 14); T 1 more slender (maximum width of expansion 0,45x its own length from end of stem to its hind margin), with greatest width before mid-length of the expansion and larger coarser punctation (Fig. 18); tegula wider and more evenly curved on outer margin (Fig. 10); second metassomal segment shorter, with summit of T 2 and bottom of S2 evenly convex, not parallel to each other (Fig. 1)............................................ Z. acromion Lopes, sp. nov.</p><p>- Clypeal apex nearly straight, with indication of biconcavity, especially due to the presence of a median blunt tooth (can be obscured by pilosity) (Fig. 15); T 1 more robust (maximum width of expansion 0.53x its own length from its end of stem to its hind margin), with greatest width nearly in the middle of the expansion, punctures smaller and lighter (Fig. 19); tegula narrower, with accentuated curvature on posterior portion (Fig. 11); second metasomal segment elongate, with summit of T 2 and bottom of S2, in profile, parallel to each other for a length nearly as long as the expansion of each sclerite (Fig. 3)......................................................................... Z. coracoides Lopes &amp; Hermes, sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CE87B1FFECFFA7A4D2FB285286F85C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lopes, Rogério Botion;Hermes, Marcel Gustavo	Lopes, Rogério Botion, Hermes, Marcel Gustavo (2025): The Neotropical Zethus biglumis species-group (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Zethinae): description of three new species, with notes on the evolution of the group. Zootaxa 5701 (2): 122-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5701.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5701.2.2
03CE87B1FFEFFFA2A4D2F8BF541BFEB2.text	03CE87B1FFEFFFA2A4D2F8BF541BFEB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus (Zethoides) acromion Lopes 2025	<div><p>Zethus (Zethoides) acromion Lopes, sp. nov.</p><p>Type material. Holotype female: “[Brazil] AM [Amazonas]— Manaus \ i–ii.2017 ” [DZSJRP-Hymenoptera].</p><p>Diagnosis. The species can be distinguished by the combination of presenting the mandible without subapical deflected tooth, a practically straight clypeal apex, strongly projected humeral angles and slender petiole.</p><p>Description of female. Coloration. Black with the following creamy yellow markings: ventral surfaces of antennal scape; spot on ocular sinus; narrow band along base of pronotal carina; anterior and posterior spots on tegula; subapical bands on T1 to T3 and S2 (medially interrupted on T1 and S2). Outer surface of fore and mid tibiae yellow. Testaceous-colored regions: apex of mandible; ventral surface of pedicel; fore tibia except for posterior surface; fore tarsus entirely; mid tarsomeres III to V; hind tarsomeres IV and V. Tegula dark brown. Fore wings hyaline, light brown, with costa darker and dark brown venation.</p><p>Structure. Clypeus strongly convex in profile; without subapical ridge nor teeth, apex nearly straight with faint indication of biconcavity in end-on view. Mandible 4-toothed and without inflexed tooth. Genal margin sinuous. Pronotal carina high as a translucent lamella on dorsum and short and sinuous laterally. Humerus rounded with angles as strong spine-like projections. Outer margin of tegula evenly curved nearly transversal to body axis and raised along its entirety. Scutellum convex. Metanotum strongly bent in profile, with a flat posterior face that is longer than the dorsal surface. Mid tibia with two apical spurs. Socket of hind coxa with reflexed inner margin. Spines on outer surface of mid tibia scattered and in a line in the hind tibia. Posterior surface of propodeum weakly concave. Dorsal propodeal aperture present, slit and without dorsal margin. Apical propodeal lamella triangular, dark in color. T1 regularly convex in profile view, with greatest width near closely after the start of expansion. S1 flat. T2 lamella longer laterally than medially. S2 regularly convex. T3 lamella tripartite. S3 lamella reduced with large median lobe.</p><p>Sculpture. Clypeus with dense macropuncatation and obsolete micropunctation. Interantennal carinas sharp, forming a “T”. Macropunctures of head, dorsum of pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum large, dense and shallow with cariniform interspaces. Coalescent macropunctures on pronotum and only a few observed on anterior portion of mesoscutum. Micropunctures discernable on posterior margin of pronotum and on scutellum only. Notauli absent. Welts evident and smooth. Discoid puncture present on top of a very small, smooth tubercle. Mesopleura without dorsal suture. Metanotum with a mediam thin tooth. Lateral carina of metanotum lamellar with posterior portion curving inwards. Propodeum with complete lateral carina and submedian carinas reaching only 2/3 of propodeum. Propodeal concavity with weak transverse striae. Some strong oblique striae branch laterally from submedian and lateral propodeal carinas. T1 with sub-basal carina well-developed. T1 with moderate to dense coarse macropunctation interspaced by smooth areas. T2 and T3 with very dense micropunctation that obscures any macropuncture and is interrupted subapically, where a smooth band is formed. S2 mostly smooth with sparse small macropunctures, laterally taken over by very dense micropunctation. S3 with very dense micropunctation basally, gradually transforming into moderate macropunctarion apically. T4 densely micropunctate. T5 and T6 and S4 to S6 shagreened with apical very shallow and small punctation.</p><p>Pilosity. Overall covered by long erect golden setae. Clypeus also with golden and appressed pilosity on lateral and dorsal portions. Erect setae longer on propodeum. T2 with dense golden tomentum than becomes gradually sparser on following terga. Erect setae on T4 to T6 and S4 to S6 limited to apical portion.</p><p>Fore wing length 7.4 mm.</p><p>Male. Unknown,</p><p>Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas).</p><p>Etymology. Acromion can be translated from Greek as “top of the shoulder” and is a reference to a process in the human scapula. Interpreted as a noun in apposition.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CE87B1FFEFFFA2A4D2F8BF541BFEB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lopes, Rogério Botion;Hermes, Marcel Gustavo	Lopes, Rogério Botion, Hermes, Marcel Gustavo (2025): The Neotropical Zethus biglumis species-group (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Zethinae): description of three new species, with notes on the evolution of the group. Zootaxa 5701 (2): 122-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5701.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5701.2.2
03CE87B1FFE9FFA2A4D2FE975535F872.text	03CE87B1FFE9FFA2A4D2FE975535F872.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus (Zethoides) coracoides Lopes & Hermes 2025	<div><p>Zethus (Zethoides) coracoides Lopes &amp; Hermes, sp. nov.</p><p>Type material. Holotype female: “ Brasil, Minas Gerais \ Ingaí, Res. Biol. \ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.990833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.34639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.990833/lat -21.34639)">Boqueirão</a> 21°20'47"S \ 44°59'27"W 16.vii.2015 \ E. Pires col. \\ Planta 3” [CEUFLA].</p><p>Diagnosis. The combining traits of the absence of a subapical deflected tooth in the mandible, a practically straight clypeal apex, strongly projected humeral angles and slender petiole render this species readily recognizable among its closet relatives.</p><p>Description of female. Coloration. Black with the following yellow markings: ventral surface of flagellum; spot on ocular sinus; humeral angles; median spot on pronotum, pronotal lobe; spot on postero-lateral end of pronotum; subapical bands on T1 to T3 and S2 and S3 (darker on T3 and S3). Testaceous-colored: scape; pedicel; flagellum, that becomes gradually lighter apically; apex of mandible; posterior margin of pronotum; apex of fore femur; fore tibia; fore tarsus; mid tibiae, but darker; mid tarsomeres. Fore wings hyaline, light brown, with costa darker and dark brown venation.</p><p>Structure. Clypeus without subapical ridge nor teeth, apex nearly straight with an evident median blunt tooth. Mandible 4-toothed and without inflexed tooth. Genal margin sinuous. Pronotal carina high as a translucent lamella on dorsum and short and sinuous laterally. Humerus rounded with angles strongly projected as spines. Outer margin of tegula raised along its entirety and curved with accentuated curvature on posterior third, ending nearly transversal to body axis. Scutellum convex. (Metanotum destroyed by pin insertion). Mid tibia with two apical spurs. Socket of hind coxa with reflexed inner margin. Spines on outer surface of mid tibia scattered and in a line in the hind tibia. Posterior surface of propodeum weakly concave. Dorsal propodeal aperture present, as slit without dorsal margin. Apical propodeal lamella triangular, with mildly translucent margin. T1 regularly convex in profile view, with the greatest width of the expansion near the middle of its length. S1 flat. T2 and S2 elongated, in profile with straight posterior region nearly as long as expansion of the segment. T2 lamella longer laterally than medially. S2 regularly convex. T3 lamella tripartite. S3 lamella reduced with large median lobe.</p><p>Sculpture. Clypeus with dense macropuncatation and obsolete micropunctation. Interantennal carinas blunt, forming a cross. Macropunctures of head, dorsum of pronotum, scutum and scutellum large, dense and shallow with cariniform interspaces. Coalescent macropunctures on pronotum and only a few observed on anterior portion of mesoscutum. Micropunctures discernable on latero-posterior tip of pronotum; postero-median portion of mesoscutum and on scutellum. Posterior margin of pronotum smooth. Notauli absent. Welts evident, smooth and long, reaching anterior margin of mesoscutum. Discoid puncture present on top of a smooth tubercle. Mesopleura without dorsal suture. (Metanotum destroyed). Propodeum with complete lateral carina and submedian carinas reaching only 2/3 of propodeum. Propodeal concavity with weak transverse striae. Some strong oblique striae branch laterally from submedian and lateral propodeal carinas. T1 with sub-basal carina well-developed. T1 with moderate coarse macropunctation interspaced by smooth areas. T2 and T3 with very dense micropunctation that obscures any macropuncture and is interrupted subapically, where a smooth band is formed. S2 mostly smooth with sparse small macropunctures, laterally taken over by very dense micropunctation. S3 with very dense micropunctation basally, gradually transforming into moderate macropunctarion apically. T4 densely micropunctate. (T5 and S5 covered by preceding sclerites). T6 and S4 to S6 shagreened with apical very shallow and small punctation.</p><p>Pilosity. Overall covered by long erect golden setae. Clypeus also with golden and appressed pilosity on lateral and dorsal portions. Erect setae longer on propodeum. T2 with dense golden tomentum that becomes gradually sparser on following terga. Erect setae on T4 to T6 and S4 to S6 limited to apical portion.</p><p>Fore wing length 9.6 mm.</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Distribution. Brazil (Minas Gerais)</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet refers to another process of the human scapula, the coracoid process. It is to be interpreted as noun in apposition.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CE87B1FFE9FFA2A4D2FE975535F872	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lopes, Rogério Botion;Hermes, Marcel Gustavo	Lopes, Rogério Botion, Hermes, Marcel Gustavo (2025): The Neotropical Zethus biglumis species-group (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Zethinae): description of three new species, with notes on the evolution of the group. Zootaxa 5701 (2): 122-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5701.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5701.2.2
03CE87B1FFE8FFA0A4D2FB8A556BFC42.text	03CE87B1FFE8FFA0A4D2FB8A556BFC42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus (Zethoides) nolli Lopes 2025	<div><p>Zethus (Zethoides) nolli Lopes, sp. nov.</p><p>Zethus (Zethoides) rugosiceps: Lopes &amp; Noll 2015: 2–3 (figures, new record for São Paulo) [misidentification]; 2018: 106 (examined material), 117 (figure) [misidentification].</p><p>Type material. Holotype female: “ Sales, SP [São Paulo], Brasil \ 24/X/07 \ Noll col. Malaise” [DZSJRPHymenoptera].</p><p>Diagnosis. The species is unique among the group due to the combination of presenting a subapical reflexed tooth on the mandible and the barely projected humeral angle.</p><p>Description of female. Coloration. Black with the following yellow markings: ventral surfaces of antennal escape and pedicel; a pair of wide spots above antennal sockets; spot on ocular sinus; narrow band along base of pronotal carina; anterior and posterior spots on tegula; parategula; pair of narrow lateral spots on scutellum; subapical bands on T1 to T3 and S2 and S3. Outer surface of mid tibia creamy yellow. Testaceous-colored regions: tegula; fore tibia except for posterior surface; fore tarsus entirely; mid tarsomeres III to V; hind tarsomeres IV and V. Mandibles apically reddish, except for black teeth. Fore wings hyaline, light brown, with costa darker and dark brown venation.</p><p>Structure. Clypeal apex ridged and biconcave, with well-developed teeth. Mandible 4-toothed and with an additional inflexed tooth between teeth III and IV. Genal margin sinuous. Pronotal carina high as a transluscent lamella on dorsum and short and sinuous laterally. Humerus rounded with slightly projected angles. Outer margin of tegula straight, with the posterior portion strongly bowed out, with margin nearly transversal to body axis. Outer margin of tegula entirely raised. Scutellum convex. Metanotum bent in profile with posterior surface shorter than dorsal surface. Mid tibia with two apical spurs. Socket of hind coxa with reflexed inner margin. Spines on outer margin of mid and hind tibia, scattered on the former and in a line on the latter. Posterior surface of propodeum weakly concave. Dorsal propodeal aperture present, as slit without dorsal margin. Apical propodeal lamella triangular, dark in color with lighter tip. T1 regularly convex in profile view, with greatest width near mid-length in dorsal view. S1 flat. T2 lamella longer laterally than medially. S2 regularly convex. T3 lamella tripartite. S3 lamella reduced with large median lobe.</p><p>Sculpture. Clypeus with dense macropuncatation and obsolete micropunctation. Transversal and longitudinal interantennal carinas blunt.Head, dorsum of pronotum, scutum and scutellum with dense and shallow macropunctures intercalated by dense micropunctation. Occasionally, macropunctures are coalescent on pronotum and anterior portion of mesoscutum. Notauli feebly visible on posterior fourth. Welts faintly indicated. Discoid puncture present on top of a smooth tubercle. Mesopleura without dorsal suture. Metanotum with a median thin tooth. Lateral carina of metanotum lamellar extending the entire length of the sclerite without curving inwards. Propodeum with complete lateral carina. Submedian carinas interrupted mid-way. Punctation of propodeal concavity hidden by dense pilosity. Few strong short oblique striae branch laterally from submedian and lateral propodeal carinas. T1 with sub-basal carina well-developed. T1 with moderate to dense macropunctation interspaced by smooth areas. T2 and T3 with very dense micropunctation that obscures any macropuncture and is interrupted subapically, where a smooth band is formed. S2 mostly smooth with sparse small macropunctures, laterally taken over by very dense micropunctation. (S3 punctation not observable, blocked by S2). T4 densely micropunctate. (T5 blocked by T4). T6 and S4 to S6 shagreened with apical very shallow and small punctation.</p><p>Pilosity. Overall covered by long erect golden setae. Clypeus also with whitish long and appressed pilosity, especially on lateral and dorsal portions. Dorsum of mesosoma also with short appressed golden pilosity. Erect setae denser on propodeum. T2 with dense golden tomentum than becomes gradually sparser on following terga until completely absent on T6. Erect setae on T4 to T6 and S4 to S6 limited to apical portion.</p><p>Fore wing length 9.4 mm.</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Distribution. Brazil (São Paulo).</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is an homage to Fernando Barbosa Noll, collector of the specimen and great contributor to the study of aculeate wasps.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CE87B1FFE8FFA0A4D2FB8A556BFC42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lopes, Rogério Botion;Hermes, Marcel Gustavo	Lopes, Rogério Botion, Hermes, Marcel Gustavo (2025): The Neotropical Zethus biglumis species-group (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Zethinae): description of three new species, with notes on the evolution of the group. Zootaxa 5701 (2): 122-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5701.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5701.2.2
