taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C987D8FFF08C76FF6C365F32E3F9DC.taxon	materials_examined	Type (lectotype designated by Raffaelli & Ricceri 1988: 4): — ITALY. “ Aprile, Euphorbia fruticosa Biv., M. Pellegrino ” (PAL). Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting plants were observed from the end of February to late April (- May).	en	Mokni, Ridha El, Barone, Giulio, Domina, Gianniantonio (2024): The Euphorbia bivonae aggregate (Euphorbiaceae) in the Central Mediterranean area: First report of Euphorbia papillaris from Tunisia. Phytotaxa 669 (1): 57-66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.669.1.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.669.1.6
03C987D8FFF08C76FF6C365F32E3F9DC.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — This species, described from Sicily, occurs also in Algeria and Tunisia (Figure 1). The records from Greece (Dimopoulos et al. 2013) need confirmation. The records from Egypt and Sinai need to be verified, probably they refer to E. ramanensis. The reports from Kriti are to be referred to E. sultan-hassei (Strid et al. 1989). Habitat and ecology in Tunisia: — Euphorbia bivonae is a chasmophytic suffrutex or shrub that in Tunisia grows on calcareous rocky slopes (Figure 2) mainly with Clematis cirrhosa L., Euphorbia dendroides L., Hyoseris radiata L., Ceratonia siliqua L., Cytisus laniger DC., Jasminum fruticans L., Olea europaea L., Ferula communis L., Festuca coerulescens Desf., Lamarckia aurea (L.) Moench, Melica magnolii Gren. & Godr., Teucrium marum L. subsp. marum, Parietaria lusitanica L., Pistacia atlantica Desf., P. lentiscus L., P. terebinthus L., Phillyrea latifolia L., Periploca angustifolia Labill., Phagnalon saxatile (L.) Cass., Rhamnus lycioides subsp. oleoides (L.) Jahand. & Maire, Ruscus hypophyllum L., Scrophularia laevigata subsp. simplicifolia (Batt.) Maire (Moroccan-Algerian-Tunisian endemic), Sedum stellatum L., Simethis mattiazzii (L.) Sacc., Smilax aspera L., Stachys major (L.) Bartolucci & Peruzzi, Theligonum cynocrambe L., Tripodion tetraphyllum (L.) Fourr., and Umbilicus horizontalis (Guss.) DC.	en	Mokni, Ridha El, Barone, Giulio, Domina, Gianniantonio (2024): The Euphorbia bivonae aggregate (Euphorbiaceae) in the Central Mediterranean area: First report of Euphorbia papillaris from Tunisia. Phytotaxa 669 (1): 57-66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.669.1.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.669.1.6
03C987D8FFF08C75FF6C34333492FA3D.taxon	materials_examined	Type (lectotype designated by Simon & Vicens 1999: 586): — TUNISIA. “ Université d’Alger, Herbier de l’Afrique du Nord, Euphorbia bivonae, ssp. tunetana Murbeck, Tunisie: Bou-Hedma, 26 April 1884, Doumet s. n. ” (MPU 008008!). Notes: — The protologue of E. tunetana reports several localities from Tunisia and one from Algeria (Domina & El Mokni 2019). Simon & Vicens (1999) designated as Lectotype a specimen from southern Tunisia. The large part of current contributions (POWO 2024) considers this taxon a subspecies of E. bivonae. According to the variability observed among the other species of this group we judge more opportune to consider this taxon at species rank in accordance with the treatment reserved for the other taxa of this group. We believe, however, that further morphological and / or molecular studies are appropriate to better clarify the taxonomic relationships between those taxa. Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting plants were observed from the end of February to late April (– May).	en	Mokni, Ridha El, Barone, Giulio, Domina, Gianniantonio (2024): The Euphorbia bivonae aggregate (Euphorbiaceae) in the Central Mediterranean area: First report of Euphorbia papillaris from Tunisia. Phytotaxa 669 (1): 57-66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.669.1.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.669.1.6
03C987D8FFF08C75FF6C34333492FA3D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — This species occurs in Algeria, Tunisia and Libya (Figure 1). Habitat and ecology in Tunisia: — Euphorbia tunetana is a chasmophytic suffrutex that grows on calcareous rocky slopes (Figure 3), mainly with Ferula vesceritensis Batt. (endemic to the same chorological area), Teucrium alopecurus de Noé (endemic to Tunisia), T. ramosissimum Desf. (Moroccan-Algerian-Tunisian endemic), Galium petraeum Coss. (Algerian-Tunisian endemic), Centaurea microcarpa Batt. (Algerian-Tunisian endemic), Oreobliton thesioides Durieu & Moq. (Algerian-Tunisian endemic), Reseda alphonsi Müll. Arg. (Algerian-Tunisian endemic), Sedum rubens L., S. sediforme (Jacq.) Pau, Senecio flavus (Decne.) Sch. Bip.	en	Mokni, Ridha El, Barone, Giulio, Domina, Gianniantonio (2024): The Euphorbia bivonae aggregate (Euphorbiaceae) in the Central Mediterranean area: First report of Euphorbia papillaris from Tunisia. Phytotaxa 669 (1): 57-66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.669.1.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.669.1.6
03C987D8FFF38C72FF6C379332D5F80C.taxon	materials_examined	Type (lectotype designated by Raffaelli & Ricceri 1988: 8): — ITALY. Insula Favignana, prope Sicilia, 1829, Jan 53 (G-DC G 00312037) (isotypes: K 000911865, K 000911865). Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting plants were observed in Tunisia from late April; in Sicily, from November to April.	en	Mokni, Ridha El, Barone, Giulio, Domina, Gianniantonio (2024): The Euphorbia bivonae aggregate (Euphorbiaceae) in the Central Mediterranean area: First report of Euphorbia papillaris from Tunisia. Phytotaxa 669 (1): 57-66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.669.1.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.669.1.6
03C987D8FFF38C72FF6C379332D5F80C.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Euphorbia papillaris was previously considered endemic to northwestern Sicily (i. e. Zingaro and Mount Erice) and the Egadi Islands (see Bajona & Spadaro 2022). After recent field investigations and herbarium studies, we can state this species also occurs in Tunisia (Cap Bon) and Libya (Tripolitania and Cyrenaica) (Figure 1). Habitat and ecology in Tunisia: — Euphorbia papillaris in Tunisia is restricted to the eastern coastal of Haouaria (Nabeul governorate, Cap-Bon of Tunisia). It usually grows on limestone slopes, from 30 to 180 m elevation, accompanied by several thermophilous species of the maquis shrubland and the Mediterranean scrub (Figure 4), such as Ambrosina bassii L., Daphne gnidium subsp. mauritanica (Nieto Fel.) Halda, Festuca coerulescens Desf., Genista aspalathoides Lam., Phillyrea latifolia L., Pistacia lentiscus L., Biscutella didyma L. s. l., Cytisus infestus subsp. intermedius (Salzm. ex C. Presl) Cristof. & Troìa, Daucus carota subsp. fontanesii Thell., Erica arborea L., Erodium botrys (Cav.) Bertol., Filago gallica L., Galium verrucosum Huds., Helichrysum stoechas subsp. barrelieri (Ten.) Nyman, Hyoseris radiata L., Hypericum humifusum L., Leontodon tuberosus L., Ononis hispanica subsp. ramosissima (Desf.) Förther & Podl., Paronychia echinulata Chater, Quercus coccifera L., Q. ilex subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp., Ranunculus paludosus Poir., Rubus ulmifolius Schott, Ruscus hypophyllum L., Schoenus nigricans L., Sedum tuberosum Coss. & Letourn. (Algerian-Tunisian endemic), Simethis mattiazzii (L.) Sacc., Smilax aspera L., Stachys arvensis (L.) L., Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl., Tuberaria guttata (L.) Fourr., T. lipopetala (Murb.) Greuter & Burdet, and Tulipa pumila Moench	en	Mokni, Ridha El, Barone, Giulio, Domina, Gianniantonio (2024): The Euphorbia bivonae aggregate (Euphorbiaceae) in the Central Mediterranean area: First report of Euphorbia papillaris from Tunisia. Phytotaxa 669 (1): 57-66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.669.1.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.669.1.6
03C987D8FFF68C70FF6C339F358BFAD8.taxon	materials_examined	ALGERIA (historical records): — In angustiis saxorum, Pascada. Algier, 1832, W. Shimper (L 0151985); In glareosis Djebel Santo, Oran, 14 March 1876, A. Warion 166 (MPU 1308668); Saint-Eugène, près Alger: broussailles au-dessus du village, 30 April 1879, A. Meyer, Soc. Dauphinoise 2606 bis (CLF 293336); Aïn Charme vers 2700 m, Massif de Betagna, 21 May 1935, L. Faurel s. n. (P 05567481), Forêt de Baïnem, Environs d’Alger, 18 April 1946, A. Dubuis & L. Faurel I 299 (CLF 093089). TUNISIA (historical records): — Djebel Bou-Kournin, 9 May 1883, E. Cosson et al. s. n. (P 05533384, P 05533385); Base du djebel Bou Kournine près El Lif, 18 May 1883, E. Cosson et al. s. n. (P 05533383); Hammam-el-Lif rochers, 29 April 1894, L. Chevallier s. n. (P 05533382); Hammam El Lif, ad rupes, 21 March 1887, A. Letorneux s. n. (P 05533369); Hammam-el-Lif, ad rupes, 22 March 1887, A. Letourneux s. n. (P 05533368); Tunis, s. d., J. A. Battandier s. n. (MPU 064956); Hammam-el-Lif, ad rupes, 22 March 1887, A. Letourneux s. n. (P 05533368); Dj. Bou-Kournin, 22 April 1888, G. Barratte s. n. (P 05533379); Dj. Kourbés (sommet), 27 April 1888, G. Barratte s. n. (P 05533377, P 05533380); Recas, 22 May 1888, G. Barratte s. n. (P 05533378); Aïn Bou Saadia, 17 May 1903, S. Murbeck s. n. (MPU 1308627); Rochers du sommet du Dj. Bou-Kornine, 25 April 1909, Achermyon s. n. (P 05512748); Djebel Zaghouan, in rupestribus, April 1909, C. J. Pitard 635 (MA 75005, L 0147622, LY 0540437); Dj. Bou Kornine, 15 April 1912, H. Humbert s. n. (MPU 064935); Pied du mont Dj. Bou Kornine, 19 December 1912, H. Humbert s. n. (MPU 064957); Djebel Ressas, 22 December 1912, H. Humbert s. n. (MPU 064938); Korbous, Ain Oktor, 100 m, 29 May 1992, J. Molero & J. Vicens s. n. (BCF 38638); (recent records): Jebel Sidi Abderrahmane, 25 March 2014, N. Ardenghi et al. 176 (PAL-Gr 061223); Jebel Ichkeul, 29 March 2014, N. Ardenghi et al. 644 (Herb. Borj Cedria, PAL-Gr 061696); Djebel Ichkeul, Bizerta, 27 March 2023, El Mokni s. n. (Herb. El Mokni); ibidem, 31 March 2023, El Mokni s. n. (Herb. El Mokni); ibidem, 16 March 2024, El Mokni s. n. (Herb. El Mokni); Jabal Minshar, Béja, 1 May 2023, El Mokni s. n. (Herb. El Mokni). SICILY: — Mt. Pellegrino, 22 November 1996, G. Certa s. n. (PAL 51759); Zingaro, Galleria di Scopello, 30 May 1990, F. M. Raimondo et al. 132 (PAL 68393); Sciacca, Gole della Tardara, 2 June 1990, F. M. Raimondo et al. 856 (PAL 68403); Villafrati, s. d., s. c. (PAL 87387); Monte Catalfano, Vignazza, 21 March 2002, R. Galesi s. n. (CAT 435); Monte Pileri, 2 April 2008, R. Galesi s. n. (CAT 2814); Altavilla Milicia, Pizzo Selva a mare, 19 April 1990, S. Brullo s. n. (CAT 26101).	en	Mokni, Ridha El, Barone, Giulio, Domina, Gianniantonio (2024): The Euphorbia bivonae aggregate (Euphorbiaceae) in the Central Mediterranean area: First report of Euphorbia papillaris from Tunisia. Phytotaxa 669 (1): 57-66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.669.1.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.669.1.6
03C987D8FFF68C70FF6C373736B8F9DC.taxon	materials_examined	MALTA: — Wied Babu, March 1984, D. Ottonello s. n. (PAL); Zurrieq, 11 April 1987, M. Raffaelli, C. Ricceri s. n. (FI); Mellieha Is Simar, 12 April 1987, M. Raffaelli & C. Ricceri s. n. (FI); Insula Comino, 24 April 1907, S. Sommier s. n. (FI); Gozo, Nadur, 13 April 1987, M. Raffaelli, C. Ricceri s. n. (FI); Insula Gaulos, Is Rizhari, 21 April 1907, S. Sommier s. n. (FI); Triq Ħaġar Qim Qrendi, 16 May 2023, G. Domina s. n. (SAF); Il-Kamp ta’ Ghajn Tuffieha, 17 May 2023, G. Domina s. n. (SAF).	en	Mokni, Ridha El, Barone, Giulio, Domina, Gianniantonio (2024): The Euphorbia bivonae aggregate (Euphorbiaceae) in the Central Mediterranean area: First report of Euphorbia papillaris from Tunisia. Phytotaxa 669 (1): 57-66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.669.1.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.669.1.6
03C987D8FFF68C70FF6C3433366FF824.taxon	materials_examined	TUNISIA (new record): — Djebel Haouaria, Nabeul, 28.04.2013, El Mokni & Domina s. n. (Herb. El Mokni, PAL). LIBYA (historical records): — Tripolitania, Gran Sirte, Marsa Luegia sui colli presso il mare, 30 March 1914, A. Vaccari (E 01084991, MPU 064962); Cyrenaica: in rupestribus calcareis, Kot Jona ad occidentem urbis Danis, 300 m, 23 April 1938, R. Maire & M. Weiller 1376 (MPU 064960, P 05510520); Cyrenaica: in nemoribus inter Limmiades et Gaigab, solo calcareo, 690 m, 26 April 1938, R. Maire & M. Weiller 1378 (MPU 064959, P 05510516). SICILY: — Favignana, 15 May 1990, S. Brullo & P. Minissale (CAT 26367); Levanzo, 1 April 1986, F. Catanzaro s. n. (FI); Mt. Acci, 25 May 2005, F. M. Raimondo & V. Spadaro s. n. (PAL); Erice, 7 June 2020, E. Bajona & F. M. Raimondo s. n. (PAL-Gr, FI)	en	Mokni, Ridha El, Barone, Giulio, Domina, Gianniantonio (2024): The Euphorbia bivonae aggregate (Euphorbiaceae) in the Central Mediterranean area: First report of Euphorbia papillaris from Tunisia. Phytotaxa 669 (1): 57-66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.669.1.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.669.1.6
03C987D8FFF98C7FFF6C32D633CFFEFB.taxon	materials_examined	MOROCCO: — Atlantis Majoris, Goundafa, 13 April 1925, R. Maire s. n. (MPU 003960, P); Grand Atlas, Sidi-n-Test, 26 June 1936, R. Ball 2936 (MPU 003961); Grand Atlas, Mentaga, 15 April 1922, R. Maire s. n. (MPU 003929); Massif des Beni-Snassen. Taforalt au Djebel Mettchich, 26 May 1931, A. Faure s. n. (MPU 003016); Grand Atlas, Mentaga, graviers de l’Acif-n-Aït-el-Hadj, 16 April 1922, R. Maire s. n. (P 00083285); Taforalt au Djebel Mettchich, 26 May 1931, A. Faure s. n. (US 01432381); Sidi Ouasmine, 12 June 1889, A. Ibrahim s. n. (P 05570369).	en	Mokni, Ridha El, Barone, Giulio, Domina, Gianniantonio (2024): The Euphorbia bivonae aggregate (Euphorbiaceae) in the Central Mediterranean area: First report of Euphorbia papillaris from Tunisia. Phytotaxa 669 (1): 57-66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.669.1.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.669.1.6
03C987D8FFF98C7FFF6C33D233ADFA17.taxon	materials_examined	ALGERIA (historical records): — Plantes di Djebel-Chechar et de l’Oued-el-Arab (Aurès oriental.), au sommet du Ksar Djellal, 10 May 1872, V. Reboud s. n. (P 05533359); Ksar Djelaïl, May [18] 72, V. Rebound s. n. (MPU 064951); Khanguet Mides, 6 May 1887, A. Letourneux s. n. (P 05533358). TUNISIA (historical records): — Bou Hedma, 25 April 1884, Doumet-Adanson & Bonnet s. n. (P 05533363); Bou-Hedma, 26 April 1884, Doumet s. n. (MPU 008008); Djebel Sened, 1 May 1884, Doumet-Adanson & Bonnet s. n. (P 05533373); Dj. Sened, 2 May [18] 84, Doumet-Adanson & Bonnet s. n. (P 05533361 the specimen of the left); Dj. Attigue, 17 May 1884, Doumet-Adanson & Bonnet s. n. (P 05533374); Dj. Attig, 19 May [18] 84, Doumet-Adanson s. n., (P 05533362); In collibus praeruptis Djebel Tebaga, Dj. Aziza prop El Hamma, 26 May 1884, A. Letourneux s. n. (P 05533360, the specimen on the left of the sheet; P 05533372, P 05533357); In praeruptis Djebel Cherb Oued Cuferma, 12 June 1884, A. Letourneux s. n. (P 05533360 the specimen on the top of the sheet, P 05533367); Dj. Hattig, 17 May [18] 84, Doumet s. n. (P 05533362); Dj. Ieneukrouf au sud-ouest de l’oued Oun el Ksob près la frontière algérienne, 21 April 1886, Ph. Thomas s. n. (P 05533360, the specimen on the right of the sheet); Gafsa, 26 April 1886, Ph. Thomas s. n. (P 05533361 the specimen on the right); Khanguet El-Seldja, 8 May 1887, A. Letourneux s. n. (P 05533365); Seldja, prope Metlaoui, in rupestribus, March 1908, C. J. Pitard 498 (L 2217313, MA 75013, MA 75014, WAG 0361532); Tunetia merid.: Rochers dans les gorges de la Seldja près Metlaoui, 18 February 1908, S. Murbeck (LD 1227255); Djebel Gafsa, in rupestribus, March 1908, C. J. Pitard s. n. (MA 75015); Kebisa, Matmata, ad rupes, April 1909, C. J. Pitard s. n. (MA 75012); Djebel Matmata, 4 May 1938, R. Maire & M. Weiller 1373 (MPU 369161); In rupibus calcareis in montibus Matmata, 390 - 400 m, 5 May 1938, R. Maire, M. Weiller s. n. (MPU 064958, P 05510517); Dj. Tebaga, 21 March [19] 53, Pottier-Alapetite s. n. (MPU 024873); Gabès, Djebel Tebaga, UTM 32 S NC 53, 300 m, 24 May 1992, J. Molero & J. Vicens s. n. (MPU 1308626, LD 1336483); Parc de Bou Hedma: Oued Cherchara, tout près de la source d’eau de Cherchara, 220 m, 26 May 1992, J. Molero & J. Vicens s. n. (BCF 38640); Tunetia meridion: El Hafay, in rupestribus, 24 April 1896, S. Murbeck (LD 12271195); (recent records): Les Matmatas, 26 November 2014, El Mokni s. n. (Herb. El Mokni); Djebel Orbata, 6 May 2015, El Mokni s. n. (Herb. El Mokni); Djebel Bou Hedma 25 April 2017, El Mokni s. n. (Herb. El Mokni); Les Matmatas 29 April 2019, El Mokni & Domina s. n. (Herb. El Mokni, PAL); Gorges du Selja, 28 May 2022, El Mokni & Domina s. n. (Herb. El Mokni). LIBYA (historical records): — Cirenaica, Messa a ovest di Cirene, Sfonta: Scendira, 8 May 1934, R. Pampanini & R. Pichi-Sermolli 4601 (L 2215716); Wadi Derna, on dry slopes of the wadi sides, 20 January 1967, L. Boulos s. n. (PALGr 4043); Cirenaica, Gerdes el-Abid: U. el-Benia, 29 March 1933, R. Pampanini 4629 (L 2215715).	en	Mokni, Ridha El, Barone, Giulio, Domina, Gianniantonio (2024): The Euphorbia bivonae aggregate (Euphorbiaceae) in the Central Mediterranean area: First report of Euphorbia papillaris from Tunisia. Phytotaxa 669 (1): 57-66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.669.1.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.669.1.6
