identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03DF87AD3B6DB8534E7DFD8CC02897C6.text	03DF87AD3B6DB8534E7DFD8CC02897C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dineutus Macleay 1825	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GENUS  DINEUTUS MACLEAY, 1825</p>
            <p>(FIGS 1, 4C, 5E, 6D, 7A–D, 8C, 9E, 9G, 11B–D, 13D)</p>
            <p> Dineutus Macleay, 1825: 30 , type species  Dineutus politus Macleay, 1825 . </p>
            <p>S y n o n y m s: N e c t i c u s L a p o r t e, 1 8 3 5, D i n e u t e s Régimbart, 1882a.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: The genus  Dineutus can be diagnosed within the  Dineutini by the following combination of characters: (1) Gular suture complete, (2) frons without lateral bead (Fig. 4C), (3) antennal flagellum with 6–7 flagellomeres (Fig. 5E), (4) pronotal transverse impressed line present, (5) scutellar shield invisible with elytra closed, (6) protibia and male protarsi narrow (Fig. 9E), (7) mesotarsal claws sexually dimorphic, (8) metaventrite medially triangular in shape (Fig. 6D) and narrow and (9) female RT with vaginal shield (Fig. 11B–D) (Brinck, 1980, 1983, 1984). The genus  Dineutus lacks a single distinct autapomorphy among gyrinid genera. A character that comes close is sexually dimorphic mesotarsal claws, but this character is a synapomorphy shared with  Porrorhynchus (and potentially  Mesodineutes Fig. S9); however, the sexual dimorphism is most pronounced among species of  Dineutus . The other synapomorphies with  Porrorhynchus include the invisible scutellar shield and most noticeably the female RT possessing a vaginal shield.  Dineutus can be readily distinguished from all other dineutine genera by the narrowed protibia, which is likely the sole apomorphy separating this genus from  Porrorhynchus .  Dineutus can be furthered distinguished from  Porrorhynchus in having a complete gular suture and the pronotal transverse impressed line present. </p>
            <p> Taxonomy: The genus was monotypic when originally erected by Macleay (1825). Régimbart subsequently treated the genus several times, revising it and adding many species (Régimbart, 1882a, 1886, 1892, 1907). Hatch (1926) was the first author to divide the genus into subgenera, based primarily on overall body shape. Georg Ochs (1926, 1955) subsequently erected numerous subgenera, including subsuming  Porrorhynchus as one of the subgenera. Since Ochs’ work, no new subgenera have been proposed, but the composition of the subgenera has been re-arranged by Guignot (1950), and most recently by Brinck (1955b), who attempted to provide distinct morphological traits identifying each subgenus, unsuccessfully. </p>
            <p> There are currently 92 species within the genus  Dineutus , making it easily the largest genus within the  Dineutini . </p>
            <p> Distribution:  Dineutus has a near global distribution, missing from Europe, and most notably from South America (Fig. 14D) (Mouchamps, 1949b; Brinck, 1955b, 1976; Satô, 1962; Mazzoldi, 1995; Watts &amp; Hamon, 2010; Hájek &amp; Reiter, 2014; Gustafson &amp; Miller, 2015; Lee &amp; Ahn, 2015). Currently, the highest diversity is in the Austral region, primarily in New Guinea, but this likely reflects bias due to recent taxonomic work on species in this region (i.e. Brinck, 1976, 1981, 1983, 1984). The second highest diversity is found in tropical Africa. </p>
            <p> Discussion: This is the largest and most widely distributed genus within the  Dineutini . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87AD3B6DB8534E7DFD8CC02897C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gustafson, Grey T;Miller, Kelly B	Gustafson, Grey T, Miller, Kelly B (2017): Systematics and evolution of the whirligig beetle tribe Dineutini (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae: Gyrininae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (1): 118-150, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw014, URL: http://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/181/1/118/3078533/Systematics-and-evolution-of-the-whirligig-beetle
03DF87AD3B6BB8504F82FE95C6F79112.text	03DF87AD3B6BB8504F82FE95C6F79112.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	(Dineutus) SENSU	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> SUBGENUS  DINEUTUS SENSU NOV. </p>
            <p>(FIGS 1, 7C, 9E, 11B)</p>
            <p> Type species:  Dineutus politus Macleay, 1825 . </p>
            <p> Synonyms:  Rhombodineutus Ochs, 1926 syn. nov. ,  Merodineutus Ochs, 1955 syn. nov.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Within  Dineutus , the sensu stricto subgenus can be diagnosed by the following characters: (1) head capsule of most species with a frons to clypeus ratio less than or equal to 1.5, (2) a transverse, rounded labrum, (3) distolateral angle of protibia without spine, (4) protrochanter glabrous (Fig. 7C) – without setae apically on ventral face and (5) mesotarsal claws distinctly sexually dimorphic. The  Dineutus s.s. subgenus contains the largest members of the genus (e.g.  Dineutus macrochirus ) (Brinck, 1984). Most species exhibit little to no distinguishable sexual dimorphism in terms of elytral shape. The mesotarsal claws are distinctly sexually dimorphic, but not nearly as well developed as those of the  Cyclous subgenus. </p>
            <p> Taxonomy: There are now 23 species within the sensu stricto subgenus, containing members of the former subgenera  Merodineutus and  Rhombodineutus . The species of this group were last treated by Mouchamps (1949b) (the original sensu stricto species), Brinck (1983) (the  Rhombodineutus species ) and Brinck (1984) (  Merodineutus species ). </p>
            <p> Distribution: Primarily distributed in New Guinea and Southeast Asia. One species,  D. mellyi Régimbart, 1882a , extends into the far eastern Palearctic being found on the Ryukyu islands. </p>
            <p> Discussion: The distinction of  Merodineutus from  Dineutus was tenuous, based primarily on elytral sculpture, protarsus and protibial modifications (Brinck, 1984). Brinck (1984) even predicted the derivation of  Merodineutus from  Dineutus s.s. The subgenus  Rhombodineutus was similarly based on elytral modifications resulting in a rhomboid body outline, and a more elongate labrum than other species of  Dineutus (Brinck, 1983) . Many  Dineutus species show unique modifications to the elytral apices and protibial modifications as exhibited by the diversity of North American  Dineutus (Gustafson &amp; Miller, 2015) . The large glabrous protrochanters within  Dineutus are unique to this clade. For this reason, the other subgenera are synonymized with the  Dineutus s.s. subgenus. </p>
            <p> The close relation found here between  Rhombodineutus and  Merodineutus is novel. A phylogenetic analysis of the species of this area, including  Rhomborhynchus , would prove quite interesting in elucidating directionality of colonization of New Guinea and validity of the numerous described species and subspecies (Brinck, 1983, 1984). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87AD3B6BB8504F82FE95C6F79112	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gustafson, Grey T;Miller, Kelly B	Gustafson, Grey T, Miller, Kelly B (2017): Systematics and evolution of the whirligig beetle tribe Dineutini (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae: Gyrininae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (1): 118-150, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw014, URL: http://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/181/1/118/3078533/Systematics-and-evolution-of-the-whirligig-beetle
03DF87AD3B68B84E4C27F993C1249070.text	03DF87AD3B68B84E4C27F993C1249070.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	(Cyclous) Dejean 1833	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> SUBGENUS  CYCLOUS DEJEAN, 1833 SENSU NOV. </p>
            <p>(FIGS 1, 4C, 5E, 6D, 7A, B, 7D, 8C, 9G, 11C, 13D)</p>
            <p> Type species:  Dineutus australis (Fabricius, 1775) . </p>
            <p> Synonyms:  Callistodineutus Ochs, 1926 syn. nov. ,  Cyclinus Kirby, 1837 syn. nov. ,  Gyrinodineutus Ochs, 1926 , Paracyclous Ochs, 1926  syn. nov. ,  Protodineutus Ochs, 1926 syn. nov. ,  Spinosodineutes Hatch, 1926  syn. nov.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Within  Dineutus , the  Cyclous subgenus can be diagnosed by the following characters: (1) Head capsule with a frons to clypeus ratio less than or equal to 1.5, (2) a transverse, rounded labrum, (3) distolateral angle of protibia without spine, (4) ventral face of protrochanter apically with series of stout setae (Fig. 8C), (5) mesotarsal claws strongly sexually dimorphic and (6) spermatheca not tubiform, less elongate and more rounded. Many species are strongly sexually dimorphic in elytral shape. This group exhibits the most strongly sexually dimorphic mesotarsal claws. </p>
            <p> Taxonomy: This is the largest subgenus, now with 67 species. The species were treated taxonomically most recently by Mouchamps (1949a) (the  Spinosodineutes species), Brinck (1955b) (African species), Brinck (1976) (the  Callistodineutus species ) and Gustafson &amp; Miller (2015) (the North American species). </p>
            <p>Distribution: Widely distributed, found in North America, Africa, Asia and Australia.</p>
            <p> Discussion: The numerous subgenera of  Dineutus have long been a source of conflict among gyrinid workers (Hatch, 1926; Ochs, 1926, 1955; Guignot, 1950; Brinck, 1955b). The first division of  Dineutus into subgenera was proposed by Hatch (1926), but the majority of subgenera were erected by Ochs (1926) during his precladistic systematic treatment of the species of  Dineutus (and  Porrorhynchus , see below). The subgenera have nearly all been diagnosed in the past by body form, modification to the elytral apex and/or elytra reticulation. These characters are highly variable among the numerous  Dineutus species and typically not unique to any one subgenus, causing much of the disagreement between constituent species. </p>
            <p> The only authority to attempt to propose discrete morphological characters for the subgenera was species. The distinct character of the ventral face of the protrochanter with a series of short stout setae apically, in combination with the other diagnostic features, successfully recognizes a large monophyletic group within  Dineutus . While  D. ritsemae was not included in the phylogenetic study, the taxon was studied for morphology.  Dineutus ritsemae has well-developed sexually dimorphic mesotarsal claws and resembles closely members of the former subgenus  Callistodineutus having a single profemoral subapicoventral tooth on the anterior face only. Given the former species are nested within the North American members, including this species and synonymizing Paracylous with  Cyclous is justified. For this reason, we here synonymous the former subgenera. The oldest available name for this grouping is  Cyclous initially proposed by Dejean, 1833 for  Dineutus australis , one of the most widespread species of  Dineutus (Ochs, 1949) . </p>
            <p> This subgenus is notable for having numerous sexually dimorphic traits. Many species have sexually dimorphic elytral apices, often with one sex having thorn-like productions. This is exhibited in several North American species (Gustafson &amp; Miller, 2015). This group also exhibits sexually dimorphic modification to the protrochanter, such as the strange waxy region of male  Dineutus proximus (Fig. 7B), and most notably the setose brush of  D. australis males (Fig. 7A). The male mesotarsal claws are also strongly sexually dimorphic in this group. The North American species exhibit species-specific sexually dimorphic claws, with the claws of  D. nigrior being the most extremely dimorphic known (Gustafson &amp; Miller, 2015). The median lobe of the aedeagus of members of the subgenus  Cyclous also present a wide diversity of forms, not seen elsewhere within  Dineutini . No other dineutine group exhibits such a suite of sexually selected traits. </p>
            <p> Brinck (1955b), but was unsuccessful, resorting to the distinction of African species and American species for the subgenera  Protodineutus and  Cyclinus respectively. However, our analysis shows  Callistodineutus to be nested within the North American species, despite a proposed distinct morphological character, suggesting those utilized by Brinck (1955b) were unsuccessful in identifying large natural groups of </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87AD3B68B84E4C27F993C1249070	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gustafson, Grey T;Miller, Kelly B	Gustafson, Grey T, Miller, Kelly B (2017): Systematics and evolution of the whirligig beetle tribe Dineutini (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae: Gyrininae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (1): 118-150, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw014, URL: http://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/181/1/118/3078533/Systematics-and-evolution-of-the-whirligig-beetle
03DF87AD3B76B84F4C47F9C4C31B9071.text	03DF87AD3B76B84F4C47F9C4C31B9071.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhomborhynchus Ochs 1926	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Rhomborhynchus Ochs, 1926: 65 . </p>
            <p> Type species:  Porrorhynchus depressus Régimbart, 1907 . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Within  Dineutus , the subgenus  Rhomborhynchus can be diagnosed by the following characters: (1) head capsule with a frons to clypeus ratio of greater than or equal to 1.5, (2) labrum elongate and triangular, (3) labrum with a longitudinal paired row of setae, and one transverse row, (4) spinose distolateral corner of the protibia, (5) ventral face of protrochanter apically with series of stout setae, (6) mesotarsal claws weakly sexually dimorphic and (7) female RT with tubiform spermatheca. These species are most similar to members of the former subgenus  Rhombodineutus having relatively elongate labra and a greatly elongate spermatheca (Fig. 11D). But can be distinguished by the spinose distolateral corner of the protibia, the more strongly triangular labrum and the presence of setae apically on the ventral face of the protrochanter. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87AD3B76B84F4C47F9C4C31B9071	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gustafson, Grey T;Miller, Kelly B	Gustafson, Grey T, Miller, Kelly B (2017): Systematics and evolution of the whirligig beetle tribe Dineutini (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae: Gyrininae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (1): 118-150, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw014, URL: http://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/181/1/118/3078533/Systematics-and-evolution-of-the-whirligig-beetle
03DF87AD3B75B84A4CE4FACCC39E947C.text	03DF87AD3B75B84A4CE4FACCC39E947C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Enhydrus Laporte 1835	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GENUS  ENHYDRUS LAPORTE, 1835</p>
            <p>(FIGS 2, 4A, 5D, 6A, 9F, 12F–G, 13A–C)</p>
            <p> Type species:  Enhydrus sulcatus (Wiedemann, 1821) . </p>
            <p> Synonyms: Epinectus Aubé, 1838,  Epinectes Régimbart, 1877 ,  Prothydrus Guignot, 1954 . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Within the tribe  Dineutini ,  Enhydrus can be diagnosed by the following combination of characters: (1) antenna of most species with 7 flagellomeres (Fig. 5D) – one with 6, (2) fons with lateral bead (Fig. 4A), (3) pronotal transverse impressed line present, (4) elytral striae present as strongly impressed lines, (5) scutellar shield visible with elytra closed, (6) protibia laterally expanded apically (as in Fig. 8A), (7) broad, compact male protarsi (Fig. 9F), protarsi of both sexes often with fused segments and large protarsal claws, (8) metaventrite medially pentagonal in shape (Fig. 6A), (9) suture of abdominal sternite II present and (10) female RT without vagina shield, gonocoxae short and stout (Fig. 12G). </p>
            <p> Taxonomy: There are four known species in the genus. The species of  Enhydrus were last treated taxonomically by Brinck (1978). </p>
            <p>Distribution: Disparately distributed in South American and extreme south-eastern Central America (Fig. 14C) (Brinck, 1977).</p>
            <p> Discussion: The genus  Enhydrus lacks a single autapomorphy; however, retention of a fully developed suture to abdominal sternite II is unique to this genus. Fusion of the protarsomeres is unique to  Enhydrus as well, but not all species exhibit protarsomere fusion (e.g.  E. tibialis ). Molecular data (Fig. S4) however strongly support  Enhydrus is a distinct monophyletic group, and in general morphology species strongly resemble one another, despite lacking a distinct synapomorphy. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87AD3B75B84A4CE4FACCC39E947C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gustafson, Grey T;Miller, Kelly B	Gustafson, Grey T, Miller, Kelly B (2017): Systematics and evolution of the whirligig beetle tribe Dineutini (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae: Gyrininae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (1): 118-150, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw014, URL: http://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/181/1/118/3078533/Systematics-and-evolution-of-the-whirligig-beetle
03DF87AD3B72B84A4C23FEF0C158913E.text	03DF87AD3B72B84A4C23FEF0C158913E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	(Andogyrus) OCHS 1924	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> SUBGENUS  ANDOGYRUS OCHS, 1924 STAT. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 2, 4D, 5B, 6B, 8A, 8D, 9A, 12A)</p>
            <p> Type species:  Andogyrus ellipticus (Brullé, 1836) . </p>
            <p>Synonyms: Proteogyrus Mouchamps, 1951.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Within the genus  Macrogyrus ,  Andogyrus can be diagnosed by the following combination of characters: (1) clypeus narrow, (2) elytra without canaliculate microsculpture, (3) metaventrite medially pentagonal in form (Fig. 6B) and (4) metaventral discrimen with elongate transverse sulcus ancestrally (as in Fig. 10A). The elongate transverse sulcus of the metaventral discrimen is lost in many species of the subgenus  Andogyrus , but its presence in  M. seriatopunctatus suggests the absence to be a secondary loss, given its phylogenetic position (Fig. 2). </p>
            <p>Taxonomy: This subgenus has twenty known species. The species of this subgenus were last treated by Brinck (1977).</p>
            <p>Distribution: Found along the Andes of South America, from Venezuela to Argentina (Brinck, 1977).</p>
            <p> Discussion: The separation of  Andogyrus from  Macrogyrus was based primarily on distribution (Ochs, 1924), and Hatch (1926) proved quite correct in asserting that the Australian  Macrogyrus were derived from a common ancestor similar to  Andogyrus . As can be seen from the phylogeny (Fig. 2),  Andogyrus is far too similar to  Macrogyrus to be regarded as a genus distinct from the latter. Instead  Andogyrus should be regarded as an early diverging lineage within  Macrogyrus . Especially given the very distinct synapomorphy of the male protarsal discus. Separating these two groups into formal genera would also suggest  Cyclous and  Dineutus s.s. deserve separation into distinct genera, using similar phylogenetic logic. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87AD3B72B84A4C23FEF0C158913E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gustafson, Grey T;Miller, Kelly B	Gustafson, Grey T, Miller, Kelly B (2017): Systematics and evolution of the whirligig beetle tribe Dineutini (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae: Gyrininae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (1): 118-150, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw014, URL: http://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/181/1/118/3078533/Systematics-and-evolution-of-the-whirligig-beetle
03DF87AD3B72B84A4C2EF985C1A89182.text	03DF87AD3B72B84A4C2EF985C1A89182.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	(Cyclomimus) OCHS 1949	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> SUBGENUS  CYCLOMIMUS OCHS, 1949 SENSU NOV. </p>
            <p>(FIGS 2, 4F)</p>
            <p> Type species:  Macrogyrus purpurascens Régimbart, 1882a . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87AD3B72B84A4C2EF985C1A89182	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gustafson, Grey T;Miller, Kelly B	Gustafson, Grey T, Miller, Kelly B (2017): Systematics and evolution of the whirligig beetle tribe Dineutini (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae: Gyrininae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (1): 118-150, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw014, URL: http://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/181/1/118/3078533/Systematics-and-evolution-of-the-whirligig-beetle
03DF87AD3B72B84A4F8FFC44C1D797C5.text	03DF87AD3B72B84A4F8FFC44C1D797C5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macrogyrus Regimbart 1882	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GENUS  MACROGYRUS RÉGIMBART, 1882</p>
            <p>(FIGS 2, 4B, 4D, 4E, 5A, B, 6B, 7F, 8A, 8D, 9A–C, 10, 12A–E, 13E)</p>
            <p> Type species:  Macrogyrus howittii (Clark, 1866) . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Within the tribe  Dineutini ,  Macrogyrus can be diagnosed by the following combination of characters: (1) antennae with 9 flagellomeres (Fig. 5A–B), (2) frons with lateral bead (Fig. 4B, D, E), (3) pronotal transverse impressed line present, (4) scutellar shield visible with elytra closed, (5) protibia laterally expanded apically (Fig. 8A), (6) protarsus of male broad, discus present ventrally on protarsomere I (described below) (Fig. 9A–C), (7) metacoxal process bordered posterolaterally (Fig. 6B) and (8) female RT without vaginal shield, gonocoxae elongate (Fig. 13B). </p>
            <p> Taxonomy: There are now 54 species of  Macrogyrus with the inclusion of the former genus  Andogyrus . This genus has never received a comprehensive revision. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Found in South America, Australia, New Caledonia, New Guinea and surrounding islands, and Lesser Sunda Islands (Fig. 14D) (Ochs, 1949, 1953, 1955; Brinck, 1976, 1977; Watts &amp; Hamon, 2010).</p>
            <p> Discussion: This genus exhibits a distinct autapomorphy: the male protarsus has protarsomere I with a recessed pit possessing adhesive setae with a different suction cup morphology than the remaining adhesive setae (Fig. 9A–C, di). This character was first described by Régimbart (1882a: 433) and dubbed the discus. This feature is a synapomorphy uniting all the  Macrogyrus species (Fig. S9). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87AD3B72B84A4F8FFC44C1D797C5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gustafson, Grey T;Miller, Kelly B	Gustafson, Grey T, Miller, Kelly B (2017): Systematics and evolution of the whirligig beetle tribe Dineutini (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae: Gyrininae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (1): 118-150, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw014, URL: http://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/181/1/118/3078533/Systematics-and-evolution-of-the-whirligig-beetle
03DF87AD3B73B8484F97FAC0C0949624.text	03DF87AD3B73B8484F97FAC0C0949624.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	(Macrogyrus) SENSU	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> SUBGENUS  MACROGYRUS SENSU NOV. </p>
            <p>(FIGS 2, 4B, 5A, 7F, 9B–C, 10, 12D–E, 13F)</p>
            <p> Type species:  Macrogyrus howittii (Clark, 1866) . </p>
            <p> Synonyms:  Australogyrus Ochs, 1949 syn. nov. , Ballogyrus Ochs, 1949  syn. nov. ,  Clarkogyrus Ochs, 1949 syn. nov. ,  Megalogyrus Ochs, 1949 syn. nov. ,  Orectomimus Ochs, 1930 syn. nov. ,  Tribologyrus Ochs, 1949 syn. nov. ,  Tribolomimus Ochs, 1949 . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Within the genus  Macrogyrus , the sensu stricto subgenus can be diagnosed by the following combination of character: (1) clypeus neither narrow nor considerably enlarged (Fig. 4B), (2) elytra with unique canaliculate microsculpture (Fig. 10B–C) and (3) metaventral discrimen of most species with well developed transverse sulcus (Fig. 10A). The unique canaliculate microsculpture (Fig. 10B–C) is an excellent autapomorphy for the sensu stricto subgenus. This character is strongly reduced in one species  M. sumbawae (Fig. 2), but is still faintly evident apically on the elytra. </p>
            <p> Taxonomy: There are now 29 species within this subgenus, a massive increase from the former classification, in which the subgenus only contained the type species,  M. howittii (Ochs, 1949) . The Australian species are the most well known (Ochs, 1949, 1956) and were recently treated by Watts &amp; Hamon (2010), making their identification possible. The New Guinean fauna and those of the surrounding islands are in desperate need of revision following the work of Ochs (1955), in which the few known species were divided into numerous subspecies, from disparate locations in New Guinea, based on few specimens. The work of Ochs (1955), including no illustrations, nondiscrete morphological characters and excessive splitting of species, has made the identification of New Guinean specimens exceptionally difficult. For this reason, most species in the analysis were unable to be identified reliably. </p>
            <p>Distribution: Primarily known from Australia and New Guinea, also found in the islands surrounding New Guinea and the Lesser Sunda Islands (Ochs, 1949, 1955).</p>
            <p> Discussion: The new definition of the sensu stricto subgenus is based on the earliest diverging taxon, suggesting a common ancestor, with canaliculate microsculpture (Figs 10B–C; S 9, character 41), which in this analysis is  M. striolatus . However, the placement of  M. striolatus is weakly supported (Figs 2, S 4). It is possible that the subgenus  Cyclomimus is nested within the sensu stricto subgenus, as examination of the.t tree files from the Bayesian analysis show the placement of  M. striolatus fluctuating between a position above or below the  Cyclomimus clade. In the case  M. striolatus is truly earlier diverging than the  Cyclomimus clade, the putative synapomorphic character of the sensu stricto subgenus still stands, with an inferred subsequent loss of the canaliculate microsculpture in  Cyclomimus . Reduction of the canaliculate microsculpture is seen in the more derived members of the sensu stricto subgenus, e.g.  M. sumbawae (Fig. 2) and other species found in Wallacea. The species of  Cyclomimus show other highly derived characters (e.g. the reduction in number and expansion in size of adhesive setae of the male protarsus; a largely expanded clypeus, reduction of the transverse sulcus of the metaventral discrimen). Therefore, a convergent derived loss of the canaliculate microsculpture is certainly plausible. Because of the strong support for the monophyly of the  Cyclomimus subgenus in the analysis it is currently retained as a valid subgenus separate from the sensu stricto, but the composition of  Macrogyrus s.s. may be subjected to change in future phylogenetic analyses depending upon the placement of  M. striolatus . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87AD3B73B8484F97FAC0C0949624	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gustafson, Grey T;Miller, Kelly B	Gustafson, Grey T, Miller, Kelly B (2017): Systematics and evolution of the whirligig beetle tribe Dineutini (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae: Gyrininae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (1): 118-150, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw014, URL: http://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/181/1/118/3078533/Systematics-and-evolution-of-the-whirligig-beetle
03DF87AD3B70B8484FB0FE8CC32095E5.text	03DF87AD3B70B8484FB0FE8CC32095E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesodineutes Ponomarenko 1977	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GENUS  MESODINEUTES † PONOMARENKO, 1977 </p>
            <p>(FIGS. 6E)</p>
            <p> Type species:  Mesodineutes amurensis Ponomarenko, 1977</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Within the tribe  Dineutini ,  Mesodineutes can be diagnosed by the following combination of characters: (1) elytral striae present as punctures, (2) elytral apex rounded, without apicolateral sinuation or other modification, (3) metaventrite medially triangular in shape (Fig. 6E) and broad and (4) metacoxal process without border posterolaterally (Fig. 6E). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87AD3B70B8484FB0FE8CC32095E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gustafson, Grey T;Miller, Kelly B	Gustafson, Grey T, Miller, Kelly B (2017): Systematics and evolution of the whirligig beetle tribe Dineutini (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae: Gyrininae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (1): 118-150, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw014, URL: http://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/181/1/118/3078533/Systematics-and-evolution-of-the-whirligig-beetle
03DF87AD3B70B8494F90F9FCC0D695B4.text	03DF87AD3B70B8494F90F9FCC0D695B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Porrorhynchus Laporte 1835	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GENUS  PORRORHYNCHUS LAPORTE, 1835</p>
            <p>(FIGS 1, 4E, 5C, 6C, 7E, 8B, 9D, 11A, 13F)</p>
            <p> Type species:  Porrorhynchus marginatus Laporte, 1835</p>
            <p>Synonyms: Ceylorhynchus Brinck, 1955</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Within the tribe  Dineutini Porrorhynchus can be diagnosed by the following combination of characters: (1) Labrum elongate and triangular in form (Fig. 4E), (2) gular suture incomplete, (3) frons without lateral bead (Fig. 4E), (4) antennal flagellum with 6–8 flagellomeres (Fig. 5C), (5) pronotal transverse impressed line absent, (6) scutellar shield invisible with elytra closed, (7) male protrochanter with setose patch (Fig. 7E), (8) male protarsi narrow (Fig. 9D), (9) protibia expanded distolaterally (Fig. 8B), (10) ventral face of profemur with two rows of setae arranged into large clusters, progressively becoming denser apically, (11) mesotarsal claws weakly sexually dimorphic, (12) metaventrite medially triangular in shape (Fig. 6C) and narrow and (13) female RT with vaginal shield (Fig. 11A). Diagnostic characters (7) and (10) appear apomorphic among all  Gyrinidae . </p>
            <p> Taxonomy: There are now three species within the genus, following removal of the former subgenus  Rhomborhynchus . </p>
            <p> Distribution: Widely distributed in Southeast Asia west of Wallace’s line, as far northwest as south-eastern Tibet (Jäch et al., 2012) and east through southern China (Fig. 14B). One species,  P. indicans , known from Sri Lanka (Brinck, 1980). </p>
            <p> Discussion: This genus contains the largest known species of whirligig beetle (  P. landaisi ) and species apparently very sensitive to water quality (Ochs, 1927; Brinck, 1980). Among the  Porrorhynchus species ,  P. indicans is of the most concern in terms of conservation, found to already be uncommonly encountered and limited in distribution in the 1980s due to deforestation of preferred habitat montane forests within Sri Lanka (Brinck, 1980). This is especially concerning given the unique information  P. indicans can potentially provide for future analyses (see Discussion). </p>
            <p> KEY TO THE EXTANT GENERA OF THE  DINEUTINI</p>
            <p>1. Scutellar shield not visible with elytra closed; mesotarsal claws sexually dimorphic (even if weakly so). Female RT with vaginal shield (Fig. 11C, vs)....................................... 2 Scutellar shield visible with elytra closed; mesotarsal claws not sexually dimorphic. Female RT without vaginal shield (Fig. 12)................... 3</p>
            <p> 2. Pronotum without transverse impressed line; ventral face of profemur with two rows of setae arranged in large clusters, becoming denser apically; protrochanter of male with setose patch (Fig. 7E); mesotarsal claws weakly sexually dimorphic..............................  Porrorhynchus Pronotum with transverse impressed line; setae of ventral face of profemur not arranged into large clusters becoming denser apically; protrochanter of male without setose patch, variously modified or not; mesotarsal claws sexually dimorphic, often strongly so.........................  Dineutus</p>
            <p> 3. Elytra with striae in the form of well impressed lines; protarsus (male and female) compressed often with fused segments; male protarsus ventrally without discus (Fig. 9F)........  Enhydrus Elytra with striae in the form of punctures or weakly impressed lines, never as well impressed lines; protarsus without compressed or fused segments; male protarsus ventrally with discus (Fig. 9A–C)......................................  Macrogyrus</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87AD3B70B8494F90F9FCC0D695B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gustafson, Grey T;Miller, Kelly B	Gustafson, Grey T, Miller, Kelly B (2017): Systematics and evolution of the whirligig beetle tribe Dineutini (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae: Gyrininae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (1): 118-150, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw014, URL: http://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/181/1/118/3078533/Systematics-and-evolution-of-the-whirligig-beetle
03DF87AD3B46B87E4C47FF02C0FA9011.text	03DF87AD3B46B87E4C47FF02C0FA9011.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gyrinidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Régimbart M. 1882. Essai monographique de la famille des  Gyrinidae . 1e partie. Annales de la Société entomologique de France (6) 379–458 + 373 pls. </p>
            <p>SUPPORTING INFORMATION</p>
            <p>Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article at the publisher’s website:</p>
            <p>Figure S2. Bayesian analysis of nuclear genes only (H3, AK). Using same settings as those described in Figure S1. Number at nodes indicates posterior probability.</p>
            <p> Figure S3. Preferred Bayesian tip-dating calibration analysis tree including  Mesodineutes amurensis . Settings for analysis described in methods, using the Miller &amp; Bergsten, 2012 partitioning scheme. Number at nodes indicate median 95% hpd age. </p>
            <p> Figure S4. Bayesian tip-dating calibration analysis results excluding  Mesodineutes amurensis , run under same settings as tree in Fig. S3. Number at nodes indicate posterior probability. </p>
            <p> Figure S5. Bayesian tip-dating calibration analysis results including  P. (Rhomborhynchus) depressus , highlighted in red, run under same settings as tree in Fig. S3. Numbers at nodes indicate posterior probability. </p>
            <p> Figure S6. Bayesian tip-dating calibration analysis results including  Mesodineutes amurensis . Settings for analysis described in methods, using the PartitionFinder partitioning scheme. Number at nodes indicate median 95% hpd age. </p>
            <p>Figure S7. Bayesian node-calibration analysis. Settings for analysis described in methods, using the Miller &amp; Bergsten, 2012 partitioning scheme. Number at nodes indicate median 95% hpd age.</p>
            <p>Figure S8. Maximum likelihood tree. Analysis settings outlined in methods section. Numbers at nodes indicate boot strap support.</p>
            <p> Figure S9. Morphological characters mapped on phylogenetic tree for  Dineutini . Characters mapped using “fast” optimization in WinClada (ACCTRAN). Black hash marks indicate unambiguous changes, white hash marks indicate homoplasious changes or reversals. Numbers above hash marks are character numbers, those below hash marks are state numbers for the derived condition at that branch. </p>
            <p>Figure S10. Ancestral state reconstruction results using DEC model. Label at node indicates probable state.</p>
            <p>Figure S11. Ancestral state reconstruction results using DEC model. Pie chart at node indicates probable state. Figure S12. Ancestral state reconstruction results using DEC +j model. Label at node indicates probable state.</p>
            <p>Figure S13. Ancestral state reconstruction results using DEC +j model. Pie chart at node shows probable ancestral states.</p>
            <p>Figure S14. Ancestral state reconstruction results using DIVALIKE model. Label at node indicates probable state.</p>
            <p>Figure S15. Ancestral state reconstruction results using DIVALIKE model. Pie chart at node shows probable ancestral states.</p>
            <p>Figure S16. Ancestral state reconstruction results using DIVALIKE +j model. Label at node indicates probable state.</p>
            <p>Figure S17. Ancestral state reconstruction results using DIVALIKE +j model. Pie chart at node shows probable ancestral states.</p>
            <p> Table S1. Taxa included in the phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses of the  Dineutini . Original subgenera proposed for species provided to show sampling coverage. Gene coverage for molecular character dataset is indicated for each taxon as is geographical coding used for the biogeographic analysis. GenBank voucher numbers given for new sequences generated by the study. </p>
            <p>Table S2. Character coding for morphological dataset.</p>
            <p>Table S3. Primers used for amplification and sequencing.</p>
            <p>Table S4. Dispersal rate multiplier coding used for BioGeoBears ancestral state reconstruction analysis. Time strata from top to bottom are TS4, TS3, TS2, TS1.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87AD3B46B87E4C47FF02C0FA9011	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gustafson, Grey T;Miller, Kelly B	Gustafson, Grey T, Miller, Kelly B (2017): Systematics and evolution of the whirligig beetle tribe Dineutini (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae: Gyrininae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (1): 118-150, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw014, URL: http://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/181/1/118/3078533/Systematics-and-evolution-of-the-whirligig-beetle
