taxonID	type	description	language	source
03D787E07F62FD1309C2F9FF809CFED9.taxon	description	Figs 1 – 60	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F62FD1309C2F9FF809CFED9.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Caligo syme Hübner, [1821], by original designation. Taxonomic history. Aurivillius (1882) proposed Opoptera as subgenus of Opsiphanes and included three species: O. syme Hübner, [1821] “ typus ”, synonymizing Papilio alcimedon Dalman, 1823, and Morpho acadina Godart, [1824] with this; O. aorsa Godart, [1824]; and O. arsippe Hopffer, 1874. Stichel (1902) raised the subgenus to the status of genus and proposed three groups: aorsa - group, syme - group and staudingeri - group. Stichel (1904) presents a catalog, redescriptions and geographical distributions of the species, and illustrates the venations of the forewings and hindwings of Opoptera syme syme. Fruhstorfer (1911 - 12) maintained Opoptera as a subgenus of Opsiphanes and redescribed the group Opoptera. Casagrande (1982) proposed the genus Mimoblepia to Opoptera staudingeri. Penz (2007) synonymized Mimoblepia with Opoptera.	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F62FD1309C2F9FF809CFED9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. DFW and DHW coloration between light and dark brown. VHW of both sexes with a disruptive pattern between light and dark brown. Species of Opoptera exhibit similarities to species of Catoblepia Stichel, 1901, Opsiphanes Doubleday, [1849], and Dasyophthalma Westwood, 1851, presenting in both sexes a band with the proximal arm continuous or interrupted in the DFW, eyespot between M 1 – M 2 in the VFW, and VHW with discal region with two evident eyespots, one of them between the costal margin and M 1, and the other between M 3 – CuA 2. Males of Opoptera are distinguished by the presence of the scent organ pocket-shaped, involving the scent scales, located in the proximal portion of the CuA 2 or consisting of a concavity on the wing membrane between CuA 1 – CuA 2 (Figs 1 – 2).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F62FD1309C2F9FF809CFED9.taxon	description	Redescription. Head. Brown with elongated scales on the frons. Antenna brown, slightly dilated apically; Glabrous eyes; labial palpi covered by short and elongated light brown scales, with basal and distal segment shorter than the median. Thorax. Brown coloration, covered by short and elongated scales; legs brown, with the inner region lighter brown, the meso- and metathoracic legs light brown or dark brown covered with whitish scales, distal margin of each segment with a ring of white scales, tibiae and meso- and metathoracic tarsal segments with spines evenly distributed across the surface. Forewing. Outer margin sinuous; apex rounded, pointed or angular. Venation: R 1 and R 2 arise before the dcs and terminate at the costal margin; while the common branch of R 3, R 4, and R 5 arises distally; R 3 terminates at the costal margin, R 4 in the apex, and R 5 in the outer margin; dcs present or absent; dcm concave; m-cu smaller, larger, or equivalent to the length between CuA 2, and where CuA 1 reaches m-cu. DFW with general color between light and dark brown; subapical region may be slightly or strongly projected with spots of varying shapes and sizes, may be conspicuous, whitish or varying according to the coloration of the proximal band adjacent to the “ i ” element; in male, the basal half of the inner margin with tuft of hairs. DFW with a Y-shaped band, yellowish, orange, or white in color, situated between 2 A and the costal margin, at the height of CuA 1 the band divides forming proximal and distal arms, the proximal arm or the entire band may be absent. VFW with disruptive pattern of light to dark brown and yellowish-brown, interspersed with whitish areas; basal region with two conspicuous bands within the discal cell, continuous or not, whitish or light brown, outlined by irregular dark brown lines (b, c, d elements); discal region with spots in the distal region of the discal cell, which vary in shape and color, and may be yellowish or brown; “ e ” element may be reduced; following the discal cell, discal region with in color and extending from the costal margin to CuA 2 whitish in color and associated to “ f ” element, which may be continuous, interrupted or even absent; submarginal region featuring a rounded eyespot with dark coloration and a whitish pupil between M 1 – M 2, the band adjacent to the “ i ” element, from the M 1 to 2 A or from M 3 to CuA 2, whitish, conspicuous or faded, may be narrow or wide, with two narrow bands, one proximal (i element) and one distal (j element), that may be faded in the apical and subapical regions or absent; marginal region yellowish or brown (Fig. 1). Hindwing. Outer margin slightly ou strongly sinuous, with or without tail prolongations. Venation: humeral vein slightly curved and directioned towards the apex; Rs may be positioned close to or slightly distant from M 1, M 3 follows the tail prolongation when present. DHW with general color between light brown to dark brown; discal region with or without blue iridescence in the female; submarginal region with “ i ” element in the proximal portion, “ j ” element in the distal portion, continuous, interrupted, or absent; marginal region with conspicuous or faded band, may be orange, yellowish, or faded white in color, with fringes of dark brown or whitish; “ k ” element may be present or absent, yellowish or yellowish-brown in color when present. VHW with disruptive color pattern of light brown to dark brown, with yellowish-brown, interspersed with whitish areas; basal regions with spots (c and, d elements), dark or light brown, may be faded or absent; “ c ” element appearing between Sc + R 1 and Rs or within the discal cell; “ d ” element located within the discal cell or between CuA 2 – 2 A; discal region with two eyespots of variable size, usually rounded, the anterior eyespot between the costal margin and M 1, and the posterior eyespot between M 3 – CuA 2; spots (h element) between M 1 – M 3, faded or absent; white band distal to ocelli, faded or absent; submarginal region with band (i element), dark brown if present; band (j element) dark brown; marginal region with or without a band (k element), yellowish or yellowish-brown when present (Figs 1 – 2); Secondary sexual structures and wings. In males, the HW exhibits two basic types of scent organs. The first type is a fold in the alar membrane soon after at the bifurcation of CuA 1 – CuA 2 forming a pocket that houses the scent scales; this pocket may contain a hairpencil, formed by long hairs grouped at the base, forming or not a bundle, but distributed on adjacent areas of the pocket. The second type is formed by a concavity on the dorsal and basal surfaces of the wing between CuA 1 – CuA 2, filled with brown scales and covered with hairs, not in bundle, but rather dispersed across the surface of the discal cell (Fig. 2). Abdomen. Coloration between light brown and dark brown, with the ventral region yellowish-white. Male genitalia. Tegumen triangular in lateral view, with dorsal surface flat to convex, anterior margin concave medially; anterior projection of saccus shorter than arms, with width and curvature variable; uncus pointed or rounded and markedly concave, bifid, lateral margin concave or convex in the distal portion, laterally expanded; gnathos with shape and size variable, pointed, ventral and distal margin serrated, with projection similar to spine directioned anteriorly, with or without inner expansion of irregular margin or smooth; valva long or short, externally and internally with numerous setae, anterior portion wider than the posterior portion, distal portion wide and flattened or pointed; aedeagus sinuous, slender or wide, lacking spines, with an anterodorsal opening to the ejaculatory bulb, and a dorsolaterally opening for the vesica at the distal portion, with or without lateral projections; fultura inferior with variable shapes. Female genitalia. Papilla analis oval, covered by numerous long setae; lamellae antevaginalis and postvaginalis joined laterally to form two narrow arms; intersegmental membrane ribbed between the seventh sternite and the lamellae antevaginalis and postvaginalis, with or without sclerotized plate in the median anterior margin; anterior apophysis atrophied; posterior apophysis short or long in relation to the length of tergum VIII; lamella antevaginalis sclerotized, usually more narrow than the lamella postvaginalis, corrugated, with median portion straight, arched, or emarginated, with anterior margin ventrally directed, with lateral keel, anteriorly projected; lamella postvaginalis sclerotized, corrugated, medially wide or straight, median portion with transverse keel in the median portion, usually with protuberance posteriorly projected or emarginated, with laterally sclerotized plates forming keels with irregular spines, posterior margin emarginated and sclerotized corrugated-like; ostium membranous, corrugated; ductus bursae slender, basal portion may be sclerotized, with ribs in the distal portion; corpus bursae rounded or oval, with ribs and without signum.	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F6EFD0909C2F9DA8766FD03.taxon	description	Figs 4 – 9 Morpho aorsa Godart, [1824], in Latreille & Godart. Enc. Méth. 9 (2), p. 437, 447; Brazil. — Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 52. Pavonia aorsa; Doubleday, [1845]. List Lep. Brit. Mus. 1: 118. — Westwood, 1851, in Doubleday, Gen. diurn. Lep. 2, p. 345, pl. 54, fig. 3 (d). Opsiphanes (Opoptera) aorsa; Aurivillius, 1882. Kongl. Svenska Akad. Handl. 19 (5): 75.	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F6EFD0909C2F9DA8766FD03.taxon	description	Opsiphanes aorosa [sic]; J. F. Zikán & W. Zikán, 1968; Pesq. agropec. bras. 3: 50; host plant. Taxonomic history. Morpho aorsa Godart, [1824] was described in the genus Morpho. Doubleday ([1845]) transferred aorsa to Pavonia. Staudinger (1887) considered it as Opsiphanes aorsa. Aurivillius (1882) mentioned Opsiphanes (Opoptera) aorsa and cited as “ fig. typica ” the illustration of Pavonia aorsa in Westwood (1851). Stichel (1902) treated Opoptera aorsa hilara [sic] as a synonym of Opoptera aorsa aorsa. Fruhstorfer (1907) described Opoptera aorsa litura. Casagrande (2004) regarded Opoptera aorsa litura as a junior synonym of Opoptera aorsa aorsa.	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F6EFD0909C2F9DA8766FD03.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Morpho aorsa Godart, [1824] was described based on an unknown number of individuals. In the collection of the MNHN a male with the following labels: / Coll. Dujardin MUSEUM DE PARIS / SYNTYPE / TYPE / was found. In order to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon and allow for a correct identification, this specimen is hereby designated as the lectotype, and the following labels will be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Morpho aorsa Godart, [1824], Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025 / (Fig. 8). Opoptera aorsa litura Fruhstorfer, 1907 was described based on a male and a female from Espírito Santo [Brazil]. In the collection of the NHMUK a male was found a male with the following labels: / aorsa litura Fruhst. / Type / Espirito-Santo Brasil. ex coll Fruhstorfer. / Fruhstorfer Coll. B. M. 1937 - 285. /. In order to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon and allow for a correct identification, this specimen is hereby designated as the lectotype, and the following labels will be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Opoptera aorsa litura Fruhstorfer, 1907, Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025 / (Fig. 9).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F6EFD0909C2F9DA8766FD03.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. HW with tail prolongation. DHW with long hairs distributed across areas adjacent to the scent-pocket. Differs from Opoptera hilaris by the continuous transversal band, in the discal cell on VFW (Figs 4 – 5). Male genitalia. Tegumen triangular in lateral view, dorsal surface slightly convex; anterior margin medially concave; anterior projection of saccus shorter than the arms; uncus pointed, convex lateral margin in the distal portion, laterally expanded; proximal portion of the gnathos wider than the distal portion, and with anteriorly directed projection, pointed distal portion; valva sickle-shaped, externally and internally with numerous setae, anterior portion wider than the posterior portion, pointed distal portion with serrated ventral margin; aedeagus with lateral projections; fultura inferior rectangular (Fig. 6). Female genitalia. Lamella antevaginalis sclerotized, narrow, with folded median portion, anteriorly directed forming an arch; lamella postvaginalis sclerotized, wider than the lamella antevaginalis, median portion with transverse keel, posterior margin corrugated and slightly wider than anterior margin; intersegmental membrane rounded in the inner margin slightly emarginated and without sclerotized plate in the median portion; ductus bursae with ribs in the distal portion; corpus bursae oval-shaped, with ribs in the basal portion (Fig. 7).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F6EFD0909C2F9DA8766FD03.taxon	description	Variation. Forewing length, male (n = 5): 33 – 40 mm, female (n = 5): 38 – 42 mm. Hindwing length, male (n = 5): 40 – 47 mm, female (n = 5): 45 – 50 mm. FW subapical region slightly or strongly projected. DFW distal arm of the orange band may or may not reach the spot between M 1 – M 2. VFW with continuous transverse band, may be emarginated inside the discal cell, distal portion of the discal cell with spots reduced or absent (element d); the size and shape of the spots adjacent to the “ b ”, “ c ” elements, in the proximal portion of the discal cell; the size and shape of the adjacent band to the “ f ” element; the size and shape of the eyespot between M 1 – M 2. VHW the size and shape of the spots in the basal region (elements c, d); the size and shape of the eyespots; the size and shape of the spots between M 1 – M 3.	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F6EFD0909C2F9DA8766FD03.taxon	discussion	Comments. Females have blue iridescence on the dorsal surface of the FW and HW. Geographic distribution. Brazil (Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul); Paraguay (Alto Paraná); Argentina (Misiones) (Fig. 60). Elevation between 700 and 1,250 m. Temporal distribution. Based on the material examined, fly from January – May and September – December. Specimens examined. Photos of the lectotype of Morpho aorsa Godart, [1824]; lectotypus of Opoptera aorsa litura Fruhstorfer, 1907, and the following specimens: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais — Pedra Azul, 1952, 1 fêmea, A. Loss leg., DZ 57.760 (DZUP); Poços de Caldas, 1250 m, 15 - III- 1964, 1 male, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.761 (DZUP), 1250 m, 11 - XII- 1966, 2 males, ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.762, 57.764 (DZUP); Senador José Bento, 950 m, 14 - III- 1976, 1 male, H. Ebert leg., DZ 57.810 (DZUP); Carmo do Rio Claro, 1958, 1 female, Irm. S. Gabriel leg., OM 2280 (DZUP — OM); Conceição dos Ouros, 900 m, 3 - XII- 1968, 1 male, Almeida leg., DZ 57.763 (DZUP), 1 male, Pereira leg., OM 92.428 (DZUP — OM), 10 - III- 2021, 1 male, Pereira leg., OM 92.468 (DZUP — OM), 11 - III- 2021, 1 male, Pereira leg., OM 92.478 (DZUP — OM). Espírito Santo — Santa Teresa, 11 - II- 1990, 1 male, Tangerini leg., DZ 57.808 (DZUP), 20 - IV- 1969, 1 male, Brown leg., DZ 57.767 (DZUP); Santa Leopodina (Colônia Tirol), 600 m, 22 – 24 - I- 2003, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., OM 58.812 (DZUP — OM); Serra (Campinho), X- 1944, 1 female, Pinto leg., ex-coll. Padre Pinto, DZ 57.768 (DZUP). Rio de Janeiro — Nova Friburgo, II- 2007, 1 male, E. Grossi leg., DZ 57.771 (DZUP); Petrópolis (Independência), 24 - II- 1928, 1 female, ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 2473 (DZUP); Itatiaia (Estação Biológica [= Parque Nacional do Itatiaia]), 800 m, 17 - II- 1930, 1 male, DZ 57.769 (DZUP), (Parque Nacional do Itatiaia), 1100 m, 22 - III- 1967, 2 males, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 3957, 57.770 (DZUP), 750 m, 5 - III- 1969, 1 male, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.772 (DZUP), 1000 m, 3 - XI- 1962, 1 male, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.773 (DZUP). São Paulo — São Bernardo, 1 male, E. May leg., DZ 57.774 (DZUP). Paraná — Londrina, XI- 1982, 1 female, Marcelo B. da Cunha leg., DZ 57.800 (DZUP), 26 - IX- 1980, 1 male, José M. Silveira leg., DZ 3963 (DZUP), 1 female, S. Takemura leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 57.775 (DZUP), (“ Kambi ” [ilegível]), 12 - IV- 1985, 1 female, Sandra leg., DZ 57.776 (DZUP), (Lago Igapó), 18 - V- 1981, 1 female Yamamoto leg., DZ 3956 (DZUP); Três Barras do Paraná (Parque Estadual Rio Guarani), 9 - XI- 2012, 1 male, LabLep leg., DZ 57.809 (DZUP); Guarapuava (Rio Piquiri, Rio do Cobre), 2 - III- 1981, 3 males, Schneider leg., DZ 57.777, 57.797, 57.798 (DZUP); Ponta Grossa (Tabatinga), 700 m, 28 - II- 1996, 1 male, C. Mielke leg., OM 40.009 (DZUP — OM), (Taquaral), II- 1940, 1 female, ex-coll. F. Justus Jr., DZ 2413 (DZUP); Chopinzinho, 15 - XI- 1969, 1 male, Furtado leg., DZ 57.799 (DZUP). Santa Catarina — I- 1960, 1 male, ex-coll. Richard Frey, DZ 2403 (DZUP). Rio Grande do Sul — Tenente Portela (Parque Florestal Estadual do Turvo), 10 - XI- 1985, 2 females, 1 male, Mielke, Araújo & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.803, 57. 804, 3960 (DZUP); Santa Rosa, 4 - II- 1946, 1 male, Biezanko leg., DZ 57.805 (DZUP), 24 - XII- 1953, 1 male, Biezanko leg., DZ 57.806 (DZUP); Novo Hamburgo (Guarani), 4 - II- 1945, 1 male, Biezanko leg., DZ 57.807 (DZUP). PARAGUAY: [illegible], IV- 1982, 1 male, Vilson leg., DZ 57.801 (DZUP). Alto Paraná — Itaquiri [= Itakyry] (General Díaz), 400 m, 15 – 20 - I- 1980, 2 males, O. - C. Mielke & Miers leg., DZ 57.802, 3962 (DZUP). ARGENTINA: Misiones — Puerto Iguazú, 16 - X- 1982, 1 female, A. Cardoso leg., ex-coll. A. Cardoso, DZ 57.796 (DZUP); Eldorado, 6 - IX- 1992, 1 male, Foerster leg., OM 39.344 (DZUP — OM), 14 - X- 1992, 1 male, Foerster leg., OM 39.284 (DZUP — OM); Dos de Mayo, 10 - XII- 1979, 1 male, Foerster leg., OM 39.296 (DZUP — OM).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F74FD0E09C2F8AA8171F85B.taxon	description	Figs 10 – 14	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F74FD0E09C2F8AA8171F85B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Opsiphanes arsippe Hopffer, 1874 was described based on a female [holotype] from Chanchamayo, [Junín], Peru, Thamm [leg.]. Type material was not found in the collections around the world even after exhaustive searches carried out by researchers dedicated to the taxonomy of Nymphalidae, such as M. M. Casagrande, O. H. H. Mielke, and G. Lamas. In order to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon and allow for a correct identification, a male specimen with morphological characters as mentioned by Hopffer (1874), deposited in MfN, and with the following labes: / / arsippe? / [ilegível] hällt Haare für ♀♀ da die Tasche unten fehlt [= holds hairs for the females because the scent-pocket is absent underneath] / Coll. Prittwitz / abgebildet / Chanchamayo /, is hereby designated as the neotype of Opsiphanes arsippe Hopffer, 1874, and the following labes will be attached: / NEOTYPUS / Neotypus Opsiphanes arsippe Hopffer, 1874, Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025 / (Fig. 14).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F74FD0E09C2F8AA8171F85B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. DFW displaying a band with proximal arm continuous, not forming independent spots, orange in males and yellowish in females. HW with tail prolongation. DHW in males with long hairs distributed throughout the discal cell, fully covering the scent-organ, which exists as a concavity in the basal portion between CuA 1 – CuA 2; females with marginal band yellowish and proximal portion conspicuous. Differs from Opoptera bracteolata by the conspicuous proximal portion of the marginal band of the DHW in the females (Figs 10 – 11). Male genitalia. Tegumen triangular in lateral view, anterior margin medially concave, dorsal surface convex; anterior projection of saccus shorter than the arms; uncus pointed, exceedings the length of the valva, lateral margin convex in the distal portion; gnathos serrated in the ventral margin, with rectangular proximal portion, basal portion with right angle, distal portion elongated and rounded, ventral and distal margins serrated, with inner expansion of irregular margin; valva short, not exceeding the uncus, externally and internally with numerous setae, anterior portion wider than the posterior portion, distal portion twisted, with sclerotized keel anteriorly prominent; aedeagus without lateral projections; fultura inferior triangular (Fig. 12). Female genitalia. Lamella antevaginalis sclerotized, narrow in the median portion and wider laterally, corrugated, emarginated forming a small arch, anterior margin with spine-like projections, and sclerotized plate convex anteriorly, with an irregular margin; lamella postvaginalis sclerotized, wider than the lamella antevaginalis, corrugated, emarginated and with a median protuberance; ostium corrugated; ductus bursae with basal portion sclerotized (Fig. 13).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F74FD0E09C2F8AA8171F85B.taxon	description	Variation. Forewing length, male (n = 5): 38 – 45 mm; female (n = 1): 45 mm. Hindwing length, male (n = 5): 48 – 55 mm; female (n = 1): 54 mm. DFW width of the band in the discal region. VFW the size and shape of the “ b ” element; in males the band adjacent to the “ f ” element extends from the costal margin to M 2, in the female it is continuous; “ c ” element may be interrupted or continuous; the size of the eyespot between M 1 – M 2; the size and shape of the spots adjacent to the “ d ”, “ e ” elements; proximal band to the “ i ” element continuous or faded. HW length and width of the tail. VHW the size and shape of the spots between M 1 – M 3. Geographic distribution. Peru (San Martín, Amazonas, Huánuco, Huancavelica, Junín, Cuzco) (Fig. 60). Elevation between 700 and 3,000 m. Temporal distribution. Based on the material examined, fly throughout the year. Specimens examined. Photos of the neotype of Opsiphanes arsippe Hopffer, 1874, and the following specimens: PERU: [“ Peru ”], no data, 1 male, (MUSM); Amazonas — Yambrasbamba (Río Génesis), ca. 05 ° 32 ’ S, 77 ° 48 – 49 ’ W, 1400 - 1500 m, XII- 2009, 1 male, J. C. [Pintado] leg., (MUSM); (Alto Nieva), 05 ° 39 ’ S, 77 ° 47 ’ W, 1900 - 2000 m, V- 2012, 1 male, 1900 m, XI- 2012, 2 males, XII- 2012, 2 males, J. Pintado leg., (MUSM); (Oso Perdido [= Puente Oso Perdido]), 5 º 43 ’ S, 77 º 50 ’ W, 2200 m, 9 - X- 2015, 1 male, J. Bustamante leg., OM 78.510 (DZUP — OM), 05 ° 43 ’ S, 77 ° 50 ’ W, 2125 m, XII- 2013, 1 male, II- 2014, 1 male, III- 2014, 1 male, IV- 2014, 1 male, 2125 – 2215 m, III-IV- 2015, 1 male, J. Pintado leg., (MUSM); Mendoza (Quebrada Yanahuayco), 06 ° 24 ’ S, 77 ° 26 ’ W, 1600 - 1900 m, VIII- 1998, 1 male, B. Calderón leg., (MUSM). San Martín — Rioja, [06 ° 04 ’ S, 77 ° 10 ’ W], [“ 800 - 900 m ”], 1934, 3 males, MHN 1595 (MUSM); (El Afluente), 5 º 39 ’ 48 ’’ S, 77 º 41 ’ 41 ’’ W, 1320 m, VIII- 2016, 1 male, J. Pintado leg., OM 81.411 (DZUP — OM); (Jorge Chávez), 5 º 40 ’ 22 ’’ S, 77 º 43 ’ 04 ’’ W, 1450 m, VIII- 2016, 1 male, J. Pintado leg., OM 81.463 (DZUP — OM); (Naranjos), 5 º 44 ’ 15 ’’ S, 77 º 30 ’ 31 ’’ W, 1000 m, VIII- 2016, 1 male, J. Pintado leg., OM 81.780 (DZUP — OM); (Santa Cruz), 6 º 37 ’ 41 ’’ S, 77 º 13 ’ 50 ’’ W, 1200 m, IX- 2016, 2 male, J. Pintado leg., OM 80.967, 80.887 (DZUP — OM). Huánuco — Tingo María, 30 - VIII- 1974, 1 male, Rojas leg., DZ 57.786 (DZUP), VI- 1975, 1 male, Gadoc leg., DZ 3949 (DZUP), 700 m, XII- 1981, 1 male, Schunke leg., DZ 57.780 (DZUP), 700 m, XI- 1981, 1 male, Schunke leg., DZ 57.781 (DZUP), 1800 m, XII- 1981, 1 male, Schunke leg., DZ 57.782 (DZUP), 1 male, OM 58.375 (DZUP — OM), VIII- 1976, 2 males, OM 12.495, 12.494 (DZUP — OM); “ Tingo María ”, 2001, 8 males, [no further data] (MUSM), [09 ° 18 ’ S, 76 ° 00 ’ W], “ 670 m ”, IV- 1976, 1 male, A. Cánepa leg., (MUSM), V- 2000, 1 female, S. Pinedo leg., (MUSM); Chinchao, [09 ° 39 ’ S, 76 ° 04 ’ W], 1900 m, V- 1978, 2 males, M. Rojas leg., (MUSM), 1500 m, XII- 1981, 3 males, Schunke leg., DZ 57.783, 57.784, 57.785. (Carpish [= Área de Conservación Regional Bosque Montano de Carpish]), 2850 m, 26 - III- 1988, 2 males, M. Büche leg., OM 35.410, 35.452 (DZUP — OM). Huancavelica — Pampas, 1 male, ex-coll. Julius Arp, DZ 57.787 (DZUP), 3000 m, 1 female, ex-coll. Julius Arp, DZ 57.788 (DZUP). Junín — Chanchamayo, 1 male, ex-coll. Julius Arp, DZ 57.789 (DZUP); Satipo (Calabaza), 2000 m, VII- 1976, 1 male, Galic leg., OM 71.090 (DZUP — OM); (Quebrada Agua Melliza), 11 ° 07 ’ S, 75 ° 25 ’ W, 1450 m, 25 - I- 2005, 1 male, G. Lamas leg., (MUSM); (7 km “ E ” [= S], Mina Pichita, H [acien] da Naranjal), [11 ° 07 ’ S, 77 [75] ° 25 ’ W], 1550 - 1650 m, 18 - XI- 1984, 1 male, G. Lamas & J. E. Pérez leg., (MUSM), (1 km S Mina Pichita), 11 ° 05 ’ S, 75 ° 25 ’ W, 2100 m, 12 - XI- 2003, 1 male, C. Peña leg., DNA sample 04 - 40 (Carlos Peña) (MUSM). Cuzco — Pichari, (C [entro] P [oblado] Catarata), 12 ° 31 ’ 56.08 ” S, 73 ° 45 ’ 47.24 ” W, 1227 m, 28 - IX- 2018, 1 male, R. Alarcón leg., (MUSM); (Llactahuamán), 12 ° 52 ’ S, 73 ° 31 ’ W, 1735 m, 28 - VII- 1998, 1 male, G. Valencia leg., (MUSM); Cosñipata, 1500 m, II- 1991, 1 male, OM 71.153 (DZUP — OM), (0 - 7 km E Buenos Aires, Río Cosñipata), [13 ° 09 ’ S, 71 ° 35 ’ W], 2000 - 2300 m, 4 - XII- 1979, 1 male, 6 - XII- 1979, 1 male, G. Lamas leg., (MUSM); Aguas Calientes, Machu Picchu, [13 ° 09 ’ S, 72 ° 31 ’ W], 2100 m, IX- 1975, 1 male, E. Bauer leg., (MUSM).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F72FD0309C2FAD98402F944.taxon	description	Figs 15 – 19	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F72FD0309C2FAD98402F944.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Opoptera arsippe bracteolata Stichel, 1901 was described without mentioning sex and number of specimens. Stichel (1902) redescribed it as subspecies based on a male from Bolivia, deposited in NHMUK with the following labels: / O. arsippe bracteolata Type (Bolivia) Stich. / Bolivia Yungas d. l. Paz [sic] e. c. H. Stichel / Typus / Type / Rothschild Bequest B. M. 1939 - 1. /. Considering that in the original description, Stichel (1901) did not mention the number of specimens, and in order to clarify the status of the type specimen, this specimen is hereby designated as the lectotype, and the following labels will also be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Opoptera arsippe bracteolata Stichel, 1901, Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025 /. (Fig. 19). There is a male specimen in Staudinger’s collection in MfN, labelled / Bolivia 2000 m. Locotal 1891. Garlepp / Adippe Stgr. / Zool. Mus. Berlin / which in all probability was examined by Stichel, and should be regarded as a paralectotype.	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F72FD0309C2FAD98402F944.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. DFW with band whose proximal arm is interrupted, forming independent spots, orange in males and yellowish and continuous in females. HW with tail prolongation. DHW in males with hairpencil grouped in bundles in the discal cell. Differs from Opoptera arsippe in having the proximal arm of the orange band forming independent spots in the DFW in males, and by the proximal portion of the marginal band in the DHW of the females faded (Figs 15 – 16). Male genitalia. Tegumen triangular in lateral view, dorsal surface slightly convex, anterior margin medially concave; anterior projection of saccus shorter than arms; uncus pointed, lateral margin concave in the distal portion; gnathos serrated in the ventral margin, with rectangular proximal portion, basal region with rounded angle, distal portion elongated and rounded, ventral margin serrated, with inner expansion of irregular margin in the proximal portion and smooth in the distal portion; valva short, not exceeds the uncus, externally and internally with numerous setae, anterior portion wider than the posterior portion, distal portion twisted, with sclerotized keel anteriorly prominent; aedeagus without lateral projections; fultura inferior triangular (Fig. 17). Female genitalia. Lamella antevaginalis sclerotized, with a fold forming an arch medially and anteriorly projected; lamella postvaginallis sclerotized as a plate wider than the lamella antevaginalis, laterally corrugated, median portion forming an arch and with protuberance anteriorly projected; median portion of the intersegmental membrane concave anteriorly (Fig. 18).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F72FD0309C2FAD98402F944.taxon	description	Variation. Forewing length, male (n = 5): 38 – 41 mm; female (n = 3): 38 – 43 mm. Hindwing length, male (n = 5): 46 – 51 mm; female (n = 3): 44 – 52 mm. VFW size, shape and coloration of the spots adjacent to the “ b ”, “ d ”, “ e ” elements, and of the spots between M 3 – CuA 2; proximal band to the “ i ” element may be conspicuous or faded. HW length and wide of the tail. VHW size of the eyespots in the discal region; size and shape of the spots between M 1 – M 3. Geographic distribution. Bolivia (La Paz) (Fig. 60). Elevation between 750 and 1,200 m. Temporal distribution. Based on the material examined, fly in January – April, July, August, November and December. Specimens examined. Photos of the lectotype of Opoptera arsippe bracteolata Stichel, 1901, and the following specimens: BOLIVIA: La Paz — Río Zongo, 750 m, 1 female, Fassl leg., ex-coll. Julius Arp, DZ 57.794 (DZUP); Caranavi, 1100 – 2100 m, XII – I- 2002 – 2003, 11 males, 1 female, C. Tello leg., OM 61.415, 61.226, 61.436, 61.429, 61.261, 61.009, 61.443, 61.373, 61.338, 61.065, 61.457, 61.471 (DZUP — OM); Coroico, 1200 m, 1 male, Fassl leg., ex-coll. Julius Arp, DZ 57.793 (DZUP), 1200 m, 1 female, Fassl leg., ex-coll. EdwTowen, USNMNH 2041410 (USNM).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F79FD3909C2FAC486CCFCBF.taxon	description	Figs 20 – 24	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F79FD3909C2FAC486CCFCBF.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Opsiphanes fruhstorferi Röber, 1896 was desribed based on a female [holotype] from the south plateau of Brazil (at elevation about 3000 ’) [= about 1000 m], in the Fruhstorfer collection. Holotype with the following labels: / Alto — Uruguay 1888 / Type / Fruhstorfer Coll. B. M. 1937 - 285. / Opsiphanes fruhstorferi Röb. /, deposited in the NHMUK. (Fig. 24).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F79FD3909C2FAC486CCFCBF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FW with a wide white band, in the discal region. HW without tail prolongation. DHW in males with hairpencil grouped in bundles in the discal cell. Differs from other species of Opoptera, as this is the only species with the white band in the FW (Figs 20 – 21). Male genitalia. Tegumen triangular in the lateral view, with flat dorsal surface; anterior projection of saccus shorter than the arms; uncus pointed, not exceeding the length of the valva, proximal portion with tuft of setae, lateral margin concave; gnathos with proximal portion rectangular, with projection lacking spine that is anteriorly directed, distal portion elongated and pointed; valva elongated projected, not exceeding the uncus, externally and internally with numerous setae, anterior portion wider than the posterior portion, distal portion wide and flattened, with protuberance in the ventral margin and with protuberance in the posterior margin; aedeagus without lateral projections; fultura inferior fusiform (Fig. 22). Female genitalia. Lamella antevaginalis sclerotized, median portion narrow forming an arch and with protuberance, lateral margin with projections; lamella postvaginalis sclerotized, wide, with median protuberance posteriorly directed; intersegmental membrane rounded along the anterior margin (Fig. 23).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F79FD3909C2FAC486CCFCBF.taxon	description	Variation. Forewing length, male (n = 5): 37 – 39 mm; female (n = 5): 39 – 44 mm. VFW shape of the spots adjacent to the “ b ”, “ c ” elements; size and shape of the spots adjacent to the “ d ” element; size and shape of the eyespot between M 1 – M 2; “ j ” element may be faded not reaching the apical region. VHW size and shape of the spots between M 1 – M 3; size and shape of the eyespots in the discal region; coloration of the marginal band between light or dark brown to yellowish. Geographic distribution. Brazil (São Paulo * (Uehara-Prado et al. 2004), Paraná, Santa Catarina) (Fig. 60). Elevation between 650 and 900 m. Temporal distribution. Based on the material examined, fly in January – April, November and December. Specimens examined. Photos of the holotype of Opsiphanes fruhstorferi Röber, 1896, and the following specimens: BRAZIL: Paraná — Ponta Grossa (Monte Alegre), III- 1944, 1 female, Leprevost leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 57.562 (DZUP); Curitiba, 900 m, 28 - II- 1967, 1 female, O. Mielke leg., DZ 57.558 (DZUP), (Barigui [= Parque Municipal Barigui]), 10 - IV- 1968, 1 female, C. Morozowski leg., DZ 57.571 (DZUP); Piraquara (Mananciais da Serra), 800 m, 20 - XI- 2022, 1 female, A. P. Pinto leg., DZ 57.813 (DZUP); Tijucas do Sul (Rincão), 900 m, 25 - II- 1969, 1 male, Mielke-Sakakibara leg., DZ 57.578 (DZUP), (Vossoroca), 850 m, 19 - III- 1971, 1 male, Mielke leg., DZ 57.572 (DZUP). Santa Catarina — São Bento do Sul (Rio Vermelho), 850 m, 8 - I- 1980, 4 males, 10 - I- 1980, 1 male, 19 - I- 1980, 5 males, 31 - I- 1980, 1 male, 650 m, II- 1980, 3 males, 11 - II- 1980, 1 male, 850 m, 13 - II- 1980, 1 female, 650 m, 17 - II- 1980, 1 female, 850 m, III- 1980, 1 female, 22 - I- 1981, 1 female, 31 - I- 1980, 3 males, 1 - I- 1982, 1 male, 2 - I- 1982, 1 male, 5 - I- 1982, 3 males, 11 - I- 1982, 6 males, 1 female, 14 - I- 1982, 3 males, 1 female, 16 - I- 1982, 2 males, 18 - I- 1982, 1 female, 21 - I- 1982, 5 males, 22 - I- 1982, 1 females, 3 males, 24 - I- 1982, 4 males, 1 female, II- 1982, 1 male, 1 - II- 1982, 6 - II- 1982, 4 females, 650 m, 12 - II- 1982, 2 males, 14 - II- 1982, 1 male, 18 - II- 1982, 1 male, 21 - II- 1982, 1 female, 850 m, 27 - XII- 1982, 2 males, 31 - I- 1983, 1 male, Rank leg., DZ 57.545, 57.547 – 57.549, 57.569, 57.546, 57.550, 57.552, 57.566, 57.568, 57.551, 57.544, 57.574, 2363, 57.570, 2364, 57.563, 3955, 57.614, 57.561, 57.564, 57.576, 57.567, 57.606, 57.590, 57.604, 57.607, 57.582 – 57.584, 57.609, 57.612, 57.613, 57.595, 57.580, 57.601, 57.611, 57.554, 57.585, 57.591, 57.553, 57.586, 57.596, 57.602, 57.608, 57.588, 57.597, 57.605, 57.618, 57.555, 57.600, 57.603, 57.617, 57.616, 57.560, 57.593, 57.594, 57.615, 57.589, 57.592, 57.619, 57.623, 57.587, 57.598, 57.599, 57.610, 57.559, 57.579, 57.581, 57.556 (DZUP).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F44FD3209C2FC3F87A9FEE3.taxon	description	Figs 25 – 33	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F44FD3209C2FC3F87A9FEE3.taxon	description	Opoptera hilaris colombiana; Penz, 2009 a. Zootaxa 1985 (1): 12. Taxonomic history. Stichel (1902) redescribed the subspecies as hilara [sic] based on a male. Stichel (1908) described Opoptera hilaris fuscata. Rothschild (1916) described Opsiphanes aorsa colombiana. Stichel (1932) considered Opsiphanes aorsa aorsina (Staudinger in litt.) as a synonym of Opoptera aorsa fuscata and Casagrande (2004) did the same. Penz (2009) raised hilaris to species status and considered fuscata and colombiana as valid subspecies of Opoptera hilaris.	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F44FD3209C2FC3F87A9FEE3.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Opoptera aorsa hilaris Stichel, 1901 was described based on an unknown number of individuals. Although Stichel (1902) complemented the brief original description, mentioning that the description is based on a male from Ecuador, [Napo], Aguamo [= Ahuano], 370 m, east of Andes, R. Haensch leg., with the type in collection Dohrn, Stettin [= Szczecin, Poland], the type material was not found in the collections around the world, even after exhaustive searches by dedicated researches on the taxonomy of Nymphalidae, as M. M. Casagrande, O. H. H. Mielke, and G. Lamas. In order to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon and allow for correction identification, a male specimen with the same characters mentioned by Stichel (1902), will be deposited in MUSM, with the following labels: / PERU, M. de Dios, Par-que [sic] Manu, Pakitza 340 m 11 ° 55 ’ 48 ” S 71 ° 15 ’ 18 ” W 30 Sep 1991 Leg. O. Mielke / is hereby designated as the neotype of Opoptera aorsa hilaris Stichel, 1901, and the following labels will be attached: / NEOTYPUS / Neotypus Opoptera aorsa hilaris Stichel, 1901, Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025 / (Fig. 29). Opoptera aorsa fuscata Stichel, 1908 was described based on three males and one female from Manaus, Amazonas, [Brazil]. A male specimen was found in NHMUK with the following labels: / Opsiphanes aorsa, Godt. Godman-Salvin Coll. 1919. ⸻ 6. / O. aorsina / Manaos Stgr 878. / ♂ / Manaos, Amazonas. Ex Staudinger. /. In order to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon and allow for correction identification, this specimen is hereby designated as the lectotype, and the following labels will be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Opoptera aorsa fuscata Stichel, 1908, Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025 / (Fig. 30). Other two syntypes were found at the MfN, one female and one male. A female with the following labels: / Typus / Man. H. /, and the male the following labels: / ɑorsina Stgr. / Zool. Mus. Berlin / Manáos 86. Hhl. / Typus / become a paralectotype and the following labels will be attached: PARALECTOTYPUS / Paralectotypus Opoptera aorsa fuscata Stichel, 1908, Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025 / (Figs 31 – 32). Opsiphanes aorsa colombiana Rothschild, 1916 was described based on a male from Bogotá, Colombia. The holotype is deposited in NHMUK, with the following labels: / Opsiphanes aorsa columbiana [sic] Rothsch. / Bogota, coll. [crossed out with pen] / Type / Rothschild Bequest B. M. 1939 - 1. / (Fig. 33).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F44FD3209C2FC3F87A9FEE3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. HW with tail prolongation. DHW of the males with long hairs distributed on areas adjacent to the scent-pocket. Differs from Opoptera aorsa by the interrupted transversal band forming a series of contiguous and irregular spots in the discal cell on VFW (Figs 25 – 26). Male genitalia. Tegumen triangular in lateral view, with flat dorsal surface; anterior margin medially concave; anterior projection of saccus shorter than the arms; uncus pointed, convex margin in the distal portion, laterally expanded; gnathos with the proximal portion wide than the distal portion and with anteriorly directed projection, distal portion pointed; valva sickle-shaped, externally and internally with numerous setae, anterior portion wider than the posterior portion, distal portion pointed and with ventral margin serrated; aedeagus with lateral projections; fultura inferior rectangular (Fig. 27). Female genitalia. Lamella antevaginalis sclerotized, narrow, folded median portion, anteriorly directed forming an arch; lamella postvaginalis sclerotized, wider than the lamella antevaginalis, median portion with transverse keel, posterior margin corrugated; intersegmental membrane rounded in the anterior margin, slightly emarginated and with sclerotized plate in the median portion (Fig. 28).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F44FD3209C2FC3F87A9FEE3.taxon	description	Variation. Forewing length, male (n = 5): 35 – 39 mm, female (n = 5): 37 – 44 mm. Hindwing length, male (n = 5): 39 – 47 mm, female (n = 5): 41 – 52 mm. FW subapical region slightly projected. DFW width of the orange band, may be continuous or interrupted on M 3. DHW marginal region with faded band and orange; males with marginal band orange or may be absent; females with marginal band yellowish, conspicuous or faded. VFW size and shape of the spots adjacent to the b ”, “ c ” elements; transverse band within the discal cell may be emarginated, not forming a series of contiguous and irregular spots; size and shape of the spots adjacent to the “ d ” element and may be absent; size and shape of the spots adjacent to the “ d ” element and may be absent; size and shape of the band adjacent to the “ f ” element; size and shape of the eyespot between M 1 – M 2. VHW size and shape of the spots in the basal region (elements c, d); size and shape of the eyespots; size and shape of the spots between M 1 – M 3. Male genitalia: tegumen with dorsal surface ranging from flat to convex, with anterior margin medially sinuous. Female genitalia: may a have keel from lateral margin extending from the lateral margin towards the lamella postvaginalis.	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F44FD3209C2FC3F87A9FEE3.taxon	discussion	Comments. In this study, Opoptera hilaris fuscata Stichel, 1908 and Opoptera hilaris colombiana Rothschild, 1916 are synonymized with Opoptera hilaris Stichel, 1901. In the descriptions of the subspecies proposed by Stichel (1901, 1902, 1908), the morphological characters mentioned are consistent with Opoptera hilaris. When examining specimens of Opoptera hilaris fuscata and Opoptera hilaris colombiana, both the wing band and spots patterns and male genitalia are consistent with Opoptera hilaris. Therefore, considering the wing pattern and male genitalia, no distinct characters were found to justify maintaining Opoptera hilaris fuscata Stichel, 1908 and Opoptera hilaris colombiana Rothschild, 1916 as subspecies. Geographic distribution. Colombia (Bogotá, Meta); Venezuela (Apure); Ecuador (Tungurahua, Guayas); Peru (Amazonas, San Martín, Huánuco, Junín, Cuzco, Madre de Dios); Bolivia (La Paz); Brazil (Amazonas, Acre, Rondônia, Goiás, Mato Grosso) (Fig. 60). Elevation between 200 and 1,000 m. Temporal distribution. Based on the material examined, fly throughout the year, except in March. Specimens examined. Neotype of Opoptera aorsa hilaris Stichel, 1901; photos of the lectotype of Opoptera aorsa fuscata Stichel, 1908; holotype of Opsiphanes aorsa colombiana Rothschild, 1916, and the following specimens: COLOMBIA: Meta — La Macarena, II- 1962, 1 male, Schmidt Mumm leg., DZ 3964 (DZUP). VENEZUELA: Apure — La Morita, 8 – 14 - IV- 1972, 1 female, Salcedo leg., DZ 57.867 (DZUP). ECUADOR: no locality, 1 male, ex. coll. Julius Arp, DZ 57.816 (DZUP); Tungurahua, Minza Chica [probably spurious locality], 21 - V- 1993, 1 female, M. Büche leg., OM 35.464 (DZUP — OM), Minza Chica [probably spurious locality], 6 - VI- 1993, 1 male, M. Büche leg., OM 35.201 (DZUP — OM); Guayas — Guayaquil [probably spurious locality], 1 male, J. Arp leg., ex-coll. Julius Arp, DZ 57.861 (DZUP). PERU: Amazonas — (Cordillera del Cóndor, Quebrada Kegkem), 03 ° 36 ’ S, 78 ° 18 ’ W, 700 m, 20 - XII- 2003, 1 male, J. Grados & A. Asenjo leg., (MUSM). San Martín — (Nueva Jordania), ca. 05 ° 39 ’ S, 77 ° 42 ’ W, 1100 - 1200 m, II- 2013, 1 male, IX- 2011, 1 male, I- 2014, 1 male, J. Pintado leg., (MUSM); Rioja, [06 ° 04 ’ S, 77 ° 10 ’ W], 800 - 900 m, 1934, 1 male, MHN 1577 (MUSM); Juanjui, [07 ° 11 ’ S, 76 ° 44 ’ W], [300 m], 1 male, (MUSM). Huánuco — Tingo María, 670 m, VII- 1986, 1 male, Büche leg., OM 35.362 (DZUP — OM), 670 m, 6 - VII- 1987, 1 male, Büche leg., OM 34.958 (DZUP — OM), 670 m, 30 - IX- 1990, 1 male, Büche leg., OM 35.225 (DZUP — OM), 670 m, 4 - VIII- 1991, 1 male, Büche leg., OM 35.321 (DZUP — OM), 670 m, 3 - IX- 1987, 1 female, Büche leg., OM 35.266 (DZUP — OM). Junín — (Río Perené), 300 – 800 m, 1 - X- 1987, 2 males, Tello leg., OM 18.435, 18.436 (DZUP — OM); Satipo, XI- 1987, 1 male, DZ 57.862 (DZUP). Cuzco — (Nuevo Mundo), 11 ° 33 ’ S, 73 ° 09 ’ W, 380 m, 29 - X- 1997, 1 female, G. Valencia leg., (MUSM); (Camp [amento] San Martín 3), 11 ° 47 ’ S, 72 ° 42 ’ W, 475 m, 27 - IV- 1997, 1 female, 2 - V- 1997, 1 female, 6 - V- 1997, 1 male, 1 female, genitalia # CP- 72 - MUSM, CP- 74 - MUSM, legs # CP- 6 - MUSM, CP- 7 - MUSM (MUSM); Quillabamba (Cosñipata Valley) [the locality given is spurious], 12 º 51 ’ S, 72 º 41 ’ W, 2200 m [the elevation is spurious], 1 male, R. E. Espinoza leg., OM 69.324 (DZUP — OM), 12 º 51 ’ S, 72 º 41 ’ W, 2200 m [the elevation is spurious], 1 male, R. E. Espinoza leg., OM 70.873 (DZUP — OM); Pilcopata (Villa Carmen), 12 ° 54 ’ S, 71 ° 24 ’ W, 540 m, 29 - VIII- 2016, 1 male, G. Lamas leg., (MUSM); Chontachaca (Cosñipata Valley), 12 º 56 ’ S, 71 º 24 ’ W, 700 m, 2012, 1 male, Local Collector, OM 71.490 (DZUP — OM), 12 º 56 ’ S, 71 º 24 ’ W, 700 m, 2012, 1 male, Local Collector, OM 71.470 (DZUP — OM), 12 º 56 ’ S, 71 º 24 ’ W, 700 m, 2012, 1 male, Local Collector, OM 71.450 (DZUP — OM), 13 ° 02 ’ S, 71 ° 28 ’ W, 950 m, IX- 2004, 1 male, (MUSM), I- 2011, 1 male, R. Egoavil leg., (MUSM); ([Quebrada] Quitacalzón, Río Cosñipata), [13 ° 01 ’ S, 71 ° 30 ’ W], 1100 m, 11 - II- 1975, 1 male, 20 - V- 2012, 1 male, 1 - XI- 2016, 1 male, G. Lamas leg., 2 - II- 2010, 1 male, S. Kinyon leg., (MUSM), (Cosñipata Valley and Quitacalzón), 24 - X- 2016, 1 male, M. McInnis leg., OM 82.791 (DZUP — OM). Madre de Dios — Parque Nacional del Manu (Pakitza), 11 º 55 ’ 48 ” S, 71 º 15 ’ 18 ’’ W, 340 m, 2 - X- 1991, 2 males, O. Mielke leg., DZ 57.817, 57.819 (DZUP), 12 - X- 1991, 1 male, O. Mielke leg., DZ 57.818 (DZUP), 20 - X- 1991, 1 male, O. Mielke leg., DZ 57.820 (DZUP), 15 - X- 1991, 1 male, O. Mielke leg., DZ 57.821 (DZUP), 10 - X- 1991, 2 males, M. Casagrande leg., DZ 57.822, 57.828 (DZUP), 15 - X- 1991, 1 male, M. Casagrande leg., DZ 57.823 (DZUP), 5 - X- 1991, 1 male, I. Bohórquez leg., DZ 57.824 (DZUP), 1 - X- 1991, 1 male, O. Mielke leg., DZ 57.825 (DZUP), 9 - X- 1991, 1 male, M. Casagrande leg., DZ 57.826 (DZUP), 30 - IX- 1991, 1 male, O. Mielke leg. (MUSM), [11 ° 57 ’ S, 71 ° 17 ’ W], 400 m, 20 - IX- 1988, 1 male, M. G. Pogue leg., (MUSM), “ 11 ° 53 ’ S, 70 ° 58 ’ W ”, 400 m, 15 - XI- 1990, 2 males, J. Macdonald leg., 19 - X- 1990, 1 female, G. Lamas leg., (MUSM); (Reserva Comunal Amarakaeri, Río Cupodnoe), 12 ° 47 ’ S, 70 ° 57 ’ W, 410 m, 27 - V- 2011, 1 male, 8 - V- 2011, 2 males, 29 - V- 2011, 1 male, 12 ° 50 ’ S, 70 ° 52 ’ W, 365 m, 2 - VI- 2011, 2 males, L. Huerto & B. Medina leg., (MUSM); (Boca Río La Torre), [12 ° 50 ’ S, 69 ° 17 ’ W], 300 m, 12 - XI- 1979, 1 male, 16 - XI- 1979, 1 male, 19 - XI- 79, 1 male, 23 - XI- 1979, 1 male, J. B. Heppner leg., 27 - VII- 1980, 1 male, G. Lamas leg., 30 - IX- 1981, 1 male, G. Lamas et al. leg., 19 - II- 1982, 1 male, G. Lamas leg., (MUSM); (Reserva de Tanbopata), 12 ° 50 ’ S, 69 ° 17 ’ W, 290 m, XII- 1994, 1 male, S. Fratello leg., (MUSM); P [uerto] Maldonado (30 km SW), 19 - XI- 1982, 1 female, J. J. Anderson leg., (MUSM); (Primavera Baja), 12 ° 54 ’ S, 70 ° 05 ’ W, 234 m, 4 – 11 - XI- 2009, 1 male, C. Castillo & E. Martínez leg., (MUSM); (Albergue Amazonia), 12 ° 52 ’ S, 71 ° 23 ’ W, 500 m, 29 - IX- 2011, 1 female, M. McInnis leg., (MUSM). BOLIVIA: La Paz — Caranavi, 900 – 1500 m, I- 2003, 1 male, OM 76.689 (DZUP — OM); Cochabamba (Yungas del Palmar), 1000 m, I- 1949, 1 male, ex-coll. F. Justus Jr., DZ 57.866 (DZUP). BRAZIL: Amazonas — São Paulo de Olivença, 1 male, DZ 57.860 (DZUP); ([= illegible]), 1 female, J. Arp leg, ex-coll. Julius Arp, DZ 57.871 (DZUP). Acre — Bujari (50 km NO), 200 m, 10 – 12 - IX- 2004, 1 male, O. Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.836 (DZUP), 200 m, 25 - IX- 2003, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.837 (DZUP); Senador Guiomard (Reserva Catuaba), 10 º 4 ’ 27 ’’ S, 67 º 37 ’ 17 ’’ W, 200 m, 27 – 5 - VIII – IX- 2011, 6 males, D. Dolibaina & D. Moura leg., DZ 57.811, 57.812, 57.851, 57.844, 57.852, 57.853 (DZUP), 200 m, 17 – 19 - VII- 2004, 1 male, O. - C. Mielke leg., OM 65.068 (DZUP — OM), 200 m, 2 – 5 - IX- 2004, 1 male, O. Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.839 (DZUP), 24 - IX- 2003, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.838 (DZUP), 23 – 27 - VII- 2008, 7 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.840, 57.841, 57.842, 57.843, 57.848, 57.849, 57.850 (DZUP), 1 – 3 – 5 - X- 2006, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.845 (DZUP), 29 – 30 - IX- 2006, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.846 (DZUP), 6 – 7 - X- 2006, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.847 (DZUP); Porto Acre (Reserva Humaitá), 200 m, 8 – 10 - IX- 2004, 7 males, O. Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.829, 57.830, 57.831, 57.832, 57.833, 57.834, 57.835 (DZUP). Rondônia — ([Candeias do Jamari vide Miranda-Ribeiro, 1931]), 1 male, DZ 57.827 (DZUP); Ariquemes, 150 m, 9 - VIII- 1978, 1 female, E. Furtado leg., DZ 57.766 (DZUP); Porto Velho, SAntonio [= Santo Antônio], 1 female, USNMNH 2041410 (USNM); Jaru, 6 - X- 1975, 1 male, Brown leg., DZ 57.864 (DZUP), 5 - IX- 1976, 1 female, Brown leg., DZ 57.874 (DZUP). Mato Grosso — Diamantino (Rio Arinos, Fazenda São João), 300 – 400 m, 7 - IX- 1979, 1 male, 8 - V- 1976, 1 male, E. Furtado leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.858, 57.859 (DZUP); Cáceres, 13 - XI- 1984, 1 male, 19 - XI- 1984, 1 male, 12 - XI- 1984, 1 male, 17 - XI- 1984, 1 male, Buzzi, Mielke, Elias & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.854, 57.855, 3961, 57.856 (DZUP); Rio Verde, 1 male, E. May-Rio leg., DZ 57.857 (DZUP). Goiás — (Rio Maranhão), 2 - VI- 1977, 1 male, Gifford leg., ex-coll. Gifford, DZ 3958 (DZUP); Goianésia, XI- 1969, 1 female, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.765 (DZUP), XI- 1969, 1 male, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 3959 (DZUP).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F4FFD3309C2FA7D85D7F82C.taxon	description	Fig. 34 Opoptera staudingeri mexicana J. Maza & R. G. Maza, 1989. Rev. Soc. Mex. Lep. 13 (1): 26, 27, figs 1, 2 (female d, v); holotype female, 16 - VIII- 1986, 18 km, north of Solistahuacán, Chiapas, Mexico, 1800 m a. s. l., Bosque Mesófilo de Montaña, Javier de la Maza leg., Collection de la Maza — Wolfe, 2017. News Lepid. Soc. 59 (1): 28, 29. Mimoblepia staudingeri mexicana; Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini, in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4 A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5 A, p. 203. Taxonomic history. Opoptera staudingeri mexicana J. Maza & R. G. Maza (1989) was transferred to Mimoblepia by Casagrande (2004). Penz (2009) synonymized Mimoblepia with Opoptera and went back to the original combination Opoptera staudingeri mexicana.	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F4FFD3309C2FA7D85D7F82C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Opoptera staudingeri mexicana J. Maza & R. G. Maza, 1989 was described based on a female from Solistahuacán, Chiapas, Mexico. The holotype is deposited in the de la Maza family collection, with the following labels: / Selva Negra Chis. 1800 m. 16 - VIII- 86 Col. J. de la Maza / HOLOTIPO ♀ Opoptera staudingeri mexicana J. de la Maza E. / (Fig. 34).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F4FFD3309C2FA7D85D7F82C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. DFW of the female with apex rounded, without orange band in the discal cell. HW without tail prolongation. Differs from Opoptera staudingeri by not having the orange band on DFW and by having a submarginal band between M 3 – CuA 2 on VFW (Fig. 34). Male genitalia. Not examined. Female genitalia. Not examined.	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F4FFD3309C2FA7D85D7F82C.taxon	discussion	Comments. Based on photos of the holotype, forewing length, female (n = 1): 48 mm, and hindwing length: 41 mm. Opoptera mexicana J. Maza & R. G. Maza, 1989 stat. nov. is a poorly sampled species. To date, only the female has been documented, with the specimen deposited in the private collection of the de la Maza family. Since its description, Opoptera mexicana has been treated as a subspecies. However, when examining the specimens of Opoptera staudingeri (Godman & Salvin, 1894) and photos of female Opoptera mexicana, morphological differences of the adults and larvae do not support this status. Geographic distribution. Mexico * (Chiapas) (J. Maza & R. G. Maza 1989); Honduras * (Wolfe 2017) (Fig. 60). Elevation of 1,800 m, according to the single elevation record. Temporal distribution. Based on the material examined, fly in August. Specimens examined. Photos of the holotype of Opoptera staudingeri mexicana J. Maza & R. G. Maza, 1989.	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F49FD2A09C2FF23801AFE9B.taxon	description	Figs 35 – 40	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F49FD2A09C2FF23801AFE9B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Opsiphanes sulcius Staudinger, 1887 was described based on four males and one female from Santa Catarina [Brazil]. A male was found in the MfN with the following labels: / sulcius Stgr. Type / Origin. / Blum [enau]. M. /. In order to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon and allow for a correct identification, this specimen is hereby designated as the lectotype, and the following labes will be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Opsiphanes sulcius Staudinger, 1887, Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025 / (Fig. 39). Opsiphanes sulcius var. sodalis Röber, 1906 was described based on three males and two females from São Paulo [Brazil]. In the NHMUK collection a female syntype was found with the following labels: / S. Paolo / Rothschild Bequest B. M. 1939 - 1. / 622. / FELDER COLLN. /. In order to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon and allow for correction identification, this specimen is hereby designated as the lectotype, and the following labels will be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Opsiphanes sulcius var. sodalis Röber, 1906, Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025 / (Fig. 40).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F49FD2A09C2FF23801AFE9B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. DFW with yellowish band, forming a “ Y ”, with the proximal arm is wider than the distal arm. HW without tail prolongation. DHW of the males with hairpencil grouped in bundles in the discal cell; females lacking iridescence. Differs from Opoptera syme in that the proximal arm of the “ Y ” is wider (Figs 35 – 36). Male genitalia. Tegumen triangular in lateral view, with dorsal surface convex; anterior projection of saccus shorter than the arms; uncus pointed, not exceeding the length of the valva, proximal portion with tuft of setae, lateral margin concave; gnathos with proximal portion rectangular and with spine anteriorly directed, distal portion elongated and pointed; valva elongated, projected beyond the uncus, externally and internally with numerous setae, anterior portion wider than the posterior portion, narrowing towards the median portion, distal portion wide, flattened and with protuberance in the ventral margin; aedeagus without lateral projections; fultura inferior triangular (Fig. 37). Female genitalia. Lamella antevaginalis sclerotized, narrow, emarginated medially; lamella postvaginalis sclerotized, wider than the lamella postvaginalis, with a median protuberance posteriorly projected; intersegmental membrane rounded in the anterior margin; basal portion of the ductus seminalis sclerotized (Fig. 38).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F49FD2A09C2FF23801AFE9B.taxon	description	Variation. Forewing length, male (n = 5): 38 – 41 mm, female (n = 5): 41 – 45 mm. DFW marginal band yellowish may be conspicuous or faded. VFW size and shape of the spots adjacent to the “ b ”, “ c ”, “ d ” elements in the basal and discal regions; size and shape of the eyespot between M 1 – M 2. VHW size and shape of the eyespots in the discal region. Geographic distribution. Brazil (São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul); Argentina (Misiones) (Fig. 60). Elevation between 650 and 1,800 m. Temporal distribution. Based on the material examined, fly in January – April, November and December. Specimens examined. Photos of the lectotype of Opsiphanes sulcius Staudinger, 1887; lectotype of Opsiphanes sulcius var. sodalis Röber, 1906, and the following specimens: BRAZIL: São Paulo — Campos do Jordão (Umuara), 1,800 m, 3 – 15 - II- 1937, 1 female, Gagarin leg., DZ 57.715 (DZUP); São Paulo (Santo Amaro), 15 - III- 1942, 1 female, D’Almeida leg., DZ 57.675 (DZUP). Paraná — Jaguariaíva, I- 1955, 1 male, C’. Bruhn. leg., ex-coll. F. Justus Jr., DZ 57.713 (DZUP); Ponta Grossa, II- 1940, 2 female, ex-coll. F. Justus Jr., DZ 57.655, DZ 57.656 (DZUP); Colombo (Embrapa), 18 - III- 1993, 1 male, Casagrande leg., DZ 57.708 (DZUP); Quatro Barras (Banhado [= Estação Banhado]), 7 - III- 1970, 1 female, Becker & Laroca leg., DZ 57.659 (DZUP); Curitiba (Parque Municipal Barigui), 25 º 25 ’ 43 ’’ S, 49 º 18 ’ 33 ’’ W, 24 - III- 2016, 1 male, F. Gaviria leg., DZ 57.722 (DZUP), 900 m, 22 - II- 1979, 1 male, O. Mielke leg., 57.640 (DZUP); Balsa Nova (São Luiz do Purunã), 1 - II- 1981, 1 male, Mielke leg., DZ 57.670 (DZUP), 950 m, 9 - II- 1981, 4 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.667, 57.678, 57.679, 57.681 (DZUP), 900 m, 25 - II- 1984, 3 females, 1 male, O. - C. Mielke leg., DZ 57.628, 57.662, 57.673, 57.635 (DZUP), 8 - III- 1980, 2 males, 1 female, Mielke leg., DZ 57.712, 57.716, 2472 (DZUP), 950 m, 10 - XI- 1985, 1 male, Mielke leg., DZ 57.711 (DZUP); Piraquara (Mananciais da Serra), 8 - III- 2007, 1 female, P. Grossi leg., DZ 57.721 (DZUP), (Santuário da Natureza Família Walker), - 25.4982899, - 48.9988743, 890 m, 15 – 18 - III- 2022, 3 females, Cajé, Mélo, Piovesan & Orlandin leg., DZ 57.725, 58.649, 58.567 (DZUP); Morretes (Alto da Serra), 850 m, 22 - II- 2001, 1 male, G. Lamas leg., (MUSM); Guarapuava, XII- 1954, 1 male, H. Schneider leg., ex-coll. F. Justus Jr., DZ 57.644 (DZUP); São José dos Pinhais, 850 m, 17 - II- 1988, 1 male, Mielke leg., OM 17.021 (DZUP — OM); Lapa, 850 m, 2 - IV- 1980, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.710 (DZUP); Tijucas do Sul (Rincão), 850 m, 8 - III- 1972, 1 male, Mielke leg., DZ 57.652 (DZUP), 10 - III- 1971, 1 female, Mielke leg., DZ 57.661 (DZUP), (Vossoroca), IV- 1971, 1 female, Moure & Mielke leg., DZ 57.629 (DZUP), 850 m, 8 - II- 1981, 1 male, Mielke leg., DZ 57.637 (DZUP), 28 - II- 1979, 1 male, Mielke leg., DZ 57.641, 1 male, 12 - II- 1977, DZ 57.645 (DZUP); Palmas, 1 male, ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 57.630 (DZUP), 17 - I- 1942, 1 male, Victor Stawiarski leg., ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 57.631 (DZUP), 1 male, ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 57.653 (DZUP), 1 - II- 1932, 1 male, Victor Stawiarski leg., ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 57.654 (DZUP), I- 1930, 1 female, Victor Stawiarski leg., ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 57.707 (DZUP). Santa Catarina — Porto União, 2 males, Stawiarski leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 57.689, 57.690 (DZUP); São Bento do Sul (Rio Vermelho), 850 m, 22 - I- 1974, 1 male, 26 - I- 1981, 1 male, 650 m, 2 - I- 1982, 2 males, 850 m, 22 - I- 1982, 1 male, 650 m, 31 - I- 1982, 2 males, 850 m, 11 - I- 1983, 3 males, 16 - I- 1983, 1 male, 31 - I- 1983, 1 female, 650 m, 16 - II- 1980, 2 females, 9 - II- 1980, 2 males, 1 female, 850 m, 10 - II- 1983, 1 female, 650 m, 11 - II- 1980, 1 female, 2 males, 12 - II- 1980, 2 males, 12 - II- 1982, 7 males, II- 1980, 2 males, 850 m, II- 1982, 1 male, 13 - II- 1980, 1 female, 1 male, 14 - II- 1981, 4 males, 1 female, 650 m, 14 - II- 1982, 1 male, 2 - II- 1982, 1 male, 7 - II- 1982, 3 males, 18 - II- 1982, 1 female, 4 - II- 1982, 1 male, 850 m, 18 - III- 1982, 1 female, III- 1982, 1 male, III- 1980, 1 female, Rank leg., DZ 57.714, 57.650, 57.682, 57.694, 57.665, 57.668, 57.695, 57.646, 57.657, 57.658, 57.669, 57.643, 57.625, 57.660, 57.639, 57.649, 2417, 57.664, 57.627, 57.632, 57.633, 57.638, 57.688, 57.691, 57.699, 57.701, 57.703, 57.677, 57.684, 57.685, 57.647, 57.648, 57.697, 57.626, 57.651, 57.636, 57.642, 57.666, 57.680, 57.672, DZ 57.683, 57.705, 57.693, 57.696, 57.704, 57.700, 57.692, 57.674, 57.698, 57.663 (DZUP), 850 m, 13 - III- 1980, 1 female, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.671 (DZUP), 3 - IV- 1970, 1 female, ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 57.687 (DZUP), 9 - II- 1971, 1 male, ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 2365 (DZUP); Joaçaba (Parque Municipal Rio do Peixe), 27 º 09 ’ 50 ’’ S, 51 º 34 ’ 47 ’’ W, 15 - II- 2017, 1 male, 3 - III- 2017, 1 female, E. Orlandin leg., DZ 57.723, 57.724 (DZUP); Agrolândia, I- 1982, 1 female, Mielke & West leg., DZ 57.702 (DZUP), I- 1973, 1 male, ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.717 (DZUP); Ituporanga (Rio do Sul), 2 - IV- 1970, 1 male, W. Sommer leg., DZ 57.634 (DZUP); Florianópolis (Naufragados), 22 - III- 2004, 1 male, 9 - IV- 2004, 1 female, 16 - IV- 2005, 1 female, E. C. Santos leg. DZ 57.719, 57.720, 57.709 (DZUP). Rio Grande do Sul — Gramado, 28 - I- 1973, 2 males, ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.718, 25.224 (DZUP); Pelotas (Cascata), 7 - II- 1942, 1 male, DZ 25.234 (DZUP). ARGENTINA: Misiones — Dos de Mayo, XII- 1979, 1 male, Foerster leg., OM 39.350 (DZUP — OM).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F57FD2309C2FEDB844FFCDB.taxon	description	Figs 41 – 50 Caligo syme Hübner, [1821]. Samml. exot. Schmett., 2, pl. [71], figs 3, 4 ([female d, v]). — Doubleday, [1845]. List Lep. Brit. Mus., 1, p. 117. — Wytsman & Kirby, 1898 – 1903, in Hübner & Geyer. Samml. exot. Schmett. (New English facs. Ed.) 2, pl. 284 (71), figs 3, 4 (female d, v). — Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 53.	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F57FD2309C2FEDB844FFCDB.taxon	description	Opsiphanes (Opoptera) syme; Aurivillius, 1882. Kongl. Svenska Akad. Handl. 19 (5): 75.	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F57FD2309C2FEDB844FFCDB.taxon	description	Taxonomic history. Opoptera syme (Hübner, [1821]) was illustrated as Caligo syme by Hübner ([1821]). Dalman (1823) described Papilio alcimedon, and Godart (1824) described Morpho acadina. Boisduval (1836) treated the species as Pavonia syme. Westwood (1851) transferred syme to Opsiphanes and considered Morpho acadina as a junior synonym. Ménétriés (1855) and Kirby (1871) treated acadina as a synonym of syme. Burmeister (1873) mentioned acadina as a synonym of Pavonia syme. Aurivillius (1882) treated Opoptera as a subgenus of Opsiphanes. Stichel (1902) transferred syme to Opoptera. Rothschild (1916) described Opsiphanes syme colombicola. Stichel (1932) treated Papilio alcimedon and Morpho acadina as junior synonyms of Opoptera syme syme, and listed Opoptera syme colombicola as a valid subspecies. Casagrande (2004) regarded Papilio alcimedon, Morpho acadina, Opoptera syme fumosa, and Opoptera syme colombicola as junior synonyms of Opoptera syme.	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F57FD2309C2FEDB844FFCDB.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Caligo syme Hübner, [1821] was described based on a figure [female]. The type material was not found in collections around the world even after exhaustive searches carried out by researchers dedicated to the taxonomy of Nymphalidae, such as M. M. Casagrande, O. H. H. Mielke, and G. Lamas. Therefore, this specimen, a female of Caligo syme Hübner, [1821] is hereby designated as the neotype to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon and allow for a correct identification. The specimen designated as the neotype exhibits the same morphological characters of the female illustrated by Hübner ([1821]) and is deposited in the DZUP, with the following labels: / 13 – 15 - II- 2010 FAZENDA DOS CAMPOS, VÍRGINIA MINAS GERAIS, 1500 m MIELKE & CASAGRANDE LEG. / DZ 57.751 /, to which the following labels will be attached: / NEOTYPUS / Neotypus Caligo syme Hübner, [1821], Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025 / (Fig. 45). Morpho acadina Godart, [1824] was described based on at least one female and one male from Brazil. A male syntype in MNHN, bearing the following labels: / Brésil Delalande MUSEUM DE PARIS / TYPE / SYN-TYPE /. In order to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon and allow for correct identification, the specimen indicated as a male is hereby designated as the lectotype, and the following labels will be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Morpho acadina Godart, [1824], Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025 / (Fig. 46). Papilio alcimedon Dalman, 1823 was described based on an unknown number of individuals from Brasília [Brazil]. Two females were found, although Dalman (1823) considers it as a male and a female. These syntypes were deposited in the RMS, with the following labels: / P. Alcimedon ♀ Dalm., Anal. Typ. / Brasilia / P. Alcimedon ♂ Dalm., Anal. Typ. / Brasilia /. In order to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon and allow for correct identification, the specimen indicated as a female is hereby designated as the lectotype, and the following labels will be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Papilio alcimedon Dalman, 1823, Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025 /. The other syntype indicated as male by Dalman, is also a female and is hereby designated as the paralectotype, and the following labels will be attached: / PARALECTOTYPUS / Paralectotypus Papilio alcimedon Dalman, 1823, Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025 / (Figs 47 – 48). Opoptera syme fumosa Stichel, 1902 was described based on two males from Espírito Santo, Brazil, deposited in the Stichel collection. A syntype was found in the NHMUK with the following labels: / Op. syme fumosa Stich. Type / Typus / Type / Brasilia Espirito Santo e. c. H. Stichel / Rothschild Bequest B. M. 1939 - 1 /. In order to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon and allow for a correct identification, this specimen is hereby designated as the lectotype, and the following labels will be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Opoptera syme fumosa Stichel, 1902, Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025 / (Fig. 49). Opsiphanes syme colombicola Rothschild, 1916 was described based on one male [holotype] from Popayán, Colombia [probably spurious locality], collected by Lehmann., deposited in the NHMUK with the following labels: / Type / Popayan, Colombia (Lehmann) / Rothschild Bequest B. M. 1939 - 1. / Opsiphanes syme colombicola Rothsch. / (Fig. 50).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F57FD2309C2FEDB844FFCDB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. DFW with yellowish band, forming a “ Y ”, with the proximal arm narrow and equivalent to the distal arm. HW without tail prolongation. DHW of the males with hairpencil grouped in bundles in the discal cell; females have blue iridescence in the discal region. VHW with conspicuous white band in the submarginal region. Differs from Opoptera sulcius in that the proximal arms of the “ Y ” are narrower and zigzag-shaped (Figs 41 – 42). Male genitalia. Tegumen triangular in lateral view, with dorsal surface flat; anterior projection of saccus shorter than the arms; uncus pointed, not exceeding the length of the valva, proximal portion with tuft of setae, lateral margin concave; gnathos with proximal portion rectangular and with spines anteriorly directed, distal portion elongated and pointed; valva elongated, projected beyond the uncus, externally and internally with numerous setae, anterior portion wider, narrowing towards the median portion, posterior portion wide and flattened; aedeagus without lateral projections; fultura inferior lozenge-shaped (Fig. 43). Female genitalia. Lamella antevaginalis sclerotized in the median portion and anteriorly straight; lamella postvaginalis sclerotized and with median protuberance posteriorly projected; intersegmental membrane rounded in the anterior margin; ductus bursae with basal portion sclerotized (Fig. 44).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F57FD2309C2FEDB844FFCDB.taxon	description	Variation. Forewing length, male (n = 5): 36 – 42 mm, female (n = 5): 42 – 46 mm. DHW yellowish marginal band may be conspicuous or faded. VHW, shape and size of the eyespots in the discal region. VFW shape and size of the spots adjacent to the “ c ”, “ d ”, “ e ” elements, in the basal and discal regions, size and shape of the eyespot in the submarginal region; submarginal band (element j) may be faded and not reach the apex (Fig. 5). Male genitalia: gnathos varies in size and number of spines in the proximal portion. Female genitalia: distal portion of the valva with indent in the dorsal and ventral margins.	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F57FD2309C2FEDB844FFCDB.taxon	discussion	Comments. Considering the geographic distribution of Opoptera syme, it is without doubt that the specimen described by Rothschild (1916) was not collected in Colombia. Geographic distribution. Brazil (Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo) (Fig. 60). Elevation between 500 and 1,700 m. Temporal distribution. Based on the material examined, fly in January – April, September, November and December. Specimens examined. Photos of the neotype of Caligo syme Hübner, [1821]; lectotype of Pavonia acadina Godart, 1824; lectotype of Papilio alcimedon Dalman, 1823; lectotype of Opoptera syme fumosa Stichel, 1902; holotype of Opsiphanes syme colombicola Rothschild, 1916, and the following specimens: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais — Itaipé, 650 m, 29 - III- 1969, 1 female, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.749 (DZUP); Caratinga, 26 - II- 1972, 1 male, Pe. Moure & Graf leg., DZ 57.727 (DZUP); Santa Bárbara (Caraça), 1300 – 1500 m, 1 – 5 - II- 1985, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.752 (DZUP); Carmo do Rio Claro, 1 - IX- 1959, 1 male, Mielke leg., OM 2698 (DZUP — OM); Conceição da Aparecida, 4 - II- 1960, 1 male, Mielke leg., OM 2142 (DZUP — OM); Virgínia (Fazenda dos Campos), 1500 m, 13 – 15 - II- 2010, 1 female, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.751 (DZUP); Conceição dos Ouros, II- 2017, 1 male, Pereira leg., DZ 57.728 (DZUP); Delfim Moreira, 1500 – 1700 m, 17 – 18 - I- 2004, 2 males, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.754, 57.755 (DZUP); Camanducaia (Monteverde), 1650 m, 8 - III- 1981, 1 female, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.753 (DZUP). Espírito Santo — Santa Teresa, 750 m, 25 - III- 1970, 1 male, 30 - III- 1970, 1 male, K. Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.756, 57.757 (DZUP). Rio de Janeiro — Nova Friburgo (Pico São João [= Parque Estadual dos Três Picos]), 1000 – 1400 m, 9 - II- 1987, 1 male, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 57.750 (DZUP). Itatiaia (Parque Nacional do Itatiaia), 1000 – 1200 m, 5 - II- 1958, 1 female, 3 males, H. Ebert, ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.734, 57.743, 57.745, 57.758 (DZUP); Petrópolis (Independência), 900 m, 3 - XII- 1939, 1 male, 6 - III- 1939, 1 male ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 57.726, 57.730 (DZUP), 4 - XI- 1934, 1 female, 13 - IV- 1932, 1 male, Gagarin leg., ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 57.739, 2404 (DZUP); Rio de Janeiro (Serra de Santa Teresa), 1 female, D’Almeida leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 57.735 (DZUP); (Lagoinha), 19 - II- 1922, 1 male, Ferreira d’Almeida leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 57.731 (DZUP); (Sumaré), 30 - I- 1934, 2 females, ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 57.732, 2414 (DZUP), 1 - II- 1934, 1 female, ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 57.733 (DZUP), 7 - II- 1930, 1 male, ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 57.747 (DZUP); (Jacarepaguá — Três Rios), 13 - II- 1965, 1 male, ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 57.748 (DZUP), 13 - II- 1965, 1 male, Octavio leg., ex-coll. D’Almeida, DZ 57.746 (DZUP); (Horto Florestal, Gavea [= Jardim Botânico]), 12 - XII- 1954, 1 female, L. Travassos leg., ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 57.738 (DZUP). São Paulo — Araras, 600 m, 6 - I- 1966, 1 male, ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.744 (DZUP); Rio Claro, 600 m, 10 - III- 1963, 2 females, 2 - III- 1963, 1 female, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.737, 57.740, 57.741 (DZUP); Campos do Jordão (Umuarama), 3 – 15 - II- 1937, 1 male, Gagarin leg., ex-coll. Gagarin, DZ 2511 (DZUP); Anhembi (Fazenda Barreiro Rico [= Estação Ecológica Barreiro Rico]), 500 m, 31 - III- 1968, 1 female, Ebert leg., ex-coll. H. Ebert, DZ 57.759 (DZUP); Jacareí, II- 1976, 1 male, DZ 57.729 (DZUP).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F5EFD2709C2FC1B8402F8EC.taxon	description	Figs 51 – 55	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F5EFD2709C2FC1B8402F8EC.taxon	description	Taxonomic history. Opsiphanes staudingeri Godman & Salvin, 1894 was transferred by Stichel (1902) to Opoptera, and later Casagrande (2004) placed staudingeri in Mimoblepia. Penz (2007) synonymized Mimoblepia with Opoptera.	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F5EFD2709C2FC1B8402F8EC.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Opsiphanes staudingeri Godman & Salvin, 1894 was described based on an unknown number of individuals from Chiriquí, [Panama]. Two specimens were found, a male and a female, deposited in the NHMUK. Male with the following labels: / B. M. TYPE No. Rh 6093 Opsiphanes staudingeri, ♂ G. & S. / O. staudingeri G. & S. Type. ♂ / Sp. figured. / Chiriqui, Panama. Ex Staudinger. / ♂ / Type H. T. / B. C. A. Lep. Rhop. Opsiphanes staudingeri, G. & S. Godman-Salvin Coll. 1919. - 6. /. Although this specimen has a label stating it is a holotype, it is in fact a syntype. In order to stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon and allow for a correct identification, this specimen is hereby designated as the lectotype, and the following labels will be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Opsiphanes staudingeri Godman & Salvin, 1894, Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025 / (Fig. 55). The other specimen, a female with the following labels: / 32. 21. Ex. Coll. Dognin. 1921. / Chiriqui 1895. / Donckier / Jolcey Bequest. Brit. Mus. 1934 - 120. / staudingeri. Chiriqui. ♂. Godman & Salvin. ann. N. H (6) XIV. p. 95. 1895. /, is a paralectotype, and the following labels will be attached: / PARALECTOTYPUS / Paralectotypus Opsiphanes staudingeri Godman & Salvin, 1894, Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025 /. Another male specimen deposited in the MfN with the following labels: / Chiriqui / Zool. Mus. Berlin / This abdomen problaby does not belong to this specimen / Gen. prep. Casagrande II. 1982 / Opsiphanes staudingeri God. / Opsiphanes staudingeri g. [illegible] / Origin. /, is another paralectotype, and the following labels will be attached: / PARALECTOTYPUS / Paralectotypus Opsiphanes staudingeri Godman & Salvin, 1894, Cajé, Casagrande, Piovesan, O. Mielke & Lamas det. 2025 /.	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F5EFD2709C2FC1B8402F8EC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FW with pointed apex. DFW features a conspicuous orange band, with the distal arm reduced yet clearly evident between M 2 – M 3. HW without tail prolongation. DHW of the males with long hairs distributed in the discal cell. VFW with submarginal yellowish band, adjacent to “ i ” element, which extends from M 1 to the anal angle. Differs from Opoptera mexicana in the presence of the orange band on the DFW, and by the VFW submarginal band adjacent to the “ i ” element, reaching the anal angle (Figs 51 – 52). Male genitalia. Tegumen triangular in lateral view, with dorsal surface flat; anterior projection of saccus shorter than the arms; uncus pointed; gnathos triangular in the proximal portion, with pointed distal portion, and inner expansion reduced; valva elongated and twisted, not exceeding the length of the uncus, externally and internally with numerous setae, distal portion of the valva with sclerotized keel forming an anteriorly elevated keel and with dorsal margin serrated; aedeagus without lateral projections; fultura inferior lozenge-shaped (Fig. 53). Female genitalia. Lamella antevaginalis sclerotized, folded median portion, anteriorly directed; lamella postvaginalis sclerotized, anterior margin with a median protuberance posteriorly projected, posterior margin forming an arch medially, corrugated-like associated to posterior margin; intersegmental membrane rounded, emarginated along the anterior margin and with sclerotized plate in the median portion; corpus bursae elongated (Fig. 54).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F5EFD2709C2FC1B8402F8EC.taxon	description	Variation. Forewing length, male (n = 2): 42 – 44 mm, female (n = 1): 48 mm. DFW, ondulations in the proximal portion of the marginal band. VFW, whitish band in the submarginal region may be faded, size and shape of the spots adjacent to the “ d ” elemente, shape of the “ b ” element. VHW, “ d ” element may be faded, size and shape of the eyespots between M 1 – M 3, size and shape of the eyespots in the discal region, withish band may be faded. Geographic distribution. Nicaragua * (Hernández et al. 2018); Costa Rica (San José, Cartago); Panamá (Chiriquí) (Fig. 60). Elevations between 1,050 and 1,200 m. Temporal distribution. Based on the material examined, fly in July and September. Specimens examined. Photos of the lectotype of Opsiphanes staudingeri Godman & Salvin, 1894; Paralectotype of Opsiphanes staudingeri Godman & Salvin, 1894, and the following specimens: COSTA RICA: San José — (Parque Carrillo [= Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo]), 1050 m, 2 - VII- 1980, 1 female, G. B. Small leg. (USNM). Cartago — Cachí, 1 male (USNM). PANAMA: Chiriquí — no locality, 1 male, DZ 58.186 (DZUP), 1 male, ex-coll. Julius Arp, DZ 58.187 (DZUP); Renacimiento (Santa Clara), 1200 m, 6 - IX- 1981, 1 male, Gordon B. Small leg. (USNM).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F25FD5E09C2FB688740FC07.taxon	description	Figs 56 – 59	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F25FD5E09C2FB688740FC07.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Brazil, [Rondônia], Porto Velho.	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F25FD5E09C2FB688740FC07.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FW and HW dorsal surface is dark brown in males and light brown in females. HW with tail prolongation on M 3. DHW of males with long hairs distributed on adjacent areas to the scent-pocket. Differs from O. hilaris and O. aorsa by the presence of a dark dashed band within the orange band located in the marginal region (Figs 56 – 57). Male description. Head. Brown. Antennae brown, apex may be dilated; frons with elongated brown scales; glabrous eyes; labial palpus covered by short and elongated brown scales. Thorax. Brown. covered by short and elongated scales; pro-, meso- and metathoracic legs brown, distal margin of the each segment with a ring of white scales beginning with the tibia. Wings. General dorsal color ranges between light to dark brown; ventrally with disruptive pattern light to dark brown with whitish regions; outer margin sinuous. Forewing. Outer margin angled. DFW displays orange band in the discal region with a conspicuous proximal arm which disarticulates between M 2 – CuA 1, and submarginal region with faded distal arm; subapical region with three spots and may have a vestigial spot between the first and the second, with the first two spots and the vestigial (when present) white in color, while the third more distal spot is black and white. VFW with two bands within the discal cell in basal region, with spots in the distal portion of the discal cell; discal region with band that extends from the costal margin to CuA 2; submarginal margin displaying dark-colored eyespot with whitish pupil between M 1 – M 2, with whitish color that extends from the M 1 to 2 A, distal portion with dark brown band; marginal region yellowish-brown. Hindwing. Outer margin with tail prolongation; in the males, basal region with scent-pocket in the proximal portion of the CuA 2. DHW with long hairs distributed on areas adjacent to the scent-pocket; marginal region with orange conspicuous band, with dark brown dashed band within the orange band, and dark brown band visible along the entire tail prolongation. VHW basal region with dark brown spots, a proximal spot between Sc + R 1 and Rs, and a distal spot within of the discal cell or between CuA 2 – 2 A; discal region with two rounded eyespots with whitish pupil, the anterior between the costal margin and M 1, and the posterior between M 3 – CuA 2 or 2 A, with spots rounded between M 1 – M 3; submarginal region with dark brown band; marginal region with yellowish-brown band (Fig. 56). Abdomen. Coloration between light brown and dark brown, covered by elongated scales. Male genitalia. Tegumen triangular in lateral view, concave dorsal surface, anterior margin medially concave; anterior projection of saccus shorter than the arms; uncus with lateral margin of the median portion markedly concave and distal portion rounded, bifid distal margin; gnathos with the proximal portion wide than the distal portion, pointed distal portion; valva sickle-shaped, externally and internally with numerous setae, anterior portion wider than the posterior portion, distal portion serrated in the ventral margin; aedeagus with lateral projections; fultura inferior rectangular (Fig. 58). Female description. Similar to male. Differs in the following characters: DFW and DHW light brown. VFW and VHW with light brown disruptive pattern. Female genitalia. Papilla analis oval, covered by numerous long setae; lamellae antevaginalis and postvaginalis joined laterally to form two narrow arms; anterior apophysis atrophied; posterior apophysis is longer than the length of tergum VIII; lamella antevaginalis sclerotized, narrower than the lamella postvaginalis, in the median portion folded ventrally; lamella postvaginalis sclerotized, corrugated-like associated to posterior margin and with two lateral plates sclerotized forming keel of irregular spines, with median portion indented; intersegmental membrane ribbed between the seventh sternite and the lamellae antevaginalis and postvaginalis, rounded, with anterior margin emarginated and with sclerotized plate in the median portion (Fig. 59).	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F25FD5E09C2FB688740FC07.taxon	description	Variation. Forewing length, male (n = 5): 34 – 40 mm; female length (n = 2): 44 – 45 mm. Hindwing length, male (n = 5): 38 – 47 mm; female length (n = 2): 44 – 45 mm. DFW, shape and size of the subapical spots; orange band may not be disjointed. VFW with bands, adjacent to the b, c, d elements, within the discal cell usually interrupted, but may be continuous; band that extends from costal margin to the CuA 2 may be interrupted, forming isolate spots between R 4 and M 3; shape and size of the eyespot between M 1 – M 2. VHW, yellowish outline of the eyespots may be faded; proximal spots between Sc + R 1 and Rs may be faded; size of the spots rounded between M 1 – M 3. Male genitalia: tegumen may have flat dorsal surface; uncus may lack the bifurfacted posterior margin, forming a protuberance instead; gnathos may lack the anteroventrally directed projection in the proximal portion and have a straight dorsal margin; valva may exhibit an indentation in the anterior margin, may have a distal protuberance on the ventral margin; fultura inferior may be anteriorly concave.	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F25FD5E09C2FB688740FC07.taxon	etymology	Etymology. We take great pleasure in naming this species in honor of Dr. Iracilda Maria de Moura Lima. Distinguished Professor at Universidade Federal de Alagoas, in honor of her career dedicated to studying insects and their love for all aspects of the natural history of butterflies. It is treated as a feminine noun in the genitive case. Geographic distribution. Peru (Madre de Dios), Brazil (Amazonas, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul) (Fig. 60). Based on the only elevation record 340 m. Temporal distribution. Based on the material examined, fly in January, June and November.	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
03D787E07F25FD5E09C2FB688740FC07.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype male, deposited in DZUP with the following labels: HOLOTYPUS / Holotypus Opoptera iracildae Cajé & Casagrande, 2025 / XI Porto Velho / Coleção Julius Arp / DZ 57.872 / (Fig. 56 a, b). Allotype female, deposited in DZUP with the following labels: ALLOTYPUS / Allotypus Opoptera iracildae Cajé & Casagrande, 2025 / Rio Novo Porto Velho Rio Madeira T. do Guaporé / Pko. 15 / 26 - I- 44 / Ter. Guaporé. Rio Novo Klm. 50. 17 / 1 944. / DZ 57.869 / (Fig. 56 c, d). Specimens examined. PERU: Madre de Dios — Parque Nacional del Manu (Pakitza), 11 º 55 ’ 48 ’’ S, 71 º 15 ’ 18 ’’ W, 340 m, 17 - X- 1991, 1 male [paratype], O. Mielke leg., DZ 57.814 (DZUP), 26 - IX- 1991, 1 male [paratype], M. Casagrande leg. (MUSM). BRAZIL: Amazonas (Rio Madeira), 1 male, USNMNH 2041410 (USNM). Rondônia — Porto Velho, XI, 1 male [holotype], DZ 57.872 (DZUP), (Rio Novo, Rio Madeira), 15 – 26 - I- 1944, 1 female [allotype], 1 male [paratype], Parko leg., DZ 57.869, 57.868 (DZUP), (Cachoeira do Samuel, Rio Jamari), VI- 1944, 1 female, 1 male [paratypes], DZ 57.870, 57.873 (DZUP). Mato Grosso — River System Cuyaba-Corumba [= Cuiabá], 1 male [paratype], Joicey Bequest. Brit. Mus. 1934 - 120 (NHMUK). Mato Grosso do Sul — Corumbá, 1 male [paratype], J. Arp leg., ex-coll. Julius Arp, DZ 57.875 (DZUP). General comments The phylogenetic hypothesis presented herein (Fig. 3) recovered two groups, consistent with previous studies (Penz 2009 a; Matos-Maraví et al. 2021). The first clade consists of those species with tail prolongation, including O. aorsa, O. arsippe, O. bracteolata, O. hilaris, plus Opoptera iracildae sp. nov., and the second clade comprises those species lacking a tail prolongation on the outer margin of the hindwing, such as O. fruhstorferi, O. sulcius, O. syme and O. staudingeri. Opoptera aorsa and O. hilaris were recovered as closely related, with a genetic distance of 1.5 – 2.5 %. Notably, although it was observed that both species share a similar wing pattern on both the dorsal and ventral surfaces, certain characteristics vary. For exemple, on the dorsal surface of the FW, the band is interrupted at M 3 in both O. aorsa and O. hilaris, while the submarginal band is barely discernible in O. hilaris, and faint but visible in O. aorsa. Additionally, these species share the same type of scent organ, characterized by a pocket-shaped. This type of organ also appears in O. syme, O. sulcius, O. fruhstorferi, and O. bracteolata, with hairs grouped in a bundle, whereas in Opoptera iracildae sp. nov. and O. staudingeri the long hairs are distributed in areas adjacent to the scent-pocket, though in the latter, they are inserted into the discal cell. As regards the male genitalia, the species exhibit similarities, yet O. aorsa differs from O. hilaris in the more expanded lateral margin of the distal portion of the uncus. The geographic distribution of O. aorsa suggests that this species occurs in the southeast and south of Brazil, reaching northeastern Argentina, and is likely endemic to the Atlantic Forest. In contrast, O. hilaris has a wider distribution, occurring in the Brazilian and Andean Amazon regions, as well as in the Cerrado. Opoptera iracildae sp. nov. was recovered as closely related to O. aorsa and O. hilaris with genetic distance of 4.2 – 4.6 % and 4.2 – 4.7 %, respectively. Although the general wing pattern is similar to O. aorsa and O. hilaris, morphological differences were found in both the HW and the male and female genitalia. Opoptera iracildae sp. nov. exhibits a geographic distribution pattern that suggests predominant occurrence in the Amazon region, but also with some records for the Pantanal region. Regarding male and female genitalia, contrary to what has been documented to date (Penz 2009 a), the specimens examined here did not exhibit a sclerotized keel in the valva of O. aorsa and O. hilaris, nor in O. syme, O. sulcius, and O. fruhstorferi, which was also absent in Opoptera iracildae sp. nov. A transverse keel was observed on the lamella postvaginalis of O. aorsa and O. hilaris. Opoptera arsippe and O. bracteolata form a well supported clade, with genetic distances of 6.2 – 6.9 %. Both share a series of morphological characteristics distinct from those of other species, mainly in the gnathos and valva. In addition, O. arsippe is unique among these species in having the scent organ formed as a concavity, with hair insertion pattern similar to that of O. staudingeri. Regarding distribution, the pattern indicates that O. arsippe and O. bracteolata do not overlap. Therefore, these species are distinct and probably endemic to the Andean-Amazon region. In this study, the phylogenetic hypothesis recovered O. staudingeri as the sister group of the clade formed by O. syme, O. sulcius, and O. fruhstorferi, with morphological characteristics also supporting this relationship. The geographic distribution pattern of O. staudingeri and the genetic distances (8.0 – 9.1 %, 8.2 % and 7.4 – 7.6 %, respectively) indicate that this disctinct species is restricted to Central America, where O. mexicana stat. nov. also occurs, but without overlap, and although molecular data from O. mexicana stat. nov. are not available, morphological evidence, as geographic distribution, support their treatment as different species. Opoptera syme, O. sulcius, and O. fruhstorferi were recovered as closely related as concluded in previous hypotheses (Penz 2009 a; Matos-Maraví et al. 2021). Generally, O. syme and O. sulcius are species that can be easily confused, since they have similar wing patterns and male genitalia. Opoptera fruhstorferi exhibits a distict wing color pattern compared to other species, but also shares similarities in male genitalia with O. syme and O. sulcius. Although the genetic distance of O. syme and O. sulcius is between 0.1 – 0.6 %, and the genetic distances of O. fruhstorferi and these two species are between 1.1 – 1.9 % and 1.1 – 1.4 %, respectively, morphological evidence based on wing pattern and female genitalia supports their distinction and point to a the relationship between them. The geographic distribution pattern suggests that these three species occur only in the Atlantic Forest, indicating they are likely endemic to this region.	en	Cajé, Suianne, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Piovesan, Mônica, Lamas, Gerardo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2025): Opoptera Aurivillius, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini): Taxonomic revision, molecular phylogeny and description of a new species. Zootaxa 5582 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5582.1.1
