identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03DF87F0FFCC0740FD50F9376AD5FBA8.text	03DF87F0FFCC0740FD50F9376AD5FBA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microcos	<div><p>MICROCOS</p><p>Microcos L. (1753) 514; (1754) 230; Burret (1926) 756; Backer &amp; Bakh.f. (1964) 393; Whitmore &amp; Tantra (1986) 241; Phengklai (1986) 15; (1993) 33; I.M.Turner (1997) 487. — Grewia L. subg. Microcos (L.) J.R.Drumm. (1915) 114. — Grewia L. sect. Microcos (L.) Wight &amp; Arn. (1834) 81; King (1891) 109. — Type species: Microcos paniculata L.</p><p>© 2011 Nationaal Herbarium Nederland</p><p>Arsis Lour.(1790) 335. — Type species: Arsis rugosa Lour. [= Microcos paniculata L.].</p><p>Fallopia Lour.(1790) 335. — Type species: Fallopia nervosa Lour. [= Microcos nervosa (Lour.) S.Y.Hu].</p><p>Omphacarpus Korth. (1842a) t. 42; (1842b) 192. — Grewia L. sect. Omphacarpus (Korth.) Miq.(1859) 204; King (1891) 109. — Type species: Omphacarpus opacus Korth. [= Microcos opaca (Korth.) Burret].</p><p>Inodaphnis Miq. (1861) 357. — Type species: Inodaphnis lanceolata Miq. [= Microcos lanceolata (Miq.) Burret].</p><p>Grewia L. p.p.: King (1891) 108, p.p.; Ridl. (1922) 299, p.p.; Corner (1939) 262, p.p.; Kochummen (1973) 396, p.p.; Corner (1988) 732, p.p.</p><p>Evergreen or deciduous shrubs or small to medium-sized trees to 30 m tall; bole usually straight to 60(–70) cm diam, sometimes fluted at base, sometimes with small buttresses. Outer bark smooth to scaly, sometimes lenticellate, green, grey-green or green-brown; inner bark fibrous, red-brown to orange-yellow or even paler and then streaked red; no exudate. Twigs terete. Stipules lobed or unlobed, more or less caducous. Leaves alternate (distichous), petiolate; blade simple, usually entire or sometimes distantly serrate to serrulate, dentate or undulate, 3(–5)-veined at base ( Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo: 3-veined); indumentum of simple, tufted or stellate hairs. Inflorescences terminal and/or axillary, panicles of triflorous cyme-like units (Type A and/or Type B); bracts caducous, rarely persistent; bracts of cyme-like units involucrate, with those of the outer whorl 2 – 3(–4)-lobed and that of the inner whorl narrow and entire. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic, pedicellate; sepals 5, distinct, free, valvate, margin incurved, apex convexcucullate, covered with tufted or stellate hairs on both sides; petals 5 or fewer due to abortion or absent, caducous, up to half as long as the sepals, clawed-appendage absent, glandular at the base inside, the glands barbellate marginally; androgynophore present, apex expanded into a platform-like structure or not, upper part absent; stamens numerous, rarely 5 –15 (for Moluccas and New Guinea taxa), inserted at the platform-like structure or surrounding the ovary at the apex of androgynophore, filaments distinct, sometimes minutely pilose beneath, anthers dorsifixed, 2-lobed, kidney-shaped, longitudinally de- hiscent; ovary superior, sessile, usually (1–)3(–5)-locular, each locule with (2–)4 –8 ovules; style narrowed towards the apex (subulate), stigma with 3 plano-convex stigmatic arms or inconspicuously lobulate. Fruits drupaceous, usually unlobed or sometimes slightly, shallowly, vertically 3(–4)-lobed near the apex, globose, obovoid or pyriform; mesocarp fibrous; endocarp coriaceous or woody. Pyrenes 1– 3(–4), partly connate or free; fertile pyrene 1–(2 –3) per fruit, each pyrene containing 0–1(– 2) seeds; sterile pyrenes 1–2(–3), conspicuous or inconspicuous. Seeds wingless, with endosperm; cotyledons foliaceous .</p><p>Distribution — The genus comprises about 80 species occurring in tropical Africa (not in Madagascar), India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Indochina (Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam), southern China (incl. Hainan Island), and throughout Malesia (except the Lesser Sunda Islands). In Malesia, about 52 species are known with two centres of species diversity: 36 species in West Malesia and 16 species in the Moluccas and New Guinea. In Peninsular Malaysia there are 12 species with 2 endemics and Singapore has four species (none endemic).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In open and shaded places, often along rivers or streams, in primary and secondary lowland to lower montane forests on alluvial to sandy soils; overlying sandstone or acidic rock, but not on limestone, at altitude to 1400 m. Flowering: mainly in March– July; fruiting: May – November.</p><p>Uses — The wood of several Microcos species is used locally for general construction under cover (e.g., rafters), and also for making small utensils where strength and elasticity are required, like tool handles, agricultural implements, sporting goods, billiard cues and vehicle bodies. The fibrous bark is utilised for manufacturing ropes and the fruits of most species are reported as edible. The pulped bark is used in Papua New Guinea to stupefy fish (Boer &amp; Sosef 1998).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87F0FFCC0740FD50F9376AD5FBA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chung, R. C. K.;Soepadmo, E.	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFC80746FD50FE786F74FDB8.text	03DF87F0FFC80746FD50FE786F74FDB8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microcos antidesmifolia var. hirsuta (King) Burret	<div><p>b. var. hirsuta (King) Burret — Fig. 3, Map 1</p><p>Microcos antidesmifolia var. hirsuta (King) Burret (1926) 780; R.C.K. Chung et al. (2005b) 106. — Grewia antidesmifolia King var. hirsuta King (1891) 113; Ridl. (1933) 489. — Lectotype (Chung et al. 2005b): King’s Collector 10185 (holo K), Peninsular Malaysia, Perak.</p><p>Microcos elmeri Merr. (1929) 186; Masam. (1942) 450; Coode et al. (1996) 323, p.p. — Grewia elmeri (Merr.) P.S. Ashton (1988) 443. — Type: Elmer 20911 (A, BO, GH, K, L, NY, SING, UC), Borneo, Sabah, Tawau.</p><p>Microcos creaghii Ridl. (1933) 490; Masam. (1942) 449. — Type: Creagh s.n. (K), Borneo, Sabah, Sandakan .</p><p>Grewia antidesmifolia auct. non King (1891): Kochummen (1973) 397, p.p. (excl. G. antidesmifolia var. hirsuta).</p><p>Twigs densely or sparsely covered with stellate hairs. Stipules lanceolate, 4–10 by 1–2 mm, apex acute or obtuse, sparsely covered with stellate hairs on both sides, caducous to persistent. Leaves: petioles (5–)6 –10(–15) mm long; blade glabrous or sparsely covered with stellate hairs on midrib and secondary veins above, sparsely covered with stellate hairs beneath, inequilateral; domatia absent. Inflorescences Type A and Type B panicles; involucral bracts of inner whorl narrowly oblong, 1.5– 2 by 0.2– 0.4 mm, apex acute. Flower buds 2 –3.5 by 1–1.8 mm; sepals oblong, 3– 4.5 by 0.7–2 mm; petals absent or 5, elliptic or oblong, 1.2 –1.5 by 0.8 –1 mm, apex rounded, outside sparsely covered with glandular trichomes all over, inside</p><p>2 mm</p><p>densely covered with stellate hairs around the glands to c. 0.75 of its length; androgynophore 0.5 – 0.8 mm long; stamens with filaments sparsely covered with stellate hairs at base to c. 0.25 of its length and glabrous towards the apex; ovary 3(– 4)-locular, 0.8–1.5 mm diam, depressed ovate or depressed obovate in cross section, covered with stellate hairs or sparsely covered with glandular trichomes. Fruits with 3– 4 shallow vertical lobes. Pyrenes 3 – 4, 1– 2(–3) fertile, 1–2(–3) sterile.</p><p>Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia (confined to Perak and Selangor) and Borneo.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In alluvial freshwater swamp forest and mixed dipterocarp forest on yellow clay or brown to black soil; on hillsides, ridges or along riversides, at 150 – 900 m altitude. Flowering and fruiting almost all year round.</p><p>Uses — Ripe fruits edible.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87F0FFC80746FD50FE786F74FDB8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chung, R. C. K.;Soepadmo, E.	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFCB0746FF9AFD886B9BF880.text	03DF87F0FFCB0746FF9AFD886B9BF880.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microcos erythrocarpa (Ridl.) Airy Shaw	<div><p>2. Microcos erythrocarpa (Ridl.) Airy Shaw — Fig. 4; Map 2</p><p>Microcos erythrocarpa (Ridl.) Airy Shaw (1949) 160; I.M.Turner (1997) 487. — Grewia erythrocarpa Ridl.(1920) 174,p.p. (quoad specim. Ridley 15908); Ridl.(1922) 301, p.p.; Burret (1926) 731 (as an excluded species); Kochummen (1973) 397. — Lectotype (designated here): Ridley 15908 (holo K; iso SING), Peninsular Malaysia, Selangor, Sempang Mines.</p><p>Small tree to 8 m tall, dbh to 4 cm; buttresses absent. Twigs smooth, dark brown, densely covered with tufted hairs when young, glabrescent or glabrous when older. Stipules unlobed, lanceolate, 9 –12 by 2 – 2.5 mm, apex acuminate, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides, caducous. Leaves yellowish green or olive-green on both sides, chartaceous, glabrous or densely covered with simple and tufted hairs on midrib and glabrescent on secondary veins above, glabrous or sparsely covered with simple and tufted hairs on midrib and secondary veins beneath; petioles (7–)8–11(–13) mm long, (1–) 1.3– 2(–2.5) mm thick, yellowish brown to dark brown, apically not swollen, densely covered with tufted hairs; blade narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate or sometimes elliptic, inequilateral, (10–)13– 27(–31) by (3–)4.5–7(– 8) cm, base subcordate or rarely obtuse, margin entire, not ciliate, apex acuminate, acumen 1–2 cm long with a pointed tip; midrib flattened above, raised beneath; secondary veins (5–)8 –10(–13) pairs, slightly conspicuous or inconspicuous above, prominent beneath, basal pair reaching almost or slightly more than 0.25 of blade length, forming an angle of 45° with the midrib; domatia absent; tertiary veins reticulate, inconspicuous above, conspicuous beneath. Inflorescences Type A and Type B panicles, terminal and rarely axillary, (2–)5 –8(–10) cm long, densely covered with tufted hairs; bracts unlobed, lanceolate, (6 –)8 –10(–12) by 2 –2.5(–3) mm, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides, often persistent; involucral bracts of outer whorl 4 –6.5 mm long, 2 – 3-divided, lobes oblong, 3 –5 mm long, apex acute, smooth outside, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides, that of inner whorl oblanceolate, 5 –7 by 1–1.8 mm, apex acute, densely or sparsely covered with tufted hairs on both sides. Flower buds globose or narrowly oblong, 2 – 3 by 1.5 – 2 mm, densely covered with tufted hairs; pedicels 0.5 –1.5 mm long, 0.5 – 0.9 mm thick, densely covered with tufted hairs; sepals oblanceolate, 5.5 –7 by 0.8–1.5 mm, densely covered with tufted hairs outside, sparsely covered with tufted hairs inside; petals 5, oblong, 2 –2.3 by 1.4–1.7 mm, apex emarginate or shallowly 2-lobed, outside sparsely covered with tufted hairs at base to c. 0.25 of its length and glabrous towards the apex, inside densely covered with tufted hairs around the glands and glabrous towards the apex, glands globose; androgynophore concave in outline, 1–1.3 mm long, c. 0.5 mm diam, shallowly longitudinally grooved with 5 ridges, glabrous, apical part not expanded outwards, with entire rim covered with tufted hairs or glabrescent; stamens with filaments 2.8–3.5 mm long, glabrous, anthers c. 0.5 mm diam; ovary 3-locular, globose, 1–1.2 mm diam, circular in cross section, densely covered with tufted hairs; style 2.5 – 3 mm long, glabrous. Infructescences densely covered with tufted hairs. Fruits ripening bright red, obovoid, smooth, 2.5 – 3 by 1.5– 2.5 cm, drying brown-black or black, glabrous; apex rounded, without pseudostalk; exocarp membranous and soft; mesocarp 4– 5 mm thick; endocarp thin-coriaceous. Fertile pyrene 1, 1-seeded, 6 – 8 mm long; sterile pyrene inconspicuous.</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. Found in Perak, Pahang (Fraser’s Hills, Cameron Highlands and Genting Highlands only) and Selangor.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp and lower montane forests; on ridges and hill slopes, at 900–1400 m altitude. Flowering: March– May, July– September; fruiting: April, July– September, December.</p><p>Vernacular name — Damak (Malay).</p><p>Notes — Ridley (1920) cited Wray 599 as one of the syntypes of G. erythrocarpa . This collection, however, differs from M. erythrocarpa in the vegetative and reproductive characters, and should be included in M. fibrocarpa .</p><p>Similar to M. malayana (a lowland forest species) but can be easily distinguished by its caducous stipules, smaller leaves with shorter acumen, as well as by floral and fruit characters.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87F0FFCB0746FF9AFD886B9BF880	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chung, R. C. K.;Soepadmo, E.	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFCB0749FD50F8906A9EFBC5.text	03DF87F0FFCB0749FD50F8906A9EFBC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microcos fibrocarpa (Mast.) Burret	<div><p>3. Microcos fibrocarpa (Mast.) Burret — Fig. 5; Map 3</p><p>Microcos fibrocarpa (Mast.) Burret (1926) 782; Phengklai (1986) 54, f. 24; (1993) 38, f. 24; I.M.Turner (1997) 487; R.C.K. Chung et al. (2005b) 108. — Grewia fibrocarpa Mast. (1874) 391; King (1891) 111; Ridl. (1922) 301; Kochummen (1973) 397; Corner (1988) 733. — Lectotype (Chung et al. 2005b): Maingay 1080 (holo K [with flower buds and fruits]; iso K, 2 sheets), Peninsular Malaysia, Malacca.</p><p>Grewia erythrocarpa Ridl. (1920) 174, p.p. (quoad specim. Wray 599); Ridl. (1922) 301, p.p.</p><p>Small tree to 15 m tall, dbh to 20 cm; buttresses to 60 cm high. Outer bark smooth or dippled, greyish brown to brown; inner bark orange-red to brown; sapwood white; heartwood light red. Twigs smooth, greyish brown to brown, densely covered with tufted hairs when young, glabrescent when older. Stipules 4–7 mm long, 4 –6-parted, lobes linear, 3– 6 mm long, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides, caducous to persistent. Leaves yellowish green to olive-green on both sides, chartaceous, minutely scabrous or densely covered with simple and tufted hairs on midrib and secondary veins above, densely covered with soft simple and tufted hairs beneath; petioles (5–) 7–15 mm long, 1.5 – 2.5(– 3) mm thick, yellowish brown, apically not swollen, densely covered with tufted hairs; blade elliptic, oblong, or sometimes broadly elliptic, obovate or rarely ovate, equilateral or sometimes inequilateral, (11–)13– 24(–29) by 4 –10(–12) cm, base obtuse or rounded, margin distantly and obscurely serrulate, undulate, ciliate, apex shortly and abruptly acuminate, acumen (0.5–)1– 2.5(–3) cm long with a pointed tip; midrib and secondary veins impressed above, raised beneath; secondary veins 7–10 pairs, basal pair reaching between 0.25 and 0.5 of blade length, forming an angle of 45° with the midrib; domatia absent; tertiary veins (sub-)scalariform, slightly impressed and obscure above, thin but prominent beneath. Inflorescences Type A and Type B panicles, terminal or axillary, (1–)2– 5(–6) cm long, densely covered with tufted hairs; bracts 4– 6-parted, lobes linear or lanceolate, 2– 6 mm long, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides, persistent or caducous; involucral bracts of outer whorl 5 – 6 mm long, 2-parted, lobes narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate, 3 – 4 mm long, apex acute, smooth outside, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides, that of inner whorl lanceolate, 3.5 – 6 by 1–1.5 mm, apex acute, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides. Flower buds obovoid, 4– 8 by 3.5 – 5 mm, densely covered with tufted hairs; pedicels 0.9–1.2 mm long, c. 1 mm thick, densely covered with tufted hairs; sepals linear or elliptic, 8 –11 by 2 – 2.5 mm, densely covered with tufted hairs outside, sparsely covered with tufted hairs inside; petals 5, oblong, 2 –3.3 by 0.5 –1 mm, apex truncate, outside sparsely covered with tufted hairs at base to c. 0.25 of its length and glabrous towards the apex, inside densely covered with tufted hairs around the glands to c. 0.5 of its length and glabrous towards the apex; glands obovoid; androgynophore concave in outline, 1–1.5 mm long, 0.5 – 0.8 mm diam, striate, glabrous, apical part slightly expanded outwards, with undulate rim covered with tufted hairs; stamens with filaments 4.5–5.5 mm long, glabrous, anthers c. 0.5 mm diam; ovary 3-locular, broadly ovoid or globose, 1.5 – 2 mm diam, broadly ovate in cross section, densely covered with tufted hairs; style 4 – 5 mm long, glabrous. Infructescences densely covered with tufted hairs. Fruits ripening orange to red, obovoid, smooth, 2 – 3 by 1– 2 cm, drying yellowish brown, densely covered with tufted hairs; apex rounded, without pseudostalk; exocarp membranous; mesocarp 4 – 6 mm thick; endocarp thin-coriaceous. Fertile pyrene 1, 1-seeded, 7–10 mm long; sterile pyrene inconspicuous.</p><p>Distribution — Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp forest on sandstone or acidic rock; on gently sloping hillsides, ridge tops or sometimes along river banks, at 90 –600 m altitude. Flowering and fruiting all year round.</p><p>Vernacular names — Asam damat, chenderai asam, chenderai hutan, chenderai paya, chenderai rimba, damak-damak asam, damak-damak bulu (Malay).</p><p>Uses — Ripe fruits edible (Mohd. Shah &amp; Ahmad MS 3241, Van Balgooy 2195 and Whitmore FRI 12845).</p><p>Note — This species is morphologically similar to M. globulifera (see note under M. globulifera).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87F0FFCB0749FD50F8906A9EFBC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chung, R. C. K.;Soepadmo, E.	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFC4074AFD50FB526DF7FCBB.text	03DF87F0FFC4074AFD50FB526DF7FCBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microcos globulifera (Mast.) Burret	<div><p>4. Microcos globulifera (Mast.) Burret — Fig. 6; Map 4</p><p>Microcos globulifera (Mast.) Burret (1926) 779; I.M.Turner (1997) 487; I.M.Turner et al. (1997) 3. — Grewia globulifera Mast. (1874) 391; King (1891) 112;Ridl.(1922) 302; Kochummen (1973) 397.— Lectotype (designated here): Maingay 1576 (holo K; iso K), Peninsular Malaysia, Malacca.</p><p>Microcos blattaefolia (Corner) R.S.Rao (1949) 299, p.p. (quoad specim. Maingay 245 et Maingay 1576A).</p><p>Medium-sized tree to 18(– 21) m tall, dbh to 25(– 40) cm; buttresses absent, with slightly fluted bole at the base. Outer bark smooth and sparsely lenticellate, brownish grey to reddish brown; inner bark light brown to brown, outer part granular, inner part fibrous; sapwood pale yellow to white; heartwood pale brown. Twigs smooth, greyish brown to dark brown, densely covered with tufted hairs when young, glabrescent or glabrous when older. Stipules early caducous. Leaves yellowish green to olive-green on both sides, subcoriaceous, minutely scabrous or sparsely covered with simple and tufted hairs on midrib and secondary veins above, sparsely covered with simple and tufted hairs beneath; petioles (10 –)11–18(–23) mm long, (1.5–)2 –2.5(– 3) mm thick, yellowish brown to brown, apically not swollen, densely covered with tufted hairs; blade elliptic to broadly elliptic or sometimes slightly obovate, inequilateral, (10–)12– 23(–25) by (7–)8 –12(–14) cm, base rounded or sometimes obtuse, margin entire, not ciliate, apex acute or sometimes shortly and abruptly acuminate, acumen 0.5–1(–1.5) cm long with a blunt tip; midrib and secondary veins flattened above, raised beneath; secondary veins 7–9 pairs, basal pair reaching between 0.25 and 0.5 of blade length, forming an angle of more than 45° with the midrib; domatia absent; tertiary veins scalariform, obscure above, rather thin but conspicuous beneath. Inflorescences Type B panicles, 4 –8(–12) cm long, terminal and axillary, densely covered with tufted hairs; bracts early caducous; involucral bracts of outer whorl unlobed, elliptic, 6–7 by 4– 4.5 mm long, apex broadly acute, or sometimes 2-lobed, lobes ovate, 1–2 mm long, apex acute, rugose outside, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides, that of inner whorl lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 4.5 –5.5 by 1.5 – 2.5 mm, apex acute, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides. Flower buds oblong, 3 – 4 by 2 – 3 mm, densely covered with tufted hairs; pedicels 0.4– 0.5 mm long, c. 0.5 mm thick, densely covered with tufted hairs; sepals oblong, 5.5– 8 by 1.2 –2.2 mm, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides; petals 5, linear or lanceolate, 3– 3.5 by 0.5 –1.5 mm, apex shortly acuminate or acute, outside sparsely covered with tufted hairs at base and glabrous towards the apex, inside sparsely covered with tufted hairs around the glands to c. 0.5 of its length and glabrescent towards the apex; glands globose or sometimes absent; androgynophore shallowly cup-shaped in outline, 0.7–1 mm long, c. 0.8 mm diam, smooth, glabrous, apical part slightly expanded outwards, with undulate, pubescent rim; stamens with filaments 2–5.5 mm long, glabrous, anthers c. 0.5 mm diam; ovary 3-locular, ovoid, 1.2 –1.5 mm diam, transversely elliptic in cross section, densely covered with tufted hairs; style 3– 3.5 mm long, glabrous. Infructescences densely covered with tufted hairs. Fruits ripening orange, obovoid, smooth, 2.5 –3 by 1.5– 2.5 cm, drying yellowish brown to brown, densely covered with tufted hairs; apex rounded, without pseudostalk; exocarp membranous; mesocarp 5– 8 mm thick; endocarp thin-coriaceous. Fertile pyrene 1, 1-seeded, 6 – 8 mm long; sterile pyrene inconspicuous.</p><p>Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp forest on sandy soil; on hillsides or ridge tops, near streams, to 300 m altitude. Flowering: February– June,August; fruiting: March–April, June, August– September.</p><p>Vernacularnames — Chenderairimba,damak-damak,damak-damak bulu, damak-damak merah, dedamak, menamak, salut sabul (Malay).</p><p>Uses — Ripe fruits edible (Wray 3779).</p><p>Notes — Microcos globulifera is sometimes confused with the very variable M. latifolia because of its leaf shape. The present species differs from M. latifolia (especially the Peninsular Malaysian specimens) by its minutely scabrous leaves above (vs glabrous), midrib flattened above (vs impressed), involucral bracts of outer whorl rugose outside (vs smooth), oblong flower buds (vs broadly obovoid), shallowly cup-shaped in outline and smooth androgynophore (vs concave in outline and shallowly longitudinally grooved), 5 – 8 mm thick mesocarp (vs 1.5– 3 mm thick), coriaceous endocarp (vs woody), one pyrene (vs three), and inconspicuous sterile pyrene (vs conspicuous).</p><p>Morphologically, M. globulifera is also similar to M. fibrocarpa, but can be distinguished by its subcoriaceous leaves which are sparsely covered with simple and tufted hairs beneath (vs chartaceous, densely covered with soft simple and tufted hairs), entire non-ciliate margin (vs distantly and obscurely serrulate, ciliate margin), blunt acumen tip (vs pointed), and flattened midrib and secondary veins above (vs impressed), as well as by its floral characters.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87F0FFC4074AFD50FB526DF7FCBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chung, R. C. K.;Soepadmo, E.	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFC7074CFD50FC886C57F929.text	03DF87F0FFC7074CFD50FC886C57F929.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microcos hirsuta (Korth.) Burret	<div><p>5. Microcos hirsuta (Korth.) Burret — Fig. 7; Map 5</p><p>Microcos hirsuta (Korth.) Burret (1926) 782; Whitmore &amp; Tantra (1986) 241; I.M.Turner (1993) 221; (1997) 487; Cheek &amp; I.M.Turner (1995) 129; R.C.K. Chung et al. (2005b) 110. — Omphacarpus hirsutus Korth. (1842a) t. 42; (1842b) 193. — Grewia omphacarpa Miq. (1859) 204; Ridl. (1922) 301. — Grewia hirsuta (Korth.) Kochummen (1973) 39, nom. illegit.&amp; nom. superfl., non G. hirsuta Vahl (1790) 34; Whitmore &amp; Tantra (1986) 240; Keng (1990) 88. — Lectotype (Chung et al. 2005b): Korthals s.n. (holo L, acc. no. 908.253-200; iso L, acc. nos. 944.56-122–124, 908.253-353, 908.253-341–342), Borneo, Kalimantan, Doesoen River.</p><p>Grewia palembanica Miq. (1861) 405. — Type: Teijsmann HB 3658 (BO, L, acc. no. 908.253-799, U n.v.), Sumatra, Palembang, Muara Enim .</p><p>Small tree to 15 m tall, dbh to 20 cm; buttresses absent. Outer bark smooth, greyish brown; inner bark pale orange to pinkish brown, fibrous; sapwood pink to white. Twigs smooth, dark brown to black, densely covered with stellate hairs when young, glabrescent when older. Stipules 4 – 6 mm long, 3– 4-lobed or 3 – 4-cleft, lobes oblong or lanceolate, 2– 4 mm long, glabrescent on both sides, caducous. Leaves olive-green on both sides, subcoriaceous, glabrous or sparsely covered with simple and stellate hairs on midrib and secondary veins above, densely covered with simple and stellate hairs beneath; petioles (5–)6 –16(– 20) mm long, 1–2 mm thick, yellowish brown, apically swollen for 4 –10 mm long, densely covered with stellate hairs; blade narrowly elliptic or narrowly oblong, rarely elliptic or oblong, equilateral or sometimes inequilateral, (9–)10 –25(– 32) by (3–)4–10(–13) cm, base obtuse to rounded, margin entire, sometimes ciliate, apex acuminate or acute, acumen 1–2.5(– 3) cm long with a pointed tip; midrib and secondary veins flattened above, raised beneath; secondary veins 7–9 pairs, basal pair reaching between 0.25 and 0.5 of blade length, forming an angle of less than 45° with the midrib; domatia absent; tertiary veins reticulate, inconspicuous above, thin and prominent beneath. Inflorescences Type A and Type B panicles, terminal and axillary, (1–)1.5–3(–6) cm long, densely covered with stellate hairs; bracts 2– 3-cleft, lobes lanceolate, 1–2.5 mm long, densely covered with stellate hairs on both sides, persistent or caducous; involucral bracts of outer whorl 6 – 8.5 mm long, 2 – 3-cleft, lobes ovate, 2 – 4 mm long, apex acute, smooth and densely covered with stellate hairs outside, sparsely covered with stellate hairs inside, that of inner whorl oblanceolate, 4 – 5 by 1.5 – 2 mm, apex acute, densely covered with stellate hairs on both sides. Flower buds oblong, 2.5 – 4.5 2 mm 2 mm 2 mm 3 mm by 1.8– 2.5 mm, densely covered with stellate hairs; pedicels 0.5–2 mm long, 0.6–0.9 mm thick, densely covered with stellate hairs; sepals linear or narrowly oblong, 7–10 by 1.2 –1.5 mm, densely covered with stellate hairs outside, sparsely covered with stellate hairs inside; petals 5, lanceolate, 2 –4 by 0.7–1 mm, apex shallowly 2– 3-lobed, outside covered with stellate hairs at base to c. 0.25 of its length and glabrous towards the apex, inside densely covered with stellate hairs around the glands to c. 0.25 of its length and glabrous towards the apex; glands depressed obovoid; androgynophore concave in outline, 0.7–1.2 mm long, c. 0.8 mm diam, smooth, covered with stellate hairs or glabrescent (in buds) then become glabrous (in flowers), apical part expanded into a platform-like structure of c. 0.2 mm wide, with undulate rim covered with stellate hairs; stamens with filaments 3.2–5 mm long, glabrous, anthers c. 0.2 mm diam; ovary 3-locular, ellipsoid, 1.5 –2 mm diam, circular in cross section, densely covered with stellate hairs; style 3 –3.5 mm long, glabrous. Infructescences sparsely covered with stellate hairs. Fruits ripening bright orange, obovoid, smooth, 2– 2.8 by 1–2 cm, drying yellowish brown to brown, densely covered with stellate hairs; apex rounded, without pseudostalk; exocarp membranous; mesocarp 3 –5 mm thick; endocarp thin-coriaceous. Fertile pyrene 1, 1-seeded, 7–10 mm long; sterile pyrene inconspicuous.</p><p>Distribution — Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Borneo.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In alluvial freshwater swamp and mixed dipterocarp forests on yellow sandy soil; on gentle to steep slopes, or ridges, at 25– 900 m altitude. Flowering and fruiting all year round.</p><p>Uses — Ripe fruits edible ( Mat Asri FRI 38695).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87F0FFC7074CFD50FC886C57F929	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chung, R. C. K.;Soepadmo, E.	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFC1074EFF9AF93F6DB9F8B0.text	03DF87F0FFC1074EFF9AF93F6DB9F8B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microcos lanceolata (Miq.) Burret	<div><p>6. Microcos lanceolata (Miq.) Burret — Fig. 8; Map 6</p><p>Microcos lanceolata (Miq.) Burret (1926) 778;I.M.Turner(1997)487.— Inodaphnis lanceolata Miq. (1861) 357; (1867) 89. — Grewia miqueliana Kurz (1872) 398; King (1891) 115; Ridl. (1922) 302; Kochummen (1973) 397; (1997) 429; Whitmore &amp; Tantra (1986) 240. — Type: Teijsmann s.n. (n.v.), W Sumatra, Pajakumbuh.</p><p>Small tree to 15 m tall, dbh to 15 cm; buttresses absent. Outer bark smooth, lenticellate, dark brown with grey patches; inner bark red; sapwood white or pale with net-like rays. Twigs smooth, brown to dark brown, covered with minute stellate hairs when young, glabrous when older. Stipules unlobed, lanceolate, 4 – 6(–9) by 0.9 –1.2(–1.5) mm, apex obtuse, sparsely covered with minute stellate hairs on both sides, caducous. Leaves brown to dark brown on both sides, chartaceous or subcoriaceous, glabrescent or glabrous on both sides; petioles 4 –7(–9) mm long, 1–2 mm thick, brown to dark brown, apically not swollen, sparsely covered with minute stellate hairs or glabrous; blade narrowly elliptic to elliptic, equilateral or sometimes inequilateral towards base, (6.5–)7–18(–20) by (2.5 –)3– 5.5(– 6) cm, base narrowly cuneate to cuneate or sometimes shortly attenuate, margin entire, not ciliate, apex acuminate, acumen 0.5–1(–1.5) cm long, blunt; midrib and secondary veins raised on both sides; secondary veins (6 –)7– 8 pairs, basal pair reaching almost 0.25 or occasionally between 0.25 and 0.5 of blade length, forming an angle of less than 45° with the midrib; domatia absent; tertiary veins reticulate, obscure above, conspicuous or obscure beneath. Inflorescences Type A and sometimes Type B panicles, terminal or axillary, 2 – 4 cm long, covered with minute stellate hairs; bracts early caducous; involucral bracts of outer whorl 4 –5 mm long, 2-cleft, lobes ovate, 1.5– 2.3 mm long, apex acute, smooth, blackish, and covered with minute stellate hairs or glabrescent outside, densely covered with stellate hairs inside, that of inner whorl oblanceolate or obovate, 4 – 5.2 by 1.5 –2.2 mm, apex acute or obtuse, covered with minute stellate hairs on both sides. Flower buds obovoid, 3.9 –4.2 by 1.7–1.9 mm, densely covered with stellate hairs; pedicels 0.5 –1.5 mm long, 0.6 – 0.8 mm thick, densely covered with stellate hairs; sepals oblanceolate, 5– 6 by 1–1.5 mm, densely covered with stellate hairs on both sides; petals 5, linear or oblanceolate, 1.5– 2 by 0.2 – 0.5 mm, apex acute, sparsely covered with stellate hairs (outside) or densely covered with stellate hairs (inside) at base to c. 0.25 of its length and glabrous towards the apex on both sides; glands absent; androgynophore cylindrical in outline, 0.2 – 0.3 mm long, 0.8 –1 mm diam, longitudinally grooved, glabrous, apical part slightly expanded outwards, with slightly undulate rim covered with</p><p>4 cm</p><p>stellate hairs; stamens with filaments 3–4 mm long, glabrous, anthers 0.2 – 0.3 mm diam; ovary 2-locular, globose or ovoid, 0.8–1 mm diam, transversely elliptic with 3 shallow ridges in cross section, densely covered with stellate hairs; style 3.5– 4 mm long, glabrous. Infructescences sparsely covered with minute stellate hairs. Fruits obovoid, smooth, 1.5 –2.5 by 1–1.5 cm, drying chestnut-brown to dull brown, glabrous; apex rounded, without pseudostalk; exocarp brittle; mesocarp 1–3 mm thick; endocarp 0.5–1.5 mm thick, woody. Pyrenes 2, partly connate or free; fertile pyrene 1, 1-seeded, 7–9 mm long; sterile pyrene 1, conspicuous; pyrenes arranged horizontally, with the fertile one nearly of the same size as the sterile pyrene.</p><p>Distribution — Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp forest; frequently found along rivers or on ridge tops, to 600 m altitude. Flowering: March – June, August– October, December; fruiting: February– April, June– November.</p><p>Vernacular names — Batang libut, chenderai hutan, chenderai paya, malabu (Malay).</p><p>Uses — Ripe fruits edible (Zainuddin FRI 17941).</p><p>1 cm 1 mm</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87F0FFC1074EFF9AF93F6DB9F8B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chung, R. C. K.;Soepadmo, E.	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFDC0751FF9AFFA86A2AFACF.text	03DF87F0FFDC0751FF9AFFA86A2AFACF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microcos latifolia Burret	<div><p>7. Microcos latifolia Burret — Fig. 9; Map 7</p><p>Microcos latifolia Burret (1926) 781; R.C.K. Chung et al. (2005b) 111. — Grewia latifolia Mast. in Hook.f. (1874) 392, non G. latifolia F.Muell. ex Benth.(1863) 271; King (1891) 112;Ridl.(1922) 300.— Grewia blattaefolia Corner (1939) 262; Kochummen (1973) 399; (1997) 429; Corner (1988) 733; Keng (1990) 88. — Microcos blattaefolia (Corner) R.S.Rao (1949) 300, p.p.; I.M.Turner (1993) 221; (1997) 487. — Lectotype (Chung et al. 2005b): Maingay 3150 (holo K), Peninsular Malaysia, Malacca.</p><p>Small tree to 15 m tall, dbh to 20 cm; buttresses absent. Outer bark smooth, lenticellate, brown or reddish brown with greenish patches; inner bark pale brown or brown, fibrous; sapwood white. Twigs striate, greyish brown, densely covered with tufted hairs. Stipules unlobed, oblong, 3–7 by 2 – 4 mm, apex obtuse, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides, caducous or persistent. Leaves brown to dark brown on both sides, coriaceous, glabrous or densely covered with simple and tufted hairs on midrib and secondary veins above, densely covered with simple and tufted hairs or glabrescent beneath; petioles (6–)8 –16(–19) mm long, 2– 2.5(– 3) mm thick, brown to dark brown, apically not swollen, densely covered with tufted hairs; blade narrowly or broadly elliptic, equilateral or sometimes inequilateral, (10 –)13– 27(–30) by (4–)5 –10(–12) cm, base cuneate or obtuse to rounded, margin entire and uneven, not ciliate, apex obtuse, acute or acuminate, acumen 1–2 cm long with a pointed tip; midrib and secondary veins impressed or raised above, raised beneath; secondary veins 6 – 9 pairs, basal pair reaching between 0.25 and 0.5 of blade length, forming an angle of 45° with the midrib; domatia absent; tertiary veins reticulate, inconspicuous above, conspicuous or obscure beneath. Inflorescences Type B panicles, terminal or axillary, (2–) 3.5–8 cm long, densely covered with tufted hairs; bracts unlobed, narrowly elliptic or obovate, 1.5– 4.5(– 5.5) by 0.3 –1.5(–3.5) mm, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides, caducous or occasionally persistent; involucral bracts of outer whorl 4 –5.5 mm long, 2 – 3-parted or 2– 3-divided, lobes lanceolate, 2.5– 4 mm long, apex acute, smooth outside, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides, that of inner whorl oblanceolate, 3.5 – 4 by 1–1.8 mm, apex obtuse or obliquely truncate, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides. Flower buds broadly obovoid, 3 – 5.5 by 2– 4 mm, densely covered with tufted hairs; pedicels 0.8–1 mm long, c. 1 mm thick, densely covered with tufted hairs; sepals oblanceolate, 5.5– 8 by 1–1.5 mm, densely covered with tufted hairs outside, sparsely covered with tufted hairs inside; petals 5, broadly ovate, 1.5– 3 by 1–1.5 mm, apex acute or obtuse, outside densely covered with tufted hairs at base to c. 0.5 of its length and sparsely covered with glandular trichomes towards the apex, inside densely covered with tufted hairs around the glands to c. 0.75 of its length and glabrous towards the apex; glands obloid or broadly obovoid; androgynophore concave in outline, 1–1.3(–2) mm long, 0.8 –1(–1.5) mm diam, shallowly longitudinally grooved, glabrous or sparsely covered with tufted hairs only on the ridges, apical part not expanded outwards, with undulate rim covered with tufted hairs; stamens with filaments 2.5–4(–5) mm long, glabrous, anthers c. 0.1 mm diam; ovary (1–)3-locular with internal ridges covered with tufted hairs directly opposite the placenta, subglobose or obloid, 1.2 –1.5 mm diam, oblate in cross section, densely covered with tufted hairs; style 2.5 –3.5(–4) mm long, occasionally glabrous or covered with tufted hairs at base to reaching between 0.25 and 0.5 of its length and glabrous towards the apex. Infructescences sparsely covered with tufted hairs. Fruits obovoid, smooth, 1.5– 2(–2.5) by 1–1.5(–1.8) cm, drying brown to dark brown, initially sparsely covered with tufted hairs, becoming glabrous; apex rounded, without pseudostalk; exocarp brittle or membranous; mesocarp 1.5– 3 mm thick; endocarp 1–2(–2.5) mm thick, woody. Pyrenes 3, partly connate; fertile pyrene 1, 1-seeded, 8 –10 mm long; sterile pyrene 2, conspicuous; pyrenes arranged horizontally or occasionally triangularly, with the fertile one larger than the sterile pyrenes.</p><p>Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Borneo (confined to Sarawak and Brunei).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In lowland and hill mixed dipterocarp forests, to 600 m altitude. Flowering: January, March – October; fruiting: January, April, July–December.</p><p>Vernacular names — Chenderai gajah, damak-damak bulu, tajam damak (Malay).</p><p>Uses — Ripe fruits edible.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87F0FFDC0751FF9AFFA86A2AFACF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chung, R. C. K.;Soepadmo, E.	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFDC0753FD50FA596FF3FAFF.text	03DF87F0FFDC0753FD50FA596FF3FAFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microcos latistipulata (Ridl.) Burret	<div><p>8. Microcos latistipulata (Ridl.) Burret</p><p>Microcos latistipulata (Ridl.) Burret (1926) 795; Whitmore &amp; Tantra (1986) 241; I. M. Turner (1997) 487; R.C.K. Chung et al. (2005b) 112. — Grewia latistipulata Ridl. (1924) 262; (1925) 293. — Type: Burkill SFN 7826 (holo K; iso SING), Peninsular Malaysia, Selangor, Klang .</p><p>Small tree. Twigs striate, brown, sparsely covered with minute stellate hairs when young, glabrous when older. Stipules unlobed, narrowly obovate to obovate, (2–)9–15(–18) by (1–)4– 7(–9) mm, apex rounded, sparsely covered with minute stellate hairs or glabrous on both sides, caducous or persistent. Leaves brown to deep brown on both sides, coriaceous, glabrous on both sides; petioles (4–)8 – 25(–32) mm long, 1.5 – 4 mm thick, dark brown, apically not swollen, glabrous; blade narrowly elliptic to elliptic, sometimes broader towards apex, equilateral, (11–)17–35(– 37.2) by (4.5–)7–14(–16.5) cm, base narrowly cuneate or obtuse to rounded, margin entire, not ciliate, apex acute or obtuse, acumen 0.5–0.9 cm long with a blunt tip; midrib and secondary veins slightly raised above, distinctly raised and sharp beneath; secondary veins (6 –)7–11(–12) pairs, basal pair reaching almost 0.5 of blade length, forming an angle of 45° with the midrib; one pair of hairy pocket-type domatia sometimes present beneath in axils of basal vein pair as well as other veins; tertiary veins reticulate, obscure above, conspicuous beneath. Inflorescences Type A and Type B panicles, terminal and axillary, (1.5 –)3 –11(–12) cm long, densely or sparsely covered with minute stellate hairs; bracts unlobed, oblong, elliptic or obovate, 5 –15(–17) by 2 –8(–9) mm, sparsely covered with stellate hairs or glabrous on both sides, persistent or caducous; involucral bracts of outer whorl 7–8.5 mm long, 2-lobed, lobes ovate, 2– 2.5 mm long, apex obtuse, smooth outside, densely covered with stellate hairs or glabrescent on both sides, that of inner whorl elliptic or oblong, 6.5 –7.5 by 2.5 –4 mm, apex rounded or obliquely truncate, densely covered with stellate hairs on both sides. Flower buds obovoid, 4.5 – 6 by 2.5 – 4 mm, densely covered with stellate hairs; pedicels 1–1.5 mm long, c. 1 mm thick, densely covered with stellate hairs; sepals oblanceolate, 5 –6 by 1–1.5 mm, densely covered with stellate hairs outside, sparsely covered with stellate hairs inside; petals absent or 5, oblong or oblanceolate, 2 – 3 by 0.4 –0.7 mm, apex mucronate or truncate, outside sparsely covered with stellate hairs at base to c. 0.5 of its length and glabrous towards the apex, inside glabrous or sometimes sparsely covered with stellate hairs around the glands to c. 0.5 of its length and glabrous towards the apex; glands globose or absent; androgynophore cup-shaped in outline, 0.5– 0.7 mm long, 0.5 –1.5 mm diam, surface wavy, covered with stellate hairs or glabrous, apical part not expanded outwards, with undulate rim densely covered with stellate hairs; stamens with filaments 2–4 mm long, glabrous or occasionally sparsely covered with stellate hairs at base to c. 0.25 of its length and glabrous towards the apex, anthers c. 0.2 mm diam; ovary (2 –)3-locular, ovoid, 0.8 –1.5 mm diam, oblate in cross section, sparsely covered with stellate hairs or glabrous; style 1.5– 3 mm long, glabrous. Infructescences glabrescent. Fruits ripening reddish orange, pyriform, smooth or sometimes with 3 shallow vertical lobes, 1.8– 3 by 1.2 –2 cm, drying dark brown to black, glabrous; apex rounded or sometimes beaked, pseudostalk narrowed, 4 –10 mm long; exocarp thin and hard; mesocarp 2 – 4 mm thick; endocarp c. 1 mm thick, woody. Pyrenes 3, partly connate or free; fertile pyrene 1, 1-seeded, 7–13 mm long; sterile pyrenes 2, thin and conspicuous; pyrenes arranged triangularly, with the fertile one larger than the sterile pyrenes.</p><p>Distribution — Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.</p><p>Note — A species with two recognised varieties. In Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo only var. latistipulata is known. The other, var. lanceolata, occurs in Sumatra.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87F0FFDC0753FD50FA596FF3FAFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chung, R. C. K.;Soepadmo, E.	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFDE0753FF9AFA496A67FE67.text	03DF87F0FFDE0753FF9AFA496A67FE67.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microcos latistipulata var. latistipulata	<div><p>a. var. latistipulata — Fig. 10; Map 4</p><p>Small tree to 12 m tall, dbh to 30 cm; buttresses to 15 cm high. Outer bark smooth, greyish brown; inner bark yellowish brown, fibrous; sapwood pale yellow or white. Stipules obovate, (9 –)12 –15(–18) by (4 –)5.5–7(– 9) mm. Leaves: petioles (8 –)10 – 25(– 32) mm long, 2 –4 mm thick; blade elliptic, sometimes broader towards the apex, (14 –)17–35(– 37.2) by (7–)8 –14(–16.5) cm; base obtuse to rounded; basal pair of secondary veins reaching between 0.25 and 0.5 of blade length. Inflorescences (3 –)7.5 –11(–12) cm long; bracts obovate, 8–15(–17) by 4– 8(–9) mm.</p><p>Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo (confined to the east coast of Sabah).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp forest on brownish black, yellowish and red soil; on hillsides or ridges, at 60–150 m altitude. Flowering: January –October; fruiting: January– June, August– September, November– December.</p><p>Uses — Ripe fruits edible.</p><p>Note — After examining the specimens of var. lanceolata (i.e., Beccari 931 and Beccari 937), we concluded that both varieties have coriaceous leaves, raised midrib and secondary veins above and also distinctly raised as well as sharp midrib and secondary veins beneath, pyriform fruits with 3 shallow vertical lobes, 3 pyrenes with 2 conspicuous sterile pyrenes, and pyrenes arranged into a triangular position with the fertile pyrene larger than the sterile pyrenes. However, var. lanceolata differs from var. latistipulata by its narrowly obovate stipules measuring 2 – 3 by 1 mm (vs obovate; 9–18 by 4 –9 mm), narrowly elliptic (11– 20 by 4.5–7 cm) leaves with narrowly cuneate base (vs elliptic; obtuse to rounded), basal pair of secondary veins reaching less than 0.25 of blade length (vs reaching between 0.25 and 0.5 of blade length), 4 – 8 mm long petioles (vs 8– 32 mm long), 1.5– 2.5 cm long inflorescences (vs 3–12 cm long), and oblong or elliptic bracts measuring 5 –7 by 2– 3 mm (vs obovate; 8 –15 by 4 –9 mm).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87F0FFDE0753FF9AFA496A67FE67	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chung, R. C. K.;Soepadmo, E.	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFDE0755FD50FDF16CB5F8DD.text	03DF87F0FFDE0755FD50FDF16CB5F8DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microcos laurifolia (Mast.) Burret	<div><p>9. Microcos laurifolia (Hook.f. ex Mast.) Burret — Fig. 11; Map 8</p><p>Microcos laurifolia (Hook.f. ex Mast.) Burret (1926) 771; Phengklai (1986) 56, f. 25; (1993) 39, f. 25; I.M.Turner (1997) 487; R.C.K. Chung et al. (2005b) 113. — Grewia laurifolia Hook.f. ex Mast. (1874) 392; King (1891) 114; Baker f. (1924) 13; Kochummen (1973) 399; (1997) 429; Corner (1988) 733. — Lectotype (Chung et al. 2005b): Maingay 1647 (holo K (with flower buds); iso K (with fruits)), Peninsular Malaysia, Malacca.</p><p>Grewia florida auct.non Miq. 1861: Ridl.(1922) 303,p.p. (excl. syn. G. laurifolia).</p><p>Medium-sized tree to 25(– 45) m tall, dbh to 60(–70) cm; buttresses short or absent; bole fluted at base. Outer bark smooth or finely fissured, sparsely lenticellate, greyish brown; inner bark brown with purplish streaks, granular; sapwood pale yellow to white. Twigs smooth, greyish brown to black, sparsely covered with simple or minute stellate hairs when young, greyish brown to brown, slightly grooved and glabrous when older. Stipules early caducous. Leaves olive-green to reddish brown or dark brown on both sides, subcoriaceous, glabrous or sparsely covered with simple or minute stellate hairs on midrib and secondary veins on both sides; petioles (10 –)14– 26(– 29) mm long, 1–1.5(–2) mm thick, dark brown to black, apically swollen for 5 –10 mm long, densely covered with simple or minute stellate hairs near the distal end above, sparsely covered with simple or minute stellate hairs towards the proximal end beneath; blade elliptic, narrowly oblong or lanceolate, equilateral, (7–)9–17(–18.5) by (3 –)3.5–6.5(–7) cm, base shortly attenuate or rounded, margin entire, not ciliate, apex acute or acuminate, acumen 0.5 –1.5 cm long with a pointed tip; midrib and secondary veins impressed or rarely flattened above, raised beneath; secondary veins 3 –4 pairs, basal pair reaching almost 0.75 of blade length, forming an angle of less than 45° with the midrib; glabrous pocket-type domatia sometimes present beneath in axils of basal vein pair; tertiary veins reticulate, obscure above, conspicuous or obscure beneath. Inflorescences Type A and sometimes Type B panicles, terminal or axillary, (3–) 4– 9 cm long, densely covered with minute stellate hairs; bracts early caducous; involucral bracts of outer whorl 3 – 3.5 mm long, (2 –)3-parted, lobes lanceolate, (1–) 1.5 – 2 mm long, apex acute, smooth outside, densely covered with stellate hairs on both sides, that of inner whorl oblanceolate or rarely narrowly elliptic, 2.5–4 by 0.7–1.3 mm, apex obtuse or obliquely truncate, densely covered with stellate hairs on both sides. Flower buds obovoid, (2.5 –)3 – 3.5(– 4) by 1.5– 2 mm, densely covered with stellate hairs; pedicels (0.4 –)0.8 –1(–1.2) mm long, 0.5 – 0.8 mm thick, densely covered with stellate hairs; sepals narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, 4 – 5.5 by 0.8 –1.5 mm, densely covered with stellate hairs outside, sparsely covered with stellate hairs towards the apex inside; petals 5 or fewer by abortion, oblong, 2.2 – 2.8 by 0.8 –1 mm, apex shallowly 2 – 3-lobed, outside densely covered with stellate hairs at base to c. 0.5 of its length and sparsely covered with glandular trichomes towards the apex, inside densely covered with stellate hairs around glands to c. 0.5 of its length and sparsely covered with glandular trichomes towards the apex; glands broadly obovoid; androgynophore obovate in outline, 1–1.2 mm long, 0.5 –0.8 mm diam, shallowly longitudinally grooved, glabrous, apical part expanded into a platform-like structure of c. 0.2 mm wide with undulate rim covered with stellate hairs; stamens with filaments 2–2.5 mm long, glabrous, anthers c. 0.2 mm diam; ovary 3-locular, globose or obloid, 0.6 – 0.7 mm diam, oblate or transversely elliptic in cross section, sparsely covered with glandular trichomes in buds and lesser in flowers; style 2 –2.5 mm long, glabrous. Infructescences densely covered with minute stellate hairs. Fruits ripening yellow, pyriform, with 2 –3 shallow vertical furrows, 1.5– 2 by 0.8 –1.3 cm, drying brown to dark brown, glabrous; apex rounded, pseudostalk narrowed, 5 –8 mm long; exocarp membranous; mesocarp 1–1.5 mm thick; endocarp 0.5 –1 mm thick, woody. Pyrenes 3, free; fertile pyrenes 1–2, 1-seeded, 4 – 6 mm long; sterile pyrenes 1–2, conspicuous; pyrenes arranged triangularly, with the fertile one larger than the sterile pyrenes.</p><p>Distribution — Peninsular Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo (Brunei).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp forest; on hillsides, ridges, or near streams, to 1000 m altitude. Flowering: January, March– June, November –December; fruiting: January, April– June.</p><p>Vernacular names — Damak-damak air, jejawai (Malay).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87F0FFDE0755FD50FDF16CB5F8DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chung, R. C. K.;Soepadmo, E.	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFD80755FF9AF8AA6D6DF7A1.text	03DF87F0FFD80755FF9AF8AA6D6DF7A1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microcos malayana R. C. K. Chung	<div><p>10. Microcos malayana R.C.K.Chung — Map 5</p><p>Microcos malayana R.C.K.Chung (2003) 333, f. 2. — Type: Loh FRI 19249 (holo KEP; iso K, L, SING), Peninsular Malaysia, Kelantan, Gua Musang, Batu Papan Forest Reserve .</p><p>Small tree to 9 m tall; without buttresses. Outer bark smooth, reddish brown; inner bark cream; sapwood reddish brown. Twigs striate or sulcate, dark brown, densely covered with tufted hairs when young, glabrescent when older. Stipules elliptic or lanceolate, (9–)10–14(–15) by 3.5 –4(–4.5) mm, apex acuminate, sparsely covered with tufted hairs on both sides, persistent. Leaves olive-green above, dull green or pale brown beneath, subcoriaceous, sometimes bullate, glabrous or sparsely covered with simple and tufted hairs on midrib and secondary veins above, densely covered with simple and tufted hairs beneath; petioles (14–)16–24(– 26) mm long, (2.5 –) 3 – 4 mm thick, pale brown to brown, grooved when more than 3 mm thick, apically not swollen, densely covered with tufted hairs; blade narrowly oblong or narrowly lanceolate, equilateral, (29–)35– 53(– 55) by (5–)7–10(–11) cm, base subcordate, rarely obtuse, margin entire, not ciliate, apex acuminate, acumen 3– 5 cm long with a pointed tip; midrib flattened above, raised and rounded beneath; secondary veins 8 –10(–14) pairs, inconspicuous or sometimes impressed above, prominent beneath, basal pair reaching almost 0.25 of blade length, forming an angle of 45° with the midrib; domatia absent; tertiary veins (sub-)scalariform, inconspicuous above, conspicuous beneath. Inflorescences Type B panicles, terminal or rarely axillary, 13–15 cm long, densely covered with tufted hairs; bracts unlobed, narrowly elliptic or lanceolate, (8–)9 –15(–18) by 4 –5.5(– 6) mm, sparsely covered with tufted hairs on both sides, persistent; involucral bracts of outer whorl 7.5 – 9 mm long, 2-cleft, lobes lanceolate, 1.5 – 3.5 mm long, apex acute or sometimes obtuse, smooth outside, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides, that of inner whorl narrowly elliptic or obovate, 5 – 6 by 0.8–1.5 mm, apex acuminate, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides. Flower buds obovoid, 3– 5 by 2 –3 mm, densely covered with tufted hairs; pedicels 1.5– 3 mm long, 0.6– 0.9 mm thick, densely covered with tufted hairs; sepals oblanceolate, 8 – 9 by 0.8 –1.5 mm, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides; petals 5, lanceolate, 2– 3 by 0.4– 0.8 mm, apex shallowly 2-lobed, or sometimes acuminate, outside densely covered with tufted hairs almost 0.5 of its length and glabrous towards the apex, inside densely covered with tufted hairs around the glands almost 0.5 of its length and glabrous towards the apex, glands ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid; androgynophore concave in outline or swollen at the apex, 1.2–1.5 mm long, 0.5 –0.7 mm diam, striate, glabrous, apical part not expanded outwards, with undulate rim covered with tufted hairs; stamens with filaments 4 – 6 mm long, glabrous, anthers 0.3 – 0.4 mm diam; ovary 3- locular, ellipsoid, 0.8–1.3 mm diam, transversely elliptic in cross section, densely covered with tufted hairs; style 4.5– 5 mm long, glabrous. Infructescences densely covered with tufted hairs. Fruits ripening pinkish red, ellipsoid, smooth, 2– 2.8 by 1.5 –2.5 cm, drying dark brown to black, glabrous; apex rounded, without pseudostalk; exocarp membranous; mesocarp 3 – 5 mm thick; endocarp thin-coriaceous. Fertile pyrene 1, 1-seeded, 8–10 mm long; sterile pyrene inconspicuous.</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. Found in Ulu Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In lowland and hill mixed dipterocarp forests; on ridges or along rivers, to 600 m altitude. Flowering: February –March, June– August; fruiting: June– July, September– November.</p><p>Vernacular names — Chenderai, damak (Malay).</p><p>Notes — This species is closely allied to M. erythrocarpa and M. pearsonii . Apart from the floral and fruit characters, it differs from M. erythrocarpa by its persistent stipules, larger leaves with longer acumen, longer inflorescences and it is a lowland forest species.</p><p>Microcos pearsonii from Borneo is easily distinguished from M. malayana by its leaf base, type of indumentum and floral characters.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87F0FFD80755FF9AF8AA6D6DF7A1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chung, R. C. K.;Soepadmo, E.	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFDA0757FF9AFFA86A53FF7D.text	03DF87F0FFDA0757FF9AFFA86A53FF7D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microcos riparia (Boerl. & Koord.) Burret	<div><p>11. Microcos riparia (Boerl. &amp; Koord.) Burret — Fig. 12; Map 2</p><p>Microcos riparia (Boerl. &amp; Koord.) Burret (1926) 795; Whitmore &amp; Tantra (1986) 241; R.C.K. Chung et al. (2005b) 118. — Grewia riparia Boerl. &amp; Koord. (1911) 35. — Type: Koorders 10450 (holo BO), Sumatra.</p><p>Microcos ovato-lanceolata Burret (1934) 163. — Type: Hallier 1314 (BO, 3 sheets), Borneo, Kalimantan, Sungai Keniboeng .</p><p>Small tree. Twigs smooth or slightly striate, black, covered with minute stellate hairs when young, greyish brown to brown, glabrous when older. Stipules early caducous. Leaves dull brown above, brown beneath, subcoriaceous, glabrous above, glabrous or sparsely covered with minute stellate hairs beneath; petioles (10 –)11–15(–17) mm long, 1–1.5(– 2) mm thick, brown to dark brown, apically swollen for 6 –10 mm long, densely covered with minute stellate hairs above, basally sparsely covered with minute stellate hairs; blade lanceolate or ovate to broadly ovate, equilateral or sometimes inequilateral, (11–)12– 20(–22) by (4–)5 –7(– 8) cm, base obtuse to rounded or truncate, margin distantly serrulate or undulate and rarely entire, not ciliate, apex acuminate, acumen 1–2 cm long with a blunt tip; midrib raised on both sides; secondary veins 5 –7 pairs, flattened above, raised beneath, basal pair reaching almost or more than 0.5 of blade length, forming an angle of 45° with the midrib; hairy pocket-type domatia present beneath in axils of basal vein pair as well as other veins; tertiary veins reticulate, inconspicuous above, conspicuous beneath. Inflorescences Type B panicles, terminal or axillary, (3–) 6 – 8 cm long, covered with minute stellate hairs; bracts early caducous; involucral bracts of outer whorl 4 – 5.5 mm long, 2 – 3-parted, lobes lanceolate, 3 – 4 mm long, apex acute, smooth outside, densely covered with stellate hairs on both sides, that of inner whorl narrowly elliptic or narrowly oblong, 4 – 4.5 by 0.6 –0.9 mm, apex acute, densely covered with stellate hairs on both sides. Flower buds oblong, 4– 6 by 2.5 –3.5 mm, densely covered with stellate hairs; pedicels 0.5–1.2 mm long, 0.7–1 mm thick, densely covered with stellate hairs; sepals lanceolate, 6–7.5 by 1–1.3 mm, densely covered with stellate hairs outside, sparsely covered with stellate hairs towards the apex inside; petals 5, narrowly oblong or lanceolate, 2.5– 3.5 by 0.7–1 mm, apex shallowly 2-lobed, outside densely covered with stellate hairs at base to c. 0.5 of its length and sparsely covered with glandular trichomes towards the apex, inside densely covered with stellate hairs around the glands to c. 0.5 of its length and sparsely covered with glandular trichomes towards the apex; glands ellipsoid; androgynophore concave in outline, 1.5 – 2 mm long, 0.5 –1.2 mm diam, shallowly longitudinally grooved, glabrous, apical part expanded into a flat disc-like structure of c. 0.3 mm wide, with undulate rim covered with stellate hairs; stamens with filaments 2.5–3.5 mm long, glabrous, anthers c. 0.3 mm diam; ovary 3-locular, globose to subglobose, 0.8–1.2 mm diam, circular in cross section, sparsely covered with stellate hairs; style 3.5 – 4 mm long, sparsely covered with stellate hairs at base to reaching between 0.25 and 0.5 of its length and glabrous towards the apex. Infructescences glabrous. Fruits pyriform, smooth, 2.5 – 2.7 by 1.4 –1.8 cm, drying brown-black to dark black, glabrous; apex rounded, pseudostalk narrowed, 5–7 mm long; exocarp membranous; mesocarp 5– 6 mm thick; endocarp c. 0.5 mm thick, woody. Fertile pyrene 1, 1-seeded, 8–10 mm long; sterile pyrene thin, inconspicuous.</p><p>Distribution — Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia (only recorded from Rompin FR, Pahang) and Borneo (Sarawak and E Kalimantan).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Alluvial forest near or along rivers, at low elevation. Flowering:April– May, September; fruiting: March, September, December.</p><p>Vernacular names — Damak-damak, damak-damak air, labulabu (Malay).</p><p>Note — A few collections (Mahamud FMS 17156, Soh FMS 15476, Yeob FMS 3190 and FMS 3237) from Peninsular Malaysia were previously wrongly identified as M. laurifolia . These specimens belong to M. riparia .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87F0FFDA0757FF9AFFA86A53FF7D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chung, R. C. K.;Soepadmo, E.	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFDA0759FD50FECA6FC7F884.text	03DF87F0FFDA0759FD50FECA6FC7F884.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microcos tomentosa Sm.	<div><p>12. Microcos tomentosa Sm. — Fig. 13; Map 9</p><p>Microcos tomentosa Sm. (1813) 2; Backer &amp; Bakh.f.(1964) 393;Whitmore &amp; Tantra (1986) 241; Phengklai (1986) 52, f. 23; (1993) 37, f. 23; I.M.Turner (1997) 487; R.C.K. Chung et al. (2005b) 120. — Grewia paniculata Roxb. ex DC. (1824) 510; King (1891) 110; Ridl. (1922) 300; Kochummen (1973) 397;Whitmore &amp; Tantra (1986) 241; Corner (1988) 734. — Type: Roxburgh s.n. in Herb. EIC 1097B (holo K-W,photo;iso BR,barcode BR-S.P.817069, photocopy), Peninsular Malaysia, Penang.</p><p>Grewia blumei Hassk. (1845) 130. — Type: Teijsmann s.n. (n.v.), Java.</p><p>Grewia cumingiana Turcz.(1858) 231. — Type: Cuming s.n. (B†, n.v.), Peninsular Malaysia.</p><p>Grewia affinis auct. non Lindl. 1826: Hassk. (1844) 207.</p><p>Small tree to 15 m tall, dbh to 20 cm; buttresses absent; bole deeply fluted. Outer bark smooth, slightly flaky, dark grey to brown; inner bark reddish brown, gritty; sapwood pale yellow to white. Twigs slightly striate, pale brown to dark brown, densely covered with stellate hairs when young, glabrous when older. Stipules unlobed, lanceolate, often united in pairs, 4– 6 by 0.5–1 mm, apex acuminate, glabrescent on both sides, caducous or persistent. Leaves deep brown to pale brown above, olive-green to brown beneath, coriaceous, glabrous or sparsely covered with stellate hairs above, densely covered with stellate hairs beneath; petioles (5–)6 –10(–12) mm long, 1–2(–2.5) mm thick, brown, apically not swollen, densely covered with stellate hairs; blade oblong, obovate or sometimes elliptic, equilateral, (7–)10 –17(–22) by (4–)5 –7(–9) cm, base rounded, margin serrate or dentate towards the apex, distantly, jaggedly toothed or undulate and entire on the lower half, not ciliate, apex truncate, shortly or abruptly acuminate, acumen (0.5–)1–1.5(–2) cm long with a pointed tip; midrib and secondary veins impressed above, distinctly raised beneath; secondary veins 5 –7 pairs, basal pair reaching almost 0.75 of blade length, forming an angle of less than 45° with the midrib; domatia absent; tertiary veins scalariform, impressed or obscure above, prominent beneath. Inflorescences Type B panicles, terminal or axillary, (3–)5 –10(–15) cm long, densely covered with rusty stellate hairs; bracts unlobed, lanceolate, often united in pairs, 3.5– 6 by 0.4 –1 mm, or 2 –4-cleft or 2 – 4-parted, lobes linear or lanceolate, to 3 mm long, densely covered with stellate hairs on both sides, persistent; involucral bracts of outer whorl 5– 6 mm long, 3-parted, lanceolate, 2.5 –3.5(– 4.2) mm long, apex shortly acuminate, smooth outside, densely covered with stellate hairs on both sides, that of inner whorl oblanceolate, (3–)5 – 5.8 by (1–) 1.5– 2.2 mm, apex acute, densely covered with stellate hairs on both sides. Flower buds obovoid, 3 –3.5 by 2.2– 2.5 mm, densely covered with stellate hairs; pedicels 0.5– 0.8 mm long, 0.7–0.8 mm thick, densely covered with stellate hairs; sepals obovate, 5– 8 by 1.5 – 2.5 mm, densely covered with stellate hairs on both sides; petals 5, oblong, 2– 3 by 0.5 – 0.9 mm, apex obtuse or slightly 2 – 3-lobed, outside densely covered with stellate hairs at base to c. 0.5 of its length and glabrous towards the apex, inside densely covered with stellate hairs around the glands to c. 0.5 of its length and glabrous towards the apex; glands broadly globose to obloid; androgynophore concave in outline, 0.5 – 0.8 mm long, c. 0.5 mm diam, shallowly and narrowly longitudinally grooved, glabrous, apical part expanded into a platform-like structure of c. 0.3 mm wide, with undulate rim covered with stellate hairs; stamens with filaments 2–5 mm long, sparsely covered with stellate hairs at base to c. 0.25 of its length and glabrous towards the apex, anthers 0.2 – 0.3 mm diam; ovary 3-locular, ellipsoid or ovoid, 0.8 –1.3 mm diam, circular in cross section, densely covered with stellate hairs; style 3 – 3.5 mm long, covered with stellate hairs at base to c. 0.25 of its length and glabrous towards the apex. Infructescences densely covered with stellate hairs. Fruits subglobose or obovoid, curved striate, 0.5 –1.2 by 0.4– 0.9 cm, drying brown to deep brown, sparsely covered with stellate hairs; apex obtuse, without pseudostalk; exocarp membranous; mesocarp 1–2 mm thick; endocarp c. 1 mm thick, woody. Pyrenes 3, partly connate; fertile pyrene 1–2, 1–2- seeded, 3 –9 mm long; sterile pyrenes 1–2, slightly conspicuous to conspicuous; pyrenes occasionally arranged horizontally, with the fertile one nearly of the same size as the sterile pyrenes.</p><p>Distribution — Myanmar, S China, Indochina, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Borneo and the Philippines. In Peninsular Malaysia, this species is common throughout except in the southern states.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp forest (generally, very common in secondary forest), to 600 m altitude. Flowering all year round; fruiting: January– March, May, July– December.</p><p>Vernacular names — Peninsular Malaysia: ara dani, ara lumut, chenderai, chenerah, chenerai, chenirai, chindarah, jenerai, senderai (Malay).</p><p>Uses — Ripe fruits edible (Mohd. Kassim MK 43). Timber used for cabinet work (Phengklai 1993).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87F0FFDA0759FD50FECA6FC7F884	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chung, R. C. K.;Soepadmo, E.	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
