taxonID	type	description	language	source
03DA1267FFFAE143FF31F867230DFC76.taxon	discussion	Comment; Observations have been recorded from a total of 16 localities across 9 1 × 1 km UTM squares, constituting the first records of the species for Ceuta. The species is active from March to November, displaying an extended flight period. Imagines have been observed feeding on a diverse range of flowers, including P. odora, S. atropurpurea, C. calcitrapa, D. carota, A. curassavica, and P. spinosa. Hilltopping behaviour has also been observed (Monte de la Tortuga), as is characteristic of this species.	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFF8E141FF31F97022A6FCCD.taxon	discussion	Comment: Vives Moreno (2014) previously cited Zerynthia rumina in Ceuta without providing specific records. Reported as Zerynthia africana by Monasterio et al. (2019 a), this species has been recorded from 27 localities across 13 1 × 1 km UTM squares. It is well distributed throughout the study area but relatively scarce. Adults have been observed sporadically in January, February, and May, with peak flight activity occurring in March and April. They have been documented nectaring on A. ramosus, L. stoechas, and O. pes-caprae. The larval host plant in Ceuta is A. baetica, as is typical for this species (Tarrier & Delacre, 2008; Leraut, 2016; Monasterio et al., 2019 a). Although Aristolochia paucinervis Pomel is also present in Ceuta, it is much rarer (R. Ugarte, 2023 pers. comm.) and may serve as an additional host plant.	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFF9E141FF31FC6E2758FA19.taxon	discussion	Comment: This species has been recorded from 12 localities within 10 1 × 1 km UTM squares, marking its first confirmed presence in Ceuta. It appears to be a localised species with small population sizes. The flight period extends from April to November, suggesting prolonged activity from mid-spring to autumn, consistent with observations from southern mainland Spain, where it is multivoltine with three or more overlapping generations (García-Barros et al., 2013; Blázquez Caselles et al., 2019). Imagines have been observed feeding on S. atropurpurea, P. maritima, and M. suaveolens.	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFF9E141FF31FA3920DDF89B.taxon	discussion	Comment: Previously mentioned generically for Ceuta by Schuurmans (1976), this species is now confirmed from 5 localities located in 5 1 × 1 km UTM squares, suggesting that it is scarce and localised within the study area. Specimens were recorded from July to October, with adults observed nectaring on S. rosmarinus.	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFF9E14EFF31F8BD2305FE4A.taxon	discussion	Comment: The presence of this species in Ceuta was first documented by Monasterio et al. (2020), who also discussed its distribution in Morocco and its larval host plant. Traditionally, considered a North African subspecies of Spialia sertorius (Hoffmansegg, 1804) (e. g., Rungs, 1981; Tennent, 1996; Leraut, 2016), its status as a distinct species was recently confirmed by Hernández-Roldán et al. (2016) and Zhang et al. (2020). Observations have been recorded at 4 locations within 3 1 × 1 km UTM squares. Adults have been observed from July to September, exclusively nectaring on R. ulmifolius. This species is highly localised and rare in Ceuta, with only seven records documented throughout the study period.	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFF6E14EFF31FDE823E0FBAC.taxon	discussion	Comment: Observations have been recorded from 6 localities located within 5 1 × 1 km UTM squares. These represent the first confirmed records for Ceuta, where the species appears to be relatively scarce and localised. All adult observations have been confined to June, with individuals seen feeding on the flowers of S. atropurpurea and R. ulmifolius. North African populations have been assigned to the subspecies Th. acteon orana Evans, 1949 (Rungs, 1981; Tennent, 1996; Leraut, 2016; Blázquez Caselles et al., 2019).	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFF5E14DFF31FBFD21A9FA47.taxon	discussion	Comment: Observations have been documented from 10 localities located in 9 1 × 1 km UTM squares, concentrAted between September And October, likely due to the species’ dispersive movements. This is the first record for Ceuta. In October, individuals were observed along the coast flying southwards. Given the absence of its larval host plant, Capparis spinosa L., reproduction in Ceuta is considered impossible, and all recorded specimens are assumed to be migrants. Adults have been observed nectaring on D. viscosa, M. suaveolens, and S. rosmarinus.	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFF2E14AFF31FB5E2078F941.taxon	discussion	Comment: Observed at a single locality (one 1 × 1 km UTM square), the Mogote de Benz ̇, a dolomitic (calcareous) outcrop with steep topography geologically part of the Yebel Musa Unit (Chamorro & Nieto, 1989; IGME, 2013). This is the only calcareous – dolomitic area in Ceuta (1.8 ha), and hosts the city’s sole populAtion of I. gibraltarica (Ugarte et al., 2003 a), the larval host plant of this species. Since the larvae exclusively develop on Iberis L. species, the presence of this plant at Mogote de Benz ̇ is key to the populAtion’s persistence in CeutA. This is the first record for CeutA And represents the northernmost occurrence in the Tingitan Peninsula. E. tagis in known from only 8 10 × 10 km UTM squares in Morocco (Rungs, 1981; Tennent, 1996; Tarrier & Delacre, 2008; Tarrier, 2025 a), the nearest being in the Djebel Kelti calcareous massif (Chefchaouen region), about 62 km south of Ceuta. According to Tarrier & Delacre (2008) and Tarrier (2025 a). It is currently undergoing a marked decline in Morocco. The northern Moroccan populations (Rif), including CeutA’s, are assigned to the subspecies E. tagis reisseri Back & Reissinger, 1989 (Tennent, 1996; Tarrier & Delacre, 2008; Leraut, 2016).	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFF2E14BFF31F8D126C7FCC7.taxon	discussion	Comment: Observations were recorded at 25 localities within 11 1 × 1 km UTM squares between March and July. These constitute the first records for Ceuta. Imagines have been observed nectaring on T. caeruleum and S. atropurpurea. The larval host plants in Ceuta are likely to be R. alaternus and R. lycioides, on which femAles hAve been seen ovipositing, in AccordAnce with the species’ known behaviour (Tarrier & Delacre, 2008; García-Barros et al., 2013; Tarrier, 2025 a).	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFF3E14BFF31FC5323C1FB20.taxon	discussion	Comment: This species was observed at only 3 localities within 3 1 × 1 km UTM squares, indicating that it is scarce in Ceuta. Imagines were observed between March and July. These are the first records for Ceuta.	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFEEE157FF31F8782132FD20.taxon	description	v., JLR.; L 48; 01 / IX / 2019, 1 ex. v., EZ.; L 58; 02 / IX / 2019, 1 ex. v., EZ.; L 60; 15 / IX / 2019, patrolling behaviour, 1 ex. v., JLR.	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFEEE157FF31F8782132FD20.taxon	discussion	Comment: Observations were recorded at 7 localities in 7 1 × 1 km UTM squares, between June and September. This species appears to be a scarce and localised in Ceuta, where it is recorded for the first time. Imagines were observed nectaring on the inflorescences of T. caeruleum and C. hispanica. Larvae predominantly feed on Viola spp. (Violaceae), though use of Valerianella sp. Mill. (Valerianaceae) has also been documented (Tarrier & Delacre, 2008; García-Barros et al., 2013; Tarrier, 2025 d). In Ceuta, the only Viola L. species that could potentially support A. pandora populations is Viola arborescens Loefl. Ex Ging. (Chamorro, 1995; Ugarte et al., 2003 a), though this interaction has not yet been observed. The population in Ceuta belongs to the subspecies A. pandora seitzi (Früshstorfer, 1908), which is found in North Africa and the Canary Islands (Tennent, 1996; Tarrier & Delacre, 2008; Leraut, 2016; Tarrier, 2025 d).	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFEFE154FF31F9E023C2FCB1.taxon	discussion	Comment: Endemic to the Maghreb, with no recognised subspecies (Tennent, 1996; Tshikolovets, 2011; Leraut, 2016; Tarrier, 2025 e), this species was first recorded in Ceuta by Monasterio et al. (2020). Observations were made from 25 localities within 11 1 × 1 km UTM squares between March and October, with peak abundance in June and July. Adults were frequently observed nectaring on M. suaveolens, but also on S. atropurpurea, L. dentata, T. caeruleum, C. fragilis, A. unedo, R. ulmifolius, and I. gibraltarica.	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFECE154FF31FCCF26FCFC5E.taxon	discussion	Comment: This species is extremely scarce and highly localised in Ceuta, with only 2 sightings in May and June in 2 1 × 1 km UTM squares. These represent the first records for Ceuta.	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFECE155FF31FBFC20CBFDFC.taxon	discussion	Comment: The presence of this species in Ceuta was first recorded by Chamorro (1984), who suggested that a resident reproductive population might exist. Observations have now been recorded in 33 localities located within 17 1 × 1 km UTM squares, from June to November, confirming the presence of a stable breeding population. Larvae have been observed on G. fruticosus. According to Tarrier & Delacre (2008) and Tarrier (2025 d), this species has established colonies in fewer than 10 10 × 10 km UTM squares in Morocco. The neArest known colony to CeutA is At Smir LAgoon (M’diq- Fnideq prefecture, approximately 17 km south of Ceuta), where it is sympatric with Danaus plexippus. Adults have been observed nectaring on the flowers of Dittrichia viscosa, M. suaveolens, Daphne gnidium, and Genista fruticosus, as well as on Asclepias curassavica, which also serves as the larval host plant (García-Barros et al., 2013).	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFEDE152FF31FD9A2046FD17.taxon	discussion	Comment: Bacallado Aránega et al. (2012) reported this species from “ CeutA And its surroundings ” without specific dAtA. TArrier & DelAcre (2008) reported wAndering individuAls At “ Fnideq (Oued Smir) neAr SebtA ” in December 2004, A site corresponding to the mouth of the Oued Smir river (M’diq- Fnideq prefecture, ~ 17 km south of Ceuta). Tarrier (2025 d) later confirmed the presence of an established colony there and identified another, more localized, colony at Taghramt (Haus mountain range), approximately 13 km southwest of Ceuta. Thus, D. plexippus is well established with breeding populations in the northernmost part of the Tingitan Peninsula. In Morocco only 4 10 × 10 km UTM squares are known to contain established colonies. In Ceuta, records have been collected from 48 localities within 23 1 × 1 km UTM squares, with observations in every month of the year, though most sightings occur between June and early November. Adults primarily nectar on A. curassavica and G. fruticosus, but have also been observed nectaring on the flowers and inflorescences of D. viscosa, A. unedo, and P. lophantha. Larvae, occasionally in large numbers (e. g., locality L 61), have been found on A. curassavica and G. fruticosus. These findings confirm the presence of a well-established breeding population in Ceuta.	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFEAE152FF31FD382616FB99.taxon	discussion	Comment: Observations were recorded from 7 localities located within 5 1 × 1 km UTM squares, constituting the first records for Ceuta. The species appears to be scarce and localized, associated with open habitats featuring rocky outcrops, as is typical in Morocco (Tarrier, 2025 e). Imagines are present during the summer months, particularly from June to September.	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFEAE152FF31FBBA26AFFA88.taxon	discussion	Comment: This is one of three species for which only a single sighting was recorded in Ceuta during this study. The only recorded specimen was found in mid-July and may have been a dispersive individual, given the pronounced migratory tendency of this species (García-Barros et al., 2013) and the very possible absence of a breeding population in the city, given its extreme rarity.	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFEAE152FF31FAA8271CF82F.taxon	discussion	Comment: In Ceuta, this species is confined to the dolomitic rock outcrop of Mogote de Benz ̇ (1.8 ha), where it maintains a small population. This first record for Ceuta is also the northernmost for the species in Morocco, situated approximately 45 km north of the nearest documented occurrence at Djebel Ben Karrich (Tetouan province, north-western Rif) (Tarrier, 2025 e). In Morocco, L. maera has been recorded in only 9 10 × 10 km UTM squares (Rif, Middle and High Atlas) (Tarrier & Delacre, 2008; Tarrier, 2025 e), typically occurring at elevations of 700 – 2800 m a. s. l. within meso-, supra- Mediterranean, and mountainous Mediterranean bioclimatic levels. However, the Ceuta population is found at the thermo-Mediterranean level, at very low altitude (50 – 105 m a. s. l.) and in close proximity to the coastline. Tarrier (2025 e) reports a rapid decline of the species in Morocco, potentially due to climate change. In Ceuta, adults were recorded from March until late April, predominantly in flight or perched on scree, but also nectaring on P. maritima, L. dentata, and A. monspeliensis.	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFE8E150FF31FDA7234BFAFD.taxon	discussion	Comment: Recorded in Ceuta for the first time, with observations from 23 localities within 9 1 × 1 km UTM squares, between May and September. Adults were observed feeding on S. atropurpurea, E. creticum, P. maritima, R. ulmifolius, C. crispus, and T. caeruleum. In North Africa, the nominal subspecies M. jurtina jurtina occurs (Tennent, 1996; Tarrier & Delacre, 2008; Leraut, 2016; Tarrier, 2025 e).	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFE9E15EFF31F87A26C0FD26.taxon	discussion	Comment: First recorded in Ceuta, with observations from 16 localities in 8 1 × 1 km UTM squares. This species is relatively frequent, with adults appearing from late April through June, and occasional sightings in July and August. Most records were concentrated in May.	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFE6E15EFF31FD362160FB66.taxon	discussion	Comment: Recorded in Ceuta for the first time. Observed in 18 localities within 9 1 × 1 km UTM squares, with small population sizes at most sites. Adults were observed between May and September, with peak occurrences in June and July.	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFE6E15FFF31FAF72645F9FC.taxon	discussion	Comment: Previously cited for Ceuta and its surroundings by Bacallado Aránega et al. (2012) without specific records. Observations were recorded from 63 localities within 21 1 × 1 km UTM squares. The species is abundant and widely distributed throughout Ceuta. This migratory butterfly was observed all year round, with peak numbers in March, May, June, and September. Adults were observed nectaring on L. dentata, P. maritima, A. arvensis, G. coronaria, D. viscosa, C. fragilis, G. tomentosus, L. sinuatum, C. althaeoides, M. suaveolens, E. multiflora, and E. creticum.	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFE5E15AFF31F95A202CFCC9.taxon	discussion	Comment: Observations have recorded from 24 localities within 13 1 × 1 km UTM squares, representing the first documented records for Ceuta. Adults are primarily active from May to September, indicating a flight period extending from late spring to early autumn. Imagines have been observed feeding on the flowers of various plants, including S. atropurpurea, C. hispanica, C. calcitrapa, M. suaveolens, M. pulegium, T. isthmocarpum, R. ulmifolius, P. spinosa, D. gerardi, V. karroo, A. radiatus, and A. arvensis.	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFE2E15AFF31FC692338FAD9.taxon	discussion	Comment: Observations of this migratory species have been recorded from 4 localities located within 4 1 × 1 km UTM squares, from mid-July to late October, indicating an activity period in Ceuta spanning mid-summer to early autumn. Larvae develop on V. karroo, and adults also visit the flowers of this legume (Williams, 2018). Although reproduction in Ceuta has not yet been confirmed, it is considered highly probable. Additionally, adults have been observed nectaring on M. suaveolens and S. rosmarinus.	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFE3E15BFF31FDF6200FFC32.taxon	discussion	Comment: A single, heavily worn adult was recorded in Ceuta during the study period, constituting the first documented occurrence in the Autonomous City. The nearest known record is from Tangier, and the species is considered uncommon and localised in Morocco (Rungs, 1981; Tennent, 1996; Tarrier, 2017, 2024, 2025 c). Tarrier & Delacre (2008) and Tarrier (2017, 2025 c) report its presence in only 25 10 × 10 km UTM squares. The individual observed in April was nectaring on P. maritima in a coastal area. Despite extensive searches between March and May in habitats containing its primary host plant, Arbutus unedo (Tarrier & Delacre, 2008; García-Barros et al., 2013), no additional individuals were found.	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFE3E15BFF31FC4F26B6FA0A.taxon	discussion	Comment: Previously mentioned for Ceuta and surroundings by Bacallado Aránega et al. (2012) without specific records. Observations were recorded from 10 localities within 7 1 × 1 km UTM squAres, with most sightings occurring in MArch And A few in April, consistent with the species’ typical spring activity period (Tennent, 1996; Tarrier & Delacre, 2008; García-Barros et al., 2013). Adults were observed nectaring on A. unedo, V. tinus, A. ramosus, and C. monspeliensis.	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFE3E158FF31FA172085FEA6.taxon	discussion	Comment: First records for Ceuta. Observed from 17 localities within 10 1 × 1 km UTM squares, from March to September, peaking in June and September. In the study area, the species is primarily associated with streams, temporary ponds, and reservoirs, fying over riparian vegetation composed of R. ulmifolius, S. pedicellata, and N. oleander, on which it perches frequently. Adults were observed nectaring on M. suaveolens and R. ulmifolius.	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFE0E158FF31FEB5212AFDE6.taxon	discussion	Comment: One of three species documented in Ceuta with only a single sighting, representing the first record for the Autonomous City. A female was captured in mid-March in low scrub dominated by C. monspeliensis, C. crispus, and L. stoechas. Northern Moroccan (e. g., Rif, Beni Snassen massif, Middle Atlas) and Ceutan populations belong to the subspecies G. melanops algirica (Heyne, 1895) (Tarrier & Delacre, 2008; Leraut, 2016; Tarrier, 2025 c).	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
03DA1267FFDCE165FF31FA332071F86A.taxon	discussion	Comment: Observed from 7 localities within 5 1 × 1 km UTM squares, denoting its first documented occurrence in Ceuta. Adults were seen in flight during March and April, with most sightings in March, consistent with the univoltine flight period reported for Morocco (e. g., Tennent, 1996; Tarrier & Delacre, 2008). Based on current data, T. ballus appears to be scarce and localised within the study area. Adults have been observed nectaring on L. stoechas. The Ceuta population, along with those occurring in Morocco, belongs to the nominal subspecies T. ballus ballus (Fabricius, 1787) (Tennent, 1996; Tarrier & Delacre, 2008; Leraut, 2016; Tarrier, 2025 c). Graph 1. - Observation frequency of the different species of Papilionoidea present in Ceuta. Number of records for each species over the entire study period.	en	Monasterio, Yeray, Ruiz, José L., Escobés, Ruth, García, Antonio, Iglesias, Arturo, López, Mar, Pérez, Rafael, Farino, Teresa, Vergara, Enrique (2025): The Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) of the Autonomous City of Ceuta (Spain, North Africa): a preliminary faunistic account. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 32: 241-290, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16951570
