taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E687ABFFC88D14FC8089DFFCBCFE9A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. ‘ ex-aristata’ means ‘ without a long bristle-like tip’ (in Latin), and refers to the absence of long hairs on petal lobes, and absence of a filamentous spine between petal lobes in this species. Common name is ‘ rib-fruited orange mangrove’ (Australia). Tree or shrub to 10 m, evergreen, columnar or multi-stemmed, branching mostly sympodial, stem base with spreading, somewhat sinuous, stocky buttresses to 0.3 m high. Exposed root stilts rare, pneumatophores knee-like, thick, to 15 cm. Bark dark grey-brown to black, smooth to rough, friable, horizontal fissures, occasional corky lenticels ± 1 cm diam. Foliage comprised of compact rosettes of paired leaves, clustered at 6 – 9 leaf scar nodes down from apical shoot, terminal, spicate, prominent, green, 2 – 4 cm long. Interpetiolar stipules paired, lanceolate, green to yellowish, enclose terminal bud to 4 cm long. Leaves opposite, simple, obovate, smooth, glossy green, (5 –) 6 – 11 (– 12) cm long, (2 –) 3 – 5 cm wide, (3 –) 4 – 6 (– 7) cm shape length (length from widest width to petiole juncture), length / width ratio 1.9 – 2.2, length / shape ratio 1.8 – 1.9, often with longitudinal folds, margins entire, acute apex, base cuneate; petiole green, to 1 – 3 cm long. Inflorescence axillary, 1 - flowered, buds generally nodding, maturing within leafy rosette; peduncle green to (7.9 –) 8.1 – 11 (– 14) mm long, 1.5 – 2 (– 2.3) mm wide; mature buds present at 1 – 2 internodal segments below apical shoot; mature hypocotyls present at 4 – 5 internodal segments below apical shoot. Mature flower buds yellowish green, 22 – 28 mm long, 3.6 – 4.7 mm width around calyx tube, 6.3 – 7.9 mm width at sepal lobes, distil tip rounded; calyx tube turbinate, ribbed, with 9 – 11 lobes, slender pointed, longer than tube, 12 – 14 mm long, margins on closed bud raised; petals 9 – 10, creamy white, turning orange brown at anthesis, 9 – 13 mm long, 1.8 – 2.3 mm closed width, bilateral folded, 3.3 – 4.5 mm open width, bilobed; lobes 2.4 – 3.8 mm long, densely fringed with hairs along outer margins, apices rounded, sometimes with a minute bristle to 0.2 mm long, often absent, sinus between lobes occasionally with minute spine to 0.4 mm long, often absent; spine / petal lobe length ratio 0 – 0.1; stamens 18 – 20, creamy white turning orange brown at anthesis, 9.3 – 12 mm long, ± 0.3 mm wide, compressed pair within closed petal, dehiscing precociously when triggered, anthers linear, creamy pale yellow turning brown at anthesis, 4.2 – 5.4 long, ± 0.6 mm wide; style filiform, smooth, pale green, 13 – 17 mm long, to 0.7 – 0.9 mm wide, stigma minutely 3 – 4 - lobed at tip, mounted centrally within calyx bowl 2.5 – 3.6 mm wide, 2.9 – 3.8 mm deep. Mature fruit cryptic within slightly enlarged calyx tube, turbinate, ribbed, ± 27 mm long, 6.1 – 12 mm wide, lobes usually reflexed, 10 – 12 mm long, 15 – 22 mm spread width; germination viviparous, hypocotyl emergent from calyx with maturation. Mature hypocotyl finger-like, slender, straight, green, 8.6 – 10 cm long, 9 – 10 mm at widest point, 31 – 37 mm shape length (length from widest point to distil end), ± 3 mm wide at plumule end, length / width ratio 9 – 10.5, length / shape ratio 2.6 – 3.2, slight longitudinal ribbing, distil end blunt, plumule 1 – 1.8 mm long, buoyant dispersal agent. Phenology — In the southern hemisphere, notably Australia, flowering peaks during September and October, and propagule maturation occurs during February and March. Ecology and local influences — Common constituent of the upper intertidal mangrove zone and intermediate-upstream estuarine position. In Australia, the species is found in a variety of habitats ranging from tidal backwaters, to stunted stands bordering saltpans and sandy beaches. Common associates include Ceriops australis and Xylocarpus moluccensis. As with other Bruguiera, this species has a distinctive explosive pollen release mechanism. Honey-eaters frequently visit the flowers to gather nectar. Distribution — Distributed from eastern Indonesia, Timor and southern New Guinea to northern Australia. In Australia (Duke 2006), the species occurs in estuaries across the north coast from the Montebello Islands and Cossack, Western Australia (20 ° 40 ' S, 117 ° 12 ' E) in the west, across the Northern Territory, to Port Curtis, Queensland (23 ° 49 ' S, 151 ° 22 ' E) in the east. Note — Bruguiera exaristata is readily recognised by its buttressed trunk, knee-like pneumatophores, opposite glossy green leaves, and moderately-large mostly solitary flowers with 8 – 10 lobes. The calyces are notable for their light green colour and distinctive ribbing. The species is distinguished from other single flower Bruguiera by the absence of an appreciable spine between petal lobes, and the absence of bristles on petal lobes.	en	Duke, N. C., Ge, X. - J. (2011): Bruguiera (Rhizophoraceae) in the Indo-West Pacific: a morphometric assessment of hybridization within single-flowered taxa. Blumea 56 (1): 36-48, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X572968, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x572968
03E687ABFFC58D15FC808C21FDCAF96F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. ‘ Gymno-rhiza’ means ‘ naked root’ (in Greek), and refers to the conspicuous exposed knee roots of this species. Common name is ‘ large-leafed orange mangrove’ in Australia. There has been confusion regards the spelling of ‘ gymnorhiza’. The epithet was published by Linnaeus with one ‘ r’ and quoted by Savigny in Lamarck & Poiret (1798) with one ‘ r’ as well. However, more recent authors have used double ‘ r’, such as Ding Hou (1958), Tomlinson (1986) and Wagner et al. (1990). Based on such usage, two ‘ r’s are used by the ITIS data being derived from the USDA PLANTS database. The decision to make the change to one ‘ r’ was based on the International Code for Botanical Nomenclature which states that the original spelling is to be used unless it has an error of a type that ought to be corrected, like the spelling. The question of one ‘ r’ or two therefore depends on the Greek term from which this epithet was derived. Some recent authors had taken the view that this derivative used a double ‘ r’, so Linnaeus’ spelling was corrected. However, others like the APNI, had taken a conservative view. A high-level working group of plant taxonomists representing all key Australian Herbaria (unpublished minutes, 17 October 2005) have justified retention of Linnaeus’ original spelling, following Stearn (1992) p. 261, who specifically discusses the case of ‘ - rhiza’ in Greek compounds, and concludes that either spelling is equally acceptable. Tree or shrub to 25 m, evergreen, columnar or multi-stemmed, branching mostly sympodial, stem base with spreading sinuous, stocky buttresses to 0.5 m high. Exposed root stilts rarely on lower stem, pneumatophores thick knee-like, to 30 cm. Bark dark grey-brown to black, rough, friable, predominately horizontal fissures, with large corky lenticels of ± 2 cm diam, especially on buttresses. Foliage comprised of compact rosettes of paired leaves, clustered at 4 – 9 leaf scar nodes around apical shoot, terminal, spicate, prominent, red-green, 3 – 7 cm long. Interpetiolar stipules paired, lanceolate, often reddish or green to yellowish, enclose terminal bud to 7 cm long. Leaves opposite, simple, blade elliptic-oblong, coriaceous, glossy green, (8 –) 9 – 19 (– 24) cm long, (3 –) 4 – 8 (– 9) cm wide, (4 –) 5 – 9 (– 12) cm shape length, length / width ratio 1.9 – 2.8, length / shape ratio 1.9 – 2.4, with longitudinal folds, margin entire, apex bluntly pointed, base cuneate; petiole green, to 2 – 5 cm long, often glaucous with white waxy coating. Inflorescence axillary, 1 - flowered, buds generally nodding, maturing within leafy rosette; peduncle green, (8.7 –) 10 – 20 (– 23) mm long, 2 – 3.3 mm wide; mature buds present at 1 – 2 internodal segments below apical shoot; mature hypocotyls present at 4 – 6 internodal segments below apical shoot. Mature flower buds bright red, occasionally yellowish green, 29 – 44 mm long, 4.5 – 18 mm wide around calyx tube, 8.5 – 14 mm at sepal lobes, distil tip acute; calyx tube turbinate, grooved or smooth, with 9 – 15 lobes, slender, pointed, longer than tube, 17 – 26 mm long, margins on closed bud indented to smooth; petals 9 – 15, creamy white, turning orange brown at anthesis, 12 – 20 mm long, 1.8 – 3.1 mm closed width, bilateral folded, 3.5 – 5.7 mm open width, bilobed; lobes 2.3 – 8.1 mm long, densely fringed with hairs along outer margins, apices acute with 2 – 3 bristles, 2 – 4 mm long, sinus between lobes with hair-like spine, 2.5 – 7.3 mm long, often exceeding lobes, spine / petal lobe length ratio 0.5 – 1.5; stamens 18 – 30, creamy white turning orange brown at anthesis, 10 – 18 mm long, ± 0.5 mm wide, compressed pair within closed petal, dehiscing precociously when triggered, anthers linear, creamy pale yellow turning brown at anthesis, 4.1 – 7.9 mm long, ± 0.8 mm wide; style filiform, smooth, pale green, 16 – 26 mm long, to 0.9 – 2 mm wide, stigma minutely 3 – 4 - lobed at tip, mounted centrally within calyx bowl 2.9 – 6 mm wide, 4.2 – 7.8 mm deep. Mature fruit cryptic within slightly enlarged calyx tube, turbinate, smooth to grooved, 37 – 49 mm long, 6.8 – 23 mm wide, lobes slightly reflexed, if at all, 16 – 23 mm long, 18 – 38 mm spread width; germination viviparous, hypocotyl emergent from calyx with maturation. Mature hypocotyl cigar-shaped, straight, green, 7 – 22 cm long, 6 – 22 mm at widest point, 39 – 93 mm shape length, 4 – 17 mm width at plumule end, length / width ratio 5.9 – 14.7, length / shape ratio 1.6 – 2.8, longitudinal ribbing, distil end blunt, plumule 1.7 – 4.3 mm long, buoyant dispersal agent. Phenology — In the southern hemisphere, flowering peaks through April to August, and maturation of propagules occurs in January and February. This is expected to differ by six months in the northern hemisphere. Ecology and local influences — A distinctive and common member of the mid-high intertidal mangrove community, occurring in downstream-intermediate estuarine positions. The species is found in a wide variety of habitat conditions ranging from deep estuarine muds, to sandy beaches, to coral and rocky coastal shorelines. As with other Bruguiera, this species has a distinctive explosive pollen release mechanism. Honey-eaters frequently visit the flowers to gather nectar. Distribution — One of the most widely-distributed mangrove species, based on its broad longitudinal range in the Indo West Pacific region. The species is found from East Africa through India and the Malay Peninsula to South China, the Ryukyu Islands, Polynesia to Samoa and northern Australia. In Australia (Duke 2006), it occurs in most estuaries along the northern coast from Darwin Harbour, Northern Territory (12 ° 25 ' S, 130 ° 48 ' E) in the west, across Queensland, to Moonee Creek, New South Wales (30 ° 13 ' S, 153 ° 10 ' E) in the east. Note — Bruguiera gymnorhiza is distinguished by its open flowers showing petals with 3 longish bristles at lobe tips. Bruguiera gymnorhiza is notably distinguished from other Bruguiera by a number of characteristics: – large, single-flowered inflorescences with petals having a spine roughly the same length as the paired lobes, as distinct from much longer spines of B. cylindrica, B. hainesii and B. parviflora; and, its acute petal lobes with 3 – 4 bristles, being distinct from the more rounded petal lobes and fewer bristles of B. sexangula, B. × rhynchopetala and B. exaristata. The calyces of B. gymnorhiza are often also distinctly bright red, almost scarlet in colour, but not always. Some trees have pale yellowish green coloured calyces, and no red ones. Trees with either red or green colour sometimes occur in mixed stands, like those in Great Sandy Strait and Fraser Island in Queensland, Australia. These same colour morphs occur in other locations, like Yap Islands in Micronesia. Another kind of colour variant is found in New Caledonia. In southern estuaries of this large Pacific island, there are many individual trees with much darker appearance than adjacent, normal ‘ green’ trees. Darker trees appear to have red coloration throughout causing leaves and stems that might otherwise be green, to appear dark brown or dark green. Reproductive parts and apical shoots appear bright red. In each case, no corresponding morphological differences could be found to justify separate taxonomic determination.	en	Duke, N. C., Ge, X. - J. (2011): Bruguiera (Rhizophoraceae) in the Indo-West Pacific: a morphometric assessment of hybridization within single-flowered taxa. Blumea 56 (1): 36-48, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X572968, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x572968
03E687ABFFC48D16FFCF8A74FE37FA8F.taxon	description	Bruguiera sexangula var. rhynchopetala W. C. Ko, Acta Phyotax. Sin. 16 (1978) 110. — Type: Yue- 74, 03190 (IBSC), China, Hainan. Qiongshan, Yanfeng, mangrove, 9 Sept. 1974. Bruguiera × rhynchopetala N. C. Duke (2006) 122 – 123, nom. nud. Natural hybrid of Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Savigny × B. sexangula (Lour.) Poir. Differs from B. sexangula but similar to B. gymnorhiza in presence of 2 – 3 bristles, much greater than 1 mm long, distinctly exceeding apex of petal lobes. Differs from B. gymnorhiza but similar to B. sexangula in surface of calyx often with distinct ribbing on tube corresponding to lobe junctures on closed mature buds, spine between petal lobes always shorter than lobes. Intermediate characters between B. gymnorhiza and B. sexangula include: bristle length on apex of petal lobe, c. 1 – 2 mm long (bristles of B. sexangula 0 – 1 mm; 2 – 4 mm for B. gymnorhiza); lenticels (notable for China) between 1 – 2 cm (B. sexangula c. 1 cm; B. gymnorhiza c. 2 cm); and bark (notable for China) with both horizontal and vertical fissures (B. sexangula has vertical; B. gymnorhiza has predominately horizontal) (Table 3). Etymology. ‘ rhyncho-petala’ means ‘ beaked petals’ (in Greek), and refers to the bristles at the tips of petal lobes of this hybrid species. Tree or shrub to 15 – 35 m, evergreen, columnar or multi-stemmed, branching mostly sympodial, stem base with flat, fin-like buttresses to 0.5 m high. Exposed root stilts occasionally on lower stem, pneumatophores knee-like, to 25 cm. Bark grey to pale-brown, with horizontal and vertical fissures, with a few large corky lenticels of 1 – 2 cm diam, especially on buttresses. Foliage comprised of compact rosettes of paired leaves, clustered at 4 – 8 (– 10) leaf scar nodes down from apical shoot, terminal, spicate, prominent, red-green, 3 – 7 (– 8) cm long. Interpetiolar stipules paired, lanceolate, green to yellowish, occasional pinkish tinge, enclose terminal bud to 8 cm long. Leaves opposite, simple, blade elliptic to elliptic-oblong, smooth, glossy green, (6 –) 7 – 15 (– 21) cm long, 3 – 6 (– 8) cm wide, (3 –) 4 – 8 (– 9) cm shape length, length / width ratio 2.1 – 2.6, length / shape ratio 1.9 – 2.1, margin entire, apex acute, base cuneate; petiole green, to 2.4 – 4.4 cm long. Inflorescence axillary, 1 - flowered, buds generally nodding, maturing within leafy rosette; peduncle green, 3.9 – 19 (– 23) mm long, 1.9 – 2.7 (– 3.2) mm wide; mature buds present at 1 – 2 internodal segments below apical shoot; mature hypocotyls present at 4 – 6 internodal segments below apical shoot. Mature flower buds green with rosy blush to all green, 29.4 – 41 mm long, 4.3 – 6.1 mm wide around calyx tube, 7.6 – 10 mm wide at sepal lobes, distil tip acute; calyx tube turbinate, smooth to ribbed, with 9 – 12 (– 13) lobes, slender pointed, longer than tube, 17.2 – 26 mm long, margins on closed bud smooth, to slightly indented or slightly raised; petals 9 – 12, creamy white, turning orange brown at anthesis, 14 – 18 mm long, 1.9 – 2.8 mm closed width, bilateral folded, 3.5 – 5.6 mm open width, bilobed; lobes 3.2 – 6.2 mm long, densely fringed with hairs along outer margins, apices rounded with 1 – 3 bristles near top, 1.2 – 2.3 mm long, sinus between lobes with hair-like spine, 2.5 – 5 mm long, not exceeding lobes, spine / petal lobe length ratio 0.5 – 0.9; stamens 18 – 24, creamy white turning orange brown at anthesis, 12.2 – 18 mm long, 0.2 – 0.5 mm wide, compressed pair within closed petal, dehiscing precociously when triggered, anthers linear, creamy pale yellow turning brown at anthesis, 5.6 – 7.3 mm long, ± 0.7 mm wide; style filiform, smooth, pale green, 17 – 25 mm long, to 0.9 – 1.5 mm wide, stigma minutely 3 (– 4) - lobed at tip, mounted centrally within calyx bowl 2.7 – 4.4 mm wide, 3.4 – 7.3 mm deep. Mature fruit cryptic within slightly enlarged calyx tube, turbinate, smooth to ribbed, 41 – 44 mm long, 14 – 19 mm wide, lobes slightly reflexed, if at all, 18 – 24 mm long, 20 – 35 mm spread width; germination viviparous, hypocotyl emergent from calyx with maturation. Mature hypocotyl cigar-shaped, straight, green, 9 – 15 cm long, 13 – 19 mm at widest point, 39 – 75 mm shape length, 4 – 8 mm width at plumule end, length / width ratio 5.8 – 8.6, length / shape ratio 1.6 – 2.6, some longitudinal ribbing, distil end blunt, plumule 2 – 3.7 mm long, buoyant dispersal agent. Phenology — In Australia, flowering peaks in August and September, and maturation of propagules occurs in September to December. In China, flowering was observed in February to June, and generally differing by around six months in the northern hemisphere. The Bruguiera hybrid differs from Rhizophora hybrids as it commonly produces mature-sized and well-formed hypocotyls. By contrast, Rhizophora hybrid individuals rarely produce mature hypocotyls (Duke 2010). Ecology and local influences — Common in the mid intertidal zone of intermediate-upstream estuarine position. Notable occurrences within the estuarine range of B. sexangula, and overlapping with B. gymnorhiza. The estuarine range therefore is predominately upstream, favouring more freshwater-influenced estuaries. Usually located in mid to higher intertidal portions of mangrove stands. Distribution — Distribution in China is restricted to north-eastern coast of Hainan Island, but records lacking elsewhere in China. In Australia (Duke 2006), the hybrid occurs in east coast estuaries of Queensland from Jacky Creek (10 ° 54 ' S, 142 ° 32 ' E) in the north, to the Herbert River (18 ° 32 ' S, 146 ° 19 ' E) in the southeast. The hybrid may occur only where parental forms co-exist. Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Queensland, Daintree River, Norman C. Duke, D 001, D 020 (BRIU). – CHINA, Hainan, Qiongshan, Yanfeng, 26 Sept. 1995, Wang Rui-Jiang 035 (IBSC); Qiongshan, Yanfeng, Shanwei, 3 Oct. 1983, Ko Wan-Cheung 497 (IBSC); Wenchang, Bianhai, Sept. 1979, Ko Wan-Cheung 7 (IBSC); Wenchang, Shagang, 4 Aug. 1957, Li Dong- Sheng & Zhang Jing-Qing 80292 (IBSC); Wenchang, Qinglangang, March, 1956, CAS Hainan Vegetation Investigation Team 1024 (IBSC); Wenchang, Qinglangang, 16 April 1956, 01055 (IBSC). Note — Bruguiera × rhynchopetala is the hybrid of B. gymnorhiza and B. sexangula. Discrimination of taxa is based on calyx ribbing, bristle number and petal lobe length. The hybrid entity is distinguished by petals having 1 – 2 relatively short bristles at lobe tips. By comparison, B. sexangula has no bristles, or at least only very short ones less than 1.25 mm long, not or barely exceeding the apex of the petal lobe. The hybrid is more comparable with B. gymnorhiza which has petal lobes with 2 – 3, rarely 4, bristles of 2 – 4 mm long, and distinctly exceeding the apex. In field surveys in China, putative hybrids were identified using intermediate characteristics of bark fissuring and lenticels. In Australia, bark characteristics were not as useful, so initial field identification was based on tree shape being more erect, columnar, with plank-like buttresses.	en	Duke, N. C., Ge, X. - J. (2011): Bruguiera (Rhizophoraceae) in the Indo-West Pacific: a morphometric assessment of hybridization within single-flowered taxa. Blumea 56 (1): 36-48, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X572968, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x572968
03E687ABFFC78D16FFCF8814FCA3F90A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. ‘ sex-angula’ means ‘ six-angled’ (in Latin), and refers to the angular sides of the hypocotyl of this species. Common Australian name is ‘ upriver orange mangrove’. Tree or shrub to 15 m, evergreen, columnar or multi-stemmed, branching mostly sympodial, stem base with short, sinous buttresses, to 0.3 m high. Exposed root stilts often low on stem, pneumatophores knee-like, to 15 cm. Bark grey to pale-brown, with vertical fissures, with few corky lenticels to 1 cm diam. Foliage comprised of compact rosettes of paired leaves, clustered at 2 – 5 leaf scar nodes down from apical shoot, terminal, spicate, prominent, red-green, 5 – 11 cm long. Interpetiolar stipules paired, lanceolate, green to yellowish, occasional pinkish tinge, enclose terminal bud to 8 cm long. Leaves opposite, simple, blade elliptic-oblong, smooth, glossy green, 7 – 16 (– 20) cm long, 3 – 6 (– 7) cm wide, 4 – 9 (– 11) cm shape length, length / width ratio 2.3 – 3.5, length / shape ratio 1.8 – 2.1, margin entire, apex acute, base cuneate; petiole green, 1.9 – 3.5 cm long. Inflorescence axillary, 1 - flowered, buds generally nodding, maturing within leafy rosette; peduncle 4.4 – 11 (– 12) mm long, 1.5 – 2.5 (– 3.4) mm wide; mature buds present at 1 – 2 internodal segments below apical shoot; mature hypocotyls present at 3 – 6 internodal segments below apical shoot. Mature flower buds pink-orange to pale yellowish green, 27.6 – 34 mm long, 3 – 8.3 mm wide around calyx tube, 6.8 – 9.9 mm wide at sepal lobes, distil tip acute; calyx tube turbinate, ribbed, with 10 – 12 lobes, slender pointed, longer than tube, 15.6 – 20 mm long, margins on closed bud raised; petals 10 – 12, creamy white, turning orange brown at anthesis, 13.2 – 16 mm long, 1.9 – 2.6 mm closed width, bilateral folded, 3.4 – 4.6 mm open width, bilobed; lobes 3.6 – 6.4 mm long, densely fringed with hairs along outer margins, apices rounded with 0 – 3 bristles near top, 0 – 1.3 mm long, sinus between lobes with hair-like spine, 1.9 – 4 mm long, not exceeding lobes, spine / petal lobe length ratio 0.4 – 0.8; stamens 20 – 24, creamy white turning orange brown at anthesis, 10.5 – 14 mm long, 0.1 – 0.5 mm wide, compressed pair within closed petal, dehiscing precociously when triggered, anthers linear, creamy pale yellow turning brown at anthesis, 4.1 – 6.2 mm long, 0.4 – 0.7 mm wide; style filiform, smooth, pale green, 16.8 – 21 mm long, to 0.6 – 1.5 mm wide, stigma minutely 3 (– 4) - lobed at tip, mounted centrally within calyx bowl 2.2 – 4 mm wide, 2.4 – 5.1 mm deep. Mature fruit cryptic within slightly enlarged calyx tube, turbinate, ribbed, 28.6 – 38 mm long, 4.1 – 17 mm wide, lobes reflexed; germination viviparous, hypocotyl emergent from calyx with maturation. Mature hypocotyl cigar-shaped, stout, green, 2 – 11 cm long, 7 – 17 mm at widest point, 10 – 62 mm shape length, 3 – 6 mm width at plumule end, length / width ratio 3.4 – 7.8, length / shape ratio 1.5 – 2.4, slight longitudinal ribbing, distal end blunt, plumule 0.1 – 3.2 mm long, buoyant dispersal agent. Phenology — In the southern hemisphere, notably Australia, flowering peaks in August and September, and maturation of propagules occurs in September to December. In the northern hemisphere, this is expected to differ by around six months. Ecology and local influences — Bruguiera sexangula is usually found in upstream reaches of river-dominated estuaries in high rainfall areas, in mid intertidal, upstream estuarine positions. Other Bruguiera, especially B. gymnorhiza, dominate lower and intermediate sections of such estuaries. As with other Bruguiera, this species has a distinctive explosive pollen release mechanism. Honey-eaters frequently visit the flowers to gather nectar. Distribution — Bruguiera sexangula is distributed from India to Asia, through the Indonesian Archipelago to New Caledonia and the northern coast of Australia. In Australia (Duke 2006), the species occurs in estuaries along the northern coastline from the Peter John River, Arnhem Bay, Northern Territory (12 ° 15 ' S, 136 ° 22 ' E) in the west, to the Herbert River, Queensland (18 ° 31 ' S, 146 ° 19 ' E) in the east. Note — Bruguiera sexangula is distinguished by open flowers showing petals with no (or minute) bristles at lobe tips. Bruguiera sexangula is distinguished from other Bruguiera by: large single-flowered inflorescences and petals having a spine slightly shorter than the paired-lobes, as distinct from those of B. cylindrica, B. hainesii and B. parviflora; and blunt petal lobes with single minute or absent bristles, and relatively short hypocotyls, as distinct from B. gymnorhiza and B. × rhynchopetala.	en	Duke, N. C., Ge, X. - J. (2011): Bruguiera (Rhizophoraceae) in the Indo-West Pacific: a morphometric assessment of hybridization within single-flowered taxa. Blumea 56 (1): 36-48, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X572968, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x572968
