identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D15C616A22FFA7FEA1FB39FED1FD75.text	03D15C616A22FFA7FEA1FB39FED1FD75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antonina graminis (Maskell 1897) Coccoidea	<div><p>Antonina graminis</p><p>(Rhodesgrass mealybug)</p><p>has a cosmopolitan distribution and is widespread in Brazil (Williams &amp; Schuster 1970). Hosts of A. graminis include several species in the family Cyperaceae and a wide variety of grasses ( Poaceae), including agriculturally important species such as sorghum, and this mealybug has been noted as a pest of sugarcane and Bermuda grass (Ben­Dov 2004a). The adult female of A. graminis has a purplish­brown, oval, sac­like body lacking appendages, and is generally covered by a white or yellowish, waxy, felt­like sac (McKenzie 1967; Miller et al. 2005a). Despite the heavy infestation of A. graminis at the site sampled in this study, Bermuda grass continued to grow well throughout most of the lawn area except in areas, such under the eaves of the house, where the grass was apparently also stressed by other factors such as shade and lack of water.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D15C616A22FFA7FEA1FB39FED1FD75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Culik, Mark P.;Gullan, Penny J.	Culik, Mark P., Gullan, Penny J. (2005): A new pest of tomato and other records of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from Espírito Santo, Brazil. Zootaxa 964 (1): 1-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.964.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.964.1.1
03D15C616A22FFA7FEA1F8F1FBC2FBCD.text	03D15C616A22FFA7FEA1F8F1FBC2FBCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dysmicoccus boninsis (Kuwana 1909) Coccoidea	<div><p>Dysmicoccus boninsis</p><p>(gray sugarcane mealybug)</p><p>has a cosmopolitan distribution and has been found previously in Brazil in Bahia, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo states (Silva et al. 1968). Its hosts include many plants in at least nine families, including a wide variety of grasses ( Poaceae) and it is known as a pest of sugarcane (Ben­Dov 2004b). In contrast to species such as P. viburni, taxonomically, D. boninsis is considered to be a distinctive species (Williams &amp; Granara de Willink 1992). The live appearance of adult females of D. boninsis ranges from purplish­brown to gray with white powdery wax covering the body and wax filaments usually limited to short terminal abdominal filaments (Zimmerman 1948; Kawai 1980). Although the species was common on the sugarcane plants examined in this study, no significant damage to the plants was apparent and production was considered acceptable for home consumption.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D15C616A22FFA7FEA1F8F1FBC2FBCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Culik, Mark P.;Gullan, Penny J.	Culik, Mark P., Gullan, Penny J. (2005): A new pest of tomato and other records of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from Espírito Santo, Brazil. Zootaxa 964 (1): 1-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.964.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.964.1.1
03D15C616A22FFA7FEA1FEA9FDAAF91D.text	03D15C616A22FFA7FEA1FEA9FDAAF91D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell 1893) Coccoidea	<div><p>Dysmicoccus brevipes</p><p>(pineapple mealybug)</p><p>is a pantropical pest of pineapple (Mau &amp; Kessing 1992). It is found throughout Brazil (including Espírito Santo) where it is commonly known as the “cochonilha do abacaxi” (Silva et al. 1968; Scardini 1983; Ben­Dov 2004c). D. brevipes is polyphagous and has been recorded from a very wide range of host plant species besides pineapple, including Cucurbitaceae (Ben­Dov 2004c) . Adult females of D. brevipes have plump, convex, pinkish bodies, covered with white powdery wax, surrounded by 17 pairs of short wax filaments; the terminal filaments are longer than the lateral filaments but less than half as long as the body (Zimmerman 1948; Mau &amp; Kessing 1992; Miller et al. 2005a). This species is especially important as a vector of pineapple mealybug wilt disease (Zimmerman 1948; Beardsley 1965; Mau &amp; Kessing 1992). All of about a dozen pineapple plants at the Manguinhos collection site appeared to be infested by D. brevipes and had developed symptoms of pineapple mealybug wilt disease (wilting of leaves, with little or no growth of the plants in the months following the initial observation of the infestation).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D15C616A22FFA7FEA1FEA9FDAAF91D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Culik, Mark P.;Gullan, Penny J.	Culik, Mark P., Gullan, Penny J. (2005): A new pest of tomato and other records of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from Espírito Santo, Brazil. Zootaxa 964 (1): 1-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.964.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.964.1.1
03D15C616A22FFA0FEA1FC99FC58FE65.text	03D15C616A22FFA0FEA1FC99FC58FE65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret 1875) Coccoidea	<div><p>Pseudococcus viburni</p><p>(obscure mealybug)</p><p>is a cosmopolitan species, very similar taxonomically to Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn), and has been recorded previously in Brazil (as P. maritimus) only in Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo states (Hambleton 1935; Lepage 1938; Williams &amp; Granara de Willink 1992). This species has a very broad host range including economically important crops such as apple, citrus, grapes, and tomato, as well as papaya and potato (Ben­Dov 2004e). In life, adult females of P. viburni are pinkish­purple to gray, generally lightly dusted with white powdery wax, with short, fine lateral wax filaments and one pair of long terminal wax filaments usually more than half as long as the body (McKenzie 1967; Miller et al. 2005a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D15C616A22FFA0FEA1FC99FC58FE65	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Culik, Mark P.;Gullan, Penny J.	Culik, Mark P., Gullan, Penny J. (2005): A new pest of tomato and other records of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from Espírito Santo, Brazil. Zootaxa 964 (1): 1-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.964.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.964.1.1
03D15C616A25FFA1FEA1FBC1FB6CF985.text	03D15C616A25FFA1FEA1FBC1FB6CF985.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley 1898	<div><p>Phenacoccus solenopsis</p><p>(solenopsis mealybug)</p><p>was described originally from the U.S. in 1898 and it remained known only in the U.S., where it is widespread, until 1992 (Ben­Dov 2004d). In 1992, it was reported in Central America, the Caribbean, and Ecuador (Williams &amp; Granara de Willink 1992). Larraín (2002) recently noted the species as a pest of Solanum muricatum in Chile, and we now record P. solenopsis for the first time in Brazil. It is uncertain if this sequence represents a true, recent expansion in geographic distribution of the species from North America to South America or is simply a coincidence of collection and identification efforts. The species has been found previously on a relatively wide variety of host plants including species in economically important families such as Cucurbitaceae and Fabaceae as well as Solanaceae, however, the present work is the first published record of tomato as a host for P. solenopsis (R.J. Gill, California Department of Food and Agriculture, personal communication, indicates that he has unpublished records of this species from tomato).</p><p>Williams &amp; Granara de Willink (1992) note that P. solenopsis is very similar in appearance (microscopically) to Phenacoccus solani Ferris and Phenacoccus defectus Ferris. However, the live appearance of P. solenopsis differs from these other two species in that the adult female of P. solenopsis generally has paired dark spots and/or stripes dorsally (Fig. 1), whereas the females of the other two species appear to be uniformly white dorsally (Miller et al. 2005a). P. solenopsis usually has short lateral wax filaments and slightly longer terminal wax filaments (less than half as long as the body).</p><p>Although P. solenopsis was described originally from specimens collected from plant roots (Ben­Dov 2004d) and is referred to as a “soil mealybug” by Lorraín (2002), in the present study the species was observed only on stems and leaves of plants (although no attempt was made to determine if roots of plants were infested). Infestations on tomato plants were associated with noticeable deformation and distortion of the terminal growth, consisting of twisting and curling of stems and leaves, and leaf wrinkling and puckering (Fig. 1). Osborne (2005) demonstrates similar damage caused by P. solenopsis to hibiscus. P. solenopsis was first noticed on the tomato plants examined in this study because of the very distinct distortions of the foliage.</p><p>Although symptoms of stem twisting and leaf puckering initially were very noticeable on infested tomato plants, the extent to which P. solenopsis otherwise affects plant growth and production is not clear. In Vitória, after the initial infestation was noticed on three young plants beginning to flower and set fruit in January 2005, control was attempted by pruning out heavily infested stems and leaves and removing the mealybugs by hand. By the end of February, the mealybug infestation was again noticeable, but the plants had continued to grow vigorously, flower, and set fruit until early March (when observations ended); overall, the plants appeared to be healthy despite the mealybug infestation. The extent to which P. solenopsis may have affected the health and production of the tomato plants at Manguinhos is also unclear because the plants were stressed by many other factors (low soil fertility, shade, lack of water). These tomato plants had mostly died by 1 March 2005, apparently due to stem borers and otherwise poor growing conditions at the site.</p><p>Tomato plants exhibiting symptoms similar to those associated with P. solenopsis (stem curling and leaf puckering) and that appeared to be infested with this insect have been observed in the commercial tomato growing region of EspÌrito Santo (J.A. Ventura, INCAPER, personal communication), but additional research is needed to verify the distribution and potential impact of this pest. Phenacoccus solenopsis was found on common weeds in Manguinhos indicating that crops may become infested by mealybugs originating from nearby weeds.</p><p>The records reported here indicate that the mealybugs D. boninsis, P. solenopsis, and P. viburni are common and potentially important pests in Espírito Santo. The fact that the cosmopolitan species D. boninsis and P. viburni were found with relatively little effort in apparently well established populations suggests that the lack of previous records of these species in Espírito Santo reflects a lack of study of this group of insects in this area. Since P. solenopsis has not been noted previously as a pest of tomato, further research on this species and its effects on this economically important crop is especially warranted.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D15C616A25FFA1FEA1FBC1FB6CF985	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Culik, Mark P.;Gullan, Penny J.	Culik, Mark P., Gullan, Penny J. (2005): A new pest of tomato and other records of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from Espírito Santo, Brazil. Zootaxa 964 (1): 1-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.964.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.964.1.1
