identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D0878CFFEEFF87FF02FBF0CC4D86B7.text	03D0878CFFEEFF87FF02FBF0CC4D86B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Octineon suecicum Carlgren 1940	<div><p>Octineon suecicum Carlgren, 1940</p><p>Table 3; Figs. 1–5.</p><p>Octineon suecicum Carlgren, 1940: 59; 1942: 65; 1949: 38.</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED.   KBPGI 473 /1, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-123.80251&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.56745" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -123.80251/lat 49.56745)">Sakinaw Rock</a>, Sechelt Inlet, British Columbia, Canada, 49°34.047′N, 123°48.151′W, 23 m, granite bedrock, t=12.5°C, 14 September 2015, 12 specimens, collector Neil McDaniel ;  KBPGI 474 /2, same locality, 30 m, 24 February 2016, 11 specimens, in formalin.</p><p>ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED. SMNH 5633, syntypes of  Octineon suecicum Carlgren, 1940 (Fig. 2B in the present paper)  .</p><p>DESCRIPTION. The specimens form compact, up to 20 cm diameter, clusters of numerous crowded individuals (more than 130 were counted on one underwater photograph). The pedal disc is broad, irregular in outline, flattened, strongly adhesive. Its diameter in large live specimens is about 10 mm, the largest observed was about 12 mm in greatest dimension. The column in live fully expanded specimens is up to 10 mm in height, widely expanded proximally and becoming more or less cylindrical above where its diameter is about 2 mm, divisible into scapus and scapulus (Fig. 1). The scapus is covered by brownish cuticle whose surface is almost free of foreign particles apart from occasional epibionts (mostly ciliophores  Folliculina sp., seen as black dots in Fig. 2A, or Bryozoa). Mesenterial insertions are apparent, especially at the edge of the flattened proximal part of the column (Fig. 1C, D). The scapulus is smooth, lacking cuticle, not coloured apart from a set of short longitudinal white stripes, usually grouped by three in six groups, about halfway between the oral disc and the scapus (Fig. 1B, D). Wider strip in the middle of each group corresponds to primary endocoels. The oral disc is small, circular and flat, of the same or a bit greater diameter as the scapulus. The oral disc is either colourless and translucent (Fig. 1B) or has patches of white pigment. The distribution of these white patches on the oral disc is the same on all individuals of the same cluster. For example, in all specimens of the cluster shown on Fig. 1A, C, D the ventral third of the oral disc (the area between ventro-lateral pairs of the mesenteries of the first cycle, including these pairs themselves) is white, while the remaining two-thirds of the disc is translucent with thin white lines along insertion of the mesenteries between the bases of the tentacles. These white lines and white colour of the oral disc may continue on the distal part of the scapulus (Fig. 1D). The tentacles are elongate and slender, up to 11 mm in large specimens and about 0.4 mm in diameter at their base, tapering distally, translucent. The tentacles are arranged hexamerously in three cycles on the outer part of the oral disc, usually up to 24 in number, but occasionally up to 30 due to the duplications sometimes occurring in the second cycle.</p><p>Preserved specimens are much flattened with short elevated central part, the largest specimen is about 10 mm in diameter and 5 mm in height. The tentacles and scapulus are not visible (Fig. 2A). The tentacles are capable of invagination. The ectoderm on the scapus beneath the cuticle is very thin, in some places no more that 1 µm thick, but occasionally up to 10 µm and more, especially in the folds. The ectoderm of the scapulus is much thicker, 19–35 µm (Fig. 2C). The mesogloea of the scapus and scapulus is up to 300 µm in thickness, but much thinner on the base. Mesogloea of the invaginated part of scapus and scapulus forms six prominent ridges (Fig. 2D). The cuticle covering the scapus is thin (3–5 µm), not stratified, attached to column on areas with modified ectoderm with mesogloeal strands reaching the cuticle (as in tenaculi, Fig. 2E). At the base cuticle is attached by large crowded mesogloeal strands distributed along the whole base (Fig. 3F). Endoderm contains numerous gland cells which may form almost continuous layer (Fig.3F). The marginal sphincter is mesogloeal, alveolar, not strong, rather long (up to 2.5 mm), situated in the scapulus and continues proximally up to the middle part of the scapus, where it lies closer to endoderm. The sphincter is separated from endodermal circular muscles of column and from ectoderm by a layer of mesogloea. On transverse section of the sphincter the individual muscle meshes are rather sparse and lie mostly in the middle layer of the mesogloea (Fig. 2C). Radial muscles of the oral disc and longitudinal muscles of the tentacles are ectodermal (Fig. 2F).</p><p>The actinopharynx has no distinguishable siphonoglyphs. Because the preserved specimens were strongly flattened and contracted it was not possible to obtain perfect transverse sections of mesenteries to illustrate their distribution and shape. As it appears on underwater photographs the first and the second cycles of mesenteries reach the oral disc and the number of mesenteries at the limbus may be about 100, i.e. at least five cycles and some mesenteries of sixth cycle present at the limbus. Schematic arrangement of the mesenteries is shown in Fig. 3A. Eight mesenteries of the first cycle, arranged as in  Edwardsia, are macrocnemes.They are perfect and have retractors, filaments, gonads and acontia. The retractor muscles are strong, circumscribed, pinnate with well developed central mesogloeal lamella. Free ends of their pennons are always directed to the body wall (Figs. 3B, D; 4A–C). On the opposite side the parietobasilar muscles are present; they may form a short free flap (up to 100 µm in length). Parietal muscles are not developed. The mesenteries of fifth couple (paired with dorso-lateral macrocnemes) are microcnemes but have diffuse muscles at their inner (closer to actinopharynx) parts which on some sections resemble diffuse retractors (Fig. 3B, C). The mesenteries of the sixth couple (paired with ventro-lateral macrocnemes) are similar to those of the fifth couple but have weaker muscles (Figs. 3D, E; 4A). Mesenteries of the second and subsequent cycles are weak, without recognizable muscles on the endocoelic sides, but with discernible muscles on the exocoelic sides corresponding to parietobasilar muscles (Fig. 3C). Basilar muscles indiscernible (Fig. 3F).</p><p>меЗентерии (2 — меЗентерии второго цикла); D — поперечный среЗ череЗ вентро- латеральную пару меЗентериев первого цикла на уровне глотки; E — те же меЗентерии ниже уровнЯ глотки; F — среЗ череЗ педальный диск.</p><p>ОбоЗначениЯ: c1–c6 — билатеральные пары меЗентериев; en — Энтодерма; od — оральный диск; pd — педальный диск; sc — скапус; t — Щупальце.</p><p>All studied specimens were female. The diameter of the ova is up to 200 µm. Many images show examples of ongoing pedal laceration (Fig. 1C). Most probably compact clusters of similarly coloured specimens are the result of asexual reproduction.</p><p>Cnidom includes robust and gracile spirocysts, basitrichs, holotrichs, p-mastigophores A, p-mastigophores B (see Table 3 and Fig. 5, cnidae of the column and tentacles were studied in seven specimens, those of the actinopharynx in four specimens, those of the filaments in 17 specimens, those of acontia in six specimens and those of the endoderm in two specimens; cnidae of the syntypes were studied in seven specimens). Numerous basitrichs in the scapulus (Fig. 5F) are larger than in scapus and form an almost solid layer (Fig. 2G). Large basitrichs of the tentacles (Fig. 5J) are concentrated at the tips.</p><p>HABITAT. The clusters of this species were found at a depth of 23 to 30 m. They were concentrated on a steeply sloping bedrock bottom.</p><p>REMARKS. The genus  Octineon is the sole member of the family  Octineonidae and currently contains three species:  O. lindahli (Carpenter in Carpenter et Jeffreys, 1871),  O. suecicum and  O. chilense Carlgren, 1959 .</p><p>The type species of the genus,  O. lindahli (=  Ammodiscus lindahli Carpenter in Carpenter et Jeffreys, 1871), was dredged by H.M.S. “Porcupine” in 1870 off the south coast of Spain at depths from 413 to 702 m. The morphology of these specimens was described in detail by Fowler (1894) and Carlgren (1921, 1931). The information provided by Fowler (1894: 461) suggests that the specimens were rather numerous in that location (“obtained &lt;...&gt; a large collection of thin sand discs...”) but surprisingly the species has not been recorded again during the past 150 years.  Octineon lindahli lives unattached on the sea floor, has a thin disk-shaped body densely covered by attached sand and has only 12 tentacles.</p><p>The second species,  O. suecicum, is also based on a single lot of specimens. In his brief original description Carlgren (1940: 60) gives the locality as “ Sweden, Bohuslän. Väderöar, in vicinity of the  Lophelia -reef, 60–70 m on small stones or shells”. A more detailed description provided by Carlgren (1942) is based on the same material. The species lives attached to hard objects, its body is free from sand and it has at least 24 tentacles in fully developed specimens, so it differs quite distinctly from  O. lindahli and cannot be confused with it.</p><p>The third species,  O. chilense is known only from the original description based on specimens from two stations from the region of Los Lagos, Chile, from 100 m and 50–60 m depth. This species is very similar to  O. suecicum . Carlgren (1959) says it has a stronger sphincter muscle and stronger retractor. In our opinion the more significant difference is the larger size of basitrichs in acontia (62–70.5 × 5.6 µm).</p><p>The present record of a member of the genus  Octineon from British Columbia is a first record for a half century since  Octineon was last recorded. This record is geographically distant from all previously known locations (Spain, Norway and Chile). The morphology of specimens described herein corresponds closely to that of  O. suecicum in most details, including the coloration of living specimens, e.g. probably characteristic for the species and rather distinctive arrangement of short longitudinal white lines grouped by three on the scapulus (see Fig. 1B, D), Carlgren (1940: 59) describes them as “on the lowest part of the scapulus 3 opaque white, longitudinal lines, sometimes more irregularly arranged”. We examined nematocysts of syntypes of  O. suecicum (SMNH 5633). Their size ranges and composition are similar to whose of the specimens from British Columbia (see Table 3), especially the nematocyst of the scapus and base, available without dissection of the specimens, which were studied on more specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D0878CFFEEFF87FF02FBF0CC4D86B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sanamyan, N. P.;Sanamyan, K. E.;McDaniel, N.;Bocharova, E. S.	Sanamyan, N. P., Sanamyan, K. E., McDaniel, N., Bocharova, E. S. (2018): First record of two genera of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria), Octineon and Edwardsiella, from the North Pacific Ocean. Invertebrate Zoology 15 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.15298/invertzool.15.1.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.15.1.01
03D0878CFFE7FF83FD0FFE81C9A783B7.text	03D0878CFFE7FF83FD0FFE81C9A783B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Edwardsiella loveni (Carlgren 1892)	<div><p>Edwardsiella loveni (Carlgren, 1892)</p><p>Table 4; Figs. 6–8.</p><p>Milneedwardsia loveni Carlgren, 1892: 456; 1893: 17; 1921: 60.</p><p>Fagesia loveni: Carlgren, 1940: 23.</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED.   KBPGI 475 /1, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-123.24157&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.4506" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -123.24157/lat 49.4506)">Howe Sound</a>, British Columbia, Canada, 49°27.036′N, 123°14.494′W, 20 m, protruding from crevices in bedrock vertical wall, 5 March 2016, 5 specimens, collector Alex English, in formalin ;  KBPGI 476 /2, same locality, 13 December 2015, 7 specimens, collectors Alex English and Douglas Swanston, in 90% ethanol .</p><p>DESCRIPTION.Thespecimensareattached to bedrock in very narrow crevices and cracks and, according to collectors’ notes are extremely tiny, measuring only 5–7 mm tall. This, however, applies only to scapulus and a very distal part of the scapus while the remaining part of column is hidden in the crevices of bedrock and not visible from exterior (Fig. 6B, C). All collected specimens lack proximal parts of their bodies so the specimens were probably deeply inserted in the crevices and since the scapulus on preserved specimens constitutes only a small fraction of the body length the specimens actually should be significantly longer (Fig. 6A). The column of living specimens is approximately 1.5 mm in diameter. The diameter of tentacular crown is up to 10 mm. The largest preserved specimen is 14 mm long (without proximal part of column), diameter of its column varies from 1 mm distally to 4 mm in most proximal part. The scapulus on preserved specimens is 0.7–2 mm in length. The scapus is covered by grayish-brown cuticle. The surface of the cuticle is clean, without attached sand grains and other foreign matter. The scapulus and the tentacles are not retracted and visible in all preserved specimens, although live the specimens are capable of retracting their tentacles completely (as seen in the specimen on top left corner of the Fig. 6C). The scapulus is naked, slightly and gradually tapering to the distal end. It has eight prominent longitudinal ridges which are present on the scapus too (at least on its distal part). Very short thin walled capitulum is discernible between the bases of the tentacles and the scapulus. The tentacles are slender, very gradually tapering to pointed tips, all of about the same length, up to 5 mm in living specimens. The number of the tentacles, as counted on underwater photographs in full-size specimens, varies from 22 to 42; one small specimen had 12 tentacles. The arrangement of the tentacles appears to be hexamerous, in up to four cycles. The oral disk is very small with prominent oral cone.</p><p>The overall colour of the distal part of the anemone, including the scapulus, tentacles and oral disc, is translucent beige or pale orange. Orange tint is darker on the actinopharynx visible though the translucent wall of the scapulus and the oral disc. Longitudinal whitish lines on the scapulus run along the crest of each scapular ridge.</p><p>Eight longitudinal columnar ridges are formed by thickened mesogloea (up to 90 µm) and ectoderm (up to 70 µm on the crests of the ridges) between the insertions of macrocnemes. Between the ridges both mesogloea and ectoderm are thinner (10 and 20 µm respectively). Columnar endoderm is thin (10–15 µm) and of the same thickness beneath and between the ridges (Fig. 7A, C). Column has no nemathybomes and tenacules. The cuticle is thin and not stratified, covered by thin mucus-like layer, closely bearing against the ectoderm and fastened by numerous thin evenly distributed mesogloeal strands. Radial muscles of the oral disc and longitudinal muscles of the tentacles are ectodermal (Fig. 7 D). Actinopharynx has no discernible siphonoglyphs and has eight internal longitudinal ridges, formed by thickened ectoderm, corresponding to eight macrocnemes (Fig. 7 E). Mesogloea of the actinopharynx is thin. Eight macrocnemes, arranged as in  Edwardsia, are present along the whole length of the body and small microcnemes in the capitulum only (Fig. 7B), at the bases of the tentacles. Microcnemes of the first cycle (four microcnemes paired with lateral macrocnemes) in most distal part are attached to actinopharynx.</p><p>Retractor muscles are large, restricted, with large pennon, with about 20–30 muscle processes, some of which are branched. On transverse sections retractors are situated close to actinopharynx and attached to the body wall by long thin mesenterial lamella (Fig. 7A). Parietal muscles are well developed. On transverse sections of the scapulus they are circumscribed and form either a fan or a pennon on each side of the mesentery (Fig. 7A) but in the scapus they may be more diffuse, triangular or oval in outline (Fig. 7F).</p><p>Cnidom includes robust and gracile spirocysts, heterotrichs, basitrichs, p-mastigophores A (Table 4, Fig. 8, cnidae of the scapus, scapulus and tentacles were studied in three specimens, those of the actinopharynx in two specimens, those of the filaments and endoderm in one specimen). Basitrichs on the scapulus are concentrated along the crests of the scapular ridges forming a kind of nematocyst battery (Fig. 7C). Large thick basitrichs of the column and tentacles are often somewhat curved. We identify the capsule from the tentacles depicted on Fig. 8F as heterotrich since basal part of the tubule in unfired capsule looks like a stick (5–8 µm long) that suggests that either basal part of the tubule is larger in diameter than the rest of the tubule, or it has longer barbs. This capsule probably has no apical flap and is not stained by basal dyes as basitrichs.</p><p>HABITAT. All recorded specimens were attached to bedrock in narrow crevices, not covered by sand at a depth of about 20 m.</p><p>REMARKS. The genus  Edwardsiella comprises four valid species, none of which was known previously from the North Pacific.</p><p>Edwardsiella loveni was known previously from original and subsequent descriptions by Carlgren (1892, 1893, 1921) based on several lots of specimens dredged from depths of 90 to 640 m in waters around Sweden and Norway. Unlike many members of  Edwardsiidae the specimens do not live buried in sediment but are anchored in crevices of solid objects such as dead calyces of  Lophelia, dead  Paragorgia or other octocorals (Carlgren, 1921). Despite the large geographic distance between our specimens from British Columbia and previously known locations, all features of our specimens correspond well to detailed descriptions provided by Carlgren (1892, 1893, 1921) and we identify them as  E. loveni . That constitutes the first record of the species and genus in the North Pacific. Most probably  E. loveni, and other  Edwardsiella species, have much wider distribution than might be inferred from existing records, but the specimens inhabiting crevices in bedrock cannot be caught by trawls or dredges.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D0878CFFE7FF83FD0FFE81C9A783B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sanamyan, N. P.;Sanamyan, K. E.;McDaniel, N.;Bocharova, E. S.	Sanamyan, N. P., Sanamyan, K. E., McDaniel, N., Bocharova, E. S. (2018): First record of two genera of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria), Octineon and Edwardsiella, from the North Pacific Ocean. Invertebrate Zoology 15 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.15298/invertzool.15.1.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.15.1.01
03D0878CFFE3FF82FD19FC5CCF6284EE.text	03D0878CFFE3FF82FD19FC5CCF6284EE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Edwardsiella	<div><p>Other  Edwardsiella species include:</p><p>Edwardsiella carnea (Gosse, 1856) isknown from many records from European seas. It typically has fewer tentacles than  E. loveni, and its retractor muscles on cross sections are much weaker and have fewer muscle processes (Carlgren, 1921). The colour, with its “deep orange” (Manuel, 1988: 196) or “scarlet-red” (Carlgren, 1921: 62) actinopharynx and inner part of the oral disc also may be characteristic.</p><p>Edwardsiella ignota (Carlgren, 1959) is known only from original description from Peru (Carlgren, 1959). Fautin (2016) lists it among valid species but states it is “ nomen dubium according to Williams, 1981 ”, however there is no such statement in the paper of Williams (1981). Original description of  E. ignota is detailed enough and accompanied by figures; it cannot be regarded as nomen dubium. According to Carlgren (1959) it has 20 or possibly 24 tentacles, i.e. the species has significantly fewer tentacles than all other  Edwardsiella species.</p><p>Edwardsiella lineata (Verrill, 1873), known only from Atlantic coast of North America, was redescribed by Daly (2002). It typically forms dense compact clusters of many specimens. Tentacles of this species have characteristic white lines running along their oral sides. Daly (2002) found unusual long basitrichs in the filaments of  E. lineata . We failed to find anything similar in the examined specimens of  E. loveni .</p><p>Note: Pairwise distances between species are under the diagonal, estimates of standard errors are above the diagonal. Замечание: Попарные расстоЯниЯ между видами расположены под основной диагональю, ЗначениЯ</p><p>стандартных оШибок — над диагональю.</p><p>The status of fifth nominal species included in the genus,  E. janthina (Andres, 1881), described from Mediterranean Sea, is not clear. Williams (1981) transferred  Edwardsia janthina Andres, 1881 to  Fagesia (junior objective synonym of  Edwardsiella). This opinion was based solely on the picture of Andres (1883) where anemone is shown protruding from the hole in rock. Williams (1981) thought it may be synonymous with  Edwardsiella carnea .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D0878CFFE3FF82FD19FC5CCF6284EE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sanamyan, N. P.;Sanamyan, K. E.;McDaniel, N.;Bocharova, E. S.	Sanamyan, N. P., Sanamyan, K. E., McDaniel, N., Bocharova, E. S. (2018): First record of two genera of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria), Octineon and Edwardsiella, from the North Pacific Ocean. Invertebrate Zoology 15 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.15298/invertzool.15.1.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.15.1.01
