identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CEA72AFF930D1AEE367646117B993A.text	03CEA72AFF930D1AEE367646117B993A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anormogomphus heteropterus Joshi 2022	<div><p>Anormogomphus heteropterus sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1–2</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype</p><p>m# (IBC-BO403): <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.7752&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.6262" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.7752/lat 26.6262)">Parvati Nagar</a> (N 26.6262, E 92.7752, alt.: 71 m), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.7752&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.6262" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.7752/lat 26.6262)">Tezpur</a>, Assam, India, 25.iv.2020, Anuja Mital leg.</p><p>Description of male</p><p>Head (Fig. 1a). Eyes pale brown, darker dorsally. Face uniformly yellow,marked as follows: labium light brownish, labrum with medial and postclypeus with paired dark yellow markings, and frons slightly greenish. Labrum 2.5 times as wide as long, frons expanded. Ocellar region depressed and black between lateral ocelli and frons. First antennal segment black at the base, remainder yellow; second antennal segment black at the base, remainder orange-yellow; filament black. Median ocelli wider than lateral ocelli. Vertex and occipital ridge yellow, black at their boundary.</p><p>Thorax (Figs 1b, d). Prothorax yellow, with a distinctive black marking, widely expanded on anterior lobe, center of median lobe with paired yellow spots.Pterothorax yellow, marked with black: anterior portion of mesostigma, faint L-shaped markings along dorsal carina, two nail-shaped markings pointing forward on mesepisternum, thin stripe across upper margin of mesepimeron, junction of metepimeron and metepisternum faintly black. Antealar ridge conspicuous, black, and lined with small black spines, junction of dorsal carina forming a small, sharply pointed spine approximately midway between wing base and mesostigma.</p><p>Legs black, marked with blackish brown: stripes across tibiae, posteriorly, two stripes on femur, fainter on metafemora. Covered with long, black spines across mid-axis; spines on femur small and sparse. Claws black.</p><p>Wings (Figs 1c, e) hyaline, membrane extended and yellow, pterostigma and costal margin pale brown, pterostigmal brace present. Antenodals (1 st and 4 th primary) 10 on FW, 7 (right), 8 (lef) on HW. Postnodals 7 on FW, 7 (lef), 8 (right) on HW. Median space and triangles not crossed. One cubito-anal vein each in all wings. Hind margin of HW not excavated, smoothly rounded. Anal triangle one-celled, indistinctly defined. Anal loop absent. Discoidal field of FW starting with two cells, expanded to 8 cells towards margin. MA continuous to wing margin without any branching. Single row of cells between CuA and MP, cells in 2–4 rows near margin. Single row of cells between RP 2 and IRP 2 throughout, two rows in lef HW near margin.</p><p>Abdomen (Figs 1b, d). Ground color on S1–2 yellow, S3 to anterior half of S7 bluish-gray,yellow from there. Auricles small, yellow; covered with black spines. Marked black as follow: S1–7 with annules at posterior margin, short on S1, longitudinal paired black markings on S2–6: markings connected to black rings on S3–6, faint black spots on S7–10: near posterior border on S7–8, at anterior margin on S9–10. Dorsal section of S10 extended, lateral margin excavated. S10 is expanded between branches of cerci; a hood-like lamina is present, covering downwardly curved, horn-like, paired structures with black apices.</p><p>Vesica spermalis (Figs 4a–c). Hamuli yellow. Anterior hamuli thin, long, ending in a shoulder and anteriorly pointed hook, apical spine black. Posterior hamuli long, saddle-shaped, and covered with bristles; anterior margin curved. V 1 rounded, junction of V 1 and V 2 sharply curved. V 3 simple, laterally slightly expanded with two yellow spots on ventral face. V 4 dark brown, rounded; apices excavated ventrally ending in a small curved filament.</p><p>Caudal appendages (Figs 4d–f). Cerci extended 1.6 times as far as epiproct. Cerci blade-shaped, darker on inner side, with a small basal spine, lower margin curved slightly inwards. Epiproct fused at base, widely divergent, appearing triangular in lateral view, upper margin ridge-like; ending in upwardly pointed black spines.</p><p>Measurements. Abdomen + caudal appendages = 27.1, FW = 24.6, HW = 23.2.</p><p>Discrepancies in previous illustrations</p><p>Three different sources have provided illustrations of the caudal appendages of  Anormogomphus heteropterus, viz., 1) Selys &amp; Hagen (1858), 2) unpublished watercolor painting by Severin (see Material and methods for the link), and 3) Fraser (1926; republished in 1934). These three sources do not agree well with each other, and the first two are very schematic, not showing any finer details of the structure. Only Drawing 1 (Fig. 4a) depicts the structure of cerci accurately. In Drawing 2 (Fig. 4b), the basal spine of cerci is not figured at all, whereas in Drawing 3 (Fig. 4c) the basal spine of cerci seems exaggerated, and the paraprocts are very thin and curved sharply upwards. In the holotype male, the cerci are broken, which might explain the discrepancy in the illustrations by Selys, especially with regard to the first two of the three illustrations mentioned above. The third drawing in Fig. 4 a-iii seems to be showing the broken appendages of the holotype (compare with Fig. 3c). The male described in the present study has a peculiar structure at the base of the caudal appendages (highlighted with an arrow in Fig. 2d), made up of two lobes with black apices. These structures appear to be sclerotized extensions of the S10, but they were not mentioned in any description or considered in any illustration of this species. From the examination of the type specimen it is clear that they are present (pointed out with an arrow in Fig. 3d). Additionally, in Fraser (1926, p. 735), the figure for  A. kiritshenkoi Bartenev, 1913 clearly shows these structures, but they are not explicitly discussed anywhere. This evidence clearly suggests that these basal structures are a characteristic of the genus  Anormogomphus Selys, 1854, but this still needs to be confirmed and described for  A. kiritshenkoi by studying fresh specimens.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Superficially, this species resembles some members of  Burmagomphus Williamson, 1907,  Cyclogomphus Selys, 1854, and  Platygomphus Selys, 1854 . From these genera it is differentiated by: (a) single-celled anal triangle (Fig. 1c), (b) base of HW rounded (not excavated; Fig. 1c), (c) lateral margin of S10 curved (Fig. 2e), (d) shape of caudal appendages (Figs 2d–f), and (e) shape of vesica spermalis (Figs 2a–c). This species belongs to the genus  Anormogomphus based on the shape of its caudal appendages (cerci pointed with basal spine, and epiproct divaricate), tornus of HW rounded with a single-celled anal triangle, anterior hamuli with an apical hook, and a pale ground coloration with an unmarked face.</p><p>Anormogomphus heteropterus differs from  A. kiritshenkoi Bartenev, 1913 by: (a) cerci with a reduced basal spine (basal spine prominent in the former), (b) smaller size (abdomen length 25–27 vs. 29–31 in  A. kiritshenkoi, (c) thorax with black markings (unmarked in the former), and (d) black annules with dorsal markings on S1–7 (abdomen unmarked in  A. kiritshenkoi).  Anormogomphus kiritshenkoi also has a much more westerly distribution with no known records from east of Kashmir in India.</p><p>Habits and habitat</p><p>This species was observed on the terrace of a residential building while resting on an ornamental plant (Dracaena sp.) at around 18.00 h. This building is situated in a semi-urban area, surrounded by many buildings. There are some ponds nearby and the Brahmaputra River is ~ 1 km away.  Anormogomphus spp. are weak fliers known to occur in sandy areas. The locality in which our single male was encountered is most definitely not the natural habitat of this species, and the banks of Brahmaputra River nearby and the surrounding region might be where this species breeds. The male observed by us appeared to have freshly emerged judging by its shiny wings and abdomen.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CEA72AFF930D1AEE367646117B993A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Joshi, Shantanu	Joshi, Shantanu (2022): Platygomphus benritarum sp. nov. and rediscovery of Anormogomphus heteropterus Selys, 1854 (Odonata: Anisoptera: Gomphidae) from Tezpur, Assam, India. International Journal of Odonatology 25: 62-71, DOI: 10.48156/1388.2022.1917172, URL: https://doi.org/10.48156/1388.2022.1917172
03CEA72AFF970D17ED62775F106F953B.text	03CEA72AFF970D17ED62775F106F953B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Platygomphus benritarum Joshi 2022	<div><p>Platygomphus benritarum sp. nov. Joshi &amp; Mital</p><p>Figs 5–6</p><p>Holotype</p><p>m# (IBC-BO402): <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.7711&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.6158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.7711/lat 26.6158)">Rudra Padh Temple</a> on the bank of Brahmaputra River (N 26.6158, E 92.7711, alt.: 64 m), Tezpur, Assam, India, 6.v.2020, Shantanu Joshi and Anuja Mital leg.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>Named in honor of Monisha “Ben” Behal (founder, North East Network), and Rita Banerji (founder, Green Hub) for their pioneering work across two decades. Both women have been empowering and training the youth of northeast India to become change-makers, working towards creating ecological security, sustainable livelihoods, and social change. The species epithet is the feminine genitive plural created from combining the two names Ben and Rita.</p><p>Holotype male</p><p>Head (Fig. 5a). Eyes turquoise blue. Labium yellow, face dark brown, covered with hairs on the sides, faint yellow paired spots on labrum, anteclypeus paler brown, large paired blue spots covering almost the entire postfrons, postfrons with brown setae. Blue and brown bands on the first and second segments of antenna, filament black. Labrum 2.3 times as wide as long. Ocellar region sky-blue, junction of frons and vertex white, vertex black, occiput pale bluish yellow, occipital ridge black with a yellow spot.</p><p>Thorax (Figs 5c–e). Prothorax yellow with median lobes. Pterothorax black, marked with greenish yellow as follows: mesothoracic collar, dorsally with oval spots, stripe on mesepisternum, laterally broadly yellow with black stripes across sutures.</p><p>Legs black, profemora internally marked yellow, covered with black spines; coxae yellow. Venter of thorax and base of legs slightly pruinose. Wings (Fig. 5b). Base of wings and membranes yellow. Pterostigma dark brown, pterostigmal brace present. Antenodals (1 st and 5 th primary) 12 (right), 13 (lef) on FW, 9 (right), 10 (lef, one incomplete nervure at end) on HW. Postnodals 8 on all wings. Base of HW slightly excavated. Anal triangle three-celled, triangular and slightly curved along the margin. Anal loop absent. One cubito-anal vein each in all wings. Discoidal field of FW starting with two rows of cells, three rows from the level of node; expanded towards the margin. Single rows of cells between CuA and MP, and between RP 2 and IRP 2, two rows near margin.</p><p>Abdomen (Figs 5c–e). Narrow up to anterior half of S7, S8 expanded, S9–10 tapering. Black marked with yellow. S1 to base of S3 laterally greenish yellow, S3–7 with basal annules, broken on S3 and extensive on S7. Auricles triangular, pointed. S2–3 with a mediodorsal triangular marking pointing posteriorly, small faint dorsal spots on S4–5. Markings gradually turning yellowish brown, especially from S7. S9 with paired dorsal markings along lateral margins and a small marking on the posterior border; S10 dark brown.</p><p>Vesica spermalis (Figs 6a, b, d). Genital lobe expanded, brown. Anterior hamuli short, simple, rounded, and covered with setae on apices. Posterior hamuli longer, shaped like a wrench; apical anterior margin notched, apices anteriorly curved, ending in a spine. V2 simple, rounded at edges, ventrally marked white. V3 curved at base, with a ventral beak-like prepuce, broadening on the apices, V4 with protuberances ventrally, saddle-shaped extensions; apical filaments short, apices anteriorly curved.</p><p>Caudal appendages (Figs 6c, e, f). Black, epiproct brown at base and laterally. Cerci 1.2 times longer than epiproct. Cerci expanded, trilobate; lateral margin forming a sharp spine at base, outer edge serrated, apices ending in two spines. Epiproct slightly divaricate, ending in an upwardly curved spine.</p><p>Measurements. Abdomen + caudal appendages = 32.9, FW = 32.6, HW = 31.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>This species is placed in the genus  Platygomphus due to the shape of the male genitalia (ending with divergent apical filaments, Fig. 6d), and anal triangle three-celled and curved along the margin. From  P. dolabratus and  P. feae, this species can be distinguished by: (a) the shape of its caudal appendages (bilobate, similar in  P. feae but medial ridge prominent with the two lobes less furcated; Figs 5e–f), (b) markings on face (labrum, clypeus, antefrons brown with pale bluish frons in  P. benritarum vs. face extensively yellow; Fig. 5a), and (c) shape of apical flagellum of V4 (short and thick, vs. long in  P. dolabratus and  P. feae; Fig. 5d).  Platygomphus benritarum is also smaller (32.9 mm) than both of its congeners (40 mm in  P. dolabratus and 35–37 mm in  P. feae). Nodal index of  P. benritarum is lower than that of  P. dolabratus, comparable to  P. feae . This species also resembles  Asahinagomphus insolitus (especially with regard to the shape of its caudal appendages), but differs from it by the lateral thoracic markings, three-celled and curved anal triangle (twocelled and not curved in  A. insolitus), hamuli (anterior hamuli small and simple) and vesica spermalis (apices of V4 simple without filaments in  Asahinagomphus).</p><p>Habits and habitat</p><p>A single male was found resting on a large  Ficus tree situated about 5–6 meters from the banks of Brahmaputra River near the Rudra Padh Temple at around 17.00 h. The habitat along the banks is dominated by grasses, sparse trees, paddy fields, and marshlands along with some forest patches and tree plantations (Fig. 7).  Platygomphus spp. (especially  P. dolabratus) are known to prefer lowland rivers with sandy banks and sparse vegetation, which also seems to apply to this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CEA72AFF970D17ED62775F106F953B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Joshi, Shantanu	Joshi, Shantanu (2022): Platygomphus benritarum sp. nov. and rediscovery of Anormogomphus heteropterus Selys, 1854 (Odonata: Anisoptera: Gomphidae) from Tezpur, Assam, India. International Journal of Odonatology 25: 62-71, DOI: 10.48156/1388.2022.1917172, URL: https://doi.org/10.48156/1388.2022.1917172
