identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CEE330A63CFFD4FFBE34BE0693BEA8.text	03CEE330A63CFFD4FFBE34BE0693BEA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliogomphus Laidlaw 1922	<div><p>Genus  Heliogomphus Laidlaw, 1922</p><p>Heliogomphus Laidlaw, 1922, Rec. Ind. Mus. vol. xxiv, pp. 378, 379</p><p>Type species:  Heliogomphus selysi Fraser (as  Leptogomphus nietneri Selys).</p><p>Species from the Western Ghats.  Heliogomphus promelas (Selys, 1873) and  H. kalarensis Fraser, 1934 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males with moderately long hind femora, not armed with long spines; apex of the distal segment of vesica spermalis disk-like, without a flagellum; anterior hamulus not bifurcate; cerci lyrate, tip curled and with one or more less robust spine near the base. (Fraser, 1942; Chao, 1990).</p><p>Key to  Heliogomphus Laidlaw, 1922 of the Western Ghats, peninsular India, based on males</p><p>1. Lateral horns of the epiproct angulated dorsally at its middle, its posterior half tapering and directed dorsolaterally, tip bulbous; in dorsal view, the cerci are directed posterolaterally, the lateral profile of the cerci a straighter, short, lateral spine is directed posterolaterally in its basal third, its tip curled in on itself then laterally; secondary genitalia with the middle segment of the vesica spermalis with a triangular extension posteriorly in lateral view; auricle on S2 semicircular in outline ........................................................  H. promelas</p><p>2. Lateral horns of the epiproct straight, directed posterolaterally, tip finely tapered; in dorsal view, the male cerci are directed laterally, in lateral profile, the cerci are sinuous, with a short lateral spine in its basal third directed straight laterally, its extreme tip curved laterally then in on itself; secondary genitalia with the middle segment of the vesica spermalis with a rectangular extension posteriorly in lateral view; auricle on S2 elliptical in outline .............................................  H. kalarensis</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CEE330A63CFFD4FFBE34BE0693BEA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sadasivan, Kalesh;Nair, Vinayan P.;Palot, Muhamed Jafer;K., Abraham Samuel;Shereef, Anzil	Sadasivan, Kalesh, Nair, Vinayan P., Palot, Muhamed Jafer, K., Abraham Samuel, Shereef, Anzil (2022): Taxonomic notes on the genus Heliogomphus Laidlaw, 1922 (Odonata: Gomphidae), with a redescription of H. kalarensis Fraser, 1934 from southern India. International Journal of Odonatology 25: 107-120, DOI: 10.48156/1388.2022.1917187, URL: https://doi.org/10.48156/1388.2022.1917187
03CEE330A63CFFD3FCEA33D40753BC72.text	03CEE330A63CFFD3FCEA33D40753BC72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliogomphus promelas (Selys 1873)	<div><p>Heliogomphus promelas (Selys, 1873)</p><p>(Figs 2A, 2B, 3, 5A, 5C, 5E, 5G, 7 A–C)</p><p>1873  Gomphus promelas Selys: Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg., 36 (2), 498.</p><p>1890  Aeshna promelas: Kirby, Cat. Odon., 68.</p><p>1907  Gomphus? promelas: Williamson, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 33, 305.</p><p>1922  Gomphus promelas Selys: Laidlaw, Rec. Ind. Mus., 24, 371, 398.</p><p>1923b  Gomphus promelas Selys: Fraser, J. Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., 29, 330.</p><p>1925  Heliogomphus promelas Selys: Fraser, J. Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., 30, 848, 849, fig. 1, pl. i, fig. 6.</p><p>1930  Heliogomphus promelas Selys: Laidlaw, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 78, 182.</p><p>1931  Heliogomphus promelas Selys: Fraser, Rec. Ind. Mus., 33, 444, 447.</p><p>1932  Heliogomphus promelas Selys: Needham, Rec. Ind. Mus., 34, 220.</p><p>1934  Heliogomphus promelas Selys: Fraser, Fauna Brit. India, Odon., Vol II., 323, 324, 326–329. figs 99, 101a.</p><p>1942  Heliogomphus promelas Selys: Fraser, Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond., 92 (2), 334, 335, 337, 338. 339, 340, figs 1(1) female, 1(5) male, figs 3 (4), 3 (17), plate 1 (2).</p><p>1995  Heliogomphus promelas Selys: Prasad &amp; Varshney, Oriental Insects, 29 (1), 400.</p><p>2000  Heliogomphus promelas Selys: Tsuda, A Distributional List of World  Odonata .</p><p>2005  Heliogomphus promelas Selys: Subramanian, Dragonflies and damselflies of Peninsular India, 114.</p><p>2009  Heliogomphus promelas Selys: Sharma, Ramamurthy &amp; Kumar, Biological Forum – An International Journal, 1 (2), 108.</p><p>2009  Heliogomphus promelas Selys: Subramanian, A checklist of  Odonata ( Insecta) of India, 14.</p><p>2011  Heliogomphus promelas Selys: Kiran &amp; Raju, Malabar Trogon, 9 (3), 32.</p><p>2013  Heliogomphus promelas Selys: Kiran &amp; Raju, Dragonflies and Damselflies of Kerala, 153.</p><p>2013  Heliogomphus promelas Selys: Babu, Subramanian &amp; Nandy, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 347, 5, 25.</p><p>2014  Heliogomphus promelas Selys: Emiliyamma, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 114 (1), 59, 64.</p><p>2017  Heliogomphus promelas Selys: Subramanian &amp; Babu, A checklist of  Odonata ( Insecta) of India, ver. 3.0, 9, 29.</p><p>2018  Heliogomphus promelas Selys: Subramanian, Emiliyamma, Babu, Radhakrishnan &amp; Talmale, Atlas of  Odonata ( Insecta) of Western Ghats, India, 26, 224, 225.</p><p>2020  Heliogomphus promelas Selys: Kalkman, Babu, Bedjanic, Coniff, Gyeltshen, Khan, Subramanian, Zia &amp; Orr, Zootaxa, 4849 (1), 34.</p><p>2021  Heliogomphus promelas Selys: Nair, Samuel, Palot &amp; Sadasivan, Entomon, 46 (3), 192, 214 fig. 2C, 228, 233.</p><p>2022  Heliogomphus promelas Selys:Sadasivan, Nair &amp; Samuel, J. Threat. Taxa, 14 (6), 21214, 21225.</p><p>2022  Heliogomphus promelas Selys: Nair, Samuel, Palot &amp; Sadasivan, Entomon (in press).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Antehumeral stripe separated from the mesothoracic collar; sides of thorax with two black stripes; external spine of cerci of moderate size; antehumeral stripe straight; lateral spine of cerci followed posteriorly at the most by a very shallow concavity; superior humeral spot absent; female with vesicle projecting posteriorly with two long, outwardly curved horns (Fraser, 1942).</p><p>Specimens examined (n = 5 males)</p><p>NHMUK # 014666648, male, Burliyar,  Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu; Col. Fraser FC ;   NHMUK # 014666649, male, Mudis  Hills, Tamil Nadu, 04.v.1929 Col. Fraser FC ;   TORG #1015, male, Pandipathu, Peppara WLS,  Trivandrum, Kerala, 24.iii.2022, Col. Kalesh Sadasivan ;   TORG #1016, male, Edamalakudi,  Munnar, Kerala, 02.v.2022, Col. Kalesh Sadasivan ;   TORG #1017, male,  Kanichar, Kannur, Kerala, 12.vi.2022, Col. Vinayan P Nair.</p><p>Other specimens studied in the field (not collected). (n = 7 males). 3 males Pandipathu, Peppara WLS,  Trivandrum, Kerala, May 2022, Kalesh Sadasivan; 2 males,Edamalakudi, Munnar, Kerala, May 2022, Kalesh Sadasivan; 2 males,  Kanichar, Kannur, Kerala, June 2022, Vinayan P Nair.</p><p>Measurements (in mm) (n = 3). Total length (including appendages). 47–48, abdominal length 34–35, forewing length 30–32, hindwing length 30–31, HFL 6. Nodal Range. FW: 15–17 &amp; Px 13–15; HW: Ax 11–12 &amp; Px 11–13.</p><p>Morphological variation</p><p>We have not found any ambiguity in the description and diagnosis of, or the keys to,  H. promelas from that which has already been provided by Fraser (1934, 1942), so that no redescription is required here. Nevertheless, some aspects regarding the melanotic variant, structure of secondary genitalia, and the epiprocts are discussed below.</p><p>Melanotic variant (Figs 7B, 7C). Fraser (1942) mentioned a melanotic variant of  H. promelas in which the large greenish yellow stripe on the metepisternum is highly reduced, appearing as a streak or spot occupying its dorsal half. In some individuals, this reduced streak is split up into two yellow spots. This heavily marked variant is thus easily recognized (Fig. 7B). In cases of doubt, examination of the epiprocts and/or vesica spermalis will provide clarity.</p><p>Secondary genitalia (Figs 3B, 3C, 5C). Colour dark amber-brown to blackish brown. Anterior hamule shorter than the posterior hamule in lateral view, distal half tapering and curved into a hook with its tip directed posterolaterally; body of posterior hamule broader than anterior hamule, tapering and curved gradually towards its tip; the tip of the posterior hamule is relatively pointed, occasionally notched, and is directed anteromedially. Sheath of the vesica spermalis (ligula) broad, higher than the posterior hamule, directed posteriorly, covering the distal portion of Segment 2 and Segment 3 of the vesica spermalis. The structure of the vesica spermalis and the posterior hamule is illustrated in Figs 3B–C. The middle segment of the vesica spermalis in lateral view has a rectangular extension directed posteriorly (Figs 3C, 5C). Auricle semicircular in outline in ventral view, with a series of small, medially-directed spines on its posterior and medial portions.</p><p>Anal Appendages (Figs 2B, 3D–F, 5E, 5G) The epiprocts were not explicitly described by Fraser (1934). In dorsal view, the male cerci are directed posterolaterally, profile of the cerci much straighter; its tip curled in on itself laterally (Fig. 5G). Lateral horns of the epiproct angulated dorsally at its middle, posterior half tapering, and directed posterolaterally (Fig. 5G); tip of the epiprocts bulbous, bearing a small rudimentary spine directed dorsally.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Kerala: Coorg landscape—  Malabar, Kanichar in Kannur; Munnar landscape—Edamalakudi, High Range subunit; Agasthyamalai landscape—  Ponmudi Hills Ponmudi Hills in Kulathupuzha Reserve and Peppara WLS, (Travancore) (Nair et al., in press). Tamil Nadu: Anamalai and Mudis Hills; Nilgiri Hills—Burliyar, Mettupalayam, and Kotagiri Ghats (Fraser, 1922, 1925, 1931, 1934, 1942). Karnataka: Coorg—Mercara, Mangalore Ghat, Sampaji River. Goa:  Dudhsagar Falls, Cotigao WLS, Derode (Rangnekar et al., 2010). Odisha: (Subramanian et al., 2018).</p><p>Annotations</p><p>In addition to the diagnostic features provided by Fraser (1942) and mentioned above, examination of  H. promelas specimens in the BNHM (NHMUK # 014666648), fresh specimens from Western Ghats (12 males, not collected), and voucher specimens in the TORG collection revealed that none of these specimens had antehumeral or occipital spots in agreement to Fraser (1934, 1942) and that the spots on the prothorax were variable. The epiproct of this species is divergent, flat, and curved posterodorsally, with its extreme tip hooked and recurved (Figs 2B, 3E, 5E, 5G). This character is constant and reliable for species identification, even when the structure of the cerci is inconclusive, and differentiates it from  H. kalarensis . When a specimen labelled ‘  H. unifasciatus Fras. ’ was found in the BMNH collection (NHMUK # 014666649, male, Mudis Hills, Tamil Nadu, 04.v.1929 Col. Fraser FC) and carefully studied it was revealed that the morphological features, notably the epiproct, are those of  H. promelas . This taxon name was untraceable in Fraser (1934, 1942) and Paulson et al. (2022), and we found no literature citing this species, hence it must be treated as a nomen nudum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CEE330A63CFFD3FCEA33D40753BC72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sadasivan, Kalesh;Nair, Vinayan P.;Palot, Muhamed Jafer;K., Abraham Samuel;Shereef, Anzil	Sadasivan, Kalesh, Nair, Vinayan P., Palot, Muhamed Jafer, K., Abraham Samuel, Shereef, Anzil (2022): Taxonomic notes on the genus Heliogomphus Laidlaw, 1922 (Odonata: Gomphidae), with a redescription of H. kalarensis Fraser, 1934 from southern India. International Journal of Odonatology 25: 107-120, DOI: 10.48156/1388.2022.1917187, URL: https://doi.org/10.48156/1388.2022.1917187
03CEE330A63BFFDDFCEA319D0131BCF9.text	03CEE330A63BFFDDFCEA319D0131BCF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser 1934	<div><p>Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser, 1934</p><p>(Figs 1, 2C–F, 4, 5B, 5D, 5F, 5H, 6, 7D, 7E)</p><p>1922  Heliogomphus pruinans Fraser: Fraser, [new synonymy], Rec. Ind. Mus., 24, 416, 417, pl. xi, fig. 3.</p><p>1923a  Heliogomphus pruinans Fraser, J. Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., 29, 63.</p><p>1924  Heliogomphus pruinans Fraser: Fraser, Rec. Ind. Mus., 26, 427, 473.</p><p>1925  Heliogomphus pruinans Fraser: Laidlaw, Philip. J. Sci., 28, 560.</p><p>1933  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Fraser, Ceylon J. Sci., B, 18, 29, fig. 4. [nom. nud.]</p><p>1934  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Fraser, Fauna Brit. India, Odonata, 2, 325, 329, 330, fig. 101b.</p><p>1942  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Fraser, Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond., 92 (2), 335, 336, 339, 340, fig 3 (7), plate 1 (3).</p><p>1966  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Kimmins, Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.), 18 (6), 173–227.</p><p>1985  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Allen, Davies &amp; Tobin, Soc. Int. Odonatol. Rapid Comm. (Suppl.), 5, 31.</p><p>1989  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Lahiri. Proc. Ninth Intl. Symp. Odonat., 4, 53–56.</p><p>1995  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Prasad &amp; Varshney, Oriental Insects, 29 (1), 400.</p><p>1997  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Steinmann H 2, 123.</p><p>1995  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Tyagi B.K. Zoos Print Journal, 12 (10), 8.</p><p>2000  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Tsuda A Distributional List of World  Odonata .</p><p>2005  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Subramanian, Dragonflies and damselflies of Peninsular India, 114.</p><p>2007  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Subramanian,  Odonata —Biology of Dragonflies, 264.</p><p>2009  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Subramanian, A checklist of  Odonata ( Insecta) of India, 14.</p><p>2011  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Kiran &amp; Raju, Malabar Trogon, 9 (3), 32.</p><p>2013  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Kiran &amp; Raju, Dragonflies and Damselflies of Kerala, 153.</p><p>2013  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Babu, Subramanian &amp; Nandy, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 347, 5, 25.</p><p>2014  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Emiliyamma, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 114 (1), 59, 64.</p><p>2017  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Subramanian &amp; Babu, A checklist of  Odonata ( Insecta) of India, ver. 3.0, 26.</p><p>2018  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Subramanian, Emiliyamma, Babu, Radhakrishnan &amp; Talmale, Atlas of  Odonata ( Insecta) of Western Ghats, India, pp. 223.</p><p>2020  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Kalkman, Babu, Bedjanic, Coniff, Gyeltshen, Khan, Subramanian, Zia &amp; Orr, Zootaxa, 4849 (1), 34.</p><p>2020  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Subramanian, Babu &amp; Emiliyamma, Faunal Diversity of Biogeographic Zones of India, Western Ghats, 234.</p><p>2021  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Paulson, Schorr &amp; Deliry, World Odonata List.</p><p>2021  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Nair, Samuel, Palot, &amp; Sadasivan, Entomon, 46 (3), 192, 228.</p><p>2022  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Nair, Samuel, Palot &amp; Sadasivan, Malabar Trogon, 20 (1), 21.</p><p>2022  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Gopalan, Sherif &amp; Chandran, J. Threat. Taxa, 14 (2), 20655.</p><p>2022  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Nair, Sadasivan, Vijayakumaran, Nayakkan, Palot, &amp; Samuel, Entomon (in press).</p><p>2022  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser: Sadasivan, Samuel, Nair &amp; Murukesh, Entomon (in press).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Antehumeral stripe separated from the mesothoracic collar; sides of thorax with two black stripes; antehumeral stripe straight; superior humeral spot present; external spine of cerci of moderate size; lateral spine of cerci followed posteriorly at the most by a very shallow concavity; cerci broadening towards the apex and with the outer margin strongly angulated; outer margin of cerci bent at less than a right angle; female vesicle simple (Fraser, 1942).</p><p>Specimens examined (n = 6 males)</p><p>Holotype</p><p>NHMUK # 013384589, male,  Kallar, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, March 1916, Col. Fraser FC;   NHMUK # 013324357, male,  Buruliyar,  Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, 29.vii.1921, Col. Fraser FC;   TORG # 1018, male,  Pandimotta,  Shendurney,  Kerala, 01.v.2022, Col. Kalesh Sadasivan;   TORG # 1019, male,  Ponmudi,  Trivandrum, Kerala, 02.v.2022, Col. Kalesh Sadasivan;   TORG # 1020, male,  Ponmudi,  Trivandrum, Kerala, 01.vi.2022, Col. Kalesh Sadasivan;  TORG # 1021, male, Kanichar, Kannur, Kerala, 12.vi.2022, Col. Vinayan P. Nair.</p><p>Other specimens studied in field (not collected) (n = 12 males). 5 males, Pandipathu, Peppara WLS,  Trivandrum, Kerala, May 2022, Kalesh Sadasivan; 4 males, Edamalakudi,  Munnar, Kerala, May 2022, Kalesh Sadasivan; 3 males,  Kanichar, Kannur, Kerala, June 2022, Vinayan P. Nair.</p><p>Measurements (in mm) (n = 4). Total length (including appendages) 48–50, abdominal length 34–36, forewing length 32–33, hindwing length 32–32, HFL 5–6.</p><p>Description of male</p><p>(Figs 1, 2C–F, 4, 5B, 5D, 5F, 5H, 6, 7D, 7E)</p><p>Head (Figs 4A, 6B–D). Eyes anteriorly pale green, anterodorsally darker, and inferolaterally greenish white. Genae brownish black. Mandible black in the middle, marked by a large triangular yellowish white patch. Labium translucent yellowish brown posteriorly, and anteriorly black at the tooth. Labrum black, bearing two large triangular yellowish white patches on each half, its entire free edge bordered thickly with black. Anteclypeus dark blackish brown. Postclypeus shiny black. Antefrons and postfrons black, the latter bearing a large transverse yellowish white band. Vertex shiny black. Occipital bar matte black, and postocular lobe shiny black. Ocelli waxy white. Antennal segments black. Long pale amber-brown setae along the inferior border of the anteclypeus and on the labium.</p><p>Prothorax (Fig. 4A). Ground colour black, marked with pale lemon-yellow spots. In dorsal view, anterior lobe with a transverse yellow band, which occasionally bears two semicircular, black, paradorsal spots; middle lobe black, occasionally with a pair of small, yellow, paradorsal spots; posterior lobe entirely black, rarely with a mid-dorsal yellow spot. In lateral view, the lateral portion of the middle lobe with a yellow spot. Proepisternum yellow and proepimeron black. Forelegs generally black, but the anterior sectors of the coxae and trochanter yellow. Spines and claws black.</p><p>Synthorax (Figs 4A, 6A, 6C, 6D, 7D, 7E). Ground colour black, marked with pale lemon-yellow. In dorsal view, mid-dorsal carina black, the yellow mesothoracic collar narrowly bisected by it; antehumeral stripes well developed, almost reaching the antealar sinus dorsally; upper humeral spot variable, absent in three out of the six specimens examined. In lateral view, the mesepisternum black, bearing the yellow mesothoracic collar and the antehumeral stripes that taper dorsally, short of extending to the antealar sinus. Mesepimeron black, bearing a large central yellow dorsal stripe that almost reaches the wing base. Mesinfraepisternum dorsally black and inferiorly marked with yellow. Metepisternum black and marked with a large yellow stripe that almost fills it. Metepimeron wholly yellowish. The interpleural suture bordered with black. Metinfraepisternum mostly yellow, borders black. Metathoracic spiracle brown bordered with black. The mid- and hindleg coxae, trochanter, femur, and tibia are all black. The hind femur long, reaching the junction of abdominal sternites S1 and S2.</p><p>Wings (Figs 2C, 2E, 6E). Hyaline; Pt of both wings black, parallelogram-shaped, occupying almost five cells; borders slanting laterally; inferior border curvilinear. Pt length three times its breadth at its middle. Nodal range in FW: Ax 11–17 &amp; Px 13–15; HW: Ax 10–12 &amp; Px 11–13.</p><p>Abdomen (Figs 2C, 2E, 6A, 6F, 6G). Ground colour shiny black and marked with pale lemon-yellow as follows: S1 inferolaterally and laterally pale yellowish white, smudged with brown dorsolaterally; S2 auricle and adjoining region With a small spot near its posterior edge; S3–6 marked with very small, triangular, basolateral streaks, the ventral parts of which extending posteriorly by not more than an anterior fifh of the segments; S7 marked with a ventrally incomplete annulus, this broad dorsal patch extends laterally, but is interrupted ventrally; a small triangular spot on the posterior border of S7; S8 with a thick incomplete annulus, ending mid-laterally, the posterior edge with a small triangular spot. S9–10 black and unmarked. Auricle on S2, in ventral view, elliptical in outline, with a series of small, medially directed spines on its posteromedial and medial portion. In dorsal view, a mid-dorsal yellow line extends from S1 almost to the caudal border of S5; dorsal streak reduced in S6, reaching only its anteriormost fifh; the basal dorsal patch in S7 has a short bifid paradorsal extension posteriorly; S8 and 9 have a small triangular dorsal extension posteriorly.</p><p>Anal appendages (Figs 2D, 2F, 4D, 4E, 4F, 5F, 5H). Ground colour of cerci and epiprocts black; the part of the cerci distal to the lateral spine is white dorsally, brown ventrally, and its extreme tip is smudged with brown and ends in a black hook. Length of cerci equals that of S 10 in dorsal view. Lateral horns of the epiproct straight, directed posterolaterally, tip finely hooked. In dorsal view, the male cerci are directed laterally, lateral profile of the cerci sinuous, short spine directed straight laterally in its basal third, its extreme tip curved laterally in on itself.</p><p>Secondary genitalia (Figs 4B, 4C, 5D). Colour amber-brown to dark brown. Anterior hamule (AH) shorter than the posterior hamule (PH) in lateral view, distal half tapering and curved into a hook with its tip directed posterolaterally; Body of PH broader than AH, tapering and curved gradually towards its tip; tip of PH truncated, flat, shallowly notched, and directed anteriorly, lying along its counterpart in the midline. Ligula broad, higher than the PH, directed posteriorly, covering the distal section of the stem and the middle segment of the vesica spermalis. The structure of the VS and PH is illustrated in Fig. 4C. The middle segment of the vesica spermalis, in lateral view, has a triangular extension directed ventro-posteriorly (Fig. 5D).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Kerala: Nilgiri–Silent Valley landscape—Silent Valley NP (Nair et al., 2021); Coorg landscape—Kanichar and Kottiyoor WLS, Kannur; Munnar landscape—Mangulam and Edamalakudi of High Range subunit; Agasthyamalai landscape—Chinnapullu in Trivandrum Territorial Division, Ponmudi Hills in Kulathupuzha Reserve, and Peppara WLS (Nair et al., in press). Tamil Nadu: Kallar, Mettupalayam, Kotagiri Ghat in Nilgiris (Fraser, 1934, 1942) and Kotagiri Ghat Kotagiri Ghat in Nilgiris (Kimmins, 1966).</p><p>Annotations</p><p>In addition to the diagnostic features mentioned above, examination of the holotype in the BNHM (NHMUK # 013384589  Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser, 1934), fresh specimens from the Western Ghats (12 males, not collected), and voucher specimens in the TORG collection (4 males) revealed that the inferior appendage of this species is divergent, robust and straight, with its extreme tip hooked and recurved (Figs 2D, 2F, 4D–F, 5F, 5H). Coloration is variable in this species: the sides of the thorax sport three yellow stripes of which the middle one is variable in thickness, making differentiation from  H. promelas difficult using images alone. Although the presence of an upper humeral spot is di-</p><p>agnostic of  H. kalarensis, this marking is variable, too, absent in three out of the six specimens examined. The yellow occiput is said to be a unique character to distinguish  H. kalarensis from  H. promelas, but we found this feature to be variable as well and absent in five out of six specimens of  H. kalarensis . The robustness of the outer spine on the cerci and the curvature of the tip was found variable in  H. kalarensis and hence does not represent a solid character to distinguish this species from  H. promelas . The spots on the prothorax were individually variable.</p><p>Furthermore, we examined the lectotype of  Heliogomphus pruinans Fraser, 1922 (NHMUK #013324357) and found that the epiprocts conform to those of  H. kalarensis and not of  H. promelas (Fig. 2F). As a consequence, this taxon name is removed from the synonymy of  H. promelas and is placed as a senior synonym in that of  H. kalarensis . According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 2000), the prevailing name should be retained as a nomen protectum, if a senior synonym or homonym has not been used as a valid name afer 1899 (Article 23.9.1.1) and the junior synonym or homonym has been used as valid by at least ten authors in 25 scientific works published in the immediately preceding 50 years and encompassing not less than ten years (Article 23.9.1.2). Since these criteria are met by the name  H. kalarensis Fraser, 1934, which was used in 27 scientific works, the name  Heliogomphus pruinans, Fraser, 1922 is synonymized with  H. kalarensis Fraser, 1934, a nomen protectum in accordance with ICZN Article 23.9.1.2, suppressing its lesser used senior synonym.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CEE330A63BFFDDFCEA319D0131BCF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sadasivan, Kalesh;Nair, Vinayan P.;Palot, Muhamed Jafer;K., Abraham Samuel;Shereef, Anzil	Sadasivan, Kalesh, Nair, Vinayan P., Palot, Muhamed Jafer, K., Abraham Samuel, Shereef, Anzil (2022): Taxonomic notes on the genus Heliogomphus Laidlaw, 1922 (Odonata: Gomphidae), with a redescription of H. kalarensis Fraser, 1934 from southern India. International Journal of Odonatology 25: 107-120, DOI: 10.48156/1388.2022.1917187, URL: https://doi.org/10.48156/1388.2022.1917187
