identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CC879FF9579D49FF6321C48F07AB2A.text	03CC879FF9579D49FF6321C48F07AB2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Patinapta Heding 1928	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Patinapta Heding, 1928</p>
            <p> Diagnosis of genus [summarized from Heding (1928): 237–238 and that of Cherbonnier (1954)]. Type species:  Synapta ooplax von Marenzeller. With diagnosis: Tentacles pinnate, 12, sensory cups on the oral side of the tentacles, not forming pigmented eye-spots. Radial pieces of calcareous ring perforated for nerves. Polian vesicles few, ranging from 1 to 8, stone canal is single. Ossicles in the body, anchors, anchor plates and granules, also rods in tentacles. Anchors of anterior body shorter and narrower than those of posterior body. However, anchor plates of anterior body larger than those of posterior body. Perforations on the anchor plates vary in number, large perforations somewhat dented, lacking a bridge-like frame (seen in many other genera of family  Synaptidae ) on basal part of the plate. dorsal mesentary. Ciliated funnels erupt on the mesenteries </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC879FF9579D49FF6321C48F07AB2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yamana, Yusuke;Hirashima, Kentarou;Sato, Masanori;Yamamori, Luna	Yamana, Yusuke, Hirashima, Kentarou, Sato, Masanori, Yamamori, Luna (2025): First revision of the apodid holothurian genus Patinapta Heding, 1928 (Synaptidae) in Japanese waters, with establishment of four new species from Kyushu Island and Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 5569 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5569.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5569.1.1
03CC879FF9559D5CFF6324AD8EE9AE84.text	03CC879FF9559D5CFF6324AD8EE9AE84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Patinapta ooplax (von Marenzeller 1882)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Patinapta ooplax (von Marenzeller, 1882)</p>
            <p>[Japanese name: Himo-ikari-namako]</p>
            <p>(Figs 4–8; Tables 1–3)</p>
            <p> Synapta ooplax Von Marenzeller, 1882: 122–123 +Taf. IV fig. 1.) </p>
            <p> Leptosynapta ooplax : Ohshima 1914: 469–470; Clark 1908: 90–91. </p>
            <p> Patinapta ooplax (von Marenzeller, 1882) : Heding 1928: 238–241, accepted after Liao 1997: 263 + textfig. 156a–d. </p>
            <p> Original species description (as  Synapta ooplax in von Marenzeller, 1882: 122–123 +pl. IV fig. 1. Translated and simplified from original deutsche). </p>
            <p>Type locality, Japan. Three specimens examined in von Marenzeller’s (1882) study. Tentacles 12 short, body vermiform up to 70 mm, color receding reddish, skin wavy but not rough. Each tentacle possesses 4–5 pairs of digits. Calcareous ring composed of 12 plates weakly bound, one additional interradial plate inserted between in left dorsal RIV and RII, also the same in right dorsal RV and RIII. Radial plates with sharp anterior point, interradial plates with semicircular perforation on their anterior tip. Polian vesicle single, 4–12 mm long, stone canal single, gonad tubules branched.</p>
            <p>Body wall ossicles consisted of anchors and anchor plates. Anchor plates ranged within 94–109 μm length, perforations centrally larger than those of marginal. Positions of perforations were irregular, only large perforations equipped with teeth arraign along with inner rim. Anchor ossicles ranged within 113–119 μm length, all anchor arms (bills) equipped with 2 or 3 minute teeth on their outer tips. Longitudinal muscle granule ossicles consisted of minute curved rods or ovoid perforated plates ranged within 28–40 μm length and about 15.7 μm width. Tentacle ossicles only rod ossicles, weakly curved and often branched or perforated at distal ends. Rod ossicles ranged within 52–87 μm length and 6–12 μm breadth.</p>
            <p>Description of the present result</p>
            <p>The largest specimen from Otsuchi Bay (WMNH-2014-INV- 239) was identified as this species. External and internal morphologies as follows (Table 1): The preserved body color, pale peanut after fixation for about 10 years (Fig. 4). 12 tentacles, each with up to 6 pairs of digits. On the oral side of the tentacle stem about 5–18 sensory cups, sporadically arranged within the 10 tentacles of the ventral side; the medio-dorsal 2 tentacles without sensory cups.</p>
            <p>Polian vesicle single, narrow, fusiform, 7.63 mm length, attached with posterior end of the water brood circle just behind of calcareous ring at medio-ventral position (RI). Tentacles ampullae12 attached with outer circle of calcareous ring, each ampullae narrower and shorter than Polian vesicle. Stone canal single, thread-like, attached to narrow space of anterior end of left side of dorsal mesentery between basal parts of tentacle ampullae at mediodorsal (IR5), suddenly turned to upward and forward, resulted in facing forward, distally with mold-like madreporite. Ciliated funnels are attached along midline of left dorsal interradial (IR3) inner-side body wall, forming crowded one band in this specimen.</p>
            <p>Inside body, two tufts of gonad tubules attached to both sides of anterior dorsal mesentery, also two whitish tubule organs adhered to upper and under sides of intestine canal. Intestine canal lacking loop.</p>
            <p>Body wall sticky surface, soft but thick, with ossicle sporadically arranging latitudinal layout of all as sets of anchor and plate, their direction disordered, lacking in body wall upon longitudinal muscles.</p>
            <p>a–i: Indicators for ossicles shape, and one parameter (Ntp, number s teethed perforation) (see, Materials and Methods).</p>
            <p>Variation of external and internal morphologies</p>
            <p>All external morphologies well-agreeing to those as represented above, however, internally several differences were observed. In the small specimen (WMNH-2020-INV-62), whitish tubule organ adhered to underside of intestine canal, and lacking dorsal gonad tubules (Fig. 5B). In the middle-size specimen (WMNH-2014-INV-238), whitish tubule organ adhered to underside of intestine canal and also equipped with dorsal gonad tubules (Fig. 5A). From these whitish tubule, narrow canal bound to basal part of gonad tubules, but none of the genital cells were observed in the whitish tubule, which was fully filled with non-staining cells (anucleate cells) (Fig. 6A, B).</p>
            <p>The present results of ossicle morphologies</p>
            <p>Body wall ossicles are anchors and anchor plates (Fig. 7; Table 2). Anchor plates ranged within: 93–117 μm length (mean±SD=106.6±2.9 μm in ventrally, 101.3±7.4 μm in dorsally). Perforations on anchor plates centrally larger than those of marginal, relatively larger seven perforations arranged in each six apex and one center positions of slightly distorted hexagon. Larger perforations equipped with sharpened triangle teeth, closely and continuously standing along with their peripheral edge, some perforations filled up by teeth and resulting in asterisk-like form. Two calculated indicators for anchor plates and parameters varies within APS =0–11.2 (mean±SD= 2.6 ± 4.8 in ventrally, 1.3± 1.3 in dorsally); Ntp =7–10 (mean±SD=7.6 ± 0.5 in ventrally, 7.5± 1.77 in dorsally); APT =22.2–47.4% (mean±SD=29.8 ± 2.2% in ventrally, 39.1±8.0% in dorsally), thus this specimen had values of “ APS =0 (n =1), Ntp =7 (n =1)”and “ APT =23% (n =1)” close to those from von Marenzeller’s work (1882) based on the syntype.</p>
            <p>Anchor ossicles ranged within 144–164 μm length (mean±SD=152.4± 8.6 μm in ventrally, 154.3±7.0 μm in dorsally). All the anchor arms (bills) equipped with minute teeth on their outer tips, numbers of teeth ranged within 3–8 (mean±SD=6.2± 0.4 in ventrally, 6.1± 1.6 in dorsally): about 3 teeth on each anchor arms. Two calculated indicators for anchors were ranged within ASW =20.3–24.3% (mean±SD=21.5 ± 0.7% in ventrally, 22.4±1.4% in dorsally); AEW =47.3–58.8% (mean±SD=53.9±3.4% in ventrally, 52.0±2.4% in dorsally), thus this specimen had values of “ ASW =21.9% (n = 1) and AEW =55% (n =1)” that were close to those calculated from von Marenzeller’s work (1882) based on the syntype.</p>
            <p>Body longitudinal muscle ossicles are granule ossicles (Fig. 7C,E, Table2), both O-shaped and C-shaped granules ossicles observed, ranging within 27–59 μm length (mean±SD=36.8±7.7 μm in ventrally, 35.8±6.5 μm in dorsally). The calculated indicator for granule proportions was variated within GP =27.1–79.4% (mean±SD=47.3±12.5% in ventrally, 47.5±9.4% in dorsally) and GCO =69.2% in ventrally, 76.5% in dorsally, thus this specimen had a value of “ GP =44.3% (n =6)” that was close to that calculated from von Marenzeller’s work (1882) based on the syntype. However, another indicator of all three specimens were noticeably larger values than“ GCO =50% (n =6, presumably selected as typical two shapes of O-shaped and C-shaped granules ossicles)” that was calculated from von Marenzeller’s work (1882) based on the syntype.</p>
            <p>Tentacle ossicles were rods (Fig. 7, Table 2), their length and calculated indicator for rod proportions (RP) and complexities (RC) ranged within: 69–97 μm length (mean±SD=83.4 ±9.0 μm), RP =7.2–13.6% (mean±SD=9.8 ± 2.2%), and R =8.9 (mean±SD=8.9 ± 3.3), thus this specimen had values “ RP =13.1% (n =3) and RC =11.2 (n =3)” close to those from von Marenzeller’s work (1882) based on the syntype.</p>
            <p>Observation on the morphology of calcareous ring</p>
            <p>Calcareous plates 12, weakly bound (Fig. 8A), with posterior depression on every plate other than the 4 plates situated in right and left dorso-lateral positions (IR4; RIII; IR3; RII), where additional interradial plate (IR4’; IR3’) and adjacent radial plate (RIII; RII) construct a wide space (like a “interradial perforation”) between their lateral ends. Three radial plates of the calcareous ring (RI; RIV; RV) with a slight anterior projection and a perforation; the interradial calcareous ring plates also with a slight anterior projection; the medio-dorsal plate (IR5) with indentations, one at the anterior margin and one at the posterior margin.</p>
            <p>Ossicles variation among three specimens</p>
            <p>Three specimens were chosen as specimens with different body sizes (Table 1) to investigate if morphological changes of ossicles occur in different body sizes.</p>
            <p>Body wall ossicles are anchors and anchor plates. Anchor plate ossicle length and calculated indicators ranged within: 88–109 μm length, APS =0–11.4, Ntp =3–9, APT =8.8–55.9% (in small specimen WMNH-2020-INV-62, Table 2); 94–113 μm length, APS =0–6.4, Ntp =5–8, APT =17.2–32.0% (in middle-size specimen WMNH-2014-INV-238, Table 2); and 93–117 μm length, APS =0–11.2, Ntp =4–10, APT =22.2–47.4% (in large-size specimen WMNH-2014- INV-239, Table 2). Among these values, length of anchor plate ossicles and the numbers of teethed perforations Ntp were not significantly different (Ps&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test, both in ventrally and dorsally), while the frequency of teethed perforations APT was significantly different (Ps &lt;0.005, Kruskal-Wallis’ test), and non-size dependance indicator of plate skewness APS were not significantly different (Ps&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test). From these results, the anchor plate ossicles in the body wall of the present three specimens were not different in ossicle lengths, but different in the frequencies of the teethed perforations in total perforations different among body size (large specimen possess many teeth-less perforations on the anchor plate ossicles). Therefore, length of the anchor plate ossicles (average about 100–110 μm), numbers of teethed perforations (4–10), and skewness (distorted slightly caused by disorderly scattered basal small perforations) of this species can be the appropriate (accurate) diagnostic keys, while the indicator of the frequency of teethed perforations APT will change during individual growth, and is not an appropriate key.</p>
            <p>Anchor ossicles length and calculated indicators ranged within: 135–185 μm length, ASW =18.3–23.9%, AEW =47.9–60.3% (in small specimen WMNH-2020-INV-62, Table 2); 145–168 μm length, ASW =24.4–31.3%, AEW =51.4–63.0% (in middle-size specimen WMNH-2014-INV-238, Table 2); and 144–164 μm length, ASW =20.3– 24.3%, AEW =47.3–58.8% (in large-size specimen WMNH-2014-INV-239, Table 2). Among these values, lengths of anchor ossicles were not significantly different (Ps&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test), while the indicator for anchor stem breadth ASW and AEW for basal / distal ends width were significantly different (Ps &lt;0.005, Kruskal-Wallis’ test, both in ventrally and dorsally). From these results, the anchor ossicles in the body wall of the present three specimens were not different in ossicle length, but different in stem breadths and basal / distal ends balances in different body sizes (small specimen possessing narrower anchor stems and narrower distal end widths between one arm and other arm, resulting in close values of basal/distal ends width). Therefore, length of the anchor ossicles of this species is an appropriate diagnostic key, while their ossicle shape indicated in ASW and AEW changes across individual body growth, and thus are not appropriate keys.</p>
            <p>Longitudinal muscle involved both O-shaped and C-shaped granule ossicles, length and calculated indicators ranged within: 27–45 μm length, GP =36.6–53.2%, GCO =77.8–80.0% (in small specimen WMNH-2020-INV-62, Table 2); 24–45 μm length, GP =42.9–77.8%, GCO =62.5–100% (in middle-size specimen WMNH-2014-INV-238, Table 2); and 27–59 μm length, GP =27.1–79.4%, GCO =69.2–76.5% (in large-size specimen WMNH-2014-INV-239, Table 2). Among these values, length and their ratio of C- or O-shape GCO of granule ossicles were not significantly different (Ps&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test and Ps&gt;0.05, χ 2 -multiple test, respectively, both in ventrally and dorsally), while another calculated indicator for proportion GP was significantly different (Ps &lt;0.005, Kruskal-Wallis’ test). Therefore, the length (average about 30–40 μm) of granule ossicles and their ratio of C- or O-shaped granule ossicles (ratio O-shaped granule ossicles about twice larger than the other) are appropriate keys.</p>
            <p>Tentacle ossicles were rods, their length and calculated indicators ranged within: 51–74 μm length, RP =7– 14%, and RC =6.8 (in small specimen WMNH-2020-INV-62, Table 2); 62–83 μm length, RP =11–20%, and RC =7.5 (in middle-size specimen WMNH-2014-INV-238, Table 2); and 69–97 μm length, RP =7–14%, and RC =8.9 (in large-size specimen WMNH-2014-INV-239, Table 2). Among these values, length of rod ossicles and non-size dependence indicator for proportion (RP) were different significantly (Ps&lt;0.005, Kruskal-Wallis’ test), while non-size dependence complexities (RC) were not different significantly (P&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test). From these results, the rod ossicles in the tentacles of the present three specimens were different in their length, proportions and complexities in different body sizes (large specimen possessing more complex shapes of rod ossicles). Therefore, the morphologies of tentacle rod ossicles of this species cannot be good diagnostic characters as their values change over an individual’s growth.</p>
            <p>Calcareous ring variation among three specimens</p>
            <p>Three specimens were chosen as specimens collected only from Otsuchi Bay, with a large-size specimen, WMNH-2014-INV-239 (90.5 mm length) (Fig. 8A); small specimen, WMNH-2014-INV-240 (56.1 mm length) (Fig. 8C); and middle-size specimen WMNH-2014-INV-241 (75.3 mm length) (Fig. 8B). Calcareous plates 12, weakly bound (Fig. 8A), with posterior depression on every plate other than the 4 plates situated in right and left dorso-lateral positions (IR4; RIII; IR3; RII), where additional interradial plate (IR4’; IR3’) and adjacent radial plate (RIII; RII) made a wide space like an “interradial perforation” between their lateral ends of the large-size and the middle-size specimens, with a wide space and a narrow space, respectively, however, only deep posterior depression instead of “interradial perforation” in the calcareous plates of small specimen. Three radial plates of the calcareous ring (RI; RIV; RV) with a slight anterior projection and a perforation, very short projection and small perforation in small specimen; the interradial calcareous ring plates also with a slight anterior projection; the medio-dorsal plate (IR5) with indentations, one at the anterior margin and one at the posterior margin, while only medio-ventral plate (RI) possess posterior depression and other plates possess only posterior expanding in small specimen.</p>
            <p>Supplemental note</p>
            <p> In the observation of one syntype specimen of  Synapta ooplax by Y.Y., all of ossicles were eroded and could not be confirmed, as they had been drying for long time, as has previously been reported in an accident of the syntype of  Chiridota japonica (see Yamana et al. 2022). Through von Marenzeller’s dissection opening, we could confirm that a radial plate of the calcareous ring at medio-ventral position (RI) was perforated, and at least one band of crowded ciliated funnels aligned at along midline of the left dorsal interradius (IR3). </p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> From the investigation on three different-size specimens, several morphological trends on ossicles of this species can be expected: i) rod ossicles of tentacles change their length small to large, also their shapes change from simple to complex as it grows; ii) anchor plate ossicles and anchor ossicles do not change their length during growth from young to mature adult, iii) in the body wall in young specimens, anchor plate ossicles show more distortion than in mature adults, at least in the type species of the genus  Patinapta . </p>
            <p>Morphologies of calcareous plates of three specimens all from Otsuchi Bay different among specimens. Fully matured large and middle animals possess a calcareous ring with “interradial perforation,” while young immature animals possess a calcareous ring without “interradial perforation.” It is strongly considered that such morphological changes may be a result of individual growth, thus some intermediate forms must be expected.</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>The present three specimens were collected from mid-intertidal sandy boulder shore, closely situated to a small river mouth. Basing on the identifying features suggested from the present results, WMNH-INV accommodates total 584 specimens of this species preserved in 36 bottles (Honshu island 25; Shikoku island 3; Kyushu island 7; Ryukyu islands 1) (Table 3), ranging from Mutsu Bay, Aomori (40°N) to Tatsugo Bay, Amami island, Kagoshima (28°N). Throughout this latitudinal range (ca. 28– 40°N) this species must be inhabiting everywhere in the intertidal zone and shallow waters (ca. 0–10 m deep), encircling Japanese islands, while previous distributional reports about outside Japanese waters, lately Liao (1997: 263–264) noted distribution of this species as: Chinese coastal waters, southernmost of Haimen town, Guangdong province (23°N) to northernmost of Dalian City, Liaoning province (38°N), however in the figures for ossicles, anchor plate are lacking with bilateral symmetrical shape and all the perforations without teeth, thus strongly implies Liao (1997) made a misidentification for this species. The Aomori specimens represent a northernmost extension of the distribution of this species, which had previously been considered to be Sagami Bay (Utinomi 1965). In our observations of the specimens in WMNH-INV, Hokkaido and the South-western islands of Tokara, Ryukyu and Yaeyama did not have specimens of this species, and it is likely this species is not distributed in these regions. It has not yet been investigated whether this species inhabits the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands (around 27°N) or not.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC879FF9559D5CFF6324AD8EE9AE84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yamana, Yusuke;Hirashima, Kentarou;Sato, Masanori;Yamamori, Luna	Yamana, Yusuke, Hirashima, Kentarou, Sato, Masanori, Yamamori, Luna (2025): First revision of the apodid holothurian genus Patinapta Heding, 1928 (Synaptidae) in Japanese waters, with establishment of four new species from Kyushu Island and Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 5569 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5569.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5569.1.1
03CC879FF9429D5AFF6327798D28AF11.text	03CC879FF9429D5AFF6327798D28AF11.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Patinapta taiwaniensis Chao, Rowe & Chang 1988	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Patinapta taiwaniensis Chao, Rowe &amp; Chang, 1988</p>
            <p>[New Japanese name: Taiwan-himo-ikari-namako]</p>
            <p>(Figs 9–11; Tables 1, 4, 5)</p>
            <p> Patinapta taiwaniensis Chao, Rowe &amp; Chang, 1988: 33–38 + textfigs 1–5; accepted after Liao 1997: 264–265 + textfig. 157a–e. </p>
            <p>Original species description (summarized from original diagnosis and description, figures in Chao et al. 1988: 33–38 + textfigs 1–5).</p>
            <p> Type locality, southern end of Taiwan. Six specimens examined in the study reported by Chao et al (1988). Tentacles 12–13 short, body vermiform up to 150 mm. Body color whitish, more or less transparent, five longitudinal muscle bands being visible outside body. Each tentacle possesses 4–5 pairs of digits, with unpaired terminal digit. On the oral-side of tentacle stem, numerous (28–36) sensory cups arranged in V- shape. Calcareous ring the same composition as  P. ooplax , but the anterior tips not undulated at all. Polian vesicles double. Ciliated funnels as one crowded row along left dorsal interradius (IR3). </p>
            <p>Body wall ossicles consisted of anchors and anchor plates. Anchor plates ranged within 73–103 μm in length, size of perforations noticeably varied between central and marginal locations. Positions of perforations were irregular, largest perforations situated biased from the center, surrounded by a ring of up to 6 smaller perforations. Largest perforations and several larger perforations equipped with 2–6 spaced teeth arraign along with inner rim. Anchor ossicles ranged within 155–160 μm in length, all anchor arms (bills) equipped with 2–4 minute teeth on their outer tips.</p>
            <p>Longitudinal muscle ossicles (misidentified as military granules in “body wall” in the original description) consisted of minute curved rods, merely with closed perforations, ranged within 22–58 μm in length and about 10 μm in width.</p>
            <p>Tentacle ossicles only rod ossicles, weakly curved and mostly branched or perforated at distal ends. Rod ossicles ranged within 50–90 μm in length and 7–11 μm in breadth.</p>
            <p>Description of present result</p>
            <p>The largest specimen from Sesoko-jima island, Okinawa (WMNH-2016-INV-237) was identified as this species. External and internal morphologies as follows (Table 1): preserved body color, semi-transparent pink-whitish pale color (Fig. 9). Tentacles 12, each with up to 5 pairs of digits with unpaired terminal digit. On the oral-side of tentacle stem, about 16–26 sensory cups linearly arranged in a V- shape. Sensory cups attached to all tentacles, however sporadically in the dorsal tentacles. Polian vesicle double, narrow, fusiform, 4.11 mm length, attached with posterior end of the water brood circle just behind calcareous ring at medio-ventral position (RI). Tentacles ampullae12 attached with outer circle of calcareous ring, each ampullae narrower and shorter than Polian vesicle. Stone canal single, thread-like, attached to narrow space between basal parts of tentacle ampullae at mediodorsal (IR5), suddenly turned upward and forward, resulting in it facing forward, distally with mold-like madreporite. Ciliated funnels are attached along midline of left dorsal interradial (IR3) inner-side body wall, erupting as one sporadical row in this specimen.</p>
            <p>Inside body, two tufts of gonad tubules attached to both sides of anterior dorsal mesentery, also two whitish tubule organs adhered to upper and under sides of intestine canal. Intestine canal lacking loop.</p>
            <p>Body wall smooth surface, soft but thick, with ossicle arranging latitudinal layout of all as sets of anchor and plate. Both sides along five longitudinal muscles with distal ends of anchor ossicles facing towards interradial area, however ossicles on radial body-walls upon longitudinal muscles and interradial body-walls have distal ends randomly facing either direction. In the present study, only this species possesses segmented-like body wall as an annelid‐plan (latitudinal contractions occurring at uniform intervals).</p>
            <p>a–i, (see, Materials and Methods) Indicators for ossicle shape, and one parameter (Ntp, number of teethed perforation).</p>
            <p>The present results of ossicle morphologies</p>
            <p>Body wall ossicles are anchors and anchor plates (Fig. 10B, D; Table 4). Anchor plates ranged within: 94–113 μm in length (mean±SD=104.6±6.0 μm ventrally, 94.4±7.9 μm dorsally). Size of perforations noticeably varied between central area and marginal area. Largest perforation situated slightly biased from the center, surrounded by a ring of up to 6 smaller perforations. Largest perforations and several larger perforations equipped with 2–8 spaced blunt-teeth discontinuously standing along their peripheral edge, however teethed perforations were small number, and several larger perforations lacked teeth. Two calculated indicators for anchor plates and a parameter were variated within APS =0–0.7 (mean±SD=0.4±0.3 ventrally, 0.4±0.3 dorsally); Ntp =3–6 (mean±SD=4.2± 1.1 in ventrally, 3.3± 0.5 in dorsally); APT =4.2–31.6% (mean±SD=21.8±6.0% ventrally, 17.8±2.2% dorsally), thus this specimen had values “ APS =0.3±0.3, Ntp =4.3±2.1, APT =20.4±9.0%,” close to those calculated from Chao’s work (1988) based on the holotype.</p>
            <p>Anchor ossicles ranged within 138–163 μm in length (mean±SD=152.0±7.4 μm in ventrally, 150.7±8.0 μm in dorsally) (Fig. 10B, D; Table 4). All the anchor arms (bills) equipped with minute teeth on their outer tips, numbers of teeth ranged within 2–6 (mean±SD=3.7±1.0 in ventrally, 4.4± 0.9 in dorsally): about 2 teeth on each anchor arms. Two calculated indicators for anchors ranged within ASW =19.1–27.6% (mean±SD= 20.8±1.2% in ventrally, 24.3±1.2% in dorsally); AEW =43.8–63.5% (mean±SD=48.2±4.1% in ventrally, 57.6±3.7% in dorsally), thus this specimen had values of “ AEW =42.6 % (n =2)” close to those calculated from Chao’s work (1988) based on the holotype, however “ ASW =12.3% (n =2)” was different from the holotype, being noticeably larger than that of the syntype.</p>
            <p>Body longitudinal muscle ossicles granule ossicles (Fig. 10C, E; Table 4), both O-shaped and C-shaped granules ossicles were observed, ranging within 20–37 μm in length (mean±SD=29.2±4.0 μm in ventrally, 29.8±4.9 μm in dorsally). The calculated indicator for granule proportions was variated within GP =37.1–70.8% (mean±SD=47.6±6.0% in ventrally, 48.1±11.1% in dorsally) and GCO =66.7% in ventrally, 84.6% in dorsally, thus this specimen showed close value of “ GP =31.0±9.3% (n =11)” which calculated from Chao’s work (1988) based on the holotype, however did not show close value “ GOC =18.2% (n =11),” while more large value for that.</p>
            <p>Tentacle ossicles were rods (Fig. 10A, Table 4), their length and calculated indicator for rod proportions (RP) and complexities (RC) ranged within: 69–104 μm in length (mean±SD=81.1±10.3 μm), RP = RP = 9.2–14.7% (mean±SD=11.7±1.9%), and RC =8.9 (mean±SD=9.3±2.9), thus this specimen had values “ RP =10.9% and RC =7.9” close to those calculated from Chao’s work (1988) based on the holotype.</p>
            <p>Observation on the morphology of calcareous rings</p>
            <p>Calcareous plates 12, firmly bound (Fig. 11), with slight anterior projection and slight posterior depression. All five radial plates (RI, RII, RIII, RIV, RV) perforated in each anterior half. There is no space between the additional interradial plate (IR4’; IR3’) and adjacent radial plate (RIII; RII).</p>
            <p>Ossicle variation among three specimens</p>
            <p>Three specimens were chosen as representative of different body sizes (Table 1) to investigate if morphological changes in ossicles occur in different body sizes. Tentacle ossicles were rods, their length and calculated indicators ranged within: 58–84 μm length, RP =10.9–14.1%, and RC =6.2–14.1 (in small specimen WMNH-2021-INV-542, Table 4); 51–95 μm length, RP =9.2–18.1%, and RC = 4.7–14.9 in middle-size specimen WMNH-2016-INV-236, Table 4); and 69–104 μm length, RP =9.2–14.7%, and RC =5.4–14.9 (in large-size specimen WMNH-2016-INV-237, Table 4). Among these values, lengths of rod ossicles and rods were not different significantly (P&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test), and also two calculated indicators for proportion (RP) and complexities (RC) were not significantly different (Ps&gt; 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test) among the three specimens. From these results, the rod ossicles in the tentacles of the present three specimens were almost the same in length, proportions and complexities in different body sizes. Therefore, the length (average about 70–80 μm), proportions (average about 12–13%), and complexities (average about 8–9) can be appropriate diagnostic characters.</p>
            <p>Body wall ossicles are anchors and anchor plates. Anchor plate ossicles length and calculated indicators ranged within: 98–125 μm in length, APS =0–0.7, Ntp =3–7, APT =9.8–22.7% (in small specimen WMNH-2021-INV-542, Table 4); 94–135 μm in length, APS =0–0.7, Ntp =3–6, APT =8.57–31.6% (in middle-size specimen WMNH-2016- INV-236, Table 4); and 83–113 μm in length, APS =0–0.7, Ntp =3–6, APT =14.2–31.6% (in large-size specimen WMNH-2016-INV-237, Table 4). Among these values, lengths of anchor plate ossicles and the skewness APS, (were not different significantly (Ps&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test, both in ventrally and dorsally) among specimens, while the frequency of teethed perforations APT, and their parameter Ntp differed significantly among specimens (Ps &lt;0.005, Kruskal-Wallis’ test). From these results, the anchor plate ossicles in the body wall of the present three specimens were not different in ossicle lengths or skewness of the layout for perforations, regardless of the different body sizes of the specimens. Therefore, the length (average approximately 100–120 μm), counts of teethed perforations, and frequencies in total perforations of the anchor plate ossicles of this species cannot be appropriate diagnostic characters.</p>
            <p>Anchor ossicle lengths and calculated indicators ranged within: 138–165 μm length, ASW =21.2–25.0%, AEW =42.5–48.0% (in small specimen WMNH-2021-INV-542, Table 4); 126–167 μm length, ASW =15.9–25.4%, AEW =37.2–57.9% (in middle-size specimen WMNH-2016-INV-236, Table 4); and 138–163 μm length, ASW =19.1– 27.6%, AEW =43.8–63.5% (in large-size specimen WMNH-2016-INV-237, Table 4). Among these values, lengths of anchor ossicles were not significantly different among specimens (Ps&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test), while the indicator for anchor stem breadth ASW and for basal / distal ends width AEW were significantly different (Ps &lt;0.005, Kruskal-Wallis’ test, both in ventrally and dorsally). From these results, the anchor ossicles in the body wall of the present three specimens were not different in ossicle length for different body sizes, however, the anchor ossicles were different in the stem breadths, and basal / distal ends balances. Therefore, the length of the anchor ossicles of this species can be an appropriate diagnostic character.</p>
            <p>Longitudinal muscle included both O-shaped and C-shaped granule ossicles, length and calculated indicators ranged within: 22–45 μm length, GP =34.1–68.2%, GCO =20.0–71.4% (in small specimen WMNH-2021-INV-542, Table 4); 19–31 μm length, GP =37.9–70.0%, GCO =50.0–58.3% (in middle-size specimen WMNH-2021-INV-542, Table 4); and 20–37 μm length, GP =37.1–70.8%, GCO =66.7–84.6% (in large-size specimen WMNH-2016-INV-237, Table 4). Among these values, lengths of granule ossicles were significantly different (Ps &lt;0.005, Kruskal-Wallis’ test, both ventrally and dorsally) among the specimens, and also two calculated indicators GP and GCO were significantly different (GP: Ps &lt;0.005, Kruskal-Wallis’ test, GCO: Ps &lt;0.05, χ 2 -multiple test, both ventrally and dorsally). Therefore, the length, proportions and the ratio C- or O-shape granule ossicles of this species changed due to individual body growth, and cannot be appropriate diagnostic characters.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> This is the first record of  Patinapta taiwaniensis from Japan:the external and internal morphologies of three specimens were largely in agreement with the original description for this species (Chao et al. 1988), however observed ossicle morphologies, were different from the original description, especially in the indicators GCO and APS, with present values about +40% and +10% larger than the values calculated from the original description, respectively (Table 4). Additionally, numbers of sensory cups (16–26 cups) attached to the tentacle stem of the present specimens were also noticeably smaller than those noted in the original description (28–36 cups). Therefore, the possibility these represent different species remains. However, there were no critical differences detected between ossicle shapes of the original description and the present study, and we judge the present three specimens to be accommodated in this species. Further molecular based studies of these species are desirable. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Type locality, south end of Taiwan (Chao et al. 1988). Also reported from Hainan Island (Liao 1997). The present two specimens from Sesoko-jima Island were collected from mid-intertidal sandy beach, and one specimen was from the Osato-gawa collected from the estuarine intertidal flats, in the river mouth. The present two localities were intertidal shores on the East China Sea. Basing on the identifying features suggested from the present results, WMNH-INV accommodates a total of 76 specimens preserved in 5 bottles (Kyushu Island 1; Ryukyu Islands 4) (Table 5).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC879FF9429D5AFF6327798D28AF11	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yamana, Yusuke;Hirashima, Kentarou;Sato, Masanori;Yamamori, Luna	Yamana, Yusuke, Hirashima, Kentarou, Sato, Masanori, Yamamori, Luna (2025): First revision of the apodid holothurian genus Patinapta Heding, 1928 (Synaptidae) in Japanese waters, with establishment of four new species from Kyushu Island and Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 5569 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5569.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5569.1.1
03CC879FF9449D57FF63217B8936AB73.text	03CC879FF9449D57FF63217B8936AB73.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Patinapta deformis Yamana & Hirashima & Sato & Yamamori 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Patinapta deformis sp. nov.</p>
            <p>[New Japanese name: Yoron-himo-ikari-namako]</p>
            <p>(Figs 12–14; Tables 1, 6, 8)</p>
            <p> Three specimens from  Yoron-jima Island were identified as new to science. We herein described the morphological characters of this new species. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Total shapes of anchor plates strongly distorted, their large perforations (mostly 2–3) fewer than those of the two congener nominal species (mostly 4–7), around these few perforations, marginal area broad and flat. Basal T-shaped end of anchor ossicles large, semicircular-shape. Ciliated funnels attached at inner side body wall of right dorso-lateral interradial (IR4).</p>
            <p> Type series.  Holotype, WMNH-2015-INV-106 ;  two paratypes, WMNH-2015-INV-105, 108 . </p>
            <p>Description of holotype (of WMNH-2015-INV-106: middle-size complete specimen). External and internal morphologies as follows (Table 1): 30 years-preserved specimen pale peanut color (Fig. 12). Tentacles 12, each with 10 digits of 5 pairs. On the oral-side of tentacle stem, about 10–20 sensory cups sporadically arranged in U- shape. Polian vesicle in medio-ventral position, fusiform, double (Table 1), stone canal single thread-like, attached to narrow space between basal parts of tentacle ampullae at mediodorsal (IR5), suddenly turned upward and forward, resulted in vesicle facing forward, distally with mold-like madreporite. Ciliated funnels in one crowded band along midline of right dorsal interradius (IR4).</p>
            <p>Inside body, two tufts of gonad tubules attached with both sides of anterior dorsal mesentery, also two whitish tubule organs adhered to upper and under sides of intestine canal. Intestine canal lacking loop.</p>
            <p>Body wall coarse surface, hard and thick, sparsely scattered with ossicles, arranging latitudinal layout of all as sets of anchor and plate, their directions somewhat ordered but without symmetrical design against each axial of longitudinal muscle.</p>
            <p> Etymology. The species name  deformis , alluding to the strongly distorted anchor plate. </p>
            <p>The present results of ossicle morphologies</p>
            <p>Body wall ossicles anchors and anchor plates (Fig. 13B, D; Table 6). Anchor plates ranged within 98–128 μm in length. Size of perforations noticeably variable between central area and marginal area. Largest perforation situated noticeably biased from the center, surrounded by scattering smaller perforations. Few numbers of largest perforations and several small perforations equipped with 4–18 spaced sharp-teeth arraign along with inner rim. Two calculated indicators for anchor plates and a parameter were variated within APS =0.6–22.4; Ntp =2–7; APT =11.8–20.8% (Fig. 13 B, D; Table 6).</p>
            <p>a–i, (see, Materials and Methods) Indicators for ossicles shape, and one parameter (Ntp, number s teethed perforation).</p>
            <p>Anchor ossicles ranged within 144–178 μm in length (Fig. 13 B, D; Table 6). All the anchor arms (bills) equipped with minute teeth on their outer tips, numbers of teeth variable within 2–7 (mostly 1–3 in one arm of the anchor ossicle). Anchor ossicles of this specimen had broad stem and relatively wide anchor arms, with ASW =19.1–21.3%; AEW =40.8–51.1%, and T-shaped basal end of the anchor ossicle of this species strongly widened and semicircular in shape (Fig. 13B, D). Such features were have not been reported in both previously described congeneric Japanese species (both species possess crescent-like T-shaped basal end).</p>
            <p>Body longitudinal muscle, granule ossicles of this specimen ranged within 23–36 μm in length (Fig. 13C, E; Table 6). Calculated indicator for granule proportions was variated within GP =31.2–82.6%; GCO =44.4–77.8% and were not noticeably unbalanced between O-shaped or C-shaped granules, however some granule ossicles had one or two minute perforations, resulting in turtle-face-like characteristic shape (Fig. 13C, E).</p>
            <p>Tentacle ossicles rods, ranged within 52–85 μm in length (Fig. 13A; Table 6). Two calculated indicators for rod proportions and complexities were variated within RP =10.7–20.3%; RC =5.1–12.2.</p>
            <p>Observation on the morphology of calcareous ring</p>
            <p>Calcareous plates 12, firmly bound (Fig. 14), with slight anterior projection and slight posterior depression. All radial plates perforated in each anterior half. Two ventro-lateral plates (RII; RIII) protruding strongly, and exhibit pentagonal shape, resulting in both suddenly turning sharply on these ventro-lateral plates. There is no space between the additional interradial plate (IR4’; IR3’) and adjacent radial plate (RIII; RII).</p>
            <p>Variation of external and internal morphologies</p>
            <p>Three specimens were all large-size specimens of about 90–120 mm (Table 1), all three specimens well-matured possessing fully equipped gonad tubules in their body cavities.Their external and internal morphologies approximately agreed with each other’s (Table 1).</p>
            <p>Ossicle variation among the type series</p>
            <p>Body wall ossicles anchors and anchor plates. Anchor plate ossicle length and calculated indicators of three specimens ranged within: 83–138 μm in length, APS =0.6–43.0, Ntp =1–6, APT =2.3–25.0%. Among these values, length, frequency of teethed perforations APT and their parameter Ntp, and non-size dependance indicator of plate skewness APS of anchor plate ossicles (both ventrally and dorsally) was not significantly different (Ps&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test). From these results, the anchor plate ossicles in the body wall of the present three specimens were not different in ossicle length or the skewness of the layout for perforations. Therefore, the length (about 80–140 μm), numbers of teethed perforations (1–6), and strongly distorted (up to 43) anchor plate ossicles can be appropriate diagnostic characters.</p>
            <p>Anchor ossicle length and calculated indicators ranged within: 144–181 μm in length, ASW =19.1–30.9%, AEW =38.2–63.8% (Table 6). Among these values, lengths of anchor ossicles (both ventrally and dorsally) were not significantly different (Ps&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test), while the indicator for anchor stem breadth ASW and for basal / distal ends width AEW were significantly different (Ps &lt;0.005, Kruskal-Wallis’ test). From these results, the anchor ossicles in the body wall of the present three specimens were not different in ossicle length, but different in the shape. Therefore, proportion of the anchor ossicles can be the accurate key.</p>
            <p>Longitudinal muscle involved both O-shaped and C-shaped granule ossicles, length and calculated indicators ranged within: 23–36 μm length, GP =31.2–82.6%, GCO =11.1–77.8% (Table 6). Among these values, length of granule ossicles was not different significantly (Ps&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test), also calculated indicator for proportions GP was not different significantly in GP (Ps&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test, both in ventrally and dorsally), but different significantly in GCO (Ps &lt;0.05, χ 2 -multiple test). Therefore, the length and proportion of the granule ossicles can be the appropriate keys, while the ratio C- or O-shaped granule ossicles of this species cannot be the appropriate key.</p>
            <p>Tentacle ossicles rods, length and calculated indicators of three specimens ranged within: 35–85 μm in length, RP =10.1–26.3%, and RC =5.0–17.3. Among these values, length of rod ossicles was not significantly different (P&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test), also non-size dependence indicator for proportion (RP) and non-size dependence complexities (RC) were not significantly different (Ps&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test). From these results, the rod ossicles in the tentacles of the present three specimens have similar lengths, proportions and complexities. Therefore, the morphologies of the rod ossicles of this species are appropriate diagnostic characters.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Prior specimens of this species have been misidentified as  P. taiwaniensis , based on the distorted anchor plate ossicles. However, observations herein showed that all three specimens possessed ciliated funnels in their right dorsal interradius (IR4), while  P. taiwaniensis possesses ciliated funnels in left dorsal interradius (IR3). Such differences are a critical morphological character (Table 7-1). Presently, genus  Patinapta Heding, 1928 accommodates six species from Indo-West Pacific waters (WoRMS 2024, Table 7-1; 7-2). Four other species had been described in this genus before:  P. crosslandii Heding, 1929 ;  P. dumasi Cherbonnier, 1954 ;  P. laevis (Bedford, 1899) ; and  Patinapta vaughani Cherbonnier, 1953 . Among these species, only  P. vaughani was reported as possessing ciliated funnels in the right dorsal interradius (IR4). However, each species is distinguishable by the differences of the shapes of the longitudinal muscle granules and body wall anchor plates (Table 7-2). </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Southern Japan (Kyushu Island and the Ryukyu Islands). The present three specimens collected from intertidal sandy beach with boulders originated from dead corals, in the type locality, Yoron-jima Island, Ryukyu Islands, Kagoshima, Japan. Among the specimens housed in WMNH-INV, including the present specimens, 4 bottles including 9 specimens were identified as this species (Table 8). Other than the type locality, 6 immature specimens collected from Yokaku bay and Hirose-gawa river mouth Amakusa City, Kumamoto, Japan were identified as this species. In both localities in Amakusa City, the specimens were collected from estuarine intertidal flats.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC879FF9449D57FF63217B8936AB73	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yamana, Yusuke;Hirashima, Kentarou;Sato, Masanori;Yamamori, Luna	Yamana, Yusuke, Hirashima, Kentarou, Sato, Masanori, Yamamori, Luna (2025): First revision of the apodid holothurian genus Patinapta Heding, 1928 (Synaptidae) in Japanese waters, with establishment of four new species from Kyushu Island and Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 5569 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5569.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5569.1.1
03CC879FF94D9D68FF6326248822AA22.text	03CC879FF94D9D68FF6326248822AA22.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Patinapta parvaspiculus Yamana & Hirashima & Sato & Yamamori 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Patinapta parvaspiculus sp. nov.</p>
            <p>[New Japanese name: Kokotsu-himo-ikari-namako]</p>
            <p>(Figs 15–17; Tables 1, 9, 10)</p>
            <p>  Two specimens from  Yoron-jima Island (WMNH-2015-INV-107; 2023-INV-157) and   one specimen from  Imari Bay (WMNH-2024-INV-156) were identified as new to science. We herein describe the morphological characters of this new species  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Anchor and anchor plate ossicles small. Anchor plate ossicles smaller than 100 μm, while anchor ossicles up to 150 μm, resulting in unbalanced size combinations of bounded ossicles. Total shapes of anchor plates strongly distorted (because of small total numbers of perforations), basally with a concave shallow or deep, resulting in a two-tipped ovoid shape. Perforations of anchor plate ossicles mostly without teeth, while outer edge of anchor plate ossicles equipped with minute teeth in small numbers. Ciliated funnels attached to inner side body wall along midline of left dorso-lateral interradius (IR3).</p>
            <p>Type series. Holotype, WMNH-2023-INV-157; two paratypes, WMNH-2015-INV-107; WMNH-2024-INV-156.</p>
            <p>Description of holotype (WMNH-2023-INV-157: middle-size damaged specimen). External and internal morphologies as follows (Table 1): 30 year-old preserved well-matured specimen pale peanut color, body large about 100 mm length (Fig. 15). Tentacles 12, each with 10 digits of 5 pairs. On oral-side of tentacle stem, about 10–16 sensory cups sporadically arranged in a U-shape.</p>
            <p>Polian vesicle in medio-ventral position, fusiform, triple (Table 1), stone canal single and thread-like, attached to narrow space between basal parts of tentacle ampullae at mediodorsal (IR5), suddenly turned upward and forward, resulted in it facing forward, distally with moldy surface madreporite. Ciliated funnels in one crowded band along left dorsal interradius (IR3).</p>
            <p>Inside body, two tufts of gonad tubules attached to both sides of anterior dorsal mesentery, also two whitish tubule organs adhered to upper and under sides of intestine canal. Intestine canal lacking loop.</p>
            <p>Body wall smooth surface, hard but thin, with ossicle arranging latitudinal layout of all as sets of anchor and plate. Both sides along five longitudinal muscles with distal ends of anchor ossicles facing towards interradial area, however ossicles on radial body walls upon longitudinal muscles and interradial body walls have distal ends randomly facing either direction.</p>
            <p> Etymology. The species name  parvaspiculus , alluding to the ossicles’ small size. </p>
            <p>The present results of ossicle morphologies</p>
            <p>Body wall ossicles anchors and anchor plates (Fig. 16B, D; Table 9). Anchor plates ranged within 75–98 μm in length. Size of perforations not noticeably variable between central area and marginal area, and instead almost constant between central area and marginal area, because of only few marginal perforations rarely equipped. Plates showed slight distortion, with small total numbers of perforations arranged more or less in two rows as holothuroid button ossicles, and basally with a concave shallow or deep, resulting in a two-tipped ovoid shape. Perforations of anchor plate ossicles mostly toothless, while outer edge of all anchor plate ossicles equipped with small numbers of sharp minute teeth. Two calculated indicators for anchor plates and a parameter were variated within APS =0–0.7; Nt =0–3; APT =0–27.3% (Fig. 16B, D; Table 9).</p>
            <p>a–I, (see, Materials and Methods) Indicators for ossicle shapes, and one parameter (Ntp, number of teethed perforations).</p>
            <p>Anchor ossicles ranged within 144–173 μm in length (Fig. 16B, D; Table 9). All anchor arms (bills) equipped with minute teeth on their outer tips, numbers of teeth variable within 0–6 (mostly 1–2 in one arm of the anchor ossicle), and anchor ossicles of this specimen possessed narrow stem and also relatively narrow anchor arm width, with ASW =21.8–29.5%; AEW =41.2–60.7%. T-shaped basal end of the anchor ossicle of this species crescent-shaped (Fig. 16B; D).</p>
            <p>Body longitudinal muscle, granule ossicles of this specimen ranged within 21–34 μm in length (Fig. 16C, E; Table 9). The calculated indicator for granule proportions were variated within GP =35.3–64.3%; GCO =36.4–78.6% did not have noticeable differences in amounts between the O-shape and C-shape granules.</p>
            <p>Tentacle ossicles rods, ranged within 53–102 μm in length (Fig. 16A, Table 9). Two calculated indicators for rod proportions and complexities were variated within RP = 7.1–16.9%; RC =2.7–11.7 (Table 9).</p>
            <p>Observation on the morphologies of calcareous ring</p>
            <p>Calcareous plates 12, mostly firmly bound (Fig. 17), with slight anterior projection and deep posterior depression in interradial plates, while only posterior depression in radial plates. All radial plates perforated in each anterior half. The connections between 4 plates situated in right and left dorso-lateral positions (IR4; RIII; IR3; RII), where additional interradial plate (IR4’; IR3’) and adjacent radial plate (RIII; RII) form triangular shapes and weakly bound by their apical ends.</p>
            <p>Ossicle variation among three specimens</p>
            <p>Three specimens approximately 50–100 mm in length (Table 1), two specimens (WMNH-2015-INV-107; 2023- INV-157) well-matured and possessing fully equipped gonad tubules in their body cavities, while one specimen (WMNH-2024-INV-187) immature and extended by strong contraction of latitudinal muscle. Their external and internal morphologies agreed with each other’s in many parts (Table 1).</p>
            <p>Body wall ossicles anchors and anchor plates. Anchor plate ossicle length and calculated indicators of three specimens ranged within: 75–123 μm in length, APS =0–11.3, Ntp =0–4, APT =0–27.3%. Among these values, length of anchor plate ossicles (both ventrally and dorsally) was significantly different (Ps &lt;0.005, Kruskal-Wallis’ test), while non-size dependance indicator of plate skewness APS was not significantly different (Ps&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test). However, the frequency of teethed perforations APT was significantly different (Ps &lt;0.005, Kruskal-Wallis’ test), while contrary to this parameter Ntp was not significantly different (Ps&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test). From these results, the anchor plate ossicles in the body wall of the present three specimens were different in ossicle length and frequency (APT) of teethed perforations (P s&lt;0.005, Kruskal-Wallis’ test), while the numbers of teethed perforations (Ntp) were not significantly different. Therefore, other than the number of teethed perforations (0–4) and noticeable plate skewness (APS =0–11.3), all the other morphological characters of the anchor plate ossicles cannot be the accurate keys.</p>
            <p>Anchor ossicle lengths and calculated indicators ranged within: 140–178 μm in length, ASW =21.8–32.5%, AEW =38.5–64.9% (Table 9). Among these values, lengths of anchor ossicles (both ventrally and dorsally) were not significantly different (Ps&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test), also the indicator for anchor stem breadth ASW and for basal / distal ends width AEW were not significantly different (Ps&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test). From these results, the anchor ossicles in the body wall of the present three specimens were not different in ossicle length or shape. Therefore, proportion and shape of the anchor ossicles can be the accurate keys.</p>
            <p>Longitudinal muscle had both O-shaped and C-shaped granule ossicles, length and calculated indicators ranged within: 21–54 μm in length, GP =28.2–80.8%, GCO =33.3–78.6% (Table 9). Among these values, lengths of granule ossicles (both ventrally and dorsally) were significantly different (Ps &lt;0.005, Kruskal-Wallis’ test), also calculated indicator GP was significantly different (Ps &lt;0.005, Kruskal-Wallis’ test), but GCO was not different significantly (Ps&gt;0.05, χ 2 -multiple test). Therefore, the length and proportion of the granule ossicles cannot be the accurate keys, while the ratio C- or O-shaped granule ossicles of this species can be the accurate key.</p>
            <p>Tentacle ossicles rods. Lengths and calculated indicators of three specimens ranged within: 53–102 μm in length, RP =7.1–21.5%, and RC =2.7–17.8. Among these values, length and non-size dependence complexities (RC) of rod ossicles were not significantly different (P&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test), while non-size dependence indicator for proportion (RP) was significantly different (P &lt;0.005, Kruskal-Wallis’ test). From these results, the rod ossicles in the tentacles of the present three specimens have similar length, however their proportion was noticeably variable. Therefore, the length (about 50–100 μm) and the high complexity of the rod ossicles shown by RC =2.7–17.8 of this species can be accurate keys, however their proportions cannot be the accurate key.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Among the present three specimens, the smallest specimen (WMNH-2024-INV-156) had no " two-tipped anchor plate" in the body wall, that was deviation for one diagnostic character noted above, however, that simultaneously had other two diagnostic characters "perforations of anchor plate ossicles mostly without teeth" and "outer edge of anchor plate equipped with minute teeth in small numbers, "therefore, we concluded that the anchor plate of immature animals would be underdeveloped and without basal concave which divide the "two-tips". Among the previously nominated six species of the genus  Patinapta Heding, 1928 (WoRMS 2024, listed in Table 7), only one species,  P. laevis (Bedford, 1899) , was reported as a species possessing toothless perforations on anchor plate ossicles (Table 7-2), which showed a concave on basal tip resulting in two tips basal end, also resembling the present new species  parvaspiculus sp. nov. However,  P. laevis also possesses unique ossicles in its longitudinal muscles, mostly two perforated oval granule ossicles, and thus is easily distinguishable from the present new species. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Southern Japan (Kyushu Island, Shikoku Island and the Ryukyu Islands). In Yoron-jima Island (type locality), the specimens were collected from intertidal sandy beach with boulders originated from dead corals. Among the specimens housed in WMNH-INV, including the present specimens, 5 bottles including 8 specimens were identified as this species (Table 10). Other than the type locality, 6 young specimens collected from Oita and Saga of Kyushu Island, from Kochi of Shikoku Island, and from two islands of Kagoshima in Ryukyu Islands, Japan were identified as this species. All the specimens were collected from estuarine intertidal flats.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC879FF94D9D68FF6326248822AA22	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yamana, Yusuke;Hirashima, Kentarou;Sato, Masanori;Yamamori, Luna	Yamana, Yusuke, Hirashima, Kentarou, Sato, Masanori, Yamamori, Luna (2025): First revision of the apodid holothurian genus Patinapta Heding, 1928 (Synaptidae) in Japanese waters, with establishment of four new species from Kyushu Island and Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 5569 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5569.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5569.1.1
03CC879FF9769D66FF63229C8E96A923.text	03CC879FF9769D66FF63229C8E96A923.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Patinapta neglectus Yamana & Hirashima & Sato & Yamamori 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Patinapta neglectus sp. nov.</p>
            <p>[New Japanese name: Satsuma-himo-ikari-namako]</p>
            <p>(Figs 18–20; Tables 1, 11, 12)</p>
            <p>  Two specimens from  Nagaura-higata (WMNH-2024-INV-193, 194) and   one specimen from Kagoshima  Bay (WMNH-2022- INV-154) were identified as new to science  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Tentacles possessing sensory cups, situated on basal part of stem, not only on oral-side, but also on outer oral-side, numerous (50–80 cups in total). Body wall soft and thick, covered with verrucous surface layer, which sparsely includes ossicles. Anchor and anchor plate ossicles small. Anchor plate ossicles often exceed 110 μm, while anchor ossicles often exceed 140 μm, rarely equipped with teeth on bills (arms) of anchor ossicles, Total shapes of anchor plates strongly distorted, however basally without a concave. Outer edge of anchor plate ossicles lacking minute teeth at all, while one or two perforations of anchor plate ossicles with only one or two minute teeth. Ciliated funnels attached to inner side body wall along midline of left dorso-lateral interradius (IR3).</p>
            <p>Type series. Holotype, WMNH-2022-INV-154; two paratypes, WMNH-2024-INV-193, 194.</p>
            <p>Description of holotype (WMNH-2022-INV-154: middle-size depressed specimen). External and internal morphologies as follows (Table 1): 5 year-old preserved specimen pale peanut color (Fig. 18). Tentacles 12, each with 9 digits of 4 pairs and unpaired 1. On oral-side of tentacle stem, about 30–40 sensory cups, also on outer oral-side tentacle stem, about 20–40 sensory cups present densely arranged in a V- shape band.</p>
            <p>Polian vesicle in medio-ventral position, fusiform, single (Table 1), stone canal single and thread-like, attached to narrow space between basal parts of tentacle ampullae at mediodorsal (IR5), suddenly turned upward and forward, resulted in it facing forward, distally with moldy surface madreporite. Ciliated funnels in one crowded band along left dorsal interradius (IR3).</p>
            <p>a–i, (see, Materials and Methods) Indicators for ossicle shapes, and one parameter (Ntp, number of teethed perforations).</p>
            <p>Inside body, two tufts of gonad tubules attached with both sides of anterior dorsal mesentery. Intestine canal lacking loop, upper and under sides of intestine canal left blank, no whitish tubule organs adhered to intestine canal.</p>
            <p>Body wall smooth surface, soft but thick, covered by a surface layer like "intestinal villi," with ossicle arranging latitudinal layout of all as sets of anchor and plate. Both sides along five longitudinal muscles with distal ends of anchor ossicles facing towards interradial area, however ossicles on radial body walls upon longitudinal muscles and interradial body walls have distal ends randomly facing either direction.</p>
            <p>The present results of ossicle morphologies</p>
            <p>Body wall ossicles anchors and anchor plates (Fig. 19B; D, Table 11). Anchor plates ranged within 85–123 μm in length. Size of perforations not noticeably variable between central area and marginal area, and instead almost constant between central area and marginal area, because of only few marginal perforations rarely equipped. Plates showed strong distortion, with approximate hexagonal arrangement perforations. Perforations of anchor plate ossicles mostly teethless, but seldomly possessing 1–2 minute teeth, while outer edge of all anchor plate ossicles lacking minute teeth. Two calculated indicators for anchor plates and a parameter varied; APS = 0–11.3; Ntp = 0–2; APT = 0–11.8% (Fig. 19B; D, Table 11).</p>
            <p>Anchor ossicles ranged within 140–188 μm in length (Fig. 19B; D, Table 11). Most anchor arms (bills) devoid of minute teeth on their outer tips, numbers of teeth very small within 0–4 (mostly 0–2 in one arm of the anchor ossicle), and anchor ossicles of this specimen possessed narrow stem and also relatively narrow anchor arm width, with ASW = 22.7–28.3%; AEW = 38.5–55.1%. T-shaped basal end of the anchor ossicle of this species crescent-shaped (Fig. 19B; D).</p>
            <p>Body longitudinal muscle, granule ossicles of this specimen ranged within 21–54 μm in length (Fig. 19C; E, Table 11). Both C-shaped and O-shaped granule ossicles, mostly flattened, distorted and roundish triangle form, rarely not distorted and usual oval form. The calculated indicator for granule proportions were varied within GP = 29.5–123.0%; GCO = 46.1–52.9% and did not have noticeable differences in amounts between the O-shape and C-shape granules.</p>
            <p>Tentacle ossicles rods, often with complex shape, ranging within 62–85 μm in length (Fig. 19A, Table 9). Two calculated indicators for rod proportions and complexities varied within RP = 9.6–21.5%; RC =2.7–17.8 (Table 11).</p>
            <p> Etymology. The species name  neglectus , alluding to Y.Y.’s misidentification of the holotype specimen (WMNH-2022-INV-154). Previously, this specimen was reported as  P. ooplax with young and small ossicles, to Mr. Soichiro Tashima of Kusunoki-Shizenkan (N.P.O. Kusunoki Nature Study Museum), Aira City, Kagoshima. This misjudgment was made due to Y.Y.’s unsympathetic view on ossicle morphologies at that time (December 2022). </p>
            <p>Observation on the morphologies of calcareous ring</p>
            <p>Calcareous plates 12, mostly firmly bound (Fig. 20), with slight anterior projection and deep posterior depression in interradial plates, while only posterior depression in radial plates. Only medio-ventral radial plate perforated in its anterior half, relatively large perforation. Other four radial plates devoid of perforation, however, there were narrow “interradial perforations” situated in the connections between 4 plates situated in right and left dorso-lateral positions (IR4’; RIII; IR3’; RII), where additional interradial plate (IR4’; IR3’) formed triangular shapes and adjacent radial plate (RIII; RII) form creviced squarish shapes, and weakly bound by their apical ends.</p>
            <p>Ossicle variation among the type specimens</p>
            <p> Among three specimens, two specimens (WMNH-2022-INV-154; 2024-INV-194) were mature and possessed gonad tubules, while one specimen (WMNH-2024-INV-193) was immature and was the smallest specimen, which also possessed under-developed ossicles as below: short rod ossicles in tentacles, stout anchor and small anchor plate ossicles in body wall. In tentacles, simple short rod ossicles possess up to only two perforations and only four minute branches, anchor stem short and stout; the single basal tip of anchor plate ossicles with besides noticeable defections, resulting in the “table-tennis racket-form” those of congeners of the apodid genus  Labidoplax Ōstergren , as such feature was not observed from two mature specimens, which possessed normal ovoid anchor plates. Body wall ossicles anchors and anchor plates. Anchor plate ossicle length and calculated indicators of three specimens ranged within: 85–123 μm in length, APS =0–11.3, Ntp =0–2, APT =0–11.8%. Among these values, length and non—size dependance indicator of plate skewness APS of anchor plate ossicles were not significantly different (Ps&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test), while frequency of teethed perforations APT and their parameter Ntp were significantly different on the ventral side (Ps &lt;0.005, Kruskal-Wallis’ test) but not significantly different on dorsal side (Ps&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test). From these results, the anchor plate ossicles in the body wall of the present three specimens were not different in ossicle length or the skewness of the layout for perforations However, number of teethed perforation and their occupancies were different on the ventral body wall. Therefore, the length (about 85–120 μm), numbers of teethed perforations (0–2) on dorsal side, and slightly distorted (up to 11.3) anchor plate ossicles can be appropriate diagnostic characters. </p>
            <p>Anchor ossicle length and calculated indicators ranged within: 108–188 μm in length, ASW =17.3–28.3%, AEW =29.6–55.4% (Table 11). Among these values, lengths, the indicator for anchor stem breadth ASW of anchor ossicles and for basal / distal ends width AEW were significantly different (Ps &lt;0.005, Kruskal-Wallis’ test, both in ventrally and dorsally), while number of the teeth was not significantly different (Ps&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test, both ventrally and dorsally). From these results, total shapes of anchor ossicles in the body wall of the present three specimens cannot be appropriate keys, but the excessively low number of the counts for teeth can be the accurate key.</p>
            <p>Longitudinal muscle involved both O-shaped and C-shaped granule ossicles, length and calculated indicators ranged within: 28–54 μm length, GP =28.9–123.0%, GCO =33.3–66.7% (Table 11). Among these values, length of granule ossicles and calculated indicator for proportions GP were different significantly (Ps &lt;0.005, Kruskal-Wallis’ test, both in ventrally and dorsally), while the ratio C- or O-shaped granule ossicles GCO were not different significantly (Ps&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test, both ventrally and dorsally), but different significantly in GCO (Ps &lt;0.05, χ 2 -multiple test, both in ventrally and dorsally). Therefore, the length and proportion of the granule ossicles cannot be appropriate keys, while ratio C- or O-shaped granule and the feature of granule ossicles being “flattened, distorted and roundish triangle form” of this species can be appropriate keys.</p>
            <p>Tentacle ossicles rods, length and calculated indicators of three specimens ranged within: 44–98 μm in length, RP =9.6–21.5%, and RC =2.7–17.8. Among these values, length of rod ossicles, nonsize dependence complexities (RC) were significantly different (Ps &lt;0.005, Kruskal-Wallis’ test), while nonsize dependence indicator for proportion (RP) was not different significantly (Ps&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test). From these results, the rod ossicles in the tentacles of the present three specimens had similar proportions, simultaneously complexities and length increased by body growth (Table 11). Therefore, the morphologies of the rod ossicles of this species cannot be appropriate diagnostic characters.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> In the present three type materials, ossicle morphologies were noticeably different between matured holotype and two small paratypes, one immature and one in the development-stage of tubules (Table 1). From the present results of measurements and counts on ossicles (Table 11), it can be assumed that several morphological changes relating with individual growth: i) in anchor ossicles, minute teeth on outer edge of anchor-bills take numbers larger in small animals than in large animals; ii) in anchor plate ossicles, teethed perforationstake larger number in small animals than in large animals; however, iii) in tentacle rods, complexity of rod-shape (RC) take values higher in large animals than in small animals, and complexity may not be increasing or decreasing by individual growth. In the previous nominal species, none of the species possessed calcareous ring only perforated on medio-ventral plate (Table 7-3), and this must be largest difference of the present new species among all the congeners of genus  Patinapta previously described. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Only known from Kyushu Island and adjacent islands, Mature specimen has been collected only from Iso Beach (the type locality) on the inner coast of Kagoshima Bay (Table 12). At the type locality, the holotype material was collected from intertidal sandy beach with boulders. Among the specimens housed in WMNH-INV, including the present specimens, 3 bottles including 5 specimens were identified as this species (Table 12). Other than the type locality, 2 immature and mature specimens were collected from Nagaura-higata flat, Amakusa City, Kumamoto and 2 immature specimens collected from Uchiura Bay, Kamikoshiki-jima Island, adjacent to Kagoshima, Kyushu Island, Japan, and were identified as this species.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC879FF9769D66FF63229C8E96A923	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yamana, Yusuke;Hirashima, Kentarou;Sato, Masanori;Yamamori, Luna	Yamana, Yusuke, Hirashima, Kentarou, Sato, Masanori, Yamamori, Luna (2025): First revision of the apodid holothurian genus Patinapta Heding, 1928 (Synaptidae) in Japanese waters, with establishment of four new species from Kyushu Island and Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 5569 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5569.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5569.1.1
03CC879FF9789D7CFF6322838FD6AFF7.text	03CC879FF9789D7CFF6322838FD6AFF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Patinapta edentatus Yamana & Hirashima & Sato & Yamamori 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Patinapta edentatus sp. nov.</p>
            <p>[New Japanese name: Hanashi-himo-ikari-namako]</p>
            <p>(Figs 21–23, Tables 1; 13; 14)</p>
            <p>  Three specimens from  Kabira Bay , Ishigaki-jima Island (WMNH-2021-INV-972, 973, 974) were identified as new to science  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Outer edge of anchor plate ossicles and inner edge of their perforations lacking teeth anywhere, with large seven perforations arranged in symmetrical order in the distal part, while minute perforations sporadically scattered in basal part. Tentacles possess small numbers of simple rod ossicles and large numbers of simple elongated C-shaped granule ossicles. Mostly elongated C-shaped granules equipped in longitudinal muscles, rarely with Oshaped granules among them. Ciliated funnels attached to inner side body wall along midline of right dorso-lateral interradius (IR4).</p>
            <p>Type series. Holotype, WMNH-2021-INV-973; two paratypes, WMNH-2021-INV-972, 974.</p>
            <p>Description of holotype (WMNH-2021-INV-973: middle-size complete specimen). External and internal morphologies as follows (Table 1): Specimen preserved for20 years; pale misty-rose (Fig. 21A), based on information from the collector color was transparent rose in living state (Fig. 21 A’). Tentacles 12, each with 9 digits, including four pairs of smaller digits equipped along lateral-stem of tentacle and large one digit equipped on distal end of tentacle. On the oral side of tentacle stem, about 10–20 sensory cups sporadically arranged in a U-shape.</p>
            <p>Polian vesicle single, fusiform with thread-like tip, 4.12 mm (Table 1). Ciliated funnels occur sporadically in one row along right dorso-lateral interradius (IR4). Stone canal undetected, lacking or too small to detect.</p>
            <p>Inside body, two tufts of gonad tubules attached to both sides of anterior dorsal mesentery, none of the whitish tubule organs adhered to intestine canal. Intestine canal lacking loop.</p>
            <p>Body wall coarse surface, rigid and thin, densely packed with ossicles arranging latitudinal layout of all as sets of anchor and plate. Both sides along five longitudinal muscles with distal ends of anchor ossicles facing towards interradial area, however ossicles on radial body walls upon longitudinal muscles and interradial body walls have distal ends randomly facing either direction.</p>
            <p> Etymology. The species name  edentatus alluding their teeth-less anchor plate ossicle. </p>
            <p>The present results of ossicle morphologies</p>
            <p>a–i, (see, Materials and Methods) Indicators for ossicles shape, and one parameter (Ntp, number s teethed perforation).</p>
            <p>Body wall ossicles anchors and anchor plates (Fig. 22, Table 13). Anchor plates ranged within 97–112 μm in length. Size of perforations not noticeably variable between central area and marginal area, but almost constant between central area. Perforations of anchor plate ossicles toothless, seven ovoid form, central one and marginal six, arranged by symmetrical hexagonal layout, without marginal teeth around outer rim of plates. Two calculated indicators for anchor plates and a parameter were variated within APS =0–2.7; Ntp =0; APT =0% (Fig. 22, Table 13).</p>
            <p>Anchor ossicles ranged within 143–165 μm in length (Fig. 22, Table 19). All the anchor arms (bills) equipped with minute teeth on their outer tips, numbers of teeth variable within 3–7 (mostly 2–3 in one arm of the anchor ossicle), and anchor ossicles of this specimen possess stem broad also relatively narrow anchor arms width, with ASW =21.8–29.5%; AEW =41.2–60.7%. T-shaped basal end of the anchor ossicle of this species crescent-shaped (Fig. 22B; D).</p>
            <p>Body longitudinal muscle, all elongated C-shaped granule ossicles of this specimen ranged within 47–106 μm in length (Fig. 22, Table 13). The calculated indicator for granule proportions was variated within GP =29.2–62.5%; GCO =0%, no O-shape granules were present.</p>
            <p>Tentacle ossicles ranged within 23–63 μm in length (Fig. 22, Table 10), mostly elongated C-shaped granule ossicles with few simple rod ossicles. Two calculated indicators for rod proportions and complexities were variated within RP =9.5–53.8%; RC =4.8–8.7 (Table 10).</p>
            <p>Observation on the morphologies of calcareous ring</p>
            <p>Calcareous plates 12 (Fig. 23), thin and plate-like, with posterior depression on every plate other than the 4 plates situated in right and left dorso-lateral positions (IR4’; RIII; IR3’; RII), where additional interradial plates (IR4’; IR3’) and adjacent radial plates (RIII; RII) construct a wide space (like a “interradial perforation”) between their lateral ends. Three radial plates (RI; RIV; RV) with slight anterior projection and perforation, also interradial plates with slight anterior projection, however medio-dorsal plate (IR5) with only posterior depression, lacking anterior projection.</p>
            <p>Ossicle variation among the three specimens</p>
            <p>The three specimens examined were chosen as largest specimens of this species housed in the WMNH-INV collection, approximately 45–70 mm in length (Table 1), and all three specimens well-matured possessing fully equipped gonad tubules in their body cavities. Their bodies were extremely contracted by shrunken latitudinal muscle caused by unanesthetized fixiation, and resulting in the largest specimen autotomized on the anterior part. Their external and internal morphologies well agreed with each other’s (Table 1).</p>
            <p>Body wall ossicles are anchors and anchor plates.Anchor plate ossicle lengths and calculated indicators of three specimens ranged within: 79–124 μm in length, APS =0–2.7, Ntp = 0, APT =0% (Table 13). Among these values, length and the parameter Ntp of anchor plate ossicles (both ventrally and dorsally) were not significantly different (Ps&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test), and non-size dependance indicator of plate skewness APS was also not significantly different (Ps&gt;0. 05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test). All three specimens did not possess teethed perforations of anchor plate ossicles. From these results, the anchor plate ossicles in the body wall of the present three specimens were not different in length or skewness of anchor plate ossicles, and the critical feature of lacking teethed perforations can be the accurate key.</p>
            <p>Anchor ossicle lengths and calculated indicators ranged within: 133–184 μm in length, ASW =19.3–27.8%, AEW =39.5–57.9% (Table 13). Among these values, length of anchor ossicles (both ventrally and dorsally) was significantly different (Ps &lt;0.005, Kruskal-Wallis’ test), while the indicator for anchor stem breadth ASW and for basal / distal ends width AEW were not significantly different (Ps&gt;0. 05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test). From these results, the anchor ossicles in the body wall of the present three specimens were different in ossicle lengths, while their shapes were not different. Therefore, length cannot be the accurate key, but the shape of the anchor ossicles can be the accurate key.</p>
            <p>Longitudinal muscles had only elongated C-shaped granule ossicles, and length and calculated indicators ranged within: 24–106 μm in length, GP =29.2–74.1%, GCO =0% (Table 13). Among these values, length of granule ossicles was significantly different (Ps &lt;0.005, Kruskal-Wallis’ test, both in ventrally and dorsally), while the two calculated indicators GP and GCO were not significantly different in GP (Ps&gt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test). Therefore, length of the granule ossicles cannot be the accurate key. However, the complete unbalance of O-shaped (0%) or C-shaped (100%) granules can be a useful key.</p>
            <p>Tentacle ossicles consisted of many elongated C-shaped granules and rare rods, length and calculated indicators of three specimens ranged within: 22–63 μm in length, RP =9.5–55.2%, and RC =4.1–11.1 (Table 13). Among these values, length of granule ossicles was not significantly different (P&gt;0. 05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test) among specimens, and non--sizeependence indicator for proportion (RP) and non--sizeependence complexities (RC) were also not significantly different (P&gt;0. 05, Kruskal-Wallis’ test). Therefore, the morphologies of the granule ossicles of this species can be a critical accurate key.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Previously, in a report of the Ministry of the Environment Japan (2007), this species was preliminarily identified as  Patinapta sp. (and misidentified in their distribution map as  P. ooplax ). However, it was revealed that this species can be easily distinguished from other species by their elongated C-shaped granule ossicles (lacking perforations) with highest concentrations in the tentacles, different from all congeners (Table 7-2). </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Presently, only two localities are known for this species. In the type locality Kabira Bay, Ishigaki-jima Island, 20 specimens including the three type specimens were collected from the coarse-sandy intertidal flats, where most of specimens had been infested with co-existing bivalves  Anisodevonia ohshimai . In Nagura Bay, the smaller specimens were collected from the coarse-sandy intertidal shore and the muddy-sand intertidal flats with mangrove woods (Table 14). </p>
            <p>Discussion</p>
            <p> We illustrate herein all twelve plates of the calcareous ring for the first time (see, Table 7-3). As a result, the present calcareous rings of two species previously described from Japan agree to the original descriptions based on type materials. Specifically, agreement is found in the points of “interradial plates with semicircular perforation” reported for  P. ooplax (Fig. 8), and “same compose to  P. ooplax , but the anterior tips not undulated at all (Chao et al, 1988)” reported for  P. taiwaniensis (Fig. 11). Both characters of the calcareous ring were also detected in the present four new species from Japanese waters. Regardless of the mostly separated distributions of  P. ooplax and  P. edentatus , both species possess the same type of calcareous ring compositions, namely inter-radial perforated type (Figs 8, 23), while  P. taiwaniensis ,  P. deformis and  P. parvaspiculus possess another type of composition, namely radial perforated type (Figs 11, 14, 17). In addition to these, between the “separated distributions of  P. ooplax and  P. edentatus ,” another type of calcareous ring, namely inter-radial creviced type of  P. neglectus , was described in the present study (Fig. 20). This result of morphologies of calcareous rings naturally leads us to speculate that the phylogeny of this genus may be more interesting than previously expected, and molecular analyses are needed in the future. </p>
            <p>From the present observations for the six species described above, only the latitudinal layouts of ossicles (anchor and plate) were generated in the present materials, however, this information can be useful in field observations, or future studies of phylogenetic taxonomy.</p>
            <p>To achieve accurate species identification, keys for the present six species described above are given below, using the present results of ossicle morphologies. Simultaneous use of Table 15 (Appendix tables attached to the last of this article) with the below key will lead to more convenient identification.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC879FF9789D7CFF6322838FD6AFF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yamana, Yusuke;Hirashima, Kentarou;Sato, Masanori;Yamamori, Luna	Yamana, Yusuke, Hirashima, Kentarou, Sato, Masanori, Yamamori, Luna (2025): First revision of the apodid holothurian genus Patinapta Heding, 1928 (Synaptidae) in Japanese waters, with establishment of four new species from Kyushu Island and Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 5569 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5569.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5569.1.1
03CC879FF9629D7CFF6327E989B7A9F8.text	03CC879FF9629D7CFF6327E989B7A9F8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Patinapta Heding 1928	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Key to Japanese species of  Patinapta (with present four new species). </p>
            <p>1. In tentacles, rod-shaped ossicles present................................................................... 2</p>
            <p> - In tentacles, ossicles mostly elongated granules present.......................................  P. edentatus sp. nov.</p>
            <p>2. In mid-body wall, more or less symmetrical anchor plate ossicles present......................................... 3</p>
            <p> - Anchor plate ossicles possess strongly distorted layout of few large perforations and small marginal perforations, with small numbers of teethed perforations. Anchor ossicles with semicircular T-shaped basal end...............  P. deformis sp. nov.</p>
            <p>3. Anchor plate ossicles in mid-body wall mostly larger than 100 μm.............................................. 4</p>
            <p> - Anchor plate ossicles with few numbers of teethed perforations and few numbers of teeth on peripheral plate edge, basal tip of plate depressed, resulting in double tips.................................................  P. parvaspiculus sp. nov.</p>
            <p>4. Anchor plate ossicles approximately 90–110 μm in length, without minute teeth on peripheral plate edge. Anchor ossicles possess teeth (barb).................................................................................... 5</p>
            <p> - Anchor ossicles mostly lacking teeth (barbless) in both immature and mature animals................  P. neglectus sp. nov.</p>
            <p> 5. Most of perforations of anchor plate ossicles with teeth, which are sharp and closely and continuously standing....  P. ooplax</p>
            <p> - small numbers of perforations (1–4) of anchor plates with teeth, teeth blunt and discontinuously standing....  P. taiwaniensis</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC879FF9629D7CFF6327E989B7A9F8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yamana, Yusuke;Hirashima, Kentarou;Sato, Masanori;Yamamori, Luna	Yamana, Yusuke, Hirashima, Kentarou, Sato, Masanori, Yamamori, Luna (2025): First revision of the apodid holothurian genus Patinapta Heding, 1928 (Synaptidae) in Japanese waters, with establishment of four new species from Kyushu Island and Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. Zootaxa 5569 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5569.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5569.1.1
