taxonID	type	description	language	source
03DF87F0FFCC0740FD50F9376AD5FBA8.taxon	description	Arsis Lour. (1790) 335. — Type species: Arsis rugosa Lour. [= Microcos paniculata L.]. Fallopia Lour. (1790) 335. — Type species: Fallopia nervosa Lour. [= Microcos nervosa (Lour.) S. Y. Hu]. Omphacarpus Korth. (1842 a) t. 42; (1842 b) 192. — Grewia L. sect. Omphacarpus (Korth.) Miq. (1859) 204; King (1891) 109. — Type species: Omphacarpus opacus Korth. [= Microcos opaca (Korth.) Burret]. Inodaphnis Miq. (1861) 357. — Type species: Inodaphnis lanceolata Miq. [= Microcos lanceolata (Miq.) Burret].	en	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFCC0740FD50F9376AD5FBA8.taxon	distribution	Distribution — The genus comprises about 80 species occurring in tropical Africa (not in Madagascar), India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Indochina (Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam), southern China (incl. Hainan Island), and throughout Malesia (except the Lesser Sunda Islands). In Malesia, about 52 species are known with two centres of species diversity: 36 species in West Malesia and 16 species in the Moluccas and New Guinea. In Peninsular Malaysia there are 12 species with 2 endemics and Singapore has four species (none endemic). Habitat & Ecology — In open and shaded places, often along rivers or streams, in primary and secondary lowland to lower montane forests on alluvial to sandy soils; overlying sandstone or acidic rock, but not on limestone, at altitude to 1400 m. Flowering: mainly in March – July; fruiting: May – November. Uses — The wood of several Microcos species is used locally for general construction under cover (e. g., rafters), and also for making small utensils where strength and elasticity are required, like tool handles, agricultural implements, sporting goods, billiard cues and vehicle bodies. The fibrous bark is utilised for manufacturing ropes and the fruits of most species are reported as edible. The pulped bark is used in Papua New Guinea to stupefy fish (Boer & Sosef 1998).	en	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFC80746FD50FE786F74FDB8.taxon	description	2 mm densely covered with stellate hairs around the glands to c. 0.75 of its length; androgynophore 0.5 – 0.8 mm long; stamens with filaments sparsely covered with stellate hairs at base to c. 0.25 of its length and glabrous towards the apex; ovary 3 (– 4) - locular, 0.8 – 1.5 mm diam, depressed ovate or depressed obovate in cross section, covered with stellate hairs or sparsely covered with glandular trichomes. Fruits with 3 – 4 shallow vertical lobes. Pyrenes 3 – 4, 1 – 2 (– 3) fertile, 1 – 2 (– 3) sterile. Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia (confined to Perak and Selangor) and Borneo. Habitat & Ecology — In alluvial freshwater swamp forest and mixed dipterocarp forest on yellow clay or brown to black soil; on hillsides, ridges or along riversides, at 150 – 900 m altitude. Flowering and fruiting almost all year round. Uses — Ripe fruits edible.	en	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFCB0746FF9AFD886B9BF880.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. Found in Perak, Pahang (Fraser’s Hills, Cameron Highlands and Genting Highlands only) and Selangor. Habitat & Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp and lower montane forests; on ridges and hill slopes, at 900 – 1400 m altitude. Flowering: March – May, July – September; fruiting: April, July – September, December. Vernacular name — Damak (Malay). Notes — Ridley (1920) cited Wray 599 as one of the syntypes of G. erythrocarpa. This collection, however, differs from M. erythrocarpa in the vegetative and reproductive characters, and should be included in M. fibrocarpa. Similar to M. malayana (a lowland forest species) but can be easily distinguished by its caducous stipules, smaller leaves with shorter acumen, as well as by floral and fruit characters.	en	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFCB0749FD50F8906A9EFBC5.taxon	description	Small tree to 15 m tall, dbh to 20 cm; buttresses to 60 cm high. Outer bark smooth or dippled, greyish brown to brown; inner bark orange-red to brown; sapwood white; heartwood light red. Twigs smooth, greyish brown to brown, densely covered with tufted hairs when young, glabrescent when older. Stipules 4 – 7 mm long, 4 – 6 - parted, lobes linear, 3 – 6 mm long, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides, caducous to persistent. Leaves yellowish green to olive-green on both sides, chartaceous, minutely scabrous or densely covered with simple and tufted hairs on midrib and secondary veins above, densely covered with soft simple and tufted hairs beneath; petioles (5 –) 7 – 15 mm long, 1.5 – 2.5 (– 3) mm thick, yellowish brown, apically not swollen, densely covered with tufted hairs; blade elliptic, oblong, or sometimes broadly elliptic, obovate or rarely ovate, equilateral or sometimes inequilateral, (11 –) 13 – 24 (– 29) by 4 – 10 (– 12) cm, base obtuse or rounded, margin distantly and obscurely serrulate, undulate, ciliate, apex shortly and abruptly acuminate, acumen (0.5 –) 1 – 2.5 (– 3) cm long with a pointed tip; midrib and secondary veins impressed above, raised beneath; secondary veins 7 – 10 pairs, basal pair reaching between 0.25 and 0.5 of blade length, forming an angle of 45 ° with the midrib; domatia absent; tertiary veins (sub-) scalariform, slightly impressed and obscure above, thin but prominent beneath. Inflorescences Type A and Type B panicles, terminal or axillary, (1 –) 2 – 5 (– 6) cm long, densely covered with tufted hairs; bracts 4 – 6 - parted, lobes linear or lanceolate, 2 – 6 mm long, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides, persistent or caducous; involucral bracts of outer whorl 5 – 6 mm long, 2 - parted, lobes narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate, 3 – 4 mm long, apex acute, smooth outside, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides, that of inner whorl lanceolate, 3.5 – 6 by 1 – 1.5 mm, apex acute, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides. Flower buds obovoid, 4 – 8 by 3.5 – 5 mm, densely covered with tufted hairs; pedicels 0.9 – 1.2 mm long, c. 1 mm thick, densely covered with tufted hairs; sepals linear or elliptic, 8 – 11 by 2 – 2.5 mm, densely covered with tufted hairs outside, sparsely covered with tufted hairs inside; petals 5, oblong, 2 – 3.3 by 0.5 – 1 mm, apex truncate, outside sparsely covered with tufted hairs at base to c. 0.25 of its length and glabrous towards the apex, inside densely covered with tufted hairs around the glands to c. 0.5 of its length and glabrous towards the apex; glands obovoid; androgynophore concave in outline, 1 – 1.5 mm long, 0.5 – 0.8 mm diam, striate, glabrous, apical part slightly expanded outwards, with undulate rim covered with tufted hairs; stamens with filaments 4.5 – 5.5 mm long, glabrous, anthers c. 0.5 mm diam; ovary 3 - locular, broadly ovoid or globose, 1.5 – 2 mm diam, broadly ovate in cross section, densely covered with tufted hairs; style 4 – 5 mm long, glabrous. Infructescences densely covered with tufted hairs. Fruits ripening orange to red, obovoid, smooth, 2 – 3 by 1 – 2 cm, drying yellowish brown, densely covered with tufted hairs; apex rounded, without pseudostalk; exocarp membranous; mesocarp 4 – 6 mm thick; endocarp thin-coriaceous. Fertile pyrene 1, 1 - seeded, 7 – 10 mm long; sterile pyrene inconspicuous. Distribution — Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. Habitat & Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp forest on sandstone or acidic rock; on gently sloping hillsides, ridge tops or sometimes along river banks, at 90 – 600 m altitude. Flowering and fruiting all year round. Vernacular names — Asam damat, chenderai asam, chenderai hutan, chenderai paya, chenderai rimba, damak-damak asam, damak-damak bulu (Malay). Uses — Ripe fruits edible (Mohd. Shah & Ahmad MS 3241, Van Balgooy 2195 and Whitmore FRI 12845). Note — This species is morphologically similar to M. globulifera (see note under M. globulifera).	en	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFC4074AFD50FB526DF7FCBB.taxon	description	Medium-sized tree to 18 (– 21) m tall, dbh to 25 (– 40) cm; buttresses absent, with slightly fluted bole at the base. Outer bark smooth and sparsely lenticellate, brownish grey to reddish brown; inner bark light brown to brown, outer part granular, inner part fibrous; sapwood pale yellow to white; heartwood pale brown. Twigs smooth, greyish brown to dark brown, densely covered with tufted hairs when young, glabrescent or glabrous when older. Stipules early caducous. Leaves yellowish green to olive-green on both sides, subcoriaceous, minutely scabrous or sparsely covered with simple and tufted hairs on midrib and secondary veins above, sparsely covered with simple and tufted hairs beneath; petioles (10 –) 11 – 18 (– 23) mm long, (1.5 –) 2 – 2.5 (– 3) mm thick, yellowish brown to brown, apically not swollen, densely covered with tufted hairs; blade elliptic to broadly elliptic or sometimes slightly obovate, inequilateral, (10 –) 12 – 23 (– 25) by (7 –) 8 – 12 (– 14) cm, base rounded or sometimes obtuse, margin entire, not ciliate, apex acute or sometimes shortly and abruptly acuminate, acumen 0.5 – 1 (– 1.5) cm long with a blunt tip; midrib and secondary veins flattened above, raised beneath; secondary veins 7 – 9 pairs, basal pair reaching between 0.25 and 0.5 of blade length, forming an angle of more than 45 ° with the midrib; domatia absent; tertiary veins scalariform, obscure above, rather thin but conspicuous beneath. Inflorescences Type B panicles, 4 – 8 (– 12) cm long, terminal and axillary, densely covered with tufted hairs; bracts early caducous; involucral bracts of outer whorl unlobed, elliptic, 6 – 7 by 4 – 4.5 mm long, apex broadly acute, or sometimes 2 - lobed, lobes ovate, 1 – 2 mm long, apex acute, rugose outside, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides, that of inner whorl lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 4.5 – 5.5 by 1.5 – 2.5 mm, apex acute, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides. Flower buds oblong, 3 – 4 by 2 – 3 mm, densely covered with tufted hairs; pedicels 0.4 – 0.5 mm long, c. 0.5 mm thick, densely covered with tufted hairs; sepals oblong, 5.5 – 8 by 1.2 – 2.2 mm, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides; petals 5, linear or lanceolate, 3 – 3.5 by 0.5 – 1.5 mm, apex shortly acuminate or acute, outside sparsely covered with tufted hairs at base and glabrous towards the apex, inside sparsely covered with tufted hairs around the glands to c. 0.5 of its length and glabrescent towards the apex; glands globose or sometimes absent; androgynophore shallowly cup-shaped in outline, 0.7 – 1 mm long, c. 0.8 mm diam, smooth, glabrous, apical part slightly expanded outwards, with undulate, pubescent rim; stamens with filaments 2 – 5.5 mm long, glabrous, anthers c. 0.5 mm diam; ovary 3 - locular, ovoid, 1.2 – 1.5 mm diam, transversely elliptic in cross section, densely covered with tufted hairs; style 3 – 3.5 mm long, glabrous. Infructescences densely covered with tufted hairs. Fruits ripening orange, obovoid, smooth, 2.5 – 3 by 1.5 – 2.5 cm, drying yellowish brown to brown, densely covered with tufted hairs; apex rounded, without pseudostalk; exocarp membranous; mesocarp 5 – 8 mm thick; endocarp thin-coriaceous. Fertile pyrene 1, 1 - seeded, 6 – 8 mm long; sterile pyrene inconspicuous. Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Habitat & Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp forest on sandy soil; on hillsides or ridge tops, near streams, to 300 m altitude. Flowering: February – June, August; fruiting: March – April, June, August – September. Vernacularnames — Chenderairimba, damak-damak, damak-damak bulu, damak-damak merah, dedamak, menamak, salut sabul (Malay). Uses — Ripe fruits edible (Wray 3779). Notes — Microcos globulifera is sometimes confused with the very variable M. latifolia because of its leaf shape. The present species differs from M. latifolia (especially the Peninsular Malaysian specimens) by its minutely scabrous leaves above (vs glabrous), midrib flattened above (vs impressed), involucral bracts of outer whorl rugose outside (vs smooth), oblong flower buds (vs broadly obovoid), shallowly cup-shaped in outline and smooth androgynophore (vs concave in outline and shallowly longitudinally grooved), 5 – 8 mm thick mesocarp (vs 1.5 – 3 mm thick), coriaceous endocarp (vs woody), one pyrene (vs three), and inconspicuous sterile pyrene (vs conspicuous). Morphologically, M. globulifera is also similar to M. fibrocarpa, but can be distinguished by its subcoriaceous leaves which are sparsely covered with simple and tufted hairs beneath (vs chartaceous, densely covered with soft simple and tufted hairs), entire non-ciliate margin (vs distantly and obscurely serrulate, ciliate margin), blunt acumen tip (vs pointed), and flattened midrib and secondary veins above (vs impressed), as well as by its floral characters.	en	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFC7074CFD50FC886C57F929.taxon	description	Small tree to 15 m tall, dbh to 20 cm; buttresses absent. Outer bark smooth, greyish brown; inner bark pale orange to pinkish brown, fibrous; sapwood pink to white. Twigs smooth, dark brown to black, densely covered with stellate hairs when young, glabrescent when older. Stipules 4 – 6 mm long, 3 – 4 - lobed or 3 – 4 - cleft, lobes oblong or lanceolate, 2 – 4 mm long, glabrescent on both sides, caducous. Leaves olive-green on both sides, subcoriaceous, glabrous or sparsely covered with simple and stellate hairs on midrib and secondary veins above, densely covered with simple and stellate hairs beneath; petioles (5 –) 6 – 16 (– 20) mm long, 1 – 2 mm thick, yellowish brown, apically swollen for 4 – 10 mm long, densely covered with stellate hairs; blade narrowly elliptic or narrowly oblong, rarely elliptic or oblong, equilateral or sometimes inequilateral, (9 –) 10 – 25 (– 32) by (3 –) 4 – 10 (– 13) cm, base obtuse to rounded, margin entire, sometimes ciliate, apex acuminate or acute, acumen 1 – 2.5 (– 3) cm long with a pointed tip; midrib and secondary veins flattened above, raised beneath; secondary veins 7 – 9 pairs, basal pair reaching between 0.25 and 0.5 of blade length, forming an angle of less than 45 ° with the midrib; domatia absent; tertiary veins reticulate, inconspicuous above, thin and prominent beneath. Inflorescences Type A and Type B panicles, terminal and axillary, (1 –) 1.5 – 3 (– 6) cm long, densely covered with stellate hairs; bracts 2 – 3 - cleft, lobes lanceolate, 1 – 2.5 mm long, densely covered with stellate hairs on both sides, persistent or caducous; involucral bracts of outer whorl 6 – 8.5 mm long, 2 – 3 - cleft, lobes ovate, 2 – 4 mm long, apex acute, smooth and densely covered with stellate hairs outside, sparsely covered with stellate hairs inside, that of inner whorl oblanceolate, 4 – 5 by 1.5 – 2 mm, apex acute, densely covered with stellate hairs on both sides. Flower buds oblong, 2.5 – 4.5 2 mm 2 mm 2 mm 3 mm by 1.8 – 2.5 mm, densely covered with stellate hairs; pedicels 0.5 – 2 mm long, 0.6 – 0.9 mm thick, densely covered with stellate hairs; sepals linear or narrowly oblong, 7 – 10 by 1.2 – 1.5 mm, densely covered with stellate hairs outside, sparsely covered with stellate hairs inside; petals 5, lanceolate, 2 – 4 by 0.7 – 1 mm, apex shallowly 2 – 3 - lobed, outside covered with stellate hairs at base to c. 0.25 of its length and glabrous towards the apex, inside densely covered with stellate hairs around the glands to c. 0.25 of its length and glabrous towards the apex; glands depressed obovoid; androgynophore concave in outline, 0.7 – 1.2 mm long, c. 0.8 mm diam, smooth, covered with stellate hairs or glabrescent (in buds) then become glabrous (in flowers), apical part expanded into a platform-like structure of c. 0.2 mm wide, with undulate rim covered with stellate hairs; stamens with filaments 3.2 – 5 mm long, glabrous, anthers c. 0.2 mm diam; ovary 3 - locular, ellipsoid, 1.5 – 2 mm diam, circular in cross section, densely covered with stellate hairs; style 3 – 3.5 mm long, glabrous. Infructescences sparsely covered with stellate hairs. Fruits ripening bright orange, obovoid, smooth, 2 – 2.8 by 1 – 2 cm, drying yellowish brown to brown, densely covered with stellate hairs; apex rounded, without pseudostalk; exocarp membranous; mesocarp 3 – 5 mm thick; endocarp thin-coriaceous. Fertile pyrene 1, 1 - seeded, 7 – 10 mm long; sterile pyrene inconspicuous. Distribution — Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Borneo. Habitat & Ecology — In alluvial freshwater swamp and mixed dipterocarp forests on yellow sandy soil; on gentle to steep slopes, or ridges, at 25 – 900 m altitude. Flowering and fruiting all year round. Uses — Ripe fruits edible (Mat Asri FRI 38695).	en	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFC1074EFF9AF93F6DB9F8B0.taxon	description	4 cm stellate hairs; stamens with filaments 3 – 4 mm long, glabrous, anthers 0.2 – 0.3 mm diam; ovary 2 - locular, globose or ovoid, 0.8 – 1 mm diam, transversely elliptic with 3 shallow ridges in cross section, densely covered with stellate hairs; style 3.5 – 4 mm long, glabrous. Infructescences sparsely covered with minute stellate hairs. Fruits obovoid, smooth, 1.5 – 2.5 by 1 – 1.5 cm, drying chestnut-brown to dull brown, glabrous; apex rounded, without pseudostalk; exocarp brittle; mesocarp 1 – 3 mm thick; endocarp 0.5 – 1.5 mm thick, woody. Pyrenes 2, partly connate or free; fertile pyrene 1, 1 - seeded, 7 – 9 mm long; sterile pyrene 1, conspicuous; pyrenes arranged horizontally, with the fertile one nearly of the same size as the sterile pyrene. Distribution — Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Habitat & Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp forest; frequently found along rivers or on ridge tops, to 600 m altitude. Flowering: March – June, August – October, December; fruiting: February – April, June – November. Vernacular names — Batang libut, chenderai hutan, chenderai paya, malabu (Malay). Uses — Ripe fruits edible (Zainuddin FRI 17941). 1 cm 1 mm	en	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFDC0751FF9AFFA86A2AFACF.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Borneo (confined to Sarawak and Brunei). Habitat & Ecology — In lowland and hill mixed dipterocarp forests, to 600 m altitude. Flowering: January, March – October; fruiting: January, April, July – December. Vernacular names — Chenderai gajah, damak-damak bulu, tajam damak (Malay). Uses — Ripe fruits edible.	en	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFDC0753FD50FA596FF3FAFF.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. Note — A species with two recognised varieties. In Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo only var. latistipulata is known. The other, var. lanceolata, occurs in Sumatra.	en	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFDE0753FF9AFA496A67FE67.taxon	description	Small tree to 12 m tall, dbh to 30 cm; buttresses to 15 cm high. Outer bark smooth, greyish brown; inner bark yellowish brown, fibrous; sapwood pale yellow or white. Stipules obovate, (9 –) 12 – 15 (– 18) by (4 –) 5.5 – 7 (– 9) mm. Leaves: petioles (8 –) 10 – 25 (– 32) mm long, 2 – 4 mm thick; blade elliptic, sometimes broader towards the apex, (14 –) 17 – 35 (– 37.2) by (7 –) 8 – 14 (– 16.5) cm; base obtuse to rounded; basal pair of secondary veins reaching between 0.25 and 0.5 of blade length. Inflorescences (3 –) 7.5 – 11 (– 12) cm long; bracts obovate, 8 – 15 (– 17) by 4 – 8 (– 9) mm. Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo (confined to the east coast of Sabah). Habitat & Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp forest on brownish black, yellowish and red soil; on hillsides or ridges, at 60 – 150 m altitude. Flowering: January – October; fruiting: January – June, August – September, November – December. Uses — Ripe fruits edible. Note — After examining the specimens of var. lanceolata (i. e., Beccari 931 and Beccari 937), we concluded that both varieties have coriaceous leaves, raised midrib and secondary veins above and also distinctly raised as well as sharp midrib and secondary veins beneath, pyriform fruits with 3 shallow vertical lobes, 3 pyrenes with 2 conspicuous sterile pyrenes, and pyrenes arranged into a triangular position with the fertile pyrene larger than the sterile pyrenes. However, var. lanceolata differs from var. latistipulata by its narrowly obovate stipules measuring 2 – 3 by 1 mm (vs obovate; 9 – 18 by 4 – 9 mm), narrowly elliptic (11 – 20 by 4.5 – 7 cm) leaves with narrowly cuneate base (vs elliptic; obtuse to rounded), basal pair of secondary veins reaching less than 0.25 of blade length (vs reaching between 0.25 and 0.5 of blade length), 4 – 8 mm long petioles (vs 8 – 32 mm long), 1.5 – 2.5 cm long inflorescences (vs 3 – 12 cm long), and oblong or elliptic bracts measuring 5 – 7 by 2 – 3 mm (vs obovate; 8 – 15 by 4 – 9 mm).	en	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFDE0755FD50FDF16CB5F8DD.taxon	description	Medium-sized tree to 25 (– 45) m tall, dbh to 60 (– 70) cm; buttresses short or absent; bole fluted at base. Outer bark smooth or finely fissured, sparsely lenticellate, greyish brown; inner bark brown with purplish streaks, granular; sapwood pale yellow to white. Twigs smooth, greyish brown to black, sparsely covered with simple or minute stellate hairs when young, greyish brown to brown, slightly grooved and glabrous when older. Stipules early caducous. Leaves olive-green to reddish brown or dark brown on both sides, subcoriaceous, glabrous or sparsely covered with simple or minute stellate hairs on midrib and secondary veins on both sides; petioles (10 –) 14 – 26 (– 29) mm long, 1 – 1.5 (– 2) mm thick, dark brown to black, apically swollen for 5 – 10 mm long, densely covered with simple or minute stellate hairs near the distal end above, sparsely covered with simple or minute stellate hairs towards the proximal end beneath; blade elliptic, narrowly oblong or lanceolate, equilateral, (7 –) 9 – 17 (– 18.5) by (3 –) 3.5 – 6.5 (– 7) cm, base shortly attenuate or rounded, margin entire, not ciliate, apex acute or acuminate, acumen 0.5 – 1.5 cm long with a pointed tip; midrib and secondary veins impressed or rarely flattened above, raised beneath; secondary veins 3 – 4 pairs, basal pair reaching almost 0.75 of blade length, forming an angle of less than 45 ° with the midrib; glabrous pocket-type domatia sometimes present beneath in axils of basal vein pair; tertiary veins reticulate, obscure above, conspicuous or obscure beneath. Inflorescences Type A and sometimes Type B panicles, terminal or axillary, (3 –) 4 – 9 cm long, densely covered with minute stellate hairs; bracts early caducous; involucral bracts of outer whorl 3 – 3.5 mm long, (2 –) 3 - parted, lobes lanceolate, (1 –) 1.5 – 2 mm long, apex acute, smooth outside, densely covered with stellate hairs on both sides, that of inner whorl oblanceolate or rarely narrowly elliptic, 2.5 – 4 by 0.7 – 1.3 mm, apex obtuse or obliquely truncate, densely covered with stellate hairs on both sides. Flower buds obovoid, (2.5 –) 3 – 3.5 (– 4) by 1.5 – 2 mm, densely covered with stellate hairs; pedicels (0.4 –) 0.8 – 1 (– 1.2) mm long, 0.5 – 0.8 mm thick, densely covered with stellate hairs; sepals narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, 4 – 5.5 by 0.8 – 1.5 mm, densely covered with stellate hairs outside, sparsely covered with stellate hairs towards the apex inside; petals 5 or fewer by abortion, oblong, 2.2 – 2.8 by 0.8 – 1 mm, apex shallowly 2 – 3 - lobed, outside densely covered with stellate hairs at base to c. 0.5 of its length and sparsely covered with glandular trichomes towards the apex, inside densely covered with stellate hairs around glands to c. 0.5 of its length and sparsely covered with glandular trichomes towards the apex; glands broadly obovoid; androgynophore obovate in outline, 1 – 1.2 mm long, 0.5 – 0.8 mm diam, shallowly longitudinally grooved, glabrous, apical part expanded into a platform-like structure of c. 0.2 mm wide with undulate rim covered with stellate hairs; stamens with filaments 2 – 2.5 mm long, glabrous, anthers c. 0.2 mm diam; ovary 3 - locular, globose or obloid, 0.6 – 0.7 mm diam, oblate or transversely elliptic in cross section, sparsely covered with glandular trichomes in buds and lesser in flowers; style 2 – 2.5 mm long, glabrous. Infructescences densely covered with minute stellate hairs. Fruits ripening yellow, pyriform, with 2 – 3 shallow vertical furrows, 1.5 – 2 by 0.8 – 1.3 cm, drying brown to dark brown, glabrous; apex rounded, pseudostalk narrowed, 5 – 8 mm long; exocarp membranous; mesocarp 1 – 1.5 mm thick; endocarp 0.5 – 1 mm thick, woody. Pyrenes 3, free; fertile pyrenes 1 – 2, 1 - seeded, 4 – 6 mm long; sterile pyrenes 1 – 2, conspicuous; pyrenes arranged triangularly, with the fertile one larger than the sterile pyrenes. Distribution — Peninsular Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo (Brunei). Habitat & Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp forest; on hillsides, ridges, or near streams, to 1000 m altitude. Flowering: January, March – June, November – December; fruiting: January, April – June. Vernacular names — Damak-damak air, jejawai (Malay).	en	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFD80755FF9AF8AA6D6DF7A1.taxon	description	Microcos malayana R. C. K. Chung (2003) 333, f. 2. — Type: Loh FRI 19249 (holo KEP; iso K, L, SING), Peninsular Malaysia, Kelantan, Gua Musang, Batu Papan Forest Reserve. Small tree to 9 m tall; without buttresses. Outer bark smooth, reddish brown; inner bark cream; sapwood reddish brown. Twigs striate or sulcate, dark brown, densely covered with tufted hairs when young, glabrescent when older. Stipules elliptic or lanceolate, (9 –) 10 – 14 (– 15) by 3.5 – 4 (– 4.5) mm, apex acuminate, sparsely covered with tufted hairs on both sides, persistent. Leaves olive-green above, dull green or pale brown beneath, subcoriaceous, sometimes bullate, glabrous or sparsely covered with simple and tufted hairs on midrib and secondary veins above, densely covered with simple and tufted hairs beneath; petioles (14 –) 16 – 24 (– 26) mm long, (2.5 –) 3 – 4 mm thick, pale brown to brown, grooved when more than 3 mm thick, apically not swollen, densely covered with tufted hairs; blade narrowly oblong or narrowly lanceolate, equilateral, (29 –) 35 – 53 (– 55) by (5 –) 7 – 10 (– 11) cm, base subcordate, rarely obtuse, margin entire, not ciliate, apex acuminate, acumen 3 – 5 cm long with a pointed tip; midrib flattened above, raised and rounded beneath; secondary veins 8 – 10 (– 14) pairs, inconspicuous or sometimes impressed above, prominent beneath, basal pair reaching almost 0.25 of blade length, forming an angle of 45 ° with the midrib; domatia absent; tertiary veins (sub-) scalariform, inconspicuous above, conspicuous beneath. Inflorescences Type B panicles, terminal or rarely axillary, 13 – 15 cm long, densely covered with tufted hairs; bracts unlobed, narrowly elliptic or lanceolate, (8 –) 9 – 15 (– 18) by 4 – 5.5 (– 6) mm, sparsely covered with tufted hairs on both sides, persistent; involucral bracts of outer whorl 7.5 – 9 mm long, 2 - cleft, lobes lanceolate, 1.5 – 3.5 mm long, apex acute or sometimes obtuse, smooth outside, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides, that of inner whorl narrowly elliptic or obovate, 5 – 6 by 0.8 – 1.5 mm, apex acuminate, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides. Flower buds obovoid, 3 – 5 by 2 – 3 mm, densely covered with tufted hairs; pedicels 1.5 – 3 mm long, 0.6 – 0.9 mm thick, densely covered with tufted hairs; sepals oblanceolate, 8 – 9 by 0.8 – 1.5 mm, densely covered with tufted hairs on both sides; petals 5, lanceolate, 2 – 3 by 0.4 – 0.8 mm, apex shallowly 2 - lobed, or sometimes acuminate, outside densely covered with tufted hairs almost 0.5 of its length and glabrous towards the apex, inside densely covered with tufted hairs around the glands almost 0.5 of its length and glabrous towards the apex, glands ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid; androgynophore concave in outline or swollen at the apex, 1.2 – 1.5 mm long, 0.5 – 0.7 mm diam, striate, glabrous, apical part not expanded outwards, with undulate rim covered with tufted hairs; stamens with filaments 4 – 6 mm long, glabrous, anthers 0.3 – 0.4 mm diam; ovary 3 - locular, ellipsoid, 0.8 – 1.3 mm diam, transversely elliptic in cross section, densely covered with tufted hairs; style 4.5 – 5 mm long, glabrous. Infructescences densely covered with tufted hairs. Fruits ripening pinkish red, ellipsoid, smooth, 2 – 2.8 by 1.5 – 2.5 cm, drying dark brown to black, glabrous; apex rounded, without pseudostalk; exocarp membranous; mesocarp 3 – 5 mm thick; endocarp thin-coriaceous. Fertile pyrene 1, 1 - seeded, 8 – 10 mm long; sterile pyrene inconspicuous. Distribution — Endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. Found in Ulu Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang. Habitat & Ecology — In lowland and hill mixed dipterocarp forests; on ridges or along rivers, to 600 m altitude. Flowering: February – March, June – August; fruiting: June – July, September – November. Vernacular names — Chenderai, damak (Malay). Notes — This species is closely allied to M. erythrocarpa and M. pearsonii. Apart from the floral and fruit characters, it differs from M. erythrocarpa by its persistent stipules, larger leaves with longer acumen, longer inflorescences and it is a lowland forest species. Microcos pearsonii from Borneo is easily distinguished from M. malayana by its leaf base, type of indumentum and floral characters.	en	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFDA0757FF9AFFA86A53FF7D.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia (only recorded from Rompin FR, Pahang) and Borneo (Sarawak and E Kalimantan). Habitat & Ecology — Alluvial forest near or along rivers, at low elevation. Flowering: April – May, September; fruiting: March, September, December. Vernacular names — Damak-damak, damak-damak air, labulabu (Malay). Note — A few collections (Mahamud FMS 17156, Soh FMS 15476, Yeob FMS 3190 and FMS 3237) from Peninsular Malaysia were previously wrongly identified as M. laurifolia. These specimens belong to M. riparia.	en	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
03DF87F0FFDA0759FD50FECA6FC7F884.taxon	description	Grewia cumingiana Turcz. (1858) 231. — Type: Cuming s. n. (B †, n. v.), Peninsular Malaysia. Grewia affinis auct. non Lindl. 1826: Hassk. (1844) 207. Small tree to 15 m tall, dbh to 20 cm; buttresses absent; bole deeply fluted. Outer bark smooth, slightly flaky, dark grey to brown; inner bark reddish brown, gritty; sapwood pale yellow to white. Twigs slightly striate, pale brown to dark brown, densely covered with stellate hairs when young, glabrous when older. Stipules unlobed, lanceolate, often united in pairs, 4 – 6 by 0.5 – 1 mm, apex acuminate, glabrescent on both sides, caducous or persistent. Leaves deep brown to pale brown above, olive-green to brown beneath, coriaceous, glabrous or sparsely covered with stellate hairs above, densely covered with stellate hairs beneath; petioles (5 –) 6 – 10 (– 12) mm long, 1 – 2 (– 2.5) mm thick, brown, apically not swollen, densely covered with stellate hairs; blade oblong, obovate or sometimes elliptic, equilateral, (7 –) 10 – 17 (– 22) by (4 –) 5 – 7 (– 9) cm, base rounded, margin serrate or dentate towards the apex, distantly, jaggedly toothed or undulate and entire on the lower half, not ciliate, apex truncate, shortly or abruptly acuminate, acumen (0.5 –) 1 – 1.5 (– 2) cm long with a pointed tip; midrib and secondary veins impressed above, distinctly raised beneath; secondary veins 5 – 7 pairs, basal pair reaching almost 0.75 of blade length, forming an angle of less than 45 ° with the midrib; domatia absent; tertiary veins scalariform, impressed or obscure above, prominent beneath. Inflorescences Type B panicles, terminal or axillary, (3 –) 5 – 10 (– 15) cm long, densely covered with rusty stellate hairs; bracts unlobed, lanceolate, often united in pairs, 3.5 – 6 by 0.4 – 1 mm, or 2 – 4 - cleft or 2 – 4 - parted, lobes linear or lanceolate, to 3 mm long, densely covered with stellate hairs on both sides, persistent; involucral bracts of outer whorl 5 – 6 mm long, 3 - parted, lanceolate, 2.5 – 3.5 (– 4.2) mm long, apex shortly acuminate, smooth outside, densely covered with stellate hairs on both sides, that of inner whorl oblanceolate, (3 –) 5 – 5.8 by (1 –) 1.5 – 2.2 mm, apex acute, densely covered with stellate hairs on both sides. Flower buds obovoid, 3 – 3.5 by 2.2 – 2.5 mm, densely covered with stellate hairs; pedicels 0.5 – 0.8 mm long, 0.7 – 0.8 mm thick, densely covered with stellate hairs; sepals obovate, 5 – 8 by 1.5 – 2.5 mm, densely covered with stellate hairs on both sides; petals 5, oblong, 2 – 3 by 0.5 – 0.9 mm, apex obtuse or slightly 2 – 3 - lobed, outside densely covered with stellate hairs at base to c. 0.5 of its length and glabrous towards the apex, inside densely covered with stellate hairs around the glands to c. 0.5 of its length and glabrous towards the apex; glands broadly globose to obloid; androgynophore concave in outline, 0.5 – 0.8 mm long, c. 0.5 mm diam, shallowly and narrowly longitudinally grooved, glabrous, apical part expanded into a platform-like structure of c. 0.3 mm wide, with undulate rim covered with stellate hairs; stamens with filaments 2 – 5 mm long, sparsely covered with stellate hairs at base to c. 0.25 of its length and glabrous towards the apex, anthers 0.2 – 0.3 mm diam; ovary 3 - locular, ellipsoid or ovoid, 0.8 – 1.3 mm diam, circular in cross section, densely covered with stellate hairs; style 3 – 3.5 mm long, covered with stellate hairs at base to c. 0.25 of its length and glabrous towards the apex. Infructescences densely covered with stellate hairs. Fruits subglobose or obovoid, curved striate, 0.5 – 1.2 by 0.4 – 0.9 cm, drying brown to deep brown, sparsely covered with stellate hairs; apex obtuse, without pseudostalk; exocarp membranous; mesocarp 1 – 2 mm thick; endocarp c. 1 mm thick, woody. Pyrenes 3, partly connate; fertile pyrene 1 – 2, 1 – 2 - seeded, 3 – 9 mm long; sterile pyrenes 1 – 2, slightly conspicuous to conspicuous; pyrenes occasionally arranged horizontally, with the fertile one nearly of the same size as the sterile pyrenes. Distribution — Myanmar, S China, Indochina, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Borneo and the Philippines. In Peninsular Malaysia, this species is common throughout except in the southern states. Habitat & Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp forest (generally, very common in secondary forest), to 600 m altitude. Flowering all year round; fruiting: January – March, May, July – December. Vernacular names — Peninsular Malaysia: ara dani, ara lumut, chenderai, chenerah, chenerai, chenirai, chindarah, jenerai, senderai (Malay). Uses — Ripe fruits edible (Mohd. Kassim MK 43). Timber used for cabinet work (Phengklai 1993).	en	Chung, R. C. K., Soepadmo, E. (2011): Taxonomic revision of the genus Microcos (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Blumea 56 (3): 273-299, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X619704, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x619704
