identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D687C8FFDC985CFF5EFC0BFD01FA90.text	03D687C8FFDC985CFF5EFC0BFD01FA90.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhynchonema Cobb 1920	<div><p>Genus Rhynchonema Cobb, 1920</p><p>Diagnosis. (Mota et al. 2025): Xyalidae . Cuticle coarsely striated, vacuoles may be present. Amphideal fovea placed over or very close to the end of pharyngostome. Its shape is circular or oval and an amphideal plate may be present (amphideal plate was used to characterize the cuticle annules without division which accommodates the entire amphideal fovea). In some species, amphideal fovea of the males is different to that of the females (oval x circular). The buccal cavity is long and tubular, divided in two parts: cheilostome, short anterior chamber at the level of cephalic setae; pharyngostome, a narrow tubular part extending along the cervical region. Males with two testes. Spicules can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Gubernaculum is present in most species and normally with apophysis. Precloacal supplements present or absent, when present, they are papilliform (not always easy to see). Females with reproductive system monodelphic prodelphic to the left of intestine. Tail conical.</p><p>Type species: Rhynchonema cinctum Cobb, 1920 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D687C8FFDC985CFF5EFC0BFD01FA90	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mota, Juliana Thays;Neres, Patrícia Fernandes;Esteves, André Morgado	Mota, Juliana Thays, Neres, Patrícia Fernandes, Esteves, André Morgado (2025): New findings on Rhynchonema Cobb, 1920 (Nematoda: Monhysterida): description of three new species from Brazil and illustrated key to the genus. Zootaxa 5716 (4): 483-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5716.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5716.4.2
03D687C8FFDD9854FF5EFB73FE54FA90.text	03D687C8FFDD9854FF5EFB73FE54FA90.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhynchonema brasiliensis Mota & Neres & Esteves 2025	<div><p>Rhynchonema brasiliensis sp. nov.</p><p>(Figures 1–5, Table 1)</p><p>Material studied. Two males and four females in glycerin slides.</p><p>Type material. Holotype male (MOUFPE 0038), paratype female (MOUFPE 0039), other paratypes: one male (NM LMZOO-UFPE 533) and three females (NM LMZOO-UFPE 534–536).</p><p>Type locality. Holotype male and paratype female: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-36.375305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.0694723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -36.375305/lat -5.0694723)">Potiguar Basin</a>, located along the coast of the state of Rio Grande do Norte and the extreme west of the state of Ceará, in the Northeast region of Brazil (05º04'10.1"S; 36º22'31.1"W). Collected in 2013. 4 m depth. In sediments from rhodolith beds.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet ‘ brasiliensis ’ is given to the species in tribute to the country of the type locality.</p><p>Description. (Males). Body cylindrical 434–684 μm long. Maximum body diameter corresponding to 7–8 times the head diameter. Cuticle strongly annulated presenting vacuoles (best observed posterior to the amphideal fovea, where the annules are wider compared to those found in other regions of the body). Inversion of cuticle orientation (difficult to identify the exact location of the morphological change). The annules from the cephalic region up to the height of the cardia are arranged towards the anterior region of the body, and the annules that extend from the region of the spicules to the end of the tail are arranged towards the posterior region of the body. Cephalic sensilla arrangement not observed (probably lost during sample processing). Somatic setae distributed throughout the body without a specific pattern. Circular amphideal fovea, accommodated on amphideal plate, occupying 75–88% of corresponding body diameter. Amphideal fovea located 38–40 μm from the anterior end, with 21–23 anterior cuticular annules. Buccal cavity long and narrow, total length equivalent to 25–30% of the total length of the pharynx. The distal end of the buccal cavity extends to the end of the amphideal fovea. Nerve ring and secretory-excretory pore not observed (the same condition was observed in all analyzed specimens). Pharynx cylindrical (141–157 μm long), without terminal bulb. Cardia is surrounded by the intestine. Reproductive system with two anterior outstretched testes, located to the left of the intestine. Spicules symmetrical, 14–16 μm long (0.7– 0.8 times the cloacal body diameter), short and almost without curvature. Gubernaculum occupying 31–36% of spicules’ length, with elongated dorsal apophysis. Three precloacal papilliform supplements (difficult to visualize). Tail conical, about 3.0–3.7 times the cloacal body diameter. Three caudal glands present.</p><p>Paratypes (Females). Very similar to males. Body length measuring 546–667 μm. The inversion of the cuticular annules is located anterior to the vulva, the annules in the anterior region of the body (anterior to the vulva) facing upwards, and the annules located posterior to the vulva face downwards. Amphideal fovea circular and smaller than in the males (59–63% of corresponding body diameter), accommodated on amphideal plate. Amphideal fovea is located 49–58 μm from the anterior end, presenting 28–33 anterior cuticular annules. Buccal cavity similar, but slightly longer (47–58 μm), to that of males. The distal end of the buccal cavity is located at the end of the amphideal fovea. Nerve ring and secretory-excretory pore not observed. Reproductive system formed by an anterior outstretched ovary located to the left of the intestine. Vulva located 414–516 μm from the anterior end (72–78% of body length). Vagina with common morphology, but well sclerotized, easy to observe. Tail conical about 3.8–6.2 times anal body diameter. Three caudal glands difficult to observe.</p><p>Diagnosis. Rhynchonema brasiliensis sp.nov. characterized by its thick cuticle with wider annules posterior to the amphideal fovea. Vacuoles and somatic setae throughout the body. 21–33 annules anterior to the amphideal fovea. Amphideal fovea circular, slightly larger in males, accommodated in an amphideal plate, occupying 75–88% of the corresponding body diameter in males and 56–63% of the corresponding body diameter in females. Spicules short and almost without curvature. Gubernaculum with elongated dorsal apophysis. Two testes located to the left of the intestine. Three precloacal papilliform supplements. Female with evident sclerotization in the vaginal region. Tail conical, about 3.0–3.7 times anal body diameter in males and 3.8–6.2 times in females.</p><p>Differential diagnosis. Rhynchonema brasiliensis sp. nov. is differentiated from other species of the genus by the presence of circular amphideal fovea located in an amphideal plate, by the morphology of the spicules and apophysis, in addition to the presence of precloacal supplements.</p><p>The species that most resembles Rhynchonema brasiliensis sp. nov., is Rhynchonema scutatum, which is similar regarding the presence of the amphideal plate, morphology of the amphideal fovea (circular and occupying more than half of the corresponding body diameter), somatic setae scattered throughout the body, symmetrical spicules, and proportional sizes ( R. brasiliensis sp. nov. 14–16 μm and R. scutatum 19.5 μm), in addition to the gubernaculum that presents an apophysis. However, R. scutatum does not present vacuoles in its cuticle, nor precloacal supplements, as observed in the new species. Although the spicules of both species are similar in size, they differ in morphology with regard to curvature. R. scutatum presents sclerotized spicules with a more pronounced curvature, whereas, in R. brasiliensis sp. nov., the spicules are short and almost without curvature. The most evident difference between the two species is in the morphology of the gubernaculum. In R. scutatum, the gubernaculum presents an apophysis with a poorly developed anterior projection. In R. brasiliensis sp. nov., the gubernaculum has an apophysis directed towards the dorsal region of the body. Furthermore, there is a difference in relation to the females of the two species: in R. scutatum females do not present the amphideal plate, as seen in males, and the vulva is covered by a flap/operculum; in R. brasiliensis sp. nov. females present the amphideal plate, and the vulva does not have flap/ operculum.</p><p>The presence of an amphideal plate is observed in other species of the genus: Rhynchonema collare, Rhynchonema deconincki, Rhynchonema quemer and Rhynchonema laminam . However, the species have an oval or unispiral amphideal fovea, differing from the described species that have a circular structure. It was also possible to analyze that only R. deconincki, R. quemer and R. laminam present symmetrical spicules, just like those of the new species. Nevertheless, R. deconincki and R. quemer present small gubernaculum without apophysis; R. laminam presents a gubernaculum with a dorsal posterior apophysis with a pointed anterior projection (vs. in R. brasiliensis sp. nov., gubernaculum with an elongated dorsal apophysis). Additionally, R. laminam presents vacuolization in its cuticle, as does the new species described, and the presence of two precloacal supplements (vs. R. brasiliensis sp. nov., three precloacal supplements).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D687C8FFDD9854FF5EFB73FE54FA90	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mota, Juliana Thays;Neres, Patrícia Fernandes;Esteves, André Morgado	Mota, Juliana Thays, Neres, Patrícia Fernandes, Esteves, André Morgado (2025): New findings on Rhynchonema Cobb, 1920 (Nematoda: Monhysterida): description of three new species from Brazil and illustrated key to the genus. Zootaxa 5716 (4): 483-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5716.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5716.4.2
03D687C8FFD49853FF5EFA03FB81FB64.text	03D687C8FFD49853FF5EFA03FB81FB64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhynchonema nordestinum Mota & Neres & Esteves 2025	<div><p>Rhynchonema nordestinum sp. nov.</p><p>(Figures 6–7, Table 2)</p><p>Material studied. Three males in glycerin slides.</p><p>Type material. Holotype male (MOUFPE 0040), other paratypes: two males (NM LMZOO-UFPE 537–538).</p><p>Type locality. Holotype male and paratypes: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-36.336445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.0263333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -36.336445/lat -5.0263333)">Potiguar Basin</a>, located along the coast of the state of Rio Grande do Norte and the extreme west of the state of Ceará, in the Northeast region of Brazil (5°01'34.8"S; 36°20'11.2"W). Collected in 2009. 8 m depth. In sediments from rhodolith beds.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet ‘ nordestinum’ is given to the species due to the location of the Potiguar Basin, where the holotype was collected.</p><p>Description. (Males). Body cylindrical 749–950 μm long. Maximum body diameter corresponding to 6–7 times the head diameter. Cuticle strongly annulated throughout the length of the body, presenting vacuoles with no distribution pattern, exhibiting a circular/rough appearance (which are best observed anterior to the amphideal fovea). The cuticular annules closest to the amphideal fovea region are wider than the others. Cephalic sensilla arrangement not observed, probably lost during sample processing. Somatic setae distributed in a disorderly manner throughout the body. Oval amphideal fovea, occupying 63–75% of corresponding body diameter, the equivalent of the width of five body annules, located 38–45 μm from the anterior end. It presents 22–23 cuticular annules anterior to the amphideal fovea. Buccal cavity elongated extending to half of the amphideal fovea, total length equivalent to 22% of the total length of the pharynx. Nerve ring and secretory-excretory pore not observed (the same condition was observed in all analyzed specimens). Pharynx cylindrical (205–234 μm), without terminal bulb. Cardia partially surrounded by the intestine. Reproductive system with two outstretched testes, located to the left of the intestine. Spicules symmetrical, 20–28 μm long (0.9–1.3 times the cloacal body diameter), robust and slightly curved. Gubernaculum occupying 54–64% of spicules’ length with well-developed dorsal apophysis. Precloacal supplements absent. Tail conical, about 3.5–3.9 times the cloacal body diameter (the annules in this region are smaller compared to the rest of the body). Three caudal glands.</p><p>Diagnosis. Rhynchonema nordestinum sp. nov. is characterized by the presence of a cuticle annulated with vacuoles and somatic setae short, spread throughout the body without a distribution pattern. Oval amphideal fovea, occupying 63–75% of corresponding body diameter, equivalent to five cuticular annules in length. 22–23 annules anterior to the amphideal fovea. Buccal cavity elongated, extending to half of the amphideal fovea. Spicules symmetrical, robust and slightly curved. Gubernaculum with dorsal apophysis. Two testes in the anterior and left region of the intestine. Tail conical about 3.5–3.9 times anal body diameter.</p><p>Differential diagnosis. In this section, only males of the species were used for comparisons.</p><p>Rhynchonema nordestinum sp. nov. differs from other species by the morphology of the amphideal fovea, spicules, and gubernaculum along with its apophysis. The species that most resemble Rhynchonema nordestinum sp. nov. are Rhynchonema chiloense and Rhynchonema megamphidum, similar in terms of the morphology of the amphideal fovea (oval, occupying more than 60% of the corresponding body diameter, with a length equivalent to 4–6 cuticular annules), symmetrical, curved spicules with a more robust appearance, as well as the presence of a gubernaculum with an apophysis. However, the species differ in the number of cuticular annules anterior to the amphideal fovea: R. chiloense has 46 annules, R. megamphidum has 29–34 annules, and the new species has 22–23 annules. The location of the amphideal fovea in relation to of the pharyngostome is also divergent. In R. chiloense, the structure is located near the end of the pharyngostome (final portion situated in the anterior third of the amphideal fovea); in R. megamphidum, the amphideal fovea is entirely located posterior to the pharyngostome; whereas in R. nordestinum sp. nov., it is located in the terminal part of the pharyngostome (final portion situated in half the amphideal fovea). The species have a gubernaculum with an apophysis, but they differ in the morphology of this structure. R. chiloense presents a gubernaculum with a caudal apophysis, R. megamphidum presents a short dorsal apophysis and a distal part with sharp tips oriented toward the anterior part of the body (vs. R. nordestinum sp. nov. gubernaculum with a dorsal apophysis). Furthermore, the presence of vacuoles was not mentioned in any species, as observed in the described species.</p><p>The presence of an oval amphideal fovea, as well as symmetrical spicules and the presence of a gubernaculum with apophysis, is observed in other species of the genus: Rhynchonema amakusanum, Rhynchonema falciferum and Rhynchonema sieverti . However, the morphology of spicules and gubernaculum are divergent: in R. amakusanum and R. sieverti, spicules are thin and curved, with globular capitulum. In R. amakusanum the gubernaculum presents dorso-caudal apophysis, while in R. sieverti it has a small dorsal apophysis. In R. falciferum the spicules are without curvature, almost straight, and the gubernaculum presents asymmetrical apophysis (vs. R. nordestinum sp. nov., spicules are robust and slightly curved and the gubernaculum presents dorsal apophysis).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D687C8FFD49853FF5EFA03FB81FB64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mota, Juliana Thays;Neres, Patrícia Fernandes;Esteves, André Morgado	Mota, Juliana Thays, Neres, Patrícia Fernandes, Esteves, André Morgado (2025): New findings on Rhynchonema Cobb, 1920 (Nematoda: Monhysterida): description of three new species from Brazil and illustrated key to the genus. Zootaxa 5716 (4): 483-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5716.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5716.4.2
03D687C8FFD3984FFF5EFA97FEE2FDC0.text	03D687C8FFD3984FFF5EFA97FEE2FDC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhynchonema parvum Mota & Neres & Esteves 2025	<div><p>Rhynchonema parvum sp. nov.</p><p>(Figures 8–9, Table 2)</p><p>Material studied. Three males in glycerin slides.</p><p>Type material. Holotype male (MOUFPE 0041), other paratypes: two males (NM LMZOO 539–540).</p><p>Type locality. Holotype male and paratypes: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-36.375305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.0694723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -36.375305/lat -5.0694723)">Potiguar Basin</a>, located along the coast of the state of Rio Grande do Norte and the extreme west of the state of Ceará, in the Northeast region of Brazil (5°04'10.1"S 36°22'31.1"W). Collected in 2013. 4 m depth. In sediments from rhodolith beds.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet ‘ parvum ’ is derived from the Latin meaning “small” given that the species has the smallest amphideal fovea within the genus.</p><p>Description. (Males). Body cylindrical 696–766 μm long, thinner in the cephalic portion. Maximum body diameter corresponding to 5–7 times the head diameter. Cuticle annulated. Body annules are characterized as being very thin and narrow, with the exception of those located in the region of the body along the pharynx. The cuticle contains vacuoles, which are more clearly visualized at the level of the pharynx. Only six labial setae could be observed (very thin). Somatic setae along the entire body. Amphideal fovea circular and small, occupying 16–28% of corresponding body diameter (equivalent to three body annules), with a prominence of the corpus gelatum. Cuticular annules anterior to the amphideal fovea are thin and small, and it is not possible to count them (the same condition was observed in all analyzed specimens). Buccal cavity elongated and irregular with total length equivalent to 40–43% of the total length of the pharynx, extending to the end of the amphideal fovea. Nerve ring and secretory-excretory pore not observed (the same condition was observed in all analyzed specimens). Pharynx cylindrical (161–166 μm) slightly expanded at the posterior region, sometimes looking like a terminal bulb. Cardia oval surrounded by cylindrical intestine. Reproductive system with outstretched testes to the left of the intestine. Spicules symmetrical, 33–40 μm long (1.5–1.7 times the cloacal body diameter), very thin and curved; also elongated (cephalized proximal extremities). Gubernaculum occupying 46–50% of spicules’ length. Poorly developed dorsal apophysis. Precloacal supplements absent. Tail conical, about 3.6–4.6 times the cloacal body diameter. Three caudal glands.</p><p>Diagnosis. Rhynchonema parvum sp. nov. is characterized by a cuticle that is annulated with very thin annules and by the presence of somatic setae throughout the body. Amphideal fovea circular and small, occupying equivalent to three cuticular annules in length, 16–28% of corresponding body diameter. Buccal cavity irregular, extending posteriorly to the amphideal fovea. Spicules curved and elongated, with cephalized proximal extremities. Gubernaculum with dorsal apophysis. Two testes. Tail conical, corresponding to 3.6–4.6 cloacal body diameter.</p><p>Differential diagnosis. In this section, only males of the species were used for comparisons. Furthermore, some measurements and proportions missing from the original descriptions were obtained from the available images.</p><p>Rhynchonema parvum sp. nov. is differentiated from other species of the genus due to the morphology and size of the amphideal fovea, position of the amphideal fovea in relation to the pharyngostome and morphology of the spicules. The species that most resemble Rhynchonema parvum sp. nov. are Rhynchonema ambianorum and Rhynchonema lyngei, morphologically similar concerning the amphideal fovea (circular, occupying less than 40% of the corresponding body diameter) and symmetrical spicules with proportional sizes, R. ambianorum 23 μm, R. lyngei 32 μm e R. parvum sp. nov. 33–40 μm. However, neither species have vacuoles, as seen in the new species and the position of the amphideal fovea is different. In R. ambianorum and R. lyngei the amphideal fovea is located posterior to the pharyngostome, whereas in the new species, it is located anterior to the pharyngostome. Furthermore, the species present morphological differences in the spicules and gubernaculum. In R. ambianorum the spicules are arched, with claw-like distal parts, and the gubernaculum is barely visible and devoided of apophysis. R. lyngei presents spicules with uniformly rounded arched capitulum and gubernaculum with angular dorsal apophysis (vs. R. parvum sp. nov. presents spicules thin, curved and elongated and gubernaculum with poorly developed dorsal apophysis).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D687C8FFD3984FFF5EFA97FEE2FDC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mota, Juliana Thays;Neres, Patrícia Fernandes;Esteves, André Morgado	Mota, Juliana Thays, Neres, Patrícia Fernandes, Esteves, André Morgado (2025): New findings on Rhynchonema Cobb, 1920 (Nematoda: Monhysterida): description of three new species from Brazil and illustrated key to the genus. Zootaxa 5716 (4): 483-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5716.4.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5716.4.2
