taxonID	type	description	language	source
03DD34516A6BFFE1FF36F8BDF5382EA9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (Figs 5, 7 B): Boana appendiculata is characterized by: (1) mean SVL 45 mm in males (range 38.5 – 53.1; N = 96), 63.8 mm in females (range 50.2 – 72.6; N = 40; Table 5); (2) thighs long (TL / SVL 0.45 – 0.56); (3) dorsal skin finely granular; (4) dorsum coloration dull tan, brown, dark brown or cream usually with irregular dark brown markings frequently including an X- shaped mark in scapular region; (5) flanks and hidden surfaces of thighs creamy or pale grey with black vertical stripes (either single or paired); (6) areolate skin on the posterior surface of throat, belly and ventral surfaces of thighs; (7) venter vary from creamy white to yellowish white or orange, with or without dark brown spots; (8) in life, webbing yellow, orange or brown; (9) palpebrum reticulated; (10) nuptial excrescences present in breeding males; (11) projecting prepollices absent in both sexes; (12) tympanum large with distinct tympanic ring; (13) small, triangular calcar on heel, often coloured; 0.4) 2.27 0.4) 2.7 0.5 1.6) 0.4 2.8) 0.4) 0.5 3.7) length ± – ± – ± – ± – ± 2.4 ± – CL 1.5 (0.7 2.1 (1.1 1.1 0.9 (2.3 (1.9 1.7 1 (– 2.5 1.6 (= Tibia TL; Analysis FL 16.3 1.8 ± (–) 19.8 13 24 ± 2.1 28 –) (18.4 ± 16.4 0.9 – 14.9 () 18.6 ± 2.8 25.2 21.2 (28.8 –) 1.9 ± 19.2 23.6 –) 15.8 (± 2.3 31 (27.8) – 34.4 diameter Component ± 2 – 26.2) 2.2 ±) – 37.7 0.8 ± 23.6 –) ± 4.4 40.2) – 1.9 ± 30.9 –) 2.8 ± – 47.9) Tympanum = TD Principal FEL 22.8 2.1 19.1 () 25.8 2.7 33.9 26.9 (37.8) 1.2 21.9 (23.5) 20.4 34.5 31.1 38.2 () 27.3 23.8) 29.8 (42.4 2.9 () 47.8 36.9; diameter for ± – ± – ± – 4.1 – ± 2 – ± – Eye = used TL 21.8 18.1 (32.9 26.9 (20.7 (18.5 33 ± 29.3 (26.8 (22.8 41.9 (36.3; ED ventrimaculata TD ± 3.9 0.4 3) – 4.8 (0.5 ± 5.1 (4 – 5.8) 0.3 3.3 ± – (2.8) 3.9 0.3 4.6 ±) – (4.3 5.1 ± 0.5 4.8 5.6 (3.7) – 6.4 ± 0.8 7.7 – (5.1) width Head = HW; mm.. B length in and nigra ± 0.5) 5.6 – 0.5 5.9) 0.5 ± 5.5) – 0.5 ± – 5.8) 0.6 ± 6.3 –) ± 0.8) 8.4 – = Head are B,. ED 4.6 (3.7 5 ± (– 4 4.1 3.4 (5.3 (4.6 5.3 (3.9 6.7 (5.3 measurements appendiculata HW ± 16.6 1.5) – 18.4 11.9 (1.5 ± 22.7 – 19.1 25 () 1.2 ± 14.5 10.2 – () 16.4 2.8 ± 23.5 27.9) (– 21 ± 18.8 1.6 16.2) 22.2 (– ± 2.3 29.9 () 26.6 34.9 – – = Snout = M HL; length vent. All males; of Boana 1.5 ±) 14.3 1.9 ± 18.6 –) ± 1.3 –) 13.9 3.1 ±) 19.5 – ± 1.9) 17.3 – ± 2.6) 22.9 – SVL: females morphometric HL 3.5 ± 11.5 51.9 8 –) (– ± 4.8 15.6 – 72.6 12.1) (± 10.8 2.0) 46.3 – 8.8 (7.9 ± 15.2 () 11.2 – 76.7 4.6 ± 12.9 (9.8 –) 60.7 ± 5.4 18.9 14.6 () 90.5 – Abbreviations are = F length;. Calcar = for SVL 44.3 38.5 (64.4 53.5 (42.2 38.5 (64.8 56.4 (52.7 44.5 (81.6 72.9 (parentheses in length; CL statistics M F M F M F range Foot = Descriptive appendiculata appendiculata ventrimaculata ventrimaculata with FL Table.	en	Caminer, Marcel A., Ron, Santiago R. (2020): Systematics of the Boana semilineata species group (Anura: Hylidae), with a description of two new species from Amazonian Ecuador. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 149-180
03DD34516A6BFFE1FF36F8BDF5382EA9.taxon	description	5 Species. B (= 35 N) B. = () 30 N. B nigra) (= N 26 nigra B. N) 5 (=. B) 20 = (N B. =) (17 N Mean FEL is given ± SD length; = Femur with a cream spot; (14) advertisement call consists of two types of calls: Type I with one note and Type II with four to six notes; (15) pulses per note varying from 31 to 37 (Type I) and 18 to 22 (Type II); and (16) call dominant frequency varying from 1076 – 1645 Hz (Type I) and 818 – 947 Hz (Type II). Comparisons with other species: Boana appendiculata is most similar to B. semilineata, B. diabolica, B. geographica and B. hutchinsi. It differs from the last three species by having yellow to orange or brown webbing in life (webbing black in B. hutchinsi, red in B. diabolica and B. geographica; Fouquet et al., 2016). Although webbing between fingers III – IV and toes IV – V is grey dorsally in B. geographica, colour between the other fingers differs as indicated above. Bright webbing colours fade to cream in preservative and become indistinguishable among species. Boana appendiculata can be further distinguished by the presence of black vertical stripes on the flanks (speckled pattern in B. diabolica, B. hutchinsi and B. semilineata; Fouquet et al., 2016). Boana appendiculata differs from B. ventrimaculata sp. nov. in having black vertical stripes on the flanks (a speckled pattern or dark blotches in B. ventrimaculata sp. nov.) and by its smaller size (differences are significant in males: Student’s t = 7.16, d. f. = 31.9, P <0.001). Boana appendiculata is similar to B. nigra sp. nov. but it differs in having a combination of yellow or orange ventral coloration in life (cream to pale orange in B. nigra sp. nov.) and black vertical stripes on the flanks and hidden surfaces of thighs (uniform black in males of B. nigra sp. nov.; Fig. 7 A, 10). However, small adult specimens of B. appendiculata (<42 mm) may present a similar colour pattern to B. nigra sp. nov. (cream ventral coloration with uniform black flanks). Both species also differ in environmental envelope (Fig. 3 D; scores along PC I and PC II are significant different: PC I, t = 8.51, P <0.001; PC II, t = 2.55, P = 0.034). Boana appendiculata occurs in warmer localities than B. nigra sp. nov. as shown by annual mean temperature (bio 01): B. appendiculata mean = 24.28 ˚ C (SD = 1.53, N = 59) vs. B. nigra mean = 19.48 ˚ C (SD = 1.78, N = 8). Despite high genetic distances (4.2 – 5.2 % for gene 16 S; Table 6), both species are sympatric in at least one locality in Pastaza Province. This suggests the existence of non-geographic reproductive barriers and, therefore, lineage independence. Boana appendiculata is easily distinguished from B. boans, B. icamiaba, B. pombali and B. wavrini by its prepollex not modified into a projecting spine and by the presence of pigmented nuptial excrescences. Boana appendiculata further differs from B. boans in having well-defined vertical stripes on the flanks and hidden surfaces of thighs (diffuse vertical bars and barely distinguishable in B. boans), and webbing extends to about the middle of the outer finger (fully webbed hands in B. boans). Variation in preservative: Morphometric data for adult specimens are summarized in Table 5, while variation in dorsal and ventral coloration of preserved specimens is shown in Figure 5. The most noticeable variation occurs in the dorsal coloration and in the shape of the calcars. Calcar size varies from inconspicuous (e. g. QCAZ 44174) to prominent (e. g. QCAZ 43850). Sexual dimorphism was observed in SVL, with 38.5 – 51.9 mm (44.3 ± 3.5 mm, N = 35) in males and 53.5 – 72.6 mm (64.4 ± 4.8 mm, N = 30) in females. Females are significantly larger than males (t = – 20.13, d. f. = 52, P <0.001). Head shape varies between subacuminate and rounded in dorsal view; in lateral view it varies between truncate and short, rounded. The head is slightly wider than the body in most of the specimens. Breeding males have keratinized nuptial excrescences on the inner surfaces of the thumbs. Webbing on the hand varies slightly among specimens: fingers I basal II (1 + – 1 ½) — (2 – 3 –) III (1 ½ – 2 ½) — (1 – 2) IV. Variation of webbing between toes is I (1 – 2 –) — (1 – 2 –) II (1 – 1 ½) — (1 – 2 +) III (1 – 1 +) — (1 – 2 +) IV (1 – 2 +) — (1 –– 1 +) V. Vomerine teeth (N = 15): 10 – 14 (right = 11.5) and 10 – 15 (left = 12.1). Background dorsal coloration varies from dull tan (e. g. QCAZ 36932), brown (e. g. QCAZ 25955), dark brown (e. g. QCAZ 64085) to cream (e. g. QCAZ 44167) with irregular faint to well-defined dark brown marks in diverse patterns. Most frequently there is an X- shaped mark on the scapular region (e. g. QCAZ 25797, 44168, 52734). A dark brown transversal band (e. g. QCAZ 36934, 52610) or sometimes two narrow transversal stripes interconnected (e. g. QCAZ 44168) are usually present on the sacral region. In some individuals in F range Clade = N 17 = N 12 N = 25 = N 4 41 N = = 9 N N 2 = 0 with E given Clade = N 17 = N 12 N 25 = 4 N = 41 = N = N 9 0 0.035 is )) group. Mean distances B. ventrimaculata Clade D N = 24 N = 19 = 32 N = N 11 48 = N (0 0.017 –) 0.008 0.049 0.049 – 0.052 (0.052 0.049 (0.044 – semilineata genetic) 0.066) – 0.059) – – 0.059) Boana the intra-clade semilineata B. complex species = 56 N N = 51 = N 64 43 = N 0.022 (0.054 0 – 0.029 (0.046 (0.044 0.032 (0.035 0.045 of shows) members Diagonal B – 0.093 0.069) – 0.093 0.088 among .. nigra Clade = 19 14 = = 27 0.080 (( 0.09) pb diagonal B N N N 0 )))) 0.086) 0.077 409 (sequences is shown above B appendiculata. A Clade = N 30 = 35 N (0.03 – 0) 0.017 0.046 0.052 (0.042 – (0.082 0.054 – 0.068 0.064 0.089 0.079 – (0.074 0.061 (0.068 – 0.057 0.062 – 0.069 (DNA S of 16 compared) – 0.057 )) 0.061 –) – 0.076 0.077) 0.067) – 0.064) –) uncorrected p individuals. geographica B 27 N = 0.012 – 0.004 0 (0.047 0.039 (0.057 0.059 (0.052 (0.060 – 0.07 0.064 (0.061 0.059 (0.059 (0.057 of ))))))) (distances Number). diabolica – 0) 0.005 0.04 0.052 – 0.052 – 0.071 0.069 – 0.059 0.064 0.094 – 0.079 0.091 – – 0.079 0.088 0.074 – 0.086 genetic diagonal. B (0.001 (0.045 0.06 ((0.062 (0.078 (0.086 (0.082 0.078 (Pairwise. Table 6 (below parentheses diabolica B. B geographica. appendiculata. B Clade A B nigra. Clade B. B semilineata complex species B ventrimaculata. Clade D E Clade Clade F there are scattered minute black flecks on the dorsal surfaces (e. g. QCAZ 25797, 36932, 39416). A dark mid-dorsal line may extend from the tip of the snout to the mid-sacrum, but in some specimens, the line is restricted to the head. Individuals may display asymmetrically distributed small to large cream or dark blotches on the dorsum (e. g. QCAZ 5076, 28227, 44160, 64085). The coloration of flanks and hidden surfaces of thighs varies from creamy to pale grey, with vertical dark stripes to black bars (e. g. QCAZ 30921, 36934, 39416); bars on the flanks, and less frequently on the thighs, are sometimes arranged in pairs. Flanks are uniform black in juveniles, some subadults and a few small adults (<42 mm). In some individuals, the bars can also be present on the hidden surfaces of the shanks (e. g. QCAZ 25797). Dark brown transversal bands are present on the dorsal surfaces of the limbs (one or two on the upper arm and forearm, and three to five on the thigh, shank and foot). The heels are usually cream, contrasting with the darker brown coloration of the dorsum (e. g. QCAZ 5076, 64085), but in some individuals, heels have the same colour as the rest of the body (e. g. QCAZ 36932, 44160). Ventral surfaces of preserved specimens vary from creamy white (e. g. QCAZ 30921) to yellowish white (e. g. QCAZ 39416). In some individuals there are dark brown spots on the belly (e. g. QCAZ 5076). Coloration of webbing and discs varies from yellowish white to cream, brown or grey. Coloration of bones is white or green (e. g. QCAZ 64085). Coloration in life (Fig. 7 B): Dorsal surfaces vary from brown (e. g. QCAZ 51182) to dark brown (e. g. QCAZ 23855), reddish brown (e. g. QCAZ 26267) or yellowish tan (e. g. QCAZ 52845); transversal bands on dorsal surfaces on limbs and marks on dorsum vary from light brown to dark brown, yellow or white (e. g. QCAZ 52733, 61767, 64101); in some individuals there are scattered minute black flecks on dorsal surfaces (e. g. QCAZ 36934); flanks and hidden surfaces of thighs are cream or yellowish with dark brown vertical stripes or bars (e. g. QCAZ 51179, 51182, 64085), uniform black in some small adult individuals; belly and ventral surfaces of limbs vary from cream to yellowish or orange (e. g. QCAZ 37879, 41009, 64099); throat cream white or yellowish; webbing varies from yellow to orange or brown; fingers and toes are dorsally grey or with same coloration of webbing; iris brown or bronze (e. g. QCAZ 52845, 55356); palpebrum finely reticulated with golden yellow. In recently metamorphosed individuals, flanks, hidden surfaces of thighs and webbing are black; venter is grey; dorsal surfaces of the limbs and sides of the head are dark brown; dorsum is brown with scattered black flecks (Fig. 8 A). Vocalization: Based on one male, not collected, from Yasuní on the road to Pompeya at km 73 (recorded by Morley Read); two males from Santa Cecilia (KU 143144 – 45; recorded by W. E. Duellman on 10 October 1971; 20: 50 – 21: 00 h; 23 ° C) and two males from Miazi-Nuevo Paraíso (QCAZ 67113 – 14; collected by D. Paucar on 4 March 2017; 21: 00 h). The call that lacks voucher specimen was assigned to Boana appendiculata based on the similarity of its structure compared to vouchered recordings of B. appendiculata. The call varies from a long groan (Type I, mean duration of 0.45 s and 31 – 37 pulses / note) to a series of short chuckle-like notes (Type II, mean 2.07 s and four to six notes / call) with fewer pulses per note (18 – 22 pulses / note). The long note (Fig. 9 A, B) has a mean dominant frequency of 973.2 Hz, rise time of 0.34 s and frequency bandwidth 1316.2 Hz. The serial of short notes (Fig. 9 C, D) has a mean dominant frequency of 1387.6 Hz, rise time of 0.44 s, frequency bandwidth of 1841.9 Hz and interval between notes of 0.16 s. Other call parameters are listed in Table 2. Distribution and ecology: Boana appendiculata occurs in the Amazon basin of Ecuador (Morona Santiago, Napo, Orellana, Pastaza, Sucumbíos and Zamora Chinchipe provinces), Brazil (Amazonas, Pará and Rondônia states) and Colombia (Fig. 6). Localities with known elevation range from 14 to 1050 m above sea level. The elevation at Shell (1050 m) is the highest, while Caxiuanã (14 m) is the lowest. Specimens of B. appendiculata occur in terra firme forest, swamps, semi-flooded and flooded forests and artificial open areas. They are generally found at night in primary and secondary forest, perching on vegetation 20 to 600 cm above the ground, next to lakes, flooded areas and temporary ponds in clearings. Few individuals were found in flooded areas with pastures or forest away from water bodies. Their occurrence in secondary forests and artificial open areas suggest at least some tolerance of anthropogenic habitat disturbance. Vegetation types for Ecuadorian localities are: (1) Amazonian evergreen foothill forest, characterized by a mixture of Amazonian and Andean vegetation with a canopy of 30 m; (2) Amazonian lowland evergreen forest, characterized by high plant alphadiversity and a canopy height of 30 m with emergent trees that reach 40 m; (3) floodplain lowland forest of white-waters, characterized by periodical flooding with white-waters from large rivers, with the vegetation reaching 35 m in height and several horizontal strata of vegetation; and (4) lowland forest of palms and black-waters characterized by a canopy height of 30 m with dense understory and dominance of the palm Mauritia flexuosa L. f. (Sierra et al., 1999). Vegetation types at localities in Brazil include Purus-Madeira moist forests, Purus Varzea and Xingu-Tocantins-Araguaia moist forests (according to the World Wildlife Fund, 2017 classification scheme; availableathttp: // www. eoearth. org / view / article / 151948). Remarks: A 16 S sequence of ‘ Boana cf. geographica ’ from Valle del Guamuez, Colombia, published by Meza-Joya et al. (2019; GenBank accession number MF 583739) is identical to the homologous sequence of specimen QCAZ 61767 of B. appendiculata from Limoncocha, Ecuador (539 bp). This similarity indicates the presence of B. appendiculata in Colombia. The Meza-Joya et al. (2019) publication became available while our manuscript was under review. Therefore, we did not include its sequence into our phylogeny.	en	Caminer, Marcel A., Ron, Santiago R. (2020): Systematics of the Boana semilineata species group (Anura: Hylidae), with a description of two new species from Amazonian Ecuador. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 149-180
03DD34516A77FFE6FC72F9E2F11D2C02.taxon	description	(FIGS 7 A, 10; TABLE 5) Lsid: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: FE 5 D 2127 - D 2 BD- 4 F 4 D-A 4 E 5 - 4 CE 742 A 32 F 21 Holotype (Figs 7 A, 10): QCAZ 58786 (field no. SC 48236), adult male from Ecuador, Provincia Morona Santiago, Parque Nacional Sangay, Sardinayacu (2.1028 ° S, 78.1521 ° W), 1348 m a. s. l., collected by Daniel Rivadeneira, David Velalcázar, Javier Pinto, Francy Mora, Darwin Núñez, Juan Carlos Sánchez and Andrea Correa on 29 January 2015. Paratopotypes: QCAZ 58783 – 85, 58787 – 89, 58791 – 97, adult males, 58790, 58798, adult females, same collectors as the holotype, 15 – 29 January 2015; QCAZ 59110 – 12, 59114, 59116 – 17, adult males, 59113, metamorph, 59115, 59118, tadpoles, 61881 – 87, juveniles, collected by S. R. Ron, D. Paucar, P. Venegas, P. Baldeón, M. Caminer and E. Nusirquia, 27 February 2015; QCAZ 58337 – 8, tissues, collected by J. Brito on 29 October 2014; DHMECN 12130, adult male, collected by D. R. Batallas and P. Bejarano on 16 June 2014. Paratypes: ECUADOR: PROVINCIA MORONA SANTIAGO: Bosque Protector Abanico (2.2583 ° S, 78.1983 ° W), 1560 m, QCAZ 48984, adult female, collected by D. Morocho on 1 June 2007; bridge N of Macas (2.3017 ° S, 78.1137 ° W), 944 m, QCAZ 47044, collected by S. Poe, F. Ayala, L. Gray, J. Davis and I. Latella, on 15 December 2009; Parque Nacional Sangay (1.786 ° S, 77.979 ° W), 982 m, QCAZ 54605 – 6, 51776, 51780, tissues, collected by L. MacLean and A. Almendáriz, on 4 December 1991 and 29 August 2011; PROVINCIA PASTAZA: Centro Ecológico Zanja Arajuno, km 6 on the road San Ramón-El Triunfo (1.373 ° S, 77.860 ° W), 910 m, QCAZ 36929, 36931, 40959, 45282, adult males, 45283, female, 37903, 37988, tadpoles, 40265, 40958, subadult females, collected by S. R. Ron, I. Tapia, L. Coloma, A. Carvajal, A. Merino, E. Arbeláez, A. Tapia, D. Salazar, D. Acosta and C. Korfel, on 29 April 2004 and 2 February 2009. Common names: Proposed standard English name: black-flanked treefrog. Proposed standard Spanish name: rana arbórea de flancos negros. Diagnosis (Figs 7 A, 10): Boana nigra is characterized by: (1) mean SVL 42.2 mm in males (range 38.5 – 46.3; N = 26), 64.8 mm in females (range 56.4 – 76.7; N = 5; Table 5); (2) thighs long (TL / SVL 0.44 – 0.53); (3) dorsal skin finely granular; (4) dorsum coloration brown, dark brown, cream or grey usually with an X- shaped mark on scapular region or rounded marks over the entire dorsum; (5) flanks and hidden surfaces of thighs vary from uniform black to dark vertical bars; (6) areolate skin on the posterior surface of throat, belly and ventral surfaces of thighs; (7) venter creamy white to pale orange, plain or spotted with dark brown; (8) in life, webbing pale orange, orange or black; (9) palpebrum reticulated; (10) nuptial excrescences present in breeding males; (11) projecting prepollices absent in both sexes; (12) tympanum large with distinct tympanic ring; (13) small triangular calcar on heel, often coloured with a cream spot; (14) advertisement call with one note; (15) pulses per note varying from 21 to 37; and (16) call dominant frequency varying from 996 to 1063 Hz. Comparisons with other species: Boana nigra can be distinguished from B. ventrimaculata sp. nov., B. hutchinsi, B. diabolica and B. semilineata by having uniform black or dark vertical stripes (in females) on flanks (speckled pattern or blotches in all the four species; Fouquet et al., 2016). In addition, the hidden surfaces of thighs and webbing in life are red in B. diabolica (uniform black in B. nigra, sometimes with dark vertical bars on the hidden surfaces of thighs). The individuals of B. nigra with dark vertical bars pattern on flanks and hidden surfaces of the thighs can be confused with B. geographica and B. appendiculata. However, B. nigra differs in having orange or black webbing in life (red webbing except between fingers III – IV and toes IV – V in B. geographica) and a cream to pale orange ventral coloration in life (yellow or orange in B. appendiculata). Some small adult B. appendiculata (<42 mm) can also have a cream venter with uniform black flanks. Ventral and webbing bright coloration fade to cream in preservative and become indistinguishable among the three species. Boana nigra and B. appendiculata also differ in environmental envelope (Fig. 3 D; for details see ‘ Comparisons with other species’ in the description of B. appendiculata). Despite being separated by high genetic distances (Table 6), they occur in sympatry, which indicates the existence of non-geographic reproductive barriers. Boana nigra is easily distinguished from B. boans, B. icamiaba, B. pombali and B. wavrini by its prepollex not modified into a projecting spine and by the presence of pigmented nuptial excrescences. Boana boans further differs from B. nigra in having diffuse vertical bars on the flanks and barely distinguishable on the hidden surfaces of the thighs (well-defined vertical bars or uniform black in B. nigra) and by its fully webbed hands (webbing extends to about the middle of the outer finger in B. nigra). Description of the holotype: Adult male, 42.5 mm SVL, foot length 16.5 mm, head length 9.9 mm, head width 14.5 mm, eye diameter 4.5 mm, tympanum diameter 3.7 mm, tibia length 22.4 mm, femur length 22.2 mm, calcar length 0.9 mm, arm length 7.7 mm, eye – nostril distance 4.3 mm, head wider than long and wider than body; snout sloping in lateral view, subacuminate in dorsal view; distance from nostril to eye shorter than diameter of eye; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region concave; internarial region subtly depressed; nostrils not protuberant, directed laterally; interorbital area slightly convex; eye large, protuberant; lower eyelid finely reticulated; diameter of eye 1.2 times diameter of tympanic annulus; supratympanic fold inconspicuous; tympanic membrane roundish, slightly longer than high; tympanic annulus evident, rounded, separated from eye by c. 0.5 times its diameter. Arm slender, axillary membrane absent; relative length of fingers I <II <IV <III; finger discs broadly expanded, round, as wide as long; subarticular tubercles prominent, round to ovoid, single; supernumerary tubercles absent; palmar tubercle inconspicuous; large and rugose dark P-shaped nuptial pad on dorsal surface of finger I; prepollex not modified into a projecting spine; webbing formula of fingers I basal II 1 ½ — 3 – III 2 ½ — 2 IV. Toes bearing discs broadly expanded, rounded and slightly smaller than those of fingers; relative length of toes I <II <V <III <IV; inner metatarsal tubercle large, elliptical; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; subarticular tubercles single, round, large and protuberant; supernumerary tubercles small, round; webbing formula of toes I 1 + — 2 – II 1 — 2 – III 1 + — 2 + IV 2 + — 1 + V. Vocal sac single and subgular. Skin on dorsum, head and dorsal surfaces of limbs finely granular; throat smooth anteriorly without mental gland; posterior surface of throat, belly and ventral surfaces of thighs areolate, those of shanks smooth. Cloacal opening directed posteriorly at upper level of thighs, round tubercles below and on sides of vent. Tongue slightly cordiform, widely attached to mouth floor; vomerine odontophores situated parallel to choanae, in two oblique series narrowly separated, each bearing 9 – 11 vomerine teeth; choanae trapezoidal, oblique. Colour of holotype in preservative (Fig. 10): Dorsum light grey with extensive dark brown rounded marks, sometimes interconnected; faint brown transversal bands on the dorsal surfaces of shanks; flanks, hidden surfaces of limbs and dorsal surfaces of thighs, upper arms, hands and feet black; venter cream with dark, diffuse, minute dots on the belly; ventral surfaces of thighs, forearms and hands cream; ventral surfaces of shanks and upper arms black; discs and webbing grey. Colour of holotype in life (Fig. 7 A): Dorsum brown with dark brown rounded marks over the entire dorsum; dorsal and hidden surfaces of limbs and flanks black; faint brown transversal bands on the dorsal surface of hindlimbs; venter and ventral surfaces of thighs and hands cream; belly cream with brown diffused dots; ventral surfaces of upper limbs, shanks and feet black; discs and webbing black; iris bronze. Etymology: The specific epithet nigra is a Latin adjective in the nominative case meaning black, and refers to the black coloration on the flanks of these frogs. Variation in preservative: Morphometric data for adult specimens are summarized in Table 5, and variation in dorsal and ventral coloration of preserved specimens is shown in Figure 10. Sexual dimorphism is observed in SVL, with 38.5 – 46.3 mm (42.2 ± 2 mm, N = 26) in males and 56.4 – 76.7 mm (64.8 ± 7.9 mm, N = 5) in females. Females are significantly larger than males (t = – 6.40, d. f. = 4.1, P = 0.002). Head shape varies between subacuminate and rounded in dorsal view; in lateral view it varies between truncate and short, rounded. The head is wider than long and slightly wider than the body in most of the specimens. Breeding males have keratinized nuptial excrescences on the inner surfaces of the thumbs. Calcar size ranges from inconspicuous (e. g. QCAZ 58783) to prominent (e. g. QCAZ 45283). Webbing on the hand varies slightly among specimens: fingers I basal II (1 + – 2 –) — (2 ½ – 3 –) III (2 –– 2 ½) — (2 – 2 +) IV. Variation of webbing between toes is I (1 – 2 –) — (1 – 2 –) II (1 – 1 +) — (1 – 2 +) III (1 – 1 ½) — (1 + – 2 +) IV (2 –– 2 +) — (1 – 1 +) V. Vomerine teeth (N = 15): 8 – 12 (right = 9.14) and 7 – 12 (left = 9.71). Most variation involves dorsal coloration and pattern. Background dorsal coloration varies from brown (e. g. QCAZ 45282), dark brown (e. g. QCAZ 48984), cream (e. g. QCAZ 45283) to grey (e. g. QCAZ 47044) with a dark brown, X- shaped mark on the scapular region or dark brown rounded marks over the entire dorsum (e. g. QCAZ 59114); sometimes rounded marks are interconnected (e. g. QCAZ 59117). Scattered, minute, black or white flecks are present on the dorsal surfaces (e. g. QCAZ 40958). A dark mid-dorsal line extends from the tip of the snout to the mid-sacrum (e. g. QCAZ 45283). Dark brown or grey transversal bands are present on the dorsal surfaces of the limbs (one or two on the upper arm and forearm and three to five on the thigh, shank and foot). The coloration of flanks and hidden surfaces of thighs and shanks are uniform black in males (e. g. QCAZ 58783) or grey with dark vertical bars in females (e. g. QCAZ 48984). However, in some cases males can present dark vertical bars on the flanks (e. g. QCAZ 6478). The heels have usually the same colour as the rest of the body (e. g. QCAZ 45282), but in some individuals heels are cream, contrasting with the background dorsal coloration (e. g. QCAZ 40958). Ventral surfaces of preserved specimens vary from creamy white (e. g. QCAZ 40958) to yellowish white (e. g. QCAZ 48984). In some individuals, there are dark brown spots on the belly (e. g. QCAZ 58783). Coloration of webbing and discs vary from yellowish white to cream, black or grey. Coloration in life (Fig. 7 A): Dorsal surfaces vary from brown (e. g. QCAZ 58783) to dark brown (e. g. QCAZ 59110) or reddish brown (e. g. QCAZ 59111) with brown marks on the dorsum; brown transversal bands on dorsal surfaces on limbs; brown rounded spots and blotches over the entire dorsum (e. g. QCAZ 59110, 59111). In some individuals, there are scattered minute black or white flecks on dorsal surfaces (e. g. QCAZ 36929, 58783). Flanks and hidden surfaces of thighs are uniform black (in males) or grey with dark vertical bars (in females); belly and ventral surfaces of limbs vary from cream to pale orange (e. g. QCAZ 59111, 59114); throat cream white or pale orange; webbing vary from pale orange to orange or black; fingers and toes dorsally vary from black to grey or have the same coloration of webbings; iris brown (e. g. QCAZ 58797) or bronze (e. g. QCAZ 36929); palpebrum finely reticulated with golden yellow. In recently metamorphosed individuals, flanks, hidden surfaces of thighs, dorsal surfaces of the limbs, sides of the head and webbing are black; venter is grey sometimes with scattered dark brown spots; dorsum is cream with black spots and irregular blotches (Fig. 8 B). Vocalization: Based on one male (DHMECN 12130) recorded at Sardinayacu (Provincia Morona Santiago) by D. R. Batallas on 16 June 2014 at 22: 30 h, air temperature 14.8 ° C. The call (Fig. 9 E, F; Table 2) consists of one groan-like note with a mean duration of 0.33 s and dominant frequency of 1044.2 Hz. Other parameters are available in Table 2. The individual was perched on vegetation 40 cm above the ground near a lake. Distribution and ecology: Boana nigra occurs on the eastern Andean slopes of Ecuador (provinces of Morona Santiago, Napo, Pastaza, Sucumbíos and Zamora Chinchipe) (Fig. 6). Localities with known elevation range from 910 to 1847 m a. s. l. The elevation at Sardinayacu (1847 m) is the highest known for B. nigra, while Centro Ecológico Zanja Arajuno (910 m) is the lowest. It is generally found next to streams, swamps, ponds and lakes. Individuals have been recorded at night perching on vegetation 30 to 400 cm above ground or water. The specimen from 9 de Octubre was found next to a highway on the leaf litter. Vegetation types at known localities include: (1) Amazonian evergreen foothill forest, characterized by a mixture of Amazonian and Andean vegetation with a canopy of 30 m; (2) montane cloud forest of the eastern Andes, characterized by trees covered by mosses and abundant epiphytes; (3) evergreen lower montane forest of the east of the northern and central Andes, characterized by a canopy height of 25 to 30 m, with abundant epiphytes, and by the absence of species of trees characteristic of the lowlands (e. g. species from the family Bombacaceae and Myristicaceae); and (4) lowland floodplain forest of white-waters, characterized by periodical flooding with white-waters from large rivers, with the vegetation reaching 35 m in height, and several horizontal strata of vegetation (Sierra et al., 1999).	en	Caminer, Marcel A., Ron, Santiago R. (2020): Systematics of the Boana semilineata species group (Anura: Hylidae), with a description of two new species from Amazonian Ecuador. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 149-180
03DD34516A70FFEAFC04FF6BF2962D5C.taxon	description	(FIGS 7 C, 11; TABLE 5) Lsid: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 34 C 45 CDE- 5 F 97 - 4 AE 8 - A 655 - E 2 C 1 DA 6 E 9787 Holotype (Figs 7 C, 11): QCAZ 51241 (field no. SC 37210), adult male from Ecuador, Provincia Orellana, Estación Científica Yasuní PUCE (0.673 ° S, 77.407 ° W), 245 m a. s. l., collected by Italo Tapia, Teresa Camacho, Francy Mora and Santiago R. Ron, on 1 June 2011. Paratopotypes: QCAZ 51236, adult male, collected with the holotype; QCAZ 17517, juvenile, collected by O. Pérez and M. Bustamante on 17 February 2000. Paratypes: ECUADOR: PROVINCIA MORONA SANTIAGO: Pankints (2.9019 ° S, 77.894 ° W), 332 m, QCAZ 46429, adult female, collected by J. Brito on 26 December 2010; PROVINCIA NAPO: Huino (0.6449 ° S, 77.149 ° W), 273 m, QCAZ 30928, adult male, collected by D. Alvarado and G. Buitrón on 3 February 2003; Misahuallí (1.0343 ° S, 77.6685 ° W), 401 m, QCAZ 20000, adult female, collected by F. Ayala and M. Díaz on 26 March 2002; PROVINCIA SUCUMBÍOS: Río Aguarico, San Pablo (0.255 ° S, 76.426 ° W), 220 m, QCAZ 6314 – 15, adult females, collected on 2 August 1994; PROVINCIA PASTAZA: Campamento K 10, Campo Villano (1.476 ° S, 77.5347 ° W), 475 m, QCAZ 38772, adult male, 39247, 56429, 56307, adult females, 38663, juvenile, collected by Y. Mera, D. Paucar, F. Ayala, E. Carrillo, G. Díaz, J. Brito and D. Velalcázar on 14 February 2008 and 18 November 2013; Comunidad Tarangaro, Campo Villano (1.3951 ° S, 77.3838 ° W), 338 – 1035 m, QCAZ 39130, 54233, 54238, adult males, 39137, adult female, collected by Y. Sagredo, A. Barahona, D. Paucar, G. Díaz, Y. Mera and F. Ayala on 23 August 2008 and 20 June 2012; Juyuintza, 4.5 km SE (2.1132 ° S, 76.1646 ° W), 164 m, QCAZ 53533, adult male, collected by M. Ortega and F. Timias on 26 June 2012; Lorocachi (1.6386 ° S, 75.9711 ° W), 207 m, QCAZ 56114, adult male, collected by S. R. Ron, D. Paucar, F. Ayala, D. Velalcázar, M. J. Navarrete, G. Galarza, J. Pinto, V. Chasiluisa, S. Arroyo and D. Zurita on 23 June 2013; PROVINCIA ORELLANA: Nuevo Rocafuerte, Río Napo (0.9165 ° S, 75.423 ° W), 194 m, QCAZ 44845 – 46, adult males, collected by S. R. Ron, E. Toral and I. Tapia on 12 July 2009; Parque Sumaco Balsayacu (0.3724 ° S, 77.3411 ° W), 600 m, QCAZ 23059, adult male, collected by P. Salvador on 16 January 2002; Estación de Biodiversidad Tiputini USFQ (0.633 ° S, 76.1473 ° W), 231 m, QCAZ 20398, adult male, collected by M. D. Proaño on 2 July 2002; Estación Científica Yasuní PUCE, km 8 on the road Tivacuno (0.6815 ° S, 76.3897 ° W), 251 m, QCAZ 18280, adult female, collected by D. Paucar on 20 December 2001; Yasuní (0.6771 ° S, 76.4011 ° W), 230 m, QCAZ 13962, adult male, 30271, adult female, collected by D. Prado on 18 November 1999; Yasuní, Apaika (0.8111 ° S, 76.704 ° W), 200 m, QCAZ 27788 – 89, adult males, collected by F. Nogales on 11 October 2000; Parque Nacional Yasuní, km 38 on the road Pompeya Sur-Iro (0.6535 ° S, 76.4535 ° W), 238 m, QCAZ 17251, adult male, collected by S. de la Torre on 25 February 1994; Parque Nacional Yasuní, km 45 on the road Pompeya Sur-Iro (0.6940 ° S, 76.4562 ° W), 247 m, QCAZ 8181, adult female, collected by M. Read on 29 January 1995; km 74 on the road Pompeya Sur-Iro (0.8358 ° S, 76.3533 ° W), 257 m, QCAZ 5105, adult female, collected by S. de la Torre on 20 May 1994; Parque Nacional Yasuní, Ginta-Bloque 16 (0.9981 ° S, 76.1963 ° W), 243 m, QCAZ 20465, adult male, collected by M. Díaz on 27 January 2001; Parque Nacional Yasuní, on the road Pompeya Sur-Iro km 21 (0.6504 ° S, 76.5201 ° W), 306 m, QCAZ 13301, adult female, collected by F. Sornoza on 21 August 1996; km 38 on the road Pompeya Sur-Iro (0.6539 ° S, 76.4518 ° W), 230 m, QCAZ 49129, adult female, collected by M. Read on 11 January 1996; km 107 on the road Pompeya Sur-Iro (0.9811 ° S, 76.2476 ° W), 249 m, QCAZ 6821, 49233, adult males, 8325, 30972, adult females, collected by S. Harris and M. Read on 12 November 1994 and 4 November 1996. Common names: Proposed standard English name: Yasuní treefrog. Proposed standard Spanish name: rana arbórea del Yasuní. Diagnosis (Figs 7 C, 11): Boana ventrimaculata is characterized by: (1) mean SVL 52.7 mm in males (range 44.5 – 60.7; n = 20), 81.6 mm in females (range 72.9 – 90.5; n = 17; Table 5); (2) thighs long (TL / SVL 0.45 – 0.56); (3) dorsal skin finely granular; (4) dorsum brown, dark brown, cream or dull tan usually with an X- shaped mark on scapular region; (5) flanks grey with white speckles, and hidden surfaces of thighs grey with black vertical bars; (6) areolate skin on the posterior surface of throat, belly and ventral surfaces of thighs; (7) venter creamy white to yellowish white, plain or with brown blotches; (8) in life, webbing brown or orange; (9) palpebrum reticulated; (10) nuptial excrescences present in breeding males; (11) projecting prepollices absent in both sexes; (12) tympanum large with distinct tympanic ring; (13) small, triangular calcar on heel, often with a cream spot; (14) advertisement call with one note; (15) 11 to 16 pulses per note; and (16) call dominant frequency varying from 475 to 685 Hz. Comparisons with other species: Boana ventrimaculata differs from B. geographica, B. appendiculata and B. nigra by having a speckled pattern or blotches on the flanks (black flanks or dark vertical bars or stripes in the three species) and brown blotches on the ventral surfaces (immaculate or spotted with dark brown in the three species). Boana ventrimaculata is larger (male mean SVL = 52.72 mm; female mean SVL = 81.62 mm) than B. diabolica (male mean SVL = 43.50 mm, female mean SVL = 56.30 mm; Fouquet et al., 2016), B. geographica (male mean SVL = 43.00 mm, female mean SVL = 48.60 mm; Fouquet et al., 2016), B. appendiculata (t = 7.16, d. f. = 31.9, P <0.001) and B. nigra (t = 9.61, d. f. = 24.9, P <0.001) (Table 5). Among species of the B. geographica – B. semilineata species complex, B. ventrimaculata is morphologically more similar to B. diabolica and B. hutchinsi. However, it can be distinguished by having a speckled pattern on the hidden surfaces of thighs and brown to orange webbing in life (hidden surfaces of thighs and webbing are immaculate red in B. diabolica; black in B. hutchinsi; Pyburn & Hall, 1984; Fouquet et al., 2016). Boana ventrimaculata can be further distinguished from B. hutchinsi by having a brown dorsum with black flecks in recently metamorphosed individuals (lavender-grey in B. hutchinsi), and a shorter duration and lower number of notes in the advertisement call (one groan-like note with a mean call duration of 0.24 s in B. ventrimaculata; four to six chuckle-like notes with a mean call duration of 0.68 s in B. hutchinsi; Pyburn & Hall, 1984). Boana hutchinsi has not been included in molecular phylogenies and, therefore, current diagnosis are based exclusively on morphological and bioacoustic characters. Specimens of B. ventrimaculata can be easily confused with B. semilineata due to their similar colour pattern (brown webbing, black flanks with white speckles and brown spots on the abdomen; Fouquet et al., 2016; Peloso etal., 2018), butthesespeciescanbeclearlydistinguished by having markedly differentiated advertisement calls (one note with a mean duration of 0.24 s, and mean dominant frequency of 561 Hz in B. ventrimaculata vs. one to three notes with a mean duration per note of 0.04 s, and mean dominant frequency of 1240 Hz in B. semilineata). The type localities of both species are separated by ~ 4500 km making it extremely unlikely that they represent the same species. Boana ventrimaculata is easily distinguished from B. boans, B. icamiaba, B. pombali and B. wavrini by its prepollex not modified into a projecting spine and by the presence of pigmented nuptial excrescences. Boana boans further differs from B. ventrimaculata in having diffuse vertical bars on the flanks (speckled pattern in B. ventrimaculata) and by its fully webbed hands (webbing extends to about the middle of the outer finger in B. ventrimaculata). Description of the holotype: Adult male, 57.6 mm SVL, foot length 21.5 mm, head length 12.4 mm, head width 19.3 mm, eye diameter 6.2 mm, tympanum diameter 4.8 mm, tibia length 27.8 mm, femur length 26.4 mm, calcar length 2.3 mm, arm length 9.9 mm, eye – nostril distance 7.1 mm, head wider than long and wider than body; snout truncate in lateral view, subacuminate in dorsal view; distance from nostril to eye larger than diameter of eye; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region concave; internarial region subtly depressed; nostrils not protuberant, directed laterally; interorbital area slightly convex; eye large, protuberant; lower eyelid finely reticulated; diameter of eye 1.3 times diameter of tympanic annulus; supratympanic fold inconspicuous; tympanic membrane roundish, slightly longer than high; tympanic annulus evident, rounded, separated from eye by c. 0.4 times its diameter. Arm slender, axillary membrane absent; relative length of fingers I <II <IV <III; finger discs broadly expanded, round, as wide as long; subarticular tubercles prominent, round to ovoid, single; supernumerary tubercles absent; palmar tubercle inconspicuous; large and rugose dark P-shaped nuptial pad on dorsal surface of finger I; prepollex not modified into a projecting spine; webbing formula of fingers I basal II 1 — 2 – III 2 – — 1 + IV. Toes bearing discs broadly expanded, rounded and slightly smaller than those of fingers; relative length of toes I <II <V <III <IV; inner metatarsal tubercle large, elliptical; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; subarticular tubercles single, round, large and protuberant; supernumerary tubercles small, round; webbing formula of toes I 1 — 1 II 1 – — 1 III 1 — 1 IV 1 — 1 – V. Vocal sac single and subgular. Skin on dorsum, head and dorsal surfaces of limbs finely granular; throat smooth anteriorly without mental gland; posterior surface of throat, belly and ventral surfaces of thighs areolate, those of shanks smooth. Cloacal opening directed posteriorly at upper level of thighs, round tubercles below and on the sides of vent. Tongue slightly cordiform, widely attached to mouth floor; odontophores situated parallel to choanae, in two oblique series closely set, each bearing 19 – 21 vomerine teeth; choanae trapezoidal, oblique. Colour of holotype in preservative (Fig. 11): Dorsum brown with a dark brown X- shaped mark on the scapular region and a dark brown transversal band on the sacrum; dark brown triangle with its base in the interorbital area and its apex between the nostrils; dark brown transversal bands on the dorsal surfaces of the limbs; flanks grey with dark brown blotches; hidden surfaces of the thighs grey with brown vertical bars; venter cream with brown rounded blotches on the belly; discs and webbing grey. Colour of holotype in life (Fig. 7 C): Dorsum background brown with dark brown marks; dark brown transversal bands on the dorsal surface of limbs; flanks grey with brown blotches; hidden surfaces of thighs and shanks grey with brown vertical bars; venter and ventral surfaces of thighs yellowish with brown rounded blotches on the belly; throat cream; webbing orange; iris brown; bones green. Etymology: The specific name is derived from the Latin words ventriculus = belly, and macula = spot or stain, in reference to the brown blotches on the chest and belly of these frogs. Variation in preservative: Morphometric data for adult specimens are summarized in Table 5. Variation in dorsal and ventral coloration of preserved specimens is shown in Fig. 11. Sexual dimorphism is observed in SVL, with 44.5 – 60.7 mm (52.7 ± 4.6 mm, N = 20) in males and 72.9 – 90.5 mm (81.6 ± 5.4 mm, N = 17) in females. Females are significantly larger than males (t = – 17.39, d. f. = 31.5, P <0.001). Head shape varies between subacuminate and rounded in dorsal view; in lateral view it varies between truncate and short, rounded. The head is slightly wider than the body, but in some cases equal (e. g. QCAZ 39137). Breeding males have keratinized nuptial excrescences on the inner surfaces of the thumbs. Calcar size ranges from inconspicuous (e. g. QCAZ 30928) to prominent (e. g. QCAZ 51241). Webbing on the hand varies slightly among specimens: fingers I basal II (1 –– 1 +) — (2 –– 2 +) III (1 + – 2 –) — (1 – 1 ½) IV. Variation of webbing between toes is I (1 –– 1 +) — (1 – 1 +) II (1 – 1 –) — (1 – 2) III (1 –– 1 +) — (1 – 2 –) IV (1 – 2 –) — (1 –– 1 +) V. Vomerine teeth (N = 10): 14 – 21 (right = 16.9) and 12 – 22 (left = 18). Variation in dorsal coloration of preserved specimens is extensive. Dorsal coloration varies from brown (e. g. QCAZ 30928) to dark brown (e. g. QCAZ 56307), cream (e. g. QCAZ 49233) or dull tan (e. g. QCAZ 39137) with irregular faintly or well-defined dark brown marks in diverse patterns, but most frequently consist of an X- shaped mark on the scapular region (e. g. QCAZ 13962). Individuals usually have a dark brown transversal band (e. g. QCAZ 39247) or two narrower transversal bars usually interconnected on the sacral region (e. g. QCAZ 13962). In some specimens there are scattered minute black flecks and white rounded spots on the dorsal surfaces (e. g. QCAZ 38772, 56114). Individuals may display asymmetrically distributed large cream blotches on the dorsum (e. g. QCAZ 44845). The coloration of flanks is grey with white speckles or sometimes with brown blotches. Vertical bars are present on the hidden surfaces of the thighs and sometimes on the shanks (e. g. QCAZ 39137). Dark transversal bands are present on the dorsal surfaces of the limbs (one or two on the upper arm and forearm and three to five on the thigh, shank and foot). The heels have usually the same colour as the rest of the body (e. g. QCAZ 8181, 13962), but in some individuals, heels are cream contrasting with the background dorsal coloration (e. g. QCAZ 49233). Ventral surfaces of preserved specimens vary from creamy white (e. g. QCAZ 30928) to yellowish white (e. g. QCAZ 8181) with a belly usually yellowish. Lips, throat, chest, belly and ventral surfaces of the limbs usually with brown blotches (e. g. QCAZ 39247, 49233, 56114). Coloration of webbing and discs vary from yellowish white to brown or cream. Coloration of bones is white or green. Coloration in life (Fig. 7 C): Dorsal surfaces vary from brown (e. g. QCAZ 56114) to dark brown (e. g. QCAZ 56307) or reddish brown (e. g. QCAZ 38772); brown transversal bands on dorsal surfaces of limbs; brown marks and white or yellow blotches on dorsum (e. g. QCAZ 56114, 56429); in some individuals, there are scattered minute black dots on dorsal surfaces (e. g. QCAZ 39130); flanks are grey or bluish with white speckles; hidden surfaces of thighs and shanks are bluish with dark vertical bars; venter and ventral surfaces of thighs vary from yellowish to cream white usually with brown blotches on the belly (e. g. QCAZ 39130, 56429); throat cream white or yellowish with or without brown blotches; webbings vary from brown to orange; fingers and toes dorsally vary from brown to grey; iris copper (e. g. QCAZ 51236); palpebrum finely reticulated with golden yellow. In recently metamorphosed individuals, flanks, hidden surfaces of thighs and webbing are black; venter is grey; dorsal surfaces of the limbs are dark brown; dorsum is brown with black flecks over the entire surface. (Fig. 8 C). Vocalization: One male (QCAZ 49233) was recorded at Yasuní, on the road Pompeya Sur-Iro, km 108 (Provincia Orellana) by Morley Read on 4 November 1996 at 20: 00 h. The call (Fig. 9 G, H; Table 2) consists of one groan-like note with a mean duration of 0.24 s and dominant frequency of 561.4 Hz. Other call parameters are shown in Table 2. The individual was perched on vegetation 1 m above a stream. Distribution and ecology: Boana ventrimaculata inhabits the Amazon basin of Ecuador (provinces of Morona Santiago, Napo, Orellana, Pastaza and Sucumbíos) and Brazil (Estado do Amazonas) (Fig. 6). Localities with known elevation range vary between 64 and 1035 m of elevation. Among localities with known elevation, Comunidad Tarangaro (1035 m) is the highest and Rio Içá (64 m) is the lowest. Most specimens of B. ventrimaculata were found in terra firme forest and semi-flooded forests. Frogs have been found at night in primary and secondary forest, perching on vegetation 20 to 500 cm above the ground, near streams or along trails away from water bodies. Vegetation types for Ecuadorian localities are: (1) Amazonian evergreen foothill forest, characterized by a mixture of Amazonian and Andean vegetation with a canopy of 30 m; (2) Amazonian lowland evergreen forest, characterized by high plant alpha-diversity and a canopy height of 30 m with emergent trees that reach 40 m; (3) lowland floodplain forest of white-waters, characterized by periodical flooding with white-waters from large rivers, with the vegetation reaching 35 m in height and several horizontal strata of vegetation; and (4) lowland forest of Mauritia flexuosa palms and black-waters characterized by a canopy height of 30 m with dense understory (Sierra et al., 1999). Localities in Brazil fall within the Purus Varzea vegetation type (according to the World Wildlife Fund, 2017 classification scheme; available at http: // www. eoearth. org / view / article / 151948).	en	Caminer, Marcel A., Ron, Santiago R. (2020): Systematics of the Boana semilineata species group (Anura: Hylidae), with a description of two new species from Amazonian Ecuador. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 149-180
