identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CC87E5C269DA473872136E57066ECB.text	03CC87E5C269DA473872136E57066ECB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Barleeiidae Gray 1857	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> FAMILY  BARLEEIIDAE GRAY, 1857</p>
            <p> A long straight opercular peg (Fig. 3D) and the presence of a spermathecal duct (Fig. 4E) are the two autapomorphies that clearly define this small family. Barleeids are also the only rissooideans exhibiting a plesiomorphic lack of the upper oviduct gland (Fig. 4D). The  Barleeidae is represented in this analysis by two of the five recognized genera (Ponder, 1983a). In our tree, barleeiids are nested between  Rissoinidae and  Zebinidae from which they are morphologically distinct.  Barleeiidae differ from rissoinids and zebinids by their generally smaller shells with simple peristomes, distinctly pitted protoconch, an inner organic shell layer and, usually, a posterior pedal gland with a slit reaching the posterior end of the foot (absent in  Fictonoba only). Most lack metapodial and pallial tentacles (simple right pallial tentacle and short, triangular metapodial tentacle present in  Fictonoba ). Barleeiid opercula are distinctive in having on their inner sides a prominent straight peg and a thick longitudinal ridge. It is dark red in all but one taxon (  Protobarleeia Ponder, 1983 ) and its growth pattern is subconcentric rather than spiral. While there are some similarities between  Fictonoba and some rissoinids and zebinids,  Fictonoba exhibits the distinctive apomorphies of  Barleeiidae detailed above.  Fictonoba also differs from rissoinids and zebinids in features such as the pallial bursa copulatrix [instead of a posterior (visceral) bursa], the lack of an upper oviduct gland and the ventral channel stripped from much of the capsule gland as a sperm tube (instead of being a simple ventral channel attached and open to the capsule gland). This sperm tube opens at the posterior end of the mantle cavity in  Barleeia . A simple ventral channel is seen in one barleeid genus,  Lirobarleeia Ponder, 1983 , which is not included in our analysis, but all other key features of that genus are typically barleeid. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87E5C269DA473872136E57066ECB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Criscione, Francesco;Ponder, Winston Frank;Köhler, Frank;Takano, Tsuyoshi;Kano, Yasunori	Criscione, Francesco, Ponder, Winston Frank, Köhler, Frank, Takano, Tsuyoshi, Kano, Yasunori (2017): A molecular phylogeny of Rissoidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea) allows testing the diagnostic utility of morphological traits. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12447, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12447
03CC87E5C269DA403AF3175A54496ADF.text	03CC87E5C269DA403AF3175A54496ADF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Emblandidae Ponder 1985	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> FAMILY  EMBLANDIDAE PONDER, 1985</p>
            <p> This monotypic group was erected as a family by Ponder (1985b). In our analysis it is the basal member of a clade that also contains  Merelina and  Lironoba (  Lironobidae ) and together they are the sister taxon of the  Rissoidae . It is distinguished from all other rissooideans in having a double-layered operculum (a character otherwise known from the  Anabathridae ; Supporting Information, Fig. S1A), a radula that has only central and lateral teeth (i.e. three rows rather than seven as in all other rissooideans and truncatelloideans; Fig. 3H), and the jaws are lacking, a character unknown in other rissooideans. Additional autapomorphic characters include: a very narrow propodium; a very thick hypobranchial gland; a hypobranchial gland sheath for the penis; short anterior salivary glands; and tiny style sac (much shorter than in all other related taxa). The posterior chamber of the stomach is rather longer than in most rissooideans, although much shorter than in  Rissoinidae , so we have scored it as ‘short’ in Supporting Information, Fig. S1C. The female genital system was not studied in full by Pon- der (1985b) and it is unknown whether the upper oviduct gland is present or absent. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87E5C269DA403AF3175A54496ADF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Criscione, Francesco;Ponder, Winston Frank;Köhler, Frank;Takano, Tsuyoshi;Kano, Yasunori	Criscione, Francesco, Ponder, Winston Frank, Köhler, Frank, Takano, Tsuyoshi, Kano, Yasunori (2017): A molecular phylogeny of Rissoidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea) allows testing the diagnostic utility of morphological traits. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12447, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12447
03CC87E5C269DA473998162352496B44.text	03CC87E5C269DA473998162352496B44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rissoinidae Stimpson 1865	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> FAMILY  RISSOINIDAE STIMPSON, 1865</p>
            <p> Treated as a subfamily of  Rissoidae by Ponder (1985a), this group was previously treated either as a separate family (e.g. Laseron, 1956; Coan, 1964) or considered a junior synonym of the  Rissoidae (e.g. Wenz, 1938 – 1944). In our analysis, it contains five species representing three genera. Rissoinids are characterized by two distinct autapomorphies: an anterior notch in the inner lip that forms a small channel without an embayment or excavation (Fig. 3A), and a long curved opercular peg (Fig. 3D). In particular, the opercular peg differs from that of the sister group  Barleeidae in having a spiral inner end and the operculum is paucispiral and yellow, not concentric and red as in the latter group. Rissoinids and barleeiids differ by a number of additional characters which are described above. The  Rissoinidae differ from the  Zebinidae in having a strongly pegged, thick yellowish operculum and a differently formed anterior channel (as described above) or this latter structure is absent in  Zebinidae . The posterior chamber of the stomach is very long (Ponder, 1965, 1985a) (Supporting Information, Fig. S1C) and at least some rissoinids feed on forams (Ponder, 1965). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87E5C269DA473998162352496B44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Criscione, Francesco;Ponder, Winston Frank;Köhler, Frank;Takano, Tsuyoshi;Kano, Yasunori	Criscione, Francesco, Ponder, Winston Frank, Köhler, Frank, Takano, Tsuyoshi, Kano, Yasunori (2017): A molecular phylogeny of Rissoidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea) allows testing the diagnostic utility of morphological traits. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12447, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12447
03CC87E5C269DA473AD612BE55176E20.text	03CC87E5C269DA473AD612BE55176E20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zebinidae Coan 1964	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> FAMILY  ZEBINIDAE COAN, 1964</p>
            <p> This name has been treated as a synonym of  Rissoininae ever since its introduction. They are similar to rissoinids in general shell morphology and anatomy but differ in having a shorter posterior stomach chamber (Supporting Information, Fig. S1C) and in having a thin operculum which lacks an opercular peg (Fig. 3D). Their shell aperture differs in having the inner lip lacking an anterior notch and has a simple, rounded anterior end or, as seen most noticeably in species of the genus  Stosicia , an indistinct to distinct anterior canal may be present (e.g. Ponder, 1985a, fig. 142A, E) that is formed differently from the angulation in rissoinids. </p>
            <p>In contrast to rissoinids, there is no evidence for anything other than a microphagous diet in zebinids, with all the examined taxa having a short stomach (Marcus &amp; Marcus, 1964; Ponder, 1985a).</p>
            <p>Zebinids and rissoinids have had long independent histories as there are records of both groups from the Jurassic (Ponder, 1985a; Conti et al., 1993; Kaim, 2004).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87E5C269DA473AD612BE55176E20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Criscione, Francesco;Ponder, Winston Frank;Köhler, Frank;Takano, Tsuyoshi;Kano, Yasunori	Criscione, Francesco, Ponder, Winston Frank, Köhler, Frank, Takano, Tsuyoshi, Kano, Yasunori (2017): A molecular phylogeny of Rissoidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea) allows testing the diagnostic utility of morphological traits. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12447, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12447
03CC87E5C26EDA40399213D754AB6EAF.text	03CC87E5C26EDA40399213D754AB6EAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lironobidae Ponder 1967	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> FAMILY  LIRONOBIDAE PONDER, 1967</p>
            <p> This clade is made up of  Merelina and one species attributed to  Lironoba . Regrettably only shell characters are known for the New Zealand type species of  Lironoba ,  L. suteri (Hedley, 1904) , and it is by no means certain that the species attributed to  Lironoba in this analysis (  L. australis ) is congeneric (Ponder, 1985a). If  L. suteri should prove to belong to a different group, the family name  Merelinidae Golikov &amp; Starobogatov, 1975 is available. Species of  Merelina and  Lironoba australis share some unusual anatomical characters, including a penis with an open seminal groove (Fig. 4C) and a long slit-like opening in the capsule gland (Fig. 4G), features not known in  Rissoidae as here recognized. </p>
            <p> In most other anatomical features the group resembles the  Rissoidae to which they were assigned (in the subfamily  Rissoinae ) by Ponder (1985a). Shell features in the group include strong spiral cords, sometimes also with axial ribs, as in  Merelina , and usually the protoconch is sculptured with one or more spiral ridges that are gemmate in  Merelina . The radula of members of this group has two pairs of basal cusps on the central tooth whereas most rissoids and rissoinids have only one pair. </p>
            <p> Another poorly known Australasian genus,  Attenuata Hedley, 1918 , may be related to, or included in, this taxon. It shares the gemmate protoconch spirals with  Merelina but has a very distinctive radula (Pon- der, 1967, 1985a) with a very wide central tooth lacking basal cusps. It is unknown anatomically. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87E5C26EDA40399213D754AB6EAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Criscione, Francesco;Ponder, Winston Frank;Köhler, Frank;Takano, Tsuyoshi;Kano, Yasunori	Criscione, Francesco, Ponder, Winston Frank, Köhler, Frank, Takano, Tsuyoshi, Kano, Yasunori (2017): A molecular phylogeny of Rissoidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea) allows testing the diagnostic utility of morphological traits. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12447, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12447
03CC87E5C26EDA43387217C754A06CBD.text	03CC87E5C26EDA43387217C754A06CBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rissoidae Gray 1847	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> FAMILY  RISSOIDAE GRAY, 1847</p>
            <p>The taxa included in this analysis are a broad representation of this diverse, entirely marine family. Six main clades can be delimited in the phylogeny (A – F in Figs 1, 2), and some genera have been found not to be monophyletic, as briefly discussed below.</p>
            <p> Clade A contains four genera. One species,  Simulamerelina cf. wanawana (Kay, 1979) , is attributed to  Simulamerelina following Hasegawa (2000) as it is rather similar to the type species,  S. corruga (Laseron, 1956) . This taxon was previously treated as a subgenus of  Alvinia Monterosato, 1884 [type species  A. weinkauffi (Weinkauff, 1868) ] by Ponder (1985a). However, both taxa are found not to be intimately related. Consequently, we tentatively treat  Simulamerelina as a distinct genus, although acknowledging that examination of the type species is required to confirm this. Also included in this clade are the type species of  Subonoba Iredale, 1915 ,  Austronoba Powell, 1927 and  Subestea Cotton, 1944 . These taxa were included in  Onoba H &amp; A. Adams, 1852 (type species  O. semicostata Montagu, 1803 ) ‘somewhat tentatively’ by Ponder (1985a), the first two as synonyms of  Onoba s.s. , and the third as a subgenus. The general shell morphology and anatomy of the taxa Ponder (1985a) attributed to  Onoba are rather similar with their conical to elongate-conical shells bearing spiral threads and, sometimes, weak axial ridges. Their head – foot, radulae, opercula and anatomy are also all rather similar and these features may be plesiomorphic. For example, none has a posterior pedal gland and if a metapodial tentacle is present it is short and triangular. The type species of  Onoba was included in our analysis but is widely separated and is the basal member of clade F (containing  Alvania and related taxa). On the basis of these results we treat  Subonoba and  Subestea as distinct genera. Whether  Austronoba should be maintained as a genus, a subgenus of  Subonoba or a synonym will have to await further study. The only substantive difference is that  Austronoba has a more slender shell with axial ridges. </p>
            <p> Clade B is basal to a monophyletic group that includes clades C and D + E. It consists of two unidentified Japanese species (Hasegawa, 2005, fig. 5I, L) attributed to the deep-water genus  Benthonella (type species  B. tenella Jeffreys, 1869 ). The anatomy of the type species of  Benthonella was described by Ponder (1985a) and is particularly unusual in that it appears to practise renal copulation. This unusual means of transferring sperm is not unique as it is also known, as noted above, in a few members of three other truncatelloidean families (Ponder, 1988). </p>
            <p> Clade C is sister to the D + E clade and contains three unusual genera, all of the type species of which were included in the analysis:  Lucidestea (type species  L. vitrea Laseron, 1956 ),  Parashiela (type species  P. ambulata Laseron, 1956 ) and  Voorwindia (type species  V. umbilicata Ponder, 1985 ). These taxa are all characterized by small, conical shells that range from being sculptured with axial and spiral ridges to fine spiral threads or being smooth.  Lucidestea species , uniquely for  Rissoidae , have a small peg on the inner side of the operculum. The central tooth of the radula of  Lucidestea and  Voorwindia has two pairs of cusps while that of  Parashiela has only a single pair, as in most other rissoids. The radula of the European genus  Obtusella Cossmann, 1921 is similar to that of  Lucidestea but that taxon was not included in our analysis. These three included genera share a single short, narrow metapodial tentacle that emerges from the foot behind the opercular lobe.  Lucidestea ,  Voorwindia and  Obtusella also have a large anterior sperm sac, another unique feature within  Rissoidae . The female anatomy of  Parashiela has not been studied. </p>
            <p> Clade D includes  Setia turriculata Monterosato, 1884 ,  Haurakia hamiltoni Suter, 1898 and  Vitricithna marmorata (Hedley, 1907) ; the latter two species represent the type species of  Haurakia and  Vitricithna , respectively. Ponder (1985a) treated  Vitricithna as a synonym of  Haurakia , which itself was given subgeneric status within  Pusillina [type species  P. dolium (Nyst, 1843) ]. This treatment is not supported in the molecular analysis of this study (Figs 1, 2) and  Haurakia and  Vitricithna are here treated as distinct genera. Pending more taxon sampling, we tentatively treat  S. turriculata as being more typical of  Setia (type species  S. pulcherrima Jeffreys, 1848 ) than the other species in our analysis, ‘  S. ’ ambigua (Brugnone, 1873) , which is also usually included in that genus. </p>
            <p> Clade E contains several species attributed to  Rissoa (type species  R. ventricosa Desmarest, 1814 ) and  Pusillina , as well as ‘  Setia ’ ambigua . There are two groups within this subclade in the BI tree; one includes  Rissoa lia Monterosato, 1884 (the type species of  Liavenustia Nordsieck, 1972 ), synonymized with  Rissoa by Ponder (1985a) and  R. variabilis Megerle von M uhlfeld €, 1824 and four species attributed to  Pusillina , none of which is the type species.  Pusillina inconspicua is the type species of  Mutiturboella Nordsieck, 1972 , and  P. radiata is the type species of  Radiata Nordsieck, 1972 , both of which were treated as synonyms of  Pusillina by Ponder (1985a). In the ML tree,  R. variabilis is included in the second group with the other species of  Rissoa . </p>
            <p> The second group includes seven species attributed to  Rissoa , including the type species and the types of seven other taxon names included in the synonymy of  Rissoa by Ponder (1985a), and ‘  Setia ’ ambigua . This latter species has a smooth, transparent, elongately conical simple shell that resembles a few other species included in  Setia but is rather different from the type species of that genus, as indicated above. </p>
            <p> Because our analysis did not include the type species either of  Pusillina or of  Setia , it is not possible to make definitive comments on the validity of these taxon names. We recommend leaving the status quo given that our results are not clear cut, but with the clear realization that the  Rissoa -group of taxa needs revision. </p>
            <p> Clade F contains several subclades which are consistent in both of our analyses. A basal branch, which is the sister to the rest of the clade, contains several taxa from Japanese waters, some of which are unidentified. These include the shallow-water ‘  Alvania ’ concinna (A. Adams, 1861) and several deep-water species that were recently reviewed by Hasegawa (2014). These latter are ‘  Alvania ’ akibai (Yokoyama, 1926) (Fig. 5A),  Frigidoalvania asura (Yokoyama, 1926) ,  Punctulum flavum (Okutani, 1964) ,  Punctulum cf. flavum (Fig. 5C) and  P. tanshumaruae Hasegawa, 2014 . These taxa are all rather similar in having broad shells, most have axial and/ or spiral ribs and some have a thick periostracum. Given that they are all very similar in our analysis, we suggest that they should all be referred to  Punctulum Jeffreys, 1884 which, on the basis of this result, might include  Frigidoalvania Waren, 1974 (type species  Rissoa janmayeni Friele, 1878 ) as a synonym. There are, however, some differences between the type species of these two genera, for example some details of the anatomy and the metapodial tentacles (see Ponder, 1985a) so we do not formally synonymize them here. </p>
            <p> Based on the molecular results, ‘  Alvania ’ concinna is clearly not a member of the genus  Alvania Risso, 1826 and there is no generic name that is suitable for it.  Alvania rudis (Philippi, 1844) , the type species of  Thapsiella Fischer, 1885 , has a somewhat similar, tall shell but it does not agree well in other shell characters so we do not include it there. </p>
            <p> At the base of the branch including the remaining taxa in clade F are: a species attributed to  Simulamerelina , ‘ S. ’ tokunagai (Yokoyama, 1927),  Onoba semicostata (Montagu, 1803) , the type species of  Onoba ,  Manzonia crassa (Kanmacher in J. Adams, 1798) the type species of  Manzonia Brusina, 1870 and ‘  Alvania ’ sp. (Fig. 5B), which does not fit any named genus. </p>
            <p> Many of the remaining taxa are currently placed within  Alvania as recognized by Ponder (1985a) but this genus is rendered polyphyletic by the inclusion of other clearly distinct lineages. The results are detailed below but final taxonomic decisions must await better taxon sampling, and in particular the inclusion of type species of key genus-group names. </p>
            <p> The next clade contains four species of  Alvania , including the type species,  A. cimex (Linnaeus, 1758) . The next branch is  Cingula trifasciata (J. Adams, 1800) (the type species of  Cingula Fleming, 1818 ) and then two species attributed to  Crisilla , but not the type species,  C. semistriata (Montagu, 1808) .  Crisilla was treated as a subgenus of  Alvania by Ponder (1985a). The next clade contains three species, ‘  Alvania ’ circinata A. Adams, 1861 , a spirally ribbed species lacking axial sculpture. It resembles  Alvania hedleyi Thiele, 1930 from Western Australia but no generic name is available for these taxa. The taxon  Conalvinia is available for the remaining two taxa, the type species  Conalvinia novarensis and  C. ogasawarana (Pilsbry, 1904) . </p>
            <p> ‘  Alvania ’ tenera (Philippi, 1844) is then sister to the final clade which includes five species currently attributed to  Alvania . ‘  Alvania ’ tenera is a broad species with a conical shell sculptured with spiral ribs and weaker axial threads. The remaining five species include ‘  A. ’ discors (Allan, 1818) , ‘  A. ’ lanciae (Calcara, 1845) , ‘  A. ’ scabra (Philippi, 1844) , ‘  A. ’ aeoliae Palazzi, 1988 and ‘  A. ’ lineata Risso, 1826 . Of those, all have conical shells with strong axial ribs with weaker spirals, with ‘  A. ’ scabra being distinctive in having a more pagodiform outline. It is the type species of  Alvaniella Sacco, 1895 , which is the earliest genus-group name that could be used for this subclade. ‘  Alvania ’ lineata is the type species of  Alvanolira Nordsieck, 1972 . </p>
            <p>ORIGIN OF DEEP- SEA RISSOIDS</p>
            <p> Our molecular phylogeny suggests that the  Rissoidae originated in the shallow sea and independently radiated into bathyal waters at least twice (Figs 1, 2). Bathyal rissoids have been assigned to several genera including  Benthonella ,  Frigidoalvania Waren, 1974 ,  Onoba ,  Powellisetia Ponder, 1965 ,  Punctulum and  Pusillina , as well as to the polyphyletic  Alvania (Waren, 1974, 1996b; Ponder, 1983b; Hasegawa, 2005, 2014). The seven bathyal species studied herein (459 – 1919 m; Supporting Information, Table S1) constitute clade B (  Benthonella ) and a subclade of clade F (‘  Alvania ,’  Frigidoalvania and  Punctulum ; Figs 1, 2). One of the two studied species of  Benthonella had previously been placed in  Alvania (Hasegawa, 2005, fig. 5I) suggesting that the latter genus contains distantly related lineages. Repeated invasion of the bathyal zone has been documented for other gastropod families of shallow water origin (e.g. Williams et al., 2013). </p>
            <p> The species of  Benthonella have a relatively large, thin shell with a simple outer lip of the aperture (Pon- der, 1985a). This contrasts with the smaller and more solid shells with a more or less thickened outer lip that characterize  Punctulum ,  Frigidoalvania and ‘  Alvania ’ in clade F (Fig. 5A; Hasegawa, 2014, figs 2 – 48). The two deep-sea clades also differ in their biogeographical and bathymetric distributions.  Benthonella species have been reported from low- to highlatitude seas (Ponder, 1985a; Waren, 1996b; Lozouet, 2014) with their depth ranges extending to the lower abyssal plain (Rex &amp; Etter, 1990). On the other hand, the bathyal species in clade F are components of more nutrient-rich waters off northern Japan under the influence of the south-flowing Kuril (Oyashio) Current. Most bathyal rissoids in the North Atlantic fall into the latter clade (Waren, 1974, 1996b). </p>
            <p> The lack of pigmented eyes is among the bestdocumented morphological features of deep-sea gastropods. Apomorphic loss of the retinal pigmentation may occur in rather short periods of time (i.e. a few million years; Williams et al., 2013). All species of  Benthonella ,  Punctulum and  Frigidoalvania so far investigated lack pigmented eyes (Ponder, 1985a; Hasegawa, 2014) but ‘  Alvania ’  cf. akibai retains eye pigmentation (Hasegawa, 2014), despite its co-occurrence with  F. asura with unpigmented eyes in the same sample (Supporting Information, Table S1). The phylogenetic position of ‘ A. ’  cf. akibai basal to  Punctulum and  Frigidoalvania , accompanied by small genetic distances among these taxa, implies that the apomorphic loss of the pigmentation occurred only once, and rather recently, in this bathyal subclade of clade F (Figs 1, 2). </p>
            <p> MONOPHYLY OF  RISSOOIDEA</p>
            <p> Addressing the question of the monophyly of the  Rissooidea was not the main focus of this study. However, given that our molecular analyses are based on the most complete sampling available for this superfamily, and as some results are in conflict with those of other studies, this work may shed light on this yet controversial issue. The superfamily  Rissooidea was maintained by Criscione &amp; Ponder (2013, fig. 2) with  Hebeulima (Vanikoroidea:  Eulimidae ) as a sister to the rissoinid – barleeiid clade. A rissoinid – eulimid clade was retrieved in nearly all previous caenogastropod phylogenies (Colgan et al., 2007; Ponder et al., 2008). However, those studies included no other rissooidean family. Subsets of the rissoidean families were included as outgroups in two molecular studies of other caenogastropod groups (Wilke et al., 2013; Takano &amp; Kano, 2014). In a phylogeny of the ‘hydrobioids’ (Truncatelloidea),  Barleeia and  Rissoidae were found to be only distantly related (Wilke et al., 2013). In a molecular phylogeny of the  Eulimidae , rissooideans clustered together in a monophyletic group when five genes were used (Takano &amp; Kano, 2014, fig. 2). However, a tree based on two genes did not support a close relationship of the rissoids with rissoinids, zebinids and barleeiids (Takano &amp; Kano, 2014, fig. 1); the latter three families were more closely related to  Eulimidae and  Vanikoridae , albeit without including  Emblandidae or  Lironobidae in the analysis. Although with relatively weak support, our phylogenies (Figs 1, 2) suggest a monophyletic  Rissooidea that is only distantly related to  Eulimidae . However, the monophyly of this diverse superfamily can only be investigated with a more comprehensive sampling of its component genera, by including several critical outgroup taxa (e.g.  Eulimidae and  Vanikoridae ), and ideally by combining multi-gene phylogenies with an assessment of key morphological traits. Accordingly, we maintain the tentative recognition of this superfamily as distinct from the Eulimoidea, in accordance with Criscione &amp; Ponder (2013). </p>
            <p>CONCLUDING REMARKS</p>
            <p> This study represents the first attempt to investigate the relationships within the  Rissooidea in a cladistic phylogenetic framework. By producing a phylogeny based on molecular data from the largest number of rissooidean samples to date, we unearthed considerable amounts of previously undetected diversity within the  Rissooidea , challenging the current, exclusively phenetic, systematics of the group. Our work is only a glimpse of the evolution of one of the oldest, most widespread megadiverse groups within the Caenogastropoda, which still remains largely neglected. Further studies, based on better taxon sampling and larger amounts of molecular data than the present one, are required to improve the understanding of the rissooidean systematics and evolution. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87E5C26EDA43387217C754A06CBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Criscione, Francesco;Ponder, Winston Frank;Köhler, Frank;Takano, Tsuyoshi;Kano, Yasunori	Criscione, Francesco, Ponder, Winston Frank, Köhler, Frank, Takano, Tsuyoshi, Kano, Yasunori (2017): A molecular phylogeny of Rissoidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea) allows testing the diagnostic utility of morphological traits. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179 (1): 23-40, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12447, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12447
