identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D56C3CFFFC43256EAB5051FEB42A87.text	03D56C3CFFFC43256EAB5051FEB42A87.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Notanisus clavatus Boucek 1961	<div><p>Notanisus clavatus Bouček, 1961</p><p>Figs 1, 2</p><p>Material examined. 49 ♀♀, 24 ♂♂: IRAN, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.583332/lat 37.033333)">West-Azarbaijan Province</a>, Naqadeh, Solduz Wetland, 37º02′ N, 45º35′ E, 1277 m a.s.l., 21 July 2020; 29 April 2021, Y. Karimpour leg., ex Calamagrostis epigejos .</p><p>Diagnosis (abstracted from Bouček 1961; Lotfalizadeh et al. 2019). Female (Fig. 1A): body color generally rufous with green luster and violet discal regions; gaster with basal tergites rufous, remaining tergites metallic green to nearly black with violet tinge (Fig. 1A); antennal anellus quadrate; funicle gradually widening, with preclaval funicular segment tapered apically into spicule extending along clava (Fig. 1F); clava 2.5× as long as broad (Fig. 1F); scutellum finely, densely reticulate; propodeum distinctly reticulate with complete median carina; petiole transverse (Fig. 1B); fore wing narrow, with two broad fuscous bands covered with modified scale-like dark brown setae but hyaline areas with whitish setae; marginal vein about 4.5× length of stigmal vein, and postmarginal vein subequal to stigmal vein (Fig. 1C,D); gaster clavate, basal half flat, posterior half convex (Fig. 1A,C).</p><p>Females differ from those of N. versicolor Walker, 1837 in head proportions, antennal anellus shape, finer scutellar reticulation, complete propodeal carina, shorter marginal vein, and more distinctly clavate gaster.</p><p>Male (Fig. 2A): body color metallic green with violet or brassy luster; gaster rufous anteriorly and metallic green posteriorly (Fig. 2A); wings hyaline (Fig. 2A,E); antenna ramose, with five subequally long flagellar rami uniformly covered with brown setae (Fig. 2A–C); petiole longer than broad.</p><p>Remarks. Males of N. clavatus have not previously been described, but the males obtained in our study are most likely attributable to this species. These specimens were initially identified as N. versicolor using available keys, which is unsurprising given their very close morphological similarity. However, based on our rearings we conclude the two sexes obtained represent a single species. It is plausible that males of N. clavatus are essentially indistinguishable from those of N. versicolor, explaining why they have remained unrecognized until now. Such sexual dimorphism, where females are morphologically distinct but males are cryptic or nearly identical across species, is not unusual within chalcidoid taxa. In our case, the rearing of both sexes directly from what likely is the primary host ( Tetramesa) rather than by sweep-netting strengthens the likelihood that they represent the true males of N. clavatus . Therefore, our finding constitutes the first formal report of males of N. clavatus worldwide. Nevertheless, the ambiguity cannot be resolved through morphology alone and molecular evidence is needed to test this hypothesis. Voucher specimens have been preserved at Urmia University for future genetic work, which will be essential to validate species boundaries and confirm the conspecificity of males and females in N. clavatus .</p><p>Distribution. IRAN: West Azarbaijan Province (Lotfalizadeh et al. 2019). EXTRALIMITAL: China, Europe, Kazakhstan, Transcaucasus (UCD Community, 2023).</p><p>Biological association. Hosts are unknown so far; the specimens were swept from grassy vegetation by Mitroiu and Andreiscu (2008). The authors’ field observations, coupled with the consistent co-occurrence of this species and Tetramesa Walker, 1848 ( Eurytomidae) on this host plant―along with analogous associations between other Tetramesa species and gramineous plants―suggest this species is a parasitoid of Tetramesa wasps within gramineous plant ecosystems.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D56C3CFFFC43256EAB5051FEB42A87	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Razmi, Mehdi;Karimpour, Younes;Lotfalizadeh, Hossein	Razmi, Mehdi, Karimpour, Younes, Lotfalizadeh, Hossein (2025): Bushgrass, Calamagrostis epigejos (Poaceae), a natural pool of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Iran. Zootaxa 5696 (2): 151-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1
03D56C3CFFFB43266EAB549DFE8429FF.text	03D56C3CFFFB43266EAB549DFE8429FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anagyrus aligarhensis Agarwal and Alam 1959	<div><p>Anagyrus aligarhensis Agarwal and Alam, 1959</p><p>Figs 3, 4</p><p>Material examined. 5 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂: IRAN, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.583332/lat 37.033333)">West-Azarbaijan Province</a>, Naqadeh, Solduz Wetland, 37º02′ N, 45º35′ E, 1277 m a.s.l., 21 July 2020, 29 April 2021, M. Razmi leg., ex Calamagrostis epigejos .</p><p>Diagnosis (abstracted from Mercet 1921). Female (Fig. 3B): generally non-metallic, orange to fuscous; head with inner orbits testaceous and occiput ochraceous; malar space with a pale yellow streak; pronotum fuscous with lateral pale yellow regions; mesoscutum, scutellum, and metathorax rugose-reticulate; axillae pale yellow; tegula orange with darkened apex (Fig. 3B); antenna diagnostic: scape markedly broad and laterally compressed, predominantly fuscous with a conspicuous whitish region near the apex; pedicel distinctly bicolored, basal half fuscous and apical half whitish; Fu 1 fuscous, Fu 2 and basal half of Fu 3 whitish, distal half of Fu 3 –Fu 6 tan; clava tan, distinct and rather broad (Fig. 3D); legs whitish to pale yellow (Fig. 3B); wings hyaline; postmarginal vein short, 0.25× length of stigmal vein; marginal fringe very short (Fig. 4E,F); gaster ochraceous to fuscous, triangular and tapering (Fig. 4C).</p><p>Male (Fig. 3A): similar to females in general coloration but distinguished by fuscous vertex and frons (Fig. 3A), tegula whitish basally; antenna entirely tan with fuscous markings on scape and pedicel; scape shorter and spindleshaped; funicular segments elongate, with Fu 1 longest, subsequent funicular segments becoming progressively shorter; clava slightly larger than preceding funicular segment (Fig. 3C); legs whitish to pale yellow; wings hyaline; gaster darker than in females (Fig. 3A).</p><p>Distribution. IRAN: Khuzestan, Tehran, Kermanshah and Kerman provinces (Fallahzadeh and Japoshvili 2017). EXTRALIMITAL: China, Europe, former USSR, India, Indonesia, Israel, Nepal, North America, Russia, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (UCD Community 2023).</p><p>Biological association. Given the substantial presence of a ladybird species ( Nephus Mulsant, 1846) among the insects obtained from the sampled specimens during this study, coupled with its documented history of host associations (Hayat 1986), it is plausible these ladybirds as potential hosts for this species. Previously, some species of Pseudococcidae ( Hemiptera) and Cheilomenes sexmaculata Fabricius, 1781 ( Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) associated with plants of the Lamiaceae, Moraceae and Poaceae families, have also been identified as hosts (UCD Community 2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D56C3CFFFB43266EAB549DFE8429FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Razmi, Mehdi;Karimpour, Younes;Lotfalizadeh, Hossein	Razmi, Mehdi, Karimpour, Younes, Lotfalizadeh, Hossein (2025): Bushgrass, Calamagrostis epigejos (Poaceae), a natural pool of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Iran. Zootaxa 5696 (2): 151-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1
03D56C3CFFF6432A6EAB57D0FCE4298B.text	03D56C3CFFF6432A6EAB57D0FCE4298B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cerchysius subplanus (Dalman 1820)	<div><p>Cerchysius subplanus (Dalman, 1820)</p><p>Figs 6, 7</p><p>Material examined. 33 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂: IRAN, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.583332/lat 37.033333)">West-Azarbaijan Province</a>, Naqadeh, Solduz Wetland, 37º02′ N, 45º35′ E, 1277 m a.s.l., 21 July 2020, 29 April 2021, Y. Karimpour leg., ex Calamagrostis epigejos .</p><p>Diagnosis (abstracted from Mercet 1921). Female (Fig. 6B): head and pronotum metallic blue, mesoscutum and scutellum greenish-golden, and gaster black-violet with a strongly shining golden-green basal tergite (Figs 6B, 7A– E); fore wings hyaline or slightly infuscate medially, with very short marginal fringe (Fig. 7F,H); ovipositor black, two-thirds length of gaster (Fig. 7C); antennal structure diagnostic: scape elongate, equal to first three funicular segments combined; Fu 1 elongate, nearly 3× as long as broad; clava large, depressed, as long as the preceding three funicular segments combined (Fig. 6D).</p><p>Male (Fig. 6A): resembles female in general coloration but differ by having a golden-greenish vertex and frons, and the tegula whitish basally (Fig. 6A); antennal structure diagnostic: entirely yellow with brownish markings on scape and pedicel; funicular segments elongate, with Fu 1 distinctly longer, apical segments nearly as long as basal segments; clava slightly larger than the preceding funicular segment (Fig. 6C).</p><p>Distribution. IRAN: West Azarbaijan Province (Salimi et al. 2025). EXTRALIMITAL: Central Asia, Europe, former USSR, India, Mongolia, North Korea, China, Russia, Thailand, Transcaucasus, Turkey (UCD Community 2023).</p><p>Biological association. Multiple species of Diptera, representing various families were collected from laboratory-maintained plant specimens and submitted to taxonomic specialists for identification. Some species of Eriococcidae and Pseudococcidae ( Hemiptera) and Chamaemyiidae ( Diptera) associated with plants of the Fagaceae and Poaceae families plants are documented hosts (UCD Community 2023). Given the presence of Diptera, such as leafminers ( Liriomyza: Agromyzidae), aphid flies ( Chamaemyiidae), gall-makers ( Lasioptera calamagrostidis: Cecidomyiidae), and grass flies ( Chlorops: Chloropidae), among the herbivores of Calamagrostis, it is likely that the host of this parasitoid belongs to one of this Diptera .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D56C3CFFF6432A6EAB57D0FCE4298B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Razmi, Mehdi;Karimpour, Younes;Lotfalizadeh, Hossein	Razmi, Mehdi, Karimpour, Younes, Lotfalizadeh, Hossein (2025): Bushgrass, Calamagrostis epigejos (Poaceae), a natural pool of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Iran. Zootaxa 5696 (2): 151-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1
03D56C3CFFF4432A6EAB5530FE6E2D97.text	03D56C3CFFF4432A6EAB5530FE6E2D97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Homalotylus quaylei Timberlake 1919	<div><p>Homalotylus quaylei Timberlake, 1919</p><p>Fig. 8</p><p>Material examined. 43 ♀♀: IRAN, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.583332/lat 37.033333)">West-Azarbaijan Province</a>, Naqadeh, Solduz Wetland, 37º02′ N, 45º35′ E, 1277 m a.s.l., 21 July 2020, 29 April 2021, M. Razmi leg., ex Calamagrostis epigejos .</p><p>Diagnosis (abstracted from Mercet 1921). Female (Fig. 8A): coloration combines brown, yellow and metallic highlights, with head light brown to testaceous and large eyes silver-gray; lower facial area covered with scattered whitish setae; frons finely reticulate (Fig. 8B,C,E); antenna with Fu 6 partly whitish and clava entirely white (Fig. 8F); tegula predominantly white, but distinctly darkened apically; mesoscutum and scutellum distinctly reticulate (Fig. 8D,E); fore wing with two conspicuous fuscous regions (a large median region and a smaller basal one) and two bare hyaline areas (one in distal half of basal third of the wing, another joining outer side of the median fuscous region) (Fig. 8H,I); legs predominantly whitish to pale yellow, mesotibial spur large, pointed, as long as metatarsus; metatarsus nearly equal in length to the following four tarsal segments combined (Fig. 8A); gaster slightly longer than mesosoma, fuscous with weak metallic luster; ovipositor sheath slightly more than half length of gaster (Fig. 8G).</p><p>We did not rear any males we identify as H. quaylei .</p><p>Distribution. IRAN: East Azarbaijan, Fars, Hamadan, Khuzestan, Mazandaran and Razavi Khorasan Provinces (Ameri et al. 2007; Lotfalizadeh 2010; Fallahzadeh and Japoshvili 2010). EXTRALIMITAL: former USSR, Egypt, Europe, Gabon, India, Israel, Jordan, Mauritania, South America, Transcaucasia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, (UCD Community 2023).</p><p>Biological association. Various genera of predaceous coccinellids including Nephus, Pharoscymnus Bedel, 1906 and Scymnus Kugelann, 1794 in association with plants from Arecaceae, Cupressaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rosaceae and Rutaceae (UCD Community 2023) . Given the notable abundance of a ladybug species ( Nephus) among the sampled insects—alongside its established host association patterns—these ladybugs could be potential hosts for this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D56C3CFFF4432A6EAB5530FE6E2D97	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Razmi, Mehdi;Karimpour, Younes;Lotfalizadeh, Hossein	Razmi, Mehdi, Karimpour, Younes, Lotfalizadeh, Hossein (2025): Bushgrass, Calamagrostis epigejos (Poaceae), a natural pool of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Iran. Zootaxa 5696 (2): 151-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1
03D56C3CFFF2432E6EAB5709FD822933.text	03D56C3CFFF2432E6EAB5709FD822933.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mayridia formosula Mercet 1921	<div><p>Mayridia formosula Mercet, 1921</p><p>Figs 9, 10</p><p>Material examined. 11 ♀♀,, 11 ♂♂: IRAN, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.583332/lat 37.033333)">West-Azarbaijan Province</a>, Naqadeh, Solduz Wetland, 37º02′ N, 45º35′ E, 1277 m a.s.l., 21 July 2020, 29 April 2021, Y. Karimpour leg., ex Calamagrostis epigejos .</p><p>Diagnosis (abstracted from Mercet 1921). Female (Fig. 9B): head ochraceous, contrasting with a metallic green mesoscutum and scutellum, with axillae bluish, and gaster violaceous-cuprous with metallic margins (Fig. 9B); antenna ochraceous, with scape as long as the first three funicular segments combined; clava equal in length to the preceding three segments; fore wings with two transverse fuscous regions, apical one lighter toward margin and tending to merge with basal region (Figs 9B, 10E); mesoscutum shagreened-reticulate, scutellum reticulatesquamose with longitudinal meshes laterally, metathorax nearly smooth (Fig. 10A–C); mesotibial spur almost as long as metatarsus.</p><p>Females differ from those of the closely related M. pulchra Mercet, 1921 by head coloration, very fine shagreening of the frons without coarse punctures (Fig. 10D,F), scarcely darkened apical wing margin, and specific antennal proportions.</p><p>Male (Fig. 9A): resembles the female in overall coloration but differs by having a predominantly metallic green head, a lighter acropleuron, and a paler gaster; wings hyaline to slightly infuscate without distinct fuscous markings (Fig. 9A); antennal proportions diagnostic: scape compressed and shorter than Fu 1; pedicel nearly as long as broad; funicle with Fu 1 the longest, longer than Fu 2, Fu 2 and Fu 3 as well as Fu 4 and Fu 5 equal in length, and Fu 6 the smallest; clava thick, slightly shorter than the two preceding segments combined (Fig. 9B).</p><p>Distribution. IRAN: West Azarbaijan Province (Salimi et al. 2025). EXTRALIMITAL: Europe, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia, Transcaucasia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (UCD Community 2023).</p><p>Biological association. This species has been documented as a parasitoid of Trionymus aberrans Goux, 1938 ( Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in association with the Poaceae family (UCD Community, 2023). The concurrent presence of mealybugs and their natural predators on Calamagrostis specimens during field sampling, combined with documented biological associations of this species in the scientific literature, supports previous researchers’ findings concerning its host relationships.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D56C3CFFF2432E6EAB5709FD822933	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Razmi, Mehdi;Karimpour, Younes;Lotfalizadeh, Hossein	Razmi, Mehdi, Karimpour, Younes, Lotfalizadeh, Hossein (2025): Bushgrass, Calamagrostis epigejos (Poaceae), a natural pool of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Iran. Zootaxa 5696 (2): 151-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1
03D56C3CFFF043306EAB556BFE1C2A6B.text	03D56C3CFFF043306EAB556BFE1C2A6B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diaulinopsis albimaxilla Hansson 2016	<div><p>Diaulinopsis albimaxilla Hansson, 2016</p><p>Fig. 11</p><p>Material examined. 1 ♀,, 2 ♂♂: IRAN, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.583332/lat 37.033333)">West-Azarbaijan Province</a>, Naqadeh, Solduz Wetland, 37º02′ N, 45º35′ E, 1277 m a.s.l., 21 July 2020, 29 April 2021, M. Razmi leg., ex Calamagrostis epigejos .</p><p>Diagnosis (abstracted from Hansson 2016). The distinctive features of the female (Fig. 11A) of this species include a slender and elongated body with a dark brown coloration and metallic tints. The mesosoma is dark brown with golden-green shades, and the legs exhibit a gradient of brown and yellowish-white hues. The antenna has a slender scape, which is white with the apical third being dark or completely white, and a thicker flagellum. The female closely resembles the female of Diaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös, 1951), with the primary distinction being the configuration of sensilla (mps) on the first flagellomere. In D. albimaxilla, the sensilla are organized in a single row with attachment points aligned at the same level, whereas in D. arenaria, the sensilla are arranged more irregularly, not conforming to a single row.</p><p>Males (Fig. 11B) and females of this species exhibit a high degree of similarity in both size and body color (Fig. 11A,B). Significant distinguishing features between males and females include the antennae and maxillae. The male antenna (Fig. 11B,F,H) has a strongly swollen scape that is completely dark, and a flagellum with two funiculars and three clavomeres. The maxillae (Fig. 11C) are significantly enlarged and completely white. Diaulinopsis albimaxilla can be distinguished from D. arenaria by its shorter scape and antennal hair density―flagellomeres of D. albimaxilla possess fewer setae, particularly noticeable on the funicular segments, whereas D. arenaria ’s flagellomeres are densely covered with setae. Furthermore, the maxillae of D. albimaxilla are significantly enlarged and exhibit a white coloration, while those of D. arenaria are of a more typical size, predominantly dark, with only the apical one-third and the palpi being white (Hansson 2016). While one specimen conformed to Hansson’s description, another exhibited a scape extending beyond the vertex (Fig. 11F,G).</p><p>Remarks. In his noteworthy article, Hansson (2016) described D. albimaxilla as a new species, distinguishing it from D. arenaria . He identified the shorter scape, which does not surpass the vertex, as a key diagnostic character for male D. albimaxilla, contrasting with D. arenaria males where the scape typically extends approximately one-third of its length above the vertex. However, our examination of male D. albimaxilla specimens reared from hosts revealed variability in this trait, with one male conforming to Hansson’s description and another with a scape extending beyond the vertex. Given this observed variation and considering our specimens were obtained through controlled host rearing, this suggests that scape length may not be a definitive diagnostic character. Instead, the markedly enlarged, entirely white maxillae of D. albimaxilla is likely a more reliable distinguishing feature. This contrasts sharply with D. arenaria, which possesses normally proportioned maxillae that are predominantly dark, with only the apical third and palpi appearing white.</p><p>Distribution. IRAN: West Azarbaijan Province (new record). EXTRALIMITAL: Romania (Type locality) (UCD Community 2023; Hansson 2016).</p><p>Biological association. There are no recorded associates for this species. However, hosts belonging to the families Agromyzidae ( Diptera) and Gracillariidae ( Lepidoptera) are listed as the primary hosts for members of this genus in UCD Community (2023) and it is very likely that this species is a parasitoid of Agromyzidae and other flies associated with Calamagrostis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D56C3CFFF043306EAB556BFE1C2A6B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Razmi, Mehdi;Karimpour, Younes;Lotfalizadeh, Hossein	Razmi, Mehdi, Karimpour, Younes, Lotfalizadeh, Hossein (2025): Bushgrass, Calamagrostis epigejos (Poaceae), a natural pool of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Iran. Zootaxa 5696 (2): 151-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1
03D56C3CFFEE43316EAB5469FEEF2F1F.text	03D56C3CFFEE43316EAB5469FEEF2F1F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aprostocetus catius (Walker 1839)	<div><p>Aprostocetus catius (Walker, 1839)</p><p>Fig. 12</p><p>Material examined. 79 ♀♀, 90 ♂♂: IRAN, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.583332/lat 37.033333)">West-Azarbaijan Province</a>, Naqadeh, Solduz Wetland, 37º02′ N, 45º35′ E, 1277 m a.s.l., 21 July 2020, 29 April 2021, Y. Karimpour leg., ex Calamagrostis epigejos .</p><p>Diagnosis (abstracted from Walker 1844; Graham 1987). The female of A. cutius (Fig. 12B,D) differs from A. emesa (Walker, 1839) exclusively in two diagnostic characters given in the female identification key provided by Graham (1987), namely: the relative lengths of the ovipositor sheaths and postcerci compared to the metatibia (0.40–0.63× and 2.9–3.6×, respectively), and the proportional lengths of the fore wing marginal vein versus the stigmal vein (0.75–0.90× and 3.6–4.0×, respectively). Additionally, the gaster (excluding the ovipositor sheaths) is 1.3–1.5× as long as the combined length of the head and mesosoma and 2.6–2.9× its own width, with slightly curved lateral margins in its distal portion. To date, the male of this species has remained undescribed, and its biology is unknown; however, this study presents the first description and photographic documentation of the male.</p><p>Males (Fig. 12A,C) exhibit comparable coloration and dimensions to those of females: scape 2.5× its width outer surface with several setae positioned away from the ventral edge, and with. a ventral plaque approximately one-third the length of the scape; combined length of the pedicel and flagellum about 2.2× width of the mesoscutum; pedicel approximately1.9× as long as wide, distinctly exceeding length of Fu 1; pedicel noticeably thicker than funicle and filiform in shape. Fu 1 slightly shorter than Fu 2 and 1.5× its width, and subsequent funicular segments nearly equal in length, each about twice as long as their width; clava marginally wider than Fu 4, its length equivalent to that of Fu 3 plus Fu 4, and approximately four times as long as wide; C 1 and C 2 equal in length, each 1.2× its width, C 3 relatively short, nearly equal in length and width; and gaster pale, 1.5× the length of mesosoma, and twice as long as wide.</p><p>Distribution. IRAN: West Azarbaijan Province (new record). EXTRALIMITAL: Europe, Russia, Turkey (UCD Community 2023).</p><p>Biological association. No host associations have been formally documented for this species. However, existing host records of congeneric species are Diptera, specifically Cecidomyiidae and Agromyzidae (Graham 1987; UCD Community 2023). Considering that specimens from both dipteran families were collected from Calamagrostis spp., there is a probable ecological association between this genus and these gall-forming/flower-head inhabiting dipterans.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D56C3CFFEE43316EAB5469FEEF2F1F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Razmi, Mehdi;Karimpour, Younes;Lotfalizadeh, Hossein	Razmi, Mehdi, Karimpour, Younes, Lotfalizadeh, Hossein (2025): Bushgrass, Calamagrostis epigejos (Poaceae), a natural pool of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Iran. Zootaxa 5696 (2): 151-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1
03D56C3CFFEF43316EAB5284FE842CD3.text	03D56C3CFFEF43316EAB5284FE842CD3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Minotetrastichus treron Graham 1987	<div><p>Minotetrastichus treron Graham, 1987</p><p>Fig. 13</p><p>Material examined. 2 ♀♀: IRAN, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.583332/lat 37.033333)">West-Azarbaijan Province</a>, Naqadeh, Solduz Wetland, 37º02′ N, 45º35′ E, 1277 m a.s.l., 21 July 2020, 29 April 2021, M. Razmi leg., ex Calamagrostis epigejos .</p><p>Diagnosis (abstracted from Graham 1987). Females (Fig. 13A) differ from related species in the following characters: fore wing 2.15‒2.35× as long as wide with marginal vein 3.15‒3.70× as long as stigmal vein (Fig. 13D), mesosoma 1.7‒1.8× as long as wide (Fig. 13C); propodeal spiracles separated by slightly more than their diameter from hind margin of metanotum. In addition the body is predominantly black with a green metallic sheen and typically the face is partially yellow, along with yellow orbits, prepectus, upper angle of mesopleuron, and approximately basal third of gaster. In some specimens, the posterior margins of the mid lobe of the mesoscutum and the scapulae also exhibit a yellowish coloration. Other color attributes are: legs yellow, with metacoxa primarily black and fourth tarsomere of all legs brownish (Fig. 13A); antennal scape and pedicel yellowish, with dorsal surface brown, while the funicle ranges from testaceous to light brown and appearing darker dorsally (Fig. 13B,E); tegula yellow; wings tending to have a slight yellowish tint, with venation ranging from testaceous to brownish. Body length ranging from 0.9‒1.1 mm.</p><p>We did not rear any males we identify as M. treron .</p><p>Distribution. IRAN: West Azarbaijan Province (new record). EXTRALIMITAL: EUROPE (UCD COMMUNITY 2023).</p><p>Biological association. The hosts of this species remain unknown; however, it appears that species of this genus are parasitoids of Agromyzidae, Tenthredinidae ( Hymenoptera), Gracillariidae, and Lyonetiidae ( Lepidoptera). These interactions typically occur on plants belonging to Betulaceae, Hippocastanaceae, and Rosaceae (UCD Community 2023) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D56C3CFFEF43316EAB5284FE842CD3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Razmi, Mehdi;Karimpour, Younes;Lotfalizadeh, Hossein	Razmi, Mehdi, Karimpour, Younes, Lotfalizadeh, Hossein (2025): Bushgrass, Calamagrostis epigejos (Poaceae), a natural pool of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Iran. Zootaxa 5696 (2): 151-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1
03D56C3CFFEC43326EAB5368FD392CF6.text	03D56C3CFFEC43326EAB5368FD392CF6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calosota metallica (Gahan 1922)	<div><p>Calosota metallica (Gahan, 1922)</p><p>Fig. 14</p><p>Material examined. 31 ♀♀: IRAN, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.583332/lat 37.033333)">West-Azarbaijan Province</a>, Naqadeh, Solduz Wetland, 37º02′ N, 45º35′ E, 1277 m a.s.l., 21 July 2020, 29 April 2021, Y. Karimpour leg., ex Calamagrostis epigejos .</p><p>Diagnosis (abstracted Gibson 2010). Females (Fig. 14A) are diagnosed by the presence of a large, broad, completely bare fore wing speculum (or one with at most a few widely separated setae within an extensive bare region) extending to the basal fold and parastigma (Fig. 14F); acropleuron finely sculptured, coriaceous-alutaceous (Fig. 14A). Females of this species differ from Calosota grylli Erdös, 1955, by a shorter metasoma with the syntergum not elongate ( C. grylli with syntergum obviously longer than wide), yellowish-brown fore wing setae (white in C. grylli), and absence of a distinct circular pit on the upper face.</p><p>We did not rear any males we identify as C. metallica .</p><p>Distribution. IRAN: East-Azarbaijan provinces (Gibson 2010; Lotfalizadeh and Ghadirzadeh 2016). EXTRALIMITAL: Europe, North Africa, North America, Tadzhikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan (Gibson 2010; UCD Community 2023).</p><p>Biological association. This species is widely distributed across the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions, where it parasitizes hosts from several insect orders, including Coleoptera ( Scolytidae), Diptera ( Cecidomyiidae, Tephritidae), Hymenoptera ( Eurytomidae), and Lepidoptera ( Tortricidae) (Gibson 2010; Lotfalizadeh and Ghadirzadeh 2016; UCD Community 2023). During this study species from nearly all these insect orders have been documented on Calamagrostis plants, substantiating this assertion.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D56C3CFFEC43326EAB5368FD392CF6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Razmi, Mehdi;Karimpour, Younes;Lotfalizadeh, Hossein	Razmi, Mehdi, Karimpour, Younes, Lotfalizadeh, Hossein (2025): Bushgrass, Calamagrostis epigejos (Poaceae), a natural pool of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Iran. Zootaxa 5696 (2): 151-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1
03D56C3CFFEA43366EAB5709FB012853.text	03D56C3CFFEA43366EAB5709FB012853.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arachnophaga picardi (Bernard 1936)	<div><p>Arachnophaga picardi (Bernard, 1936)</p><p>Figs 15, 16</p><p>Material examined. 23 ♀♀, 4 ♂♂: IRAN, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.583332/lat 37.033333)">West-Azarbaijan Province</a>, Naqadeh, Solduz Wetland, 37º02′ N, 45º35′ E, 1277 m a.s.l., 21 July 2020, 29 April 2021, M. Razmi leg., ex Calamagrostis epigejos .</p><p>Diagnosis (abstracted from Askew and Nieves-Aldrey 2004). Females (Fig. 15A) exhibit brachyptery and are further distinguished by the following: position of the toruli, which are located entirely below the lower orbital margin (Fig. 15B); antennal scape brown or yellow ventrally and metallic green dorsally (Fig. 15E); tegula elongate, significantly longer than prepectus (Fig. 15F); mesosoma light brown with purplish reflections, and with anterior and ventral part of mesopleuron covered with scattered short white setae (Fig. 15D,F); scutellum relatively flat medially and striated, without a longitudinal line of dark setae, but otherwise covered with a dense layer of short white setae (Fig. 15D); mid legs with relatively long mesotarsal pegs (Fig. 15G); The outer surface of metacoxa densely covered with short white setae (Fig. 15A,F); ovipositor sheath approximately 0.7‒0.8× as long as metatibia (Fig. 15C).</p><p>The strongly sexually dimorphic male (Fig. 16A) is distinguished by: body entirely dark blue-green with violet iridescence; legs predominantly yellow, except for metafemora and tarsal apices, which exhibit a metallic green coloration; toruli situated slightly above ventral ocular margin; antennal scape slender with dorsal surface slightly curved; both funiculars and clava elongated and covered with very short pubescence (Fig. 16B).</p><p>Remarks. Minor morphological discrepancies were observed between our specimens and those previously described by Bernard (1936) for females and by Askew and Nieves-Aldrey (2004) for males. Specifically, Bernard described the female scape as uniformly metallic blue, whereas in our females the scape is brown or yellow ventrally and metallic green dorsally (Fig. 15E). Also, prior descriptions describe the male femora and tibiae as metallic blue-green, whereas our males display predominantly yellow legs, with the metafemora being the sole exception, retaining metallic coloration (Fig. 16A).</p><p>Distribution. IRAN: West Azarbaijan Province (new record). EXTRALIMITAL: France, Italy, Romania, Spain (Askew and Nieves-Aldrey 2004; Fusu 2009).</p><p>Biological association. The ecological significance of praying mantises ( Mantodea) as apex insect predators is well-established in wetland ecosystems. Laboratory observations suggest that mantid oothecae (egg cases) likely served as parasitoid hosts and were inadvertently introduced into the lab via collected plant material. Arachnophaga picardi is known as a parasitoid developing within the oothecae of Mantodea, including species from Ameles Burmeister, 1838, Iris Saussure, 1869 and Empusa Illiger, 1798 (Askew and Nieves-Aldrey 2004).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D56C3CFFEA43366EAB5709FB012853	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Razmi, Mehdi;Karimpour, Younes;Lotfalizadeh, Hossein	Razmi, Mehdi, Karimpour, Younes, Lotfalizadeh, Hossein (2025): Bushgrass, Calamagrostis epigejos (Poaceae), a natural pool of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Iran. Zootaxa 5696 (2): 151-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1
03D56C3CFFE843386EAB5210FC8B2A4F.text	03D56C3CFFE843386EAB5210FC8B2A4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eupelmus atropurpureus Dalman 1820	<div><p>Eupelmus atropurpureus Dalman, 1820</p><p>Figs 17, 18</p><p>Material examined. 19 ♀♀, 6 ♂♂: IRAN, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.583332/lat 37.033333)">West-Azarbaijan Province</a>, Naqadeh, Solduz Wetland, 37º02′ N, 45º35′ E, 1277 m a.s.l., 21 July 2020, 29 April 2021, Y. Karimpour leg., ex Calamagrostis epigejos .</p><p>Diagnosis (abstracted from Gibson and Fusu 2016). Females (Fig. 17A) most often brachypterous; head and mesosoma predominantly dark brown to violaceous with distinct metallic green to bluish reflections, particularly on frons and scutellar–axillar complex (Fig. 17A); fore wings short, often truncate apically, and uniformly setose (Fig. 17D,H); legs mostly dark, with only knees, tibial apices, or basal tarsomeres variably pale; ovipositor sheaths usually entirely dark, but some brachypterous females can have a medial pale band (Fig. 17A). Other diagnostic features include lanceolate white setae on lower face and parascrobal region (Fig. 17C,E), at least four mesotibial apical pegs with a generally symmetrical arrangement on mesotarsus (Fig. 17F), and propodeum bearing a broad U-shaped median depression (Fig. 17G).</p><p>The strongly sexually dimorphic males are smaller and fully winged; head commonly with a green or coppery luster, especially on lower face and frons (Fig. 18A); antenna elongate-filiform with pedicel about 1.3× as long as wide, ventrally bearing a row of four or five hook-like white setae; clava subequal in length to apical two funiculars (Fig. 18B); setae on face fine and evenly distributed, but gena posterior to malar sulcus with one distinctly elongate seta; mesosoma metallic green with slight coppery reflections (Fig. 18A); fore wings with marginal vein about twice as long as stigmal vein, with both costal and basal cells setose; legs mostly pale yellowish (Fig. 18C).</p><p>Distribution. IRAN: West Azarbaijan Province (new record). The earlier report from Iran, Mazandaran province by Sakenin Chelav et al. (2018), is considered uncertain due to the lack of voucher specimens available for verification. In contrast, our present findings confirm the presence and distribution of this species within Iran. EXTRALIMITAL: Caucasus, Europe, former USSR, Kazakhstan, Morocco, Russia, United States of America (UCD Community 2023). Additional countries based on Gibson and Fusu (2016): Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, China, Kyrgyzstan, Portugal and Turkey.</p><p>Biological association. This parasitoid species exhibits a broad host range spanning multiple insect-plant associations (14 insect families across 4 orders associated with 9 plant families) (UCD Community 2023). The taxonomic diversity of insects emerging from Calamagrostis samples strongly suggests the presence of suitable hosts. Given the notably high population density of Tetramesa species observed on Calamagrostis host plants, this gall wasp genus likely represents a primary host for the species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D56C3CFFE843386EAB5210FC8B2A4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Razmi, Mehdi;Karimpour, Younes;Lotfalizadeh, Hossein	Razmi, Mehdi, Karimpour, Younes, Lotfalizadeh, Hossein (2025): Bushgrass, Calamagrostis epigejos (Poaceae), a natural pool of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Iran. Zootaxa 5696 (2): 151-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1
03D56C3CFFE743396EAB5741FE532E77.text	03D56C3CFFE743396EAB5741FE532E77.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetramesa calamagrostidis (Schlechtendal 1891)	<div><p>Tetramesa calamagrostidis (Schlechtendal, 1891)</p><p>Figs 19, 20</p><p>Material examined. 226 ♀♀, 47 ♂♂: IRAN, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.583332/lat 37.033333)">West-Azarbaijan Province</a>, Naqadeh, Solduz Wetland, 37º02′ N, 45º35′ E, 1277 m a.s.l., 21 July 2020, 29 April 2021, M. Razmi leg., ex Calamagrostis epigejos .</p><p>Diagnosis (abstracted from Claridge 1961; Zerova 1978). Female (Fig. 19B): predominantly black, with relatively large and pale pronotal spots and femora (except basally), tibiae and tarsi bright rufous; with a convex mesosoma and a relatively long gaster almost equal in length to mesosoma; fore wings (Fig. 20F) variably testaceousinfumate; head (Fig. 20G‒I) and mesosoma (Fig. 20A,B) finely punctate, deeply textured with densely scattered shiny pits, but gaster (Fig. 20C) finely reticulate; head significantly wider than mesosoma (Fig. 20B) with a distinct malar sulcus (Fig. 20G,I); antenna (Fig. 19A) short, scape approximately 5× as long as wide, strongly expanded basally and rufous, with a short pedicel but fairly wide; flagellum with setae quite dense and about as long as length of Fu 1; mesosoma (Fig. 20A,B) broad and convex; propodeum with a broad central furrow and deeper folds (Fig. 20D); gaster slightly longer than mesosoma, elongate-oval, with a short petiole and all tergites finely sculptured (Fig. 20C).</p><p>Male (Fig. 19D): slightly smaller but with similar morphological traits as for females, including head width and a finely punctate mesosomal and gastral sculpture, but with antennal scape black and setae on funicular segments longer and denser (Fig. 19C).</p><p>Remarks. Tetramesa calamagrostidis is notable for its coarsely sculptured propodeum (Fig. 20D), and distinct but strongly connected Fu 6 to first segment of the club (Fig. 19A), and larger and paler pronotal spots (Fig. 20A) (Claridge 1961; Zerova 1978). Our specimens are slightly smaller in body size compared to those measured by Claridge (1961) and Zerova (1978) and in color differ from the description of Claridge (1961) by females having yellowish tibiae and tarsi plus the scape and the femora extensively fuscous (Fig. 19B), and males additionally having the tibiae fuscous (Fig. 19D).</p><p>Distribution. IRAN: West Azarbaijan Province (new record). EXTRALIMITAL: Europe, former USSR (UCD Community 2023).</p><p>Biological association. These gall-stem wasps are associated with Poaceae ( Calamagrostis sp., C. epigejos). The species forms distinctive galls and exhibits a unique life cycle involving overwintering larvae and spring pupation (Claridge 1961).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D56C3CFFE743396EAB5741FE532E77	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Razmi, Mehdi;Karimpour, Younes;Lotfalizadeh, Hossein	Razmi, Mehdi, Karimpour, Younes, Lotfalizadeh, Hossein (2025): Bushgrass, Calamagrostis epigejos (Poaceae), a natural pool of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Iran. Zootaxa 5696 (2): 151-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1
03D56C3CFFE7433C6EAB53E5FB3E2C71.text	03D56C3CFFE7433C6EAB53E5FB3E2C71.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetramesa eximia (Giraud 1863)	<div><p>Tetramesa eximia (Giraud, 1863)</p><p>Figs 21, 22</p><p>Material examined. 114 ♀♀, 72 ♂♂: IRAN, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.583332/lat 37.033333)">West-Azarbaijan Province</a>, Naqadeh, Solduz Wetland, 37º02′ N, 45º35′ E, 1277 m a.s.l., 21 July 2020, 29 April 2021, M. Razmi leg., ex Calamagrostis epigejos .</p><p>Diagnosis (abstracted from Claridge 1961; Zerova 1978). Female (Fig. 21B): body elongate, with long gaster exceeding combined length of head and mesosoma; color predominantly black, with legs bright rufous except femora basally dark fuscous, especially the metafemora darkened; wings (Fig. 22E) hyaline with dark yellow veins (Fig. 22F); pronotal spots very small and in dorsal view not well discernible (Fig. 22A,B); head and mesosoma finely reticulate with dense pits (Fig. 22A,B); gaster with fine sculpture except on the first two tergites (Fig. 21B); antenna short with fine reticulate sculpture and sparse setae, Fu 1 2× as long as wide, Fu 2 –Fu 6 slightly longer than wide, Fu6 clearly separated from apical two segments which together with it form a distinct club (Fig. 21A); mesosoma (Fig. 22A,B) broad and convex; propodeum rugulose (Fig. 22C) with a deep median furrow; gaster (Fig. 21B) lanceolate and elongate, with distinct alutaceous sculpture on tergites 3‒8.</p><p>Male (Fig. 21D): similar in sculpture and color to female but slightly smaller, with scape and pedicel entirely black, and legs, especially tibiae, conspicuously darker; antenna (Fig. 21C) long and thin, with funicular segments elongate and slender, slightly convex and gradually decreasing in length towards apex, with sparse, short setae.</p><p>Remarks. Females of T. eximia are easily distinguished from related species by the antenna lacking a distinct club (Fig. 21A), very small pronotal spots (Figs 21B, 22A,B) and its longer lanceolate gaster (Fig. 21B) (Claridge 1961; Zerova 1978). The specimens obtained in this study were slightly smaller in body size compared to the measurements reported by Claridge (1961) and Zerova (1978).</p><p>Distribution. IRAN: West Azarbaijan Province (new record). EXTRALIMITAL: Europe, former USSR, Turkey (UCD Community 2023).</p><p>Biological association. These gall-stem wasps associated with C. epigejos ( Poaceae). The species exhibits a biennial life cycle in Britain, with larvae developing in the stems of C. epigeios (Claridge, 1961) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D56C3CFFE7433C6EAB53E5FB3E2C71	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Razmi, Mehdi;Karimpour, Younes;Lotfalizadeh, Hossein	Razmi, Mehdi, Karimpour, Younes, Lotfalizadeh, Hossein (2025): Bushgrass, Calamagrostis epigejos (Poaceae), a natural pool of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Iran. Zootaxa 5696 (2): 151-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1
03D56C3CFFE343006EAB50E6FB4F2917.text	03D56C3CFFE343006EAB50E6FB4F2917.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eurytoma leviuscula Szelenyi 1976	<div><p>Eurytoma leviuscula Szelenyi, 1976</p><p>Figs 23, 24</p><p>Material examined. 10 ♀♀,, 8 ♂♂: IRAN, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.583332/lat 37.033333)">West-Azarbaijan Province</a>, Naqadeh, Solduz Wetland, 37º02′ N, 45º35′ E, 1277 m a.s.l., 21 July 2020, 29 April 2021, M. Razmi leg., ex Calamagrostis epigejos .</p><p>Diagnosis (abstracted from Szelényi 1976). Female (Fig. 23B): head and mesosoma predominantly black (Figs 23B, 24A); scape (Fig. 23D), legs including fore coxa, tegula (Fig. 23B) and gaster ventrally rufous; meso- and metacoxae testaceous (Fig. 24A); head transverse (about 2.5× as wide as long), frons and vertex with coarse umbilicate punctures (Fig. 24G,H); occipital carina distinct, postgenal lamella absent (Fig. 24I); mesosoma elongate; pronotum shorter than mesoscutum; scutellum and mesoscutum about equal in length; dorsum of mesonotum densely punctured with narrow carinulae; propodeum coarsely rugulose, weakly impressed medially (Fig. 24C,D); wings hyaline, discal setae dusky (Fig. 24E); marginal vein slightly widened apically, less than 1.5× as long as stigmal vein (Fig. 24E,F); gaster about as long as mesosoma with tergites laterally finely alutaceous (Figs 23B, 24B).</p><p>Male (Fig. 23A): body length 1.8‒2.0 mm; body predominantly black, with antenna, including scape (Fig. 23C), coxae, femora and tibiae darker than female, only tarsi pale (Fig. 23A); scape convex on its outer surface for one-third of its length; pedicel significantly rounded; flagellum with five funiculars, all of which are notably convex, with two or more rows of erect setae that are approximately twice the width of the funicular; Fu 1 distinctly longer than the following ones and Fu 2 –Fu 5 subequal in length; clava well defined, composed of three segments, and 3× as long as wide (Fig. 23C); gaster two-thirds length of mesosoma, with a smooth and polished surface without alutaceous sculpture dorsally or laterally; in lateral view, petiole cylindrical and approximately equal in length to metacoxa (Fig. 23A).</p><p>Remarks. Females of this species are similar to those of Eurytoma flavimana Boheman, 1836, with the primary distinction being the absence of the postgenal lamella and a shorter marginal vein (slightly broadened distally and measuring less than 1.5× the length of the stigmal vein). A comparison of our specimens with the descriptions published by Szelényi reveals minor discrepancies for females: mesocoxae infuscate (Fig. 23B), whereas the mesocoxae of the holotype are rufous; metafemora rufous (metafemora slightly blackened medially for holotype); and gaster in our specimens slightly longer than the mesosoma (gaster approximately equal in length to the mesosoma for the holotype). Previously, the male (Fig. 23A) of this species was unknown; and we provide a brief description and clear images of the male for the first time.</p><p>Distribution. IRAN: West Azarbaijan Province (new record). EXTRALIMITAL: Mongolia (Type locality) (Szelényi 1976; UCD Community 2023).</p><p>Biological association. Currently, there are no documented associations for this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D56C3CFFE343006EAB50E6FB4F2917	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Razmi, Mehdi;Karimpour, Younes;Lotfalizadeh, Hossein	Razmi, Mehdi, Karimpour, Younes, Lotfalizadeh, Hossein (2025): Bushgrass, Calamagrostis epigejos (Poaceae), a natural pool of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Iran. Zootaxa 5696 (2): 151-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1
03D56C3CFFDE43016EAB54B0FC122FF4.text	03D56C3CFFDE43016EAB54B0FC122FF4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sycophila mellea (Curtis 1831)	<div><p>Sycophila mellea (Curtis, 1831)</p><p>Figs 25, 26</p><p>Material examined. 15 ♀♀, 14 ♂♂: IRAN, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.583332/lat 37.033333)">West-Azarbaijan Province</a>, Naqadeh, Solduz Wetland, 37º02′ N, 45º35′ E, 1277 m a.s.l., 21 July 2020, 29 April 2021, Y. Karimpour leg., ex Calamagrostis epigejos .</p><p>Diagnosis (abstracted from Zerova 1978). Female (Fig. 25B): yellow to ochraceous, nearly devoid of dark markings except sometimes propodeum with a narrow transverse black band basally and with a median black furrow, petiole black, and with faint dark regions on the mesosoma or gaster; head slightly transverse and frons slightly convex; eyes large, strongly convex; antennae inserted below middle of face; Fu 1 elongate (more than twice as long as wide), clava as long as the preceding three funicular segments combined; pronotum 1.5× as wide as long; propodeum weakly sloping, finely reticulate, with a narrow median furrow; femora thickened; fore wings with a fuscous region below marginal vein, darker apically and fading posteriorly; marginal vein triangularly widened; gaster laterally compressed; petiole elongate (2.5–3.0× as long as wide).</p><p>Male (Fig. 25A): similar in general coloration and structure to female but smaller and more slender; Fu 1 elongate as for female, and Fu 2 –Fu 4 slightly transverse; fore wings with fuscous region as for female; petiole conspicuously elongate, longer than metacoxa and nearly half length of gaster; with same restricted dark markings on body as female.</p><p>Remarks. The T-shaped dark marking on the propodeum (Fig. 26A‒H) is a key morphological feature of S. melea, helping distinguish it from related species, but both males and females show considerable variation in color, with the dark markings ranging from fully developed (Fig. 26G,H) to completely faded (Fig. 26A,B) and with intermediate forms (Fig. 26A‒F).</p><p>Distribution. IRAN: East Azarbaijan, Golestan, Mazandaran, Guilan Province (Lotfalizadeh 2008; Samin and Farzaneh 2016). EXTRALIMITAL: North America, Caucasus, Europe, former USSR, Kazakhstan, Turkey (UCD Community 2023).</p><p>Biological association. Field observations confirm the consistent co-occurrence of this parasitoid with Tetramesa wasps across multiple host plant species. When combined with established biological associations documented in the literature, these findings definitively identify Tetramesa as the primary host genus for this parasitoid species. Primary host identified in the literature is the Poaceae gall-maker eurytomids belonging to genus Tetramesa (Lotfalizadeh 2008) and some species of Eurytoma (UCD Community 2023) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D56C3CFFDE43016EAB54B0FC122FF4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Razmi, Mehdi;Karimpour, Younes;Lotfalizadeh, Hossein	Razmi, Mehdi, Karimpour, Younes, Lotfalizadeh, Hossein (2025): Bushgrass, Calamagrostis epigejos (Poaceae), a natural pool of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Iran. Zootaxa 5696 (2): 151-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1
03D56C3CFFDF43026EAB5043FAF0289B.text	03D56C3CFFDF43026EAB5043FAF0289B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Homoporus nypsius (Walker 1839)	<div><p>Homoporus nypsius (Walker, 1839)</p><p>Figs 27, 28</p><p>Material examined. 4 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂: IRAN, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.583332/lat 37.033333)">West-Azarbaijan Province</a>, Naqadeh, Solduz Wetland, 37º02′ N, 45º35′ E, 1277 m a.s.l., 21 July 2020, 29 April 2021, M. Razmi leg., ex Calamagrostis epigejos .</p><p>Diagnosis (abstracted from Walker 1839). The primary diagnostic characteristics of females (Fig. 27B) that differentiate this species include: a prominent fuscous region on the fore wing (Fig. 28E), a tapered antennal clava (Fig. 27D), absence of lateral folds on the propodeum (Fig. 28F), and a blue-black coloration of the head and mesosoma. Although morphologically similar to H. destructor (particularly in antennal structure, propodeum, and general form), at least females are distinguished by their distinctive fore wing infuscation (Figs 27A,B, 28E,H). Other diagnostic characteristics are: pronotum equal to mesoscutum in width (Fig. 28D); gaster entirely black with a metallic sheen (Fig. 28G); typically, fore wing basal cell bare (Fig. 28E), and setae on head and mesosoma seldom markedly whitish; antennae with Fu 3 not anelliform and generally equal to or longer than Fu 4, which has mps sensilla (Fig. 27D); marginal vein 1.1‒1.3× as long as stigmal vein and postmarginal vein longer than marginal vein, which is thickened and has a fuscous region beneath it (Fig. 28E,H); mandibles with three teeth (Fig. 28B); scutellum coarsely reticulate; head transverse and broader than mesosoma, with a pronounced reticulate-punctate sculpture; mesosoma (Fig. 28A,D) broad with prominent sculpturing and propodeum without carinae (Fig. 28F); legs robust; wings fully developed; gaster with a brownish-black hue with basal tergite slightly lighter (Fig. 28G).</p><p>Primary diagnostic features of the male (Fig. 27A) are: antenna (Fig. 27C) with two anelli and six funiculars, with the combined length of pedicel and flagellum greater than width of head; flagellum filiform and setose; head and mesosoma with muted color; fore wing with postmarginal vein longer than marginal vein, which is thickened and has a pallid fuscous region beneath it; pronotum as wide as mesoscutum; mandibles with three teeth; gaster oval and shorter than mesosoma; marginal vein of fore wing 1.1‒ 1.3× as long as stigmal vein (Fig. 27A).</p><p>Distribution. IRAN: West Azarbaijan Province (new record). EXTRALIMITAL: Europe, Kazakhstan, Morocco, New Zealand, North America, Russia, Transcaucasus (UCD Community 2023).</p><p>Biological association. This species acts as a solitary, primary ectoparasitoid of Tetramesa within their galls, with similar development observed on the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say, 1817) ( Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) larva inside their puparia (UCD Community 2023). While it represents one of the more important parasitoids of Tetramesa, its role as a parasitoid of the Hessian fly appears negligible. The only recorded instance of its development on this particular host seems to be largely incidental. The consistent co-occurrence of stem gall wasps ( Tetramesa spp.), Gall midges, and this parasitoid species on Calamagrostis host plants in our field surveys provides empirical support for this trophic association. This ecological interaction, particularly the parasitoid’s synchronous emergence with Tetramesa populations, strongly corroborates its host-specific relationship with these gall-makers.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D56C3CFFDF43026EAB5043FAF0289B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Razmi, Mehdi;Karimpour, Younes;Lotfalizadeh, Hossein	Razmi, Mehdi, Karimpour, Younes, Lotfalizadeh, Hossein (2025): Bushgrass, Calamagrostis epigejos (Poaceae), a natural pool of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Iran. Zootaxa 5696 (2): 151-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1
03D56C3CFFDD43056EAB5035FEA22BF7.text	03D56C3CFFDD43056EAB5035FEA22BF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichomalus campestris (Walker 1834)	<div><p>Trichomalus campestris (Walker, 1834)</p><p>Fig. 29</p><p>Material examined. 3 ♀♀: IRAN, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.583332/lat 37.033333)">West-Azarbaijan Province</a>, Naqadeh, Solduz Wetland, 37º02′ N, 45º35′ E, 1277 m a.s.l., 21 July 2020, 29 April 2021, M. Razmi leg., ex Calamagrostis epigejos .</p><p>Diagnosis (abstracted from Graham 1969; Muller et al. 2007). Female (Fig. 29A): fore coxa reddish-testaceous (Fig. 29A,F); fore wing often with a dark fuscous discal cloud below marginal vein, with basal fold bare, marginal vein 1.1–1.5× length of stigmal vein, and costal cell setal line widely interrupted medially (Fig. 29A,G); flagellum with Fu 1 as broad as pedicel (Fig. 29C); metacoxa densely setose dorsobasally (Fig. 29F); propodeum median area 1.45–1.6× as broad as long (Fig. 29E); gaster 1.4–1.6× length of mesosoma, syntergum 0.8–0.9× as long as basal width.</p><p>We did not rear any males we identify as T. campestris .</p><p>Distribution. IRAN: East Azarbaijan Province (Lotfalizadeh and Gharali 2008). EXTRALIMITAL: Europe, Turkey, United Kingdom, Wales (UCD Community 2023).</p><p>Biological association. Thus far, Ceutorhynchus cardariae Korotyaev, 1992 ( Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (Muller et al. 2007) and species of the genus Apion Herbst, 1797 ( Coleoptera: Apionidae) (Lotfalizadeh and Gharali 2008; UCD Community 2023) have been documented as primary hosts of T. campestris in association with seven plant families. The present study constitutes the first confirmed record of this parasitoid in association with the family Poaceae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D56C3CFFDD43056EAB5035FEA22BF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Razmi, Mehdi;Karimpour, Younes;Lotfalizadeh, Hossein	Razmi, Mehdi, Karimpour, Younes, Lotfalizadeh, Hossein (2025): Bushgrass, Calamagrostis epigejos (Poaceae), a natural pool of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Iran. Zootaxa 5696 (2): 151-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1
03D56C3CFFDB43076EAB57F4FD3A2F1F.text	03D56C3CFFDB43076EAB57F4FD3A2F1F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chartocerus kerrichi (Agarwal 1963)	<div><p>Chartocerus kerrichi (Agarwal, 1963)</p><p>Figs 30, 31</p><p>Material examined. 80 ♀♀, 92 ♂♂: IRAN, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.583332/lat 37.033333)">West-Azarbaijan Province</a>, Naqadeh, Solduz Wetland, 37º02′ N, 45º35′ E, 1277 m a.s.l., 21 July 2020, 29 April 2021, M. Razmi leg., ex Calamagrostis epigejos .</p><p>Diagnosis (abstracted from Agarwal 1963; Hayat 1976; Schmidt et al. 2019). Females (Fig. 30B) are similar to Chartocerus javensis Schmidt and Ubaidillah, 2019 and C. sumatrensis Schmidt and Polaszek, 2019 but can be distinguished from C. javensis by its shorter clava (4.5× as long as broad compared to 6.7× in C. javensis) (Fig. 30D), shorter fore wing marginal fringe (0.36–0.40× as long as width of disc compared to 0.56× in C. javensis) (Fig. 31E,F), and shorter mesotibial spur (distinctly shorter than the corresponding basitarsus in C. kerrichi but subequal in C. javensis) (Fig. 31C). It is differentiated from C. sumatrensis by its shorter ovipositor (2× as long as the mesotibia in C. kerrichi compared to 2.9× in C. sumatrensis) (Figs 30B, 31D) and less slender clava (4.5× as long as broad in C. kerrichi compared to 6× in C. sumatrensis) (Fig. 30D). Other key characteristics of the females include a dark brown body with a metallic luster; head wider than long and semilunar in shape (Fig. 31B); frontovertex approximately twice as wide as long, with a rounded occipital margin and lateral ocellus very close to eye rim (Fig. 31A); eyes globular and slightly longer than wide; head with deep antennal scrobes and carinate antennal sockets near oral margin (Fig. 31A); mandibles bidentate; and maxillary palps 2-segmented (Fig. 31A); antenna with seven funiculars, with a cylindrical scape about 5× as long as wide, and a large pedicel (Fig. 30D); mesosoma with a convex anterior margin and a straight posterior margin with distinct alutaceous sculpture (Fig. 31D); fore wing hyaline with an infuscate region, and a long marginal vein (Fig. 31E,F); midleg with femur having three long spines, basitarsus much shorter than tibia, and tibial spur shorter than basitarsus (Fig. 31C); gaster with ovipositor sheathes slightly exserted, and with distinct subgenital and outer plates (Fig. 31D).</p><p>In comparison with closely related species, males (Fig. 30A) of this species characterized by the presence of a comparatively short but considerably expanded antennal clava (Fig. 30C). Males exhibit a high degree of similarity in both size and body color with females. Significant distinguishing features between the sexes include the male antenna with 2 anelli, a shorter pedicel, and a long, thick clava (Fig. 30C), as well as a more elongated and cylindrical body compared to the broad and laterally compressed bodies of females.</p><p>Distribution. IRAN: West Azarbaijan Province (new record). EXTRALIMITAL: India (Type locality) (UCD Community 2023).</p><p>Biological association. Hosts for this species are indicated in the literature to be Hemiptera, specifically from Cerococcidae, Eriococcidae, and Pseudococcidae . While this species has been found on a diversity of plants, it has been particularly documented on Saccharum officinarum ( Poaceae) (UCD Community 2023). During field sampling of Calamagrostis specimens, we documented limited Pseudococcidae (mealybug) populations, potentially reflecting seasonal abundance patterns. However, the concurrent presence of known mealybug predators and parasitoids suggests these hemipterans likely inhabit the plant’s phyllosphere. We emphasize the need for a detailed examination to confirm these trophic relationships.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D56C3CFFDB43076EAB57F4FD3A2F1F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Razmi, Mehdi;Karimpour, Younes;Lotfalizadeh, Hossein	Razmi, Mehdi, Karimpour, Younes, Lotfalizadeh, Hossein (2025): Bushgrass, Calamagrostis epigejos (Poaceae), a natural pool of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Iran. Zootaxa 5696 (2): 151-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1
03D56C3CFFD943096EAB5303FCDB2EEA.text	03D56C3CFFD943096EAB5303FCDB2EEA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eridontomerus isosomatis (Riley 1882)	<div><p>Eridontomerus isosomatis (Riley, 1882)</p><p>Figs 32–34</p><p>Material examined. 17 ♀♀, 6 ♂♂: IRAN, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.583332/lat 37.033333)">West-Azarbaijan Province</a>, Naqadeh, Solduz Wetland, 37º02′ N, 45º35′ E, 1277 m a.s.l., 21 July 2020, 29 April 2021, Y. Karimpour leg., ex Calamagrostis epigejos .</p><p>Diagnosis (abstracted from Gahan 1921; Zerova and Seryogina 1999; Janšta and Bouček 2006). Female (Fig. 32B): head, mesosoma, and metasoma distinctly metallic green with a green-violet iridescence, covered with sparse white setae (Fig. 33A‒E); legs with coxae the same color as body (Figs 32B, 33A); but femora and tibiae light yellow, with darker maculations on femora and metatibiae, and tarsi predominantly yellow except for darkened distal tarsomeres and claws (Fig. 32B); scape basally yellow, transitioning to dark brown distally, the remainder of antenna uniformly dark brown with slight metallic luster and inconspicuous setation (Fig. 32A); wings hyaline with a faint smoky tint, and yellow venation (Fig. 34A); gaster entirely fuscous with a metallic green sheen and distinct, reticulate sculpture, second tergite with a distinct notch medially on posterior margin (Figs 32B, 34B); ovipositor about one-quarter length of gaster (Fig. 32B).</p><p>The body color of males (Fig. 32D) matches that of females, but the antenna (Fig. 32C) is completely dark with a faint metallic luster. Unlike the female, the notch on second tergite of the gaster is almost indistinct.</p><p>Distribution. IRAN: West Azarbaijan Province (new record). The earlier report from Iran, Zanjan province by Abd-Rabou et al. (2019), is considered uncertain due to the lack of voucher specimens available for verification. In contrast, our present findings confirm the presence and distribution of this species within Iran. EXTRALIMITAL: East Kazakhstan, Europe, Mongolia, North America, (UCD Community 2023).</p><p>Biological association. Eriodontomerus isosomatis develops primarily on two host groups: the Hessian fly and grass-galling species of Tetramesa, with these associations occurring specifically on grasses belonging to the genera Agropyron, Calamagrostis, Cynodon, Elymus, Phleum, and Stipa ( Poaceae) (UCD Community 2023). Field surveys confirmed the concurrent presence and successful collection of both host taxa on Calamagrostis specimens, thereby substantiating their ecological association with this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D56C3CFFD943096EAB5303FCDB2EEA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Razmi, Mehdi;Karimpour, Younes;Lotfalizadeh, Hossein	Razmi, Mehdi, Karimpour, Younes, Lotfalizadeh, Hossein (2025): Bushgrass, Calamagrostis epigejos (Poaceae), a natural pool of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Iran. Zootaxa 5696 (2): 151-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1
03D56C3CFFD7430A6EAB5007FA7A2C9D.text	03D56C3CFFD7430A6EAB5007FA7A2C9D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eridontomerus sapphyrinus Zerova & Seryogina 1999	<div><p>Eridontomerus sapphyrinus Zerova &amp; Seryogina, 1999</p><p>Fig. 35</p><p>Material examined. 6 ♀♀, 4 ♂♂: IRAN, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.583332/lat 37.033333)">West-Azarbaijan Province</a>, Naqadeh, Solduz Wetland, 37º02′ N, 45º35′ E, 1277 m a.s.l., 21 July 2020, 29 April 2021, M. Razmi leg., ex Calamagrostis epigejos .</p><p>Diagnosis (abstracted from Zerova and Seryogina 1999). Female (Fig. 35B,D): head and mesosoma metallic green with green-violet iridescence, except metasoma basally tan, gradually darkening to fuscous apically, all surfaces covered by scattered setae; coxae, femora, tibiae, and tarsi yellow, except for darkened distal tarsomeres and claws and metacoxa with a metallic green spot (Fig. 35B); antennal scape yellow and remaining antenna light brown; flagellum less clavate with longer segments; wings (Fig. 35F) hyaline with a faint smoky tint and yellow venation; ventral edge of metafemora with fine serration (Fig. 35E); gaster with complete reticulation visible from both dorsal and lateral aspects, second tergite with a distinct notch medially on posterior margin (Fig. 35B,D); ovipositor greater than 0.33× total gaster length (Fig. 35B,D).</p><p>The general color pattern of males (Fig. 35A,C) matches that of the female, but the entire body has a distinctive blue iridescence. The antennal morphology also differs slightly, with somewhat shorter funicular segments. The notch on the second tergite of the male gaster is almost indistinct.</p><p>Remarks. Eridontomerus sapphyrinus is morphologically similar to E. isosomatis, but it can be distinguished by color of the gaster, proportionally longer funicular segments, distinctly elongated gaster in females, and comparatively longer ovipositor (Zerova and Seryogina 1999).</p><p>Distribution. IRAN: West Azarbaijan Province (new record). EXTRALIMITAL: Dagestan (Type locality) (Zerova and Seryogina 1999; UCD Community 2023).</p><p>Biological association. Most likely, this species attacks the larvae of gall-forming Tetramesa on stems of wild rye grasses, Leymus (Zerova and Seryogina 1999) . The co-occurrence of two Tetramesa species inducing galls on Calamagrostis has established an ecologically viable host complex for this parasitoid within this grass ecosystem.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D56C3CFFD7430A6EAB5007FA7A2C9D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Razmi, Mehdi;Karimpour, Younes;Lotfalizadeh, Hossein	Razmi, Mehdi, Karimpour, Younes, Lotfalizadeh, Hossein (2025): Bushgrass, Calamagrostis epigejos (Poaceae), a natural pool of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Iran. Zootaxa 5696 (2): 151-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1
03D56C3CFFD5430D6EAB5126FE3A2CF7.text	03D56C3CFFD5430D6EAB5126FE3A2CF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Erimerus luteus (Boucek 1954)	<div><p>Erimerus luteus (Bouček, 1954)</p><p>Figs 36–39</p><p>Material examined. 7 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂: IRAN, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.583332/lat 37.033333)">West-Azarbaijan Province</a>, Naqadeh, Solduz Wetland, 37º02′ N, 45º35′ E, 1277 m a.s.l., 21 July 2020, 29 April 2021, M. Razmi leg., ex Calamagrostis epigejos .</p><p>Diagnosis (abstracted from Bouček 1954; Zerova and Seryogina 1990, 2008). The key diagnostic features that distinguish females (Fig. 36A) of this species include: body entirely lemon-yellow, including antennae (Figs 36A,B, 37E) and legs (Fig. 36A); ovipositor sheaths extending slightly beyond gaster (almost not extending beyond it) (Fig. 36A); and antenna with three transverse anelli (Fig. 36B).</p><p>Males (Fig. 38A) and females are similar in terms of both size and body color. Notable distinguishing characteristics between the sexes consist of the shape of gaster and a slight difference in the shape of the antennae (Fig. 37B).</p><p>Remarks. Bouček’s (1954) description of the male states that certain body parts of the male are darker than those of the female, including the margins of the ocelli, occiput, collar region of pronotum (Fig. 38E), two spots on the anterior margin of the mesoscutum, anterior halves of the scapulae, the anterior portion of the axillae, the central area of the propodeum (Fig. 39 A,B), and the more or less anterior part of the gaster (Fig. 39E). However, our specimens exhibit some differences. Some of the described darker areas of males, such as the collar region of the pronotum, the mesoscutum, and the axillae, are also observed in females (Figs 36A, 37A,B). Furthermore, the males are slightly larger than previously reported in the description and previously documented for this species. This suggests that the previously described sexual dimorphism in coloration may not be as pronounced or consistent as initially reported, highlighting the need for further examination of morphological variations within the species.</p><p>Distribution. IRAN: West Azarbaijan Province (new record). EXTRALIMITAL: Europe, Morocco (UCD Community 2023).</p><p>Biological association. Given the observed presence of Cecidomyiidae gall-makers Lasioptera calamagrostidis on Calamagrostis (Karimpour et al. 2024) and the documented history of this parasitoid’s biological associations, the evidence suggests that L. calamagrostidis serves as a host for this species. As a primary parasitoid of Hessian fly on Hordeum spp. ( Poaceae), this species plays a significant role in its biological control, a major pest of barley (Grissell 1995; Askew et al. 2001; Narendran et al. 2012). The interaction between this parasitoid and its host within the context of Hordeum grasses highlights its ecological importance in agricultural ecosystems. Further studies on its behavior, life cycle, and efficacy as a biological control agent are essential for optimizing its use in integrated pest management strategies.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D56C3CFFD5430D6EAB5126FE3A2CF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Razmi, Mehdi;Karimpour, Younes;Lotfalizadeh, Hossein	Razmi, Mehdi, Karimpour, Younes, Lotfalizadeh, Hossein (2025): Bushgrass, Calamagrostis epigejos (Poaceae), a natural pool of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) in Iran. Zootaxa 5696 (2): 151-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.2.1
