taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E41B091A3D2E12FC8BFE14FA91F96B.taxon	description	Notes — The protologue of Bignonia arthrerion does not specify who the collector is or the collecting number or the date of collection. It only provides the number 515 from the Herbarium florae brasiliensis. We found several specimens with this herbarium number, including two specimens in BR and M, where most of Martius’s types are deposited. The original set of gatherings used to produce the Herbarium florae brasiliensis (Martius 1841) has a unique label on its specimens (see Moraes & al. 2014 for a discussion on this subject), which is lacking on most specimens found, except from that in BR. The specimen BR 0000008804723 has one label containing the gathering information and number 18, plus a label with the original Martius Herbarium typography. In this label, Martius annotated information about the collector (da Silva Manso), locality of collection and the reference to “ Hbr. Fl. Br. n. 515. ” When Candolle (1845) published the new combination Distictis arthrerion, he mentioned the specimen deposited in the Herbarium florae brasiliensis citing the same information provided in the label of the specimen at BR. Indeed, Urban (1906: 112) indicated that all gatherings of A. L. P. da Silva Manso were in Martius’s herbarium held in BR, with the duplicates distributed from there. Because there is no indication to the one specimen used by Martius in the protologue, there is a need to select a lectotype. However, Candolle (1845) did not mention the specimens he saw as the type; consequently, he did not designate a type (Art. 7.11, Turland & al. 2018). Besides, Lohmann (in Lohmann & Taylor 2014) used the term “ holotype ” to define the type status of the specimen in M. Following Art. 9.10 (Turland & al. 2018), we are correcting the use of the term “ holotype ” to lectotype. = Bignonia hispida DC., Prodr. 9: 152. 1845. – Lectotype (designated here): Brazil, Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, 1832, A. L. P da Silva Manso 71 (G-DC barcode = G 00133358 [image!]; isolectotypes: G-DC barcode G 00133270 [image!], G-DC barcode G 00133371 [image!]). Notes — In the protologue of Bignonia hispida, Candolle (1845) described the flowers and fruits. There are four exsiccates in G-DC numbered from one to four that may have been used by Candolle to describe this species. In each of the sheets G 00133265 (numbered as 2, with flowers) and G 00133358 (numbered as 3, with flowers and fruits), there is a label with gathering information, collector and the numbers 70 and 71, respectively. In the specimen G 00133271 (numbered as 1, with fruits) there is no label, while the specimen G 00133270 (numbered as 4, with flowers) only includes a label with the name B. hispida handwritten (not by Candolle) and no gathering information. Because the specimen G 00133358 includes flowers, fruits and the gathering information, we select it here as the lectotype. We do not consider the specimen G 00133265 as an isolectotype because the collecting number is different, clearly indicating that it is not a duplicate.	en	Kaehler, Miriam, Lohmann, Lúcia G. (2022): Taxonomic revisions in Fridericia (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) II: the “ Neomacfadya ” clade. Willdenowia 52 (2): 247-271, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52204, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52204
03E41B091A3D2E12FC8BFE14FA91F96B.taxon	description	Morphological description — Lianas (sometimes scandent shrubs), high climbing. Branches terete to subquadrangular, striate and lenticellate, grey (young branches black) with ferruginous trichomes evident when dry, pubescent to villous, with simple trichomes; without interpetiolar ridge, with interpetiolar glandular fields; prophylls of axillary buds triangular, not apiculate, 1.1 – 2.3 mm long. Leaves 2 (or 3) - foliolate; petiole 1.2 – 5.2 cm long, puberulous to villous, with simple trichomes; petiolules in two lengths, central 1 – 5.6 cm, lateral 0.5 – 2 cm, villous, with simple trichomes; blade chartaceous, smooth, margin revolute, central leaflet ovate to elliptic, 11 – 18.5 × 2.6 – 4 cm, base rounded, apex long apiculate, lateral leaflets ovate, 9 – 25 × 4.6 – 7.5 cm, base rounded, subcordate to truncate, apex acuminate, adaxially not vernicose, puberulous to velutinous or villous (sometimes hispid), with simple trichomes throughout, abaxially pubescent to villous, with simple and glandular peltate trichomes throughout, venation palmate actinodromous basal, secondary veins raised, tertiary veins raised, without pocket and trichome tuft domatia. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, thyrse with bud abortion, with 3 – 5 orders, first-order peduncles 1 – 4.5 cm long, second-order 1.5 – 2.1 cm, third-order 0.3 – 1.1 cm, fourth-order 0.1 – 0.4 cm, fifth-order c. 0.2 cm, pubescent to villous, with simple and glandular capitate trichomes; bracts linear, c. 4 mm long, caducous; bracteoles linear, c. 2 mm long, caducous; pedicels 0.3 – 0.5 cm long. Calyx tubular to campanulate, not costate, truncate, 0.4 – 0.7 × 0.3 – 0.4 cm, glabrescent to velutinous, with simple and glandular capitate trichomes shortly stalked, chartaceous, pink to dark red, without glands. Corolla infundibular, slightly curved, furrowed, 2.3 – 3.5 cm long, 0.6 – 1.2 cm wide at tube mouth, externally villous, without glands, lobes 0.5 – 0.8 × 0.6 – 0.7 cm, margin rounded and undulate, lilac to dark red. Androecium with all stamens included; longer filaments 1.6 – 1.7 cm long, shorter filaments 1.1 – 1.4 cm; stamin- ode 4 – 5 mm long; anthers 2 – 3 mm long, connectives not protruding (sometimes protruding c. 0.1 mm). Gynoecium with ovary cylindric, 2 – 2.5 × 0.7 – 1 mm, angled, lepidote, style 1.4 – 1.7 cm long; stigma lanceolate; nectar disk annular and smooth under ovary, c. 2 × 2.4 mm. Fruit linear, flat, margins slightly raised, central ridge slightly raised, valves coriaceous, rough, 24 – 36 × 1 – 1.4 cm, villous becoming glabrescent, with simple and glandular capitate long-stalked trichomes; septum coriaceous. Seeds oblong, body semicircular (irregular), 0.8 – 0.9 × 1.5 – 2.6 cm, wings hyaline, 0.8 – 1 cm wide, margins crisped. Phenology — Produces flowers from December to May. Fruits were collected in May, August, September and November. Distribution and habitat — Fridericia arthrerion is distributed through W Amazonia. This species occupies dry and wet Amazonian forests and ecotone areas between the Cerrado and Chaco. It is distributed through Bolivia (El Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Pando and Santa Cruz), Brazil (Acre, Mato Grosso and Pará), Colombia (La Guajira), Ecuador (Napo, Pastaza and Sucumbios) and Peru (Amazonas, Cuzco, JunÍn, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pasco, Puno, San MartÍn and Ucayali). Conservation status — Fridericia arthrerion is categorized as Least Concern (LC) based on its Extent of Occurrence (1,987,141 km 2) and Area of Occupancy (92,500 km 2). Remarks — Fridericia arthrerion can be easily recognized by its tubular and short calyx, unique features among the species of the “ Neomacfadya ” clade, as well as the pubescent to villous branches and villous fruits that become glabrescent. Vegetative material is often confused with F. nigrescens (Sandwith) L. G. Lohmann due to the puberulous to velutinous or villous leaflets, usually becoming black when dry. However, F. nigrescens has branches and leaflets covered by dendritic trichomes, a synapomorphy of the “ Sampaiella ” clade, within which it is placed (Kaehler & al 2019). In contrast, F. arthrerion lacks dendritic trichomes and shows exclusively simple trichomes instead, like the remaining species of the “ Neomacfadya ” clade. Fridericia nigrescens further differs from F. arthrerion by the long petioles (4 – 11 cm vs 1.2 – 5.2 cm in F. arthrerion), bullate leaflets (vs smooth in F. arthrerion) and strongly asymmetric base of the lateral leaflets (vs rounded, subcordate to truncate in F. arthrerion). Fridericia arthrerion can also be confused with F. egensis (Bureau & K. Schum.) L. G. Lohmann; see discussion provided under F. egensis. Gentry & Grose (2007) indicated that Arrabidaea arthrerion (≡ Fridericia arthrerion) may occur in Suriname. This observation was based on Bureau & Schumann (1896: 51), who mentioned a specimen in BR that was wrongly attributed to Martius and was likely collected by Wullschlaegel. Neither Bureau & Schumann (1896) nor Gentry & Grose (2007) were able to find this specimen, nor were we able to locate it. This record seems to be misidentified considering the occidental Amazonian distribution pattern of F. arthrerion. In the phylogeny of Fridericia (Kaehler & al. 2019), two gatherings of F. arthrerion were retrieved in different clades. The first was placed within the “ Neomacfadya ” clade (Lohmann 521, as F. egensis), while the second was placed within the “ Fridericia s. str. ” clade (Kileen 4015). After a thorough study of Lohmann 521, we noted that this gathering has coriaceous and narrow fruit (c. 1.4 cm wide) as found in other F. arthrerion specimens, whereas F. egensis has woody and wider fruits (2.3 – 2.7 cm wide), indicating that Lohmann 521 actually corresponds to F. arthrerion. While Kileen 4015 was correctly identified, we suspect that there might be an error or contamination with the sequence included in the molecular phylogenetic study by Kaehler & al. (2019), given that the morphology does not match its phylogenetic placement. The phylogenetic placement of this material should be verified in future studies. Here we synonymize Fridericia pearcei under F. arthrerion due to their shared morphologies, as noted by Gentry (1977 b: 40) and Sandwith (in sched.). Fridericia pearcei was a widely used name for the plants with long, multicellular trichomes. However, the specimens from Ecuador lack these trichomes, as noted by Gentry (1977 b). On the other hand, F. arthrerion was the name used for specimens with black leaves and ferruginous indumentum when dry, features that combined were found in a few specimens. After careful comparison of the types, and a thorough examination of around 100 specimens, we realized that this species includes a broad morphological variation of indumentum and colour of dried leaves, with a continuum between the extremes. The indumentum is ferruginous but varies from puberulous to completely villous leaves, calyces and fruits, whereas the dried leaves vary from green or brownish green to black. However, the shape of these structures is constant. Therefore, we follow Gentry’s and Sandwith’s suggestions and consider Bignonia pearcei as a synonym of F. arthrerion (Mart.) L. G. Lohmann.	en	Kaehler, Miriam, Lohmann, Lúcia G. (2022): Taxonomic revisions in Fridericia (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) II: the “ Neomacfadya ” clade. Willdenowia 52 (2): 247-271, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52204, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52204
03E41B091A382E1CFCD1F954FA54F8EB.taxon	description	= = = Bignonia craterophora var. acutifolia Mart. ex DC., Prodr. 9: 147. 1845 ≡ Arrabidaea craterophora var. acutifolia (Mart. ex DC.) Bureau in Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., Naturvidensk. Math. Afd., ser. 6, 6 (3): 422. 1892. – Holotype: Brazil, in campis editis Provinciae M. Geraes (= Minas Gerais), s. d., Herb. Fl. Bras. 336 (= C. F. P. von Martius s. n.) (M barcode M 0086377!).	en	Kaehler, Miriam, Lohmann, Lúcia G. (2022): Taxonomic revisions in Fridericia (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) II: the “ Neomacfadya ” clade. Willdenowia 52 (2): 247-271, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52204, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52204
03E41B091A382E1CFCD1F954FA54F8EB.taxon	materials_examined	Notes — In the Flora brasiliensis, Bureau & Schumann (1896: 67) listed a single gathering of Arrabidaea craterophora subvar. velutina made by Martius (“ habitat in ejusden provincieae campis elevatis ”). However, this gathering was not located. In the same treatment, Bureau & Schumann (1897: 406) added two more examined gatherings of this subvariety in the Mantissa at the end of the Flora, including a specimen from Goiás (Glaziou 21861) and a specimen from Santa Luzia do Rio das Velhas in Minas Gerais (Schwake 11421). Of these, we were unable to locate Schwake 11421, but we found three specimens of Glaziou 21861, deposited in K, P and R. The specimen in P (barcode P 02895999) has a handwritten label with a specific location (“ Paranauá près des Cascades, Goyaz ”) and the date of collection is 15 February 1898. Furthermore, information handwritten on the typed label indicates that this material was donated to P from Glaziou’s private herbarium = – – – by Glaziou’s daughter after his death in 1907. The specimen in K includes less detailed locality information (“ Chiefly Province of Goyaz ”) that matches the locality information provided in the protologue. Furthermore, the specimen K 000402725 was identified by Bureau and was received by K in 1896, the same year of the publication of A. craterophora subvar. velutina; this specimen is selected here as the lectotype.	en	Kaehler, Miriam, Lohmann, Lúcia G. (2022): Taxonomic revisions in Fridericia (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) II: the “ Neomacfadya ” clade. Willdenowia 52 (2): 247-271, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52204, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52204
03E41B091A382E1CFCD1F954FA54F8EB.taxon	description	Phenology — Produces flowers from November to June. Fruits were collected from June to January. Distribution and habitat — Fridericia craterophora is mainly distributed in the Cerrado and Chaco, reaching ecotone areas between the Amazon and the Atlantic forest. It is distributed through Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Brazil (Bahia, Distrito Federal, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, PiauÍ, Rio de Janeiro, Rondônia, São Paulo and Tocantins) and Paraguay (Amambay). Conservation status — Fridericia craterophora is categorized as Least Concern (LC) based on its Extent of Occurrence (3,195,212 km 2) and Area of Occupancy (160,000 km 2). Remarks — Fridericia craterophora is one of the most variable species in the “ Neomacfadya ” clade due to the variation in leaflet number, shape, texture and indumentum. This species is easily recognized by the villous and short petioles 0.1 – 0.8 (– 1.1) cm. The petioles are commonly so short that the leaf appears to be sessile, with a thickened area at the base. In fact, the pair of 2 - foliolate leaves located on the opposite side of branches can be confused with four verticillate, simple leaves (Fig 1 G), as described by Gentry (1980). However, a scar is visible between the two lateral leaflets, and a central tendril can also be detected between the leaflets [see Britto 33 (MBM) and Glaziou 21861 (K, P)]. Fridericia craterophora can be confused with the sympatric F. resinosa and F. simplex. The villous and shorter petiole [0.1 – 0.8 (– 1.1) cm], petiolules [0.2 – 0.4 (– 0.7) cm] and non-vernicose adaxial surface of the leaflets of F. craterophora contrast with the glabrous and longer petioles (1 – 3.3 cm), petiolules [(0.5 –) 1 – 1.8 cm] and vernicose adaxial surface of the leaflets of F. resinosa. The characters that distinguish F. craterophora from F. simplex are the branches subquadrangular and lenticellate (vs branches terete and sparsely or not lenticellate in F. simplex), the leaflets with pinnate venation (vs leaflets with actinodromous venation in F. simplex) and the calyx glabrous to villous (vs calyx lepidote in F. simplex). In ecotone areas between Chaco and Amazonian rainforests F. craterophora is often confused with F. japurensis. These two species can be distinguished by the longer petioles [(1.1 –) 1.4 – 2.8 cm] and petiolules [(1.1 –) 1.8 – 2 (– 2.7) cm] of F. japurensis, contrasting with the shorter petioles [0.1 – 0.8 (– 1.1) cm] and petiolules [0.2 – 0.4 (– 0.7) cm] of F. craterophora. Furthermore, F. japurensis has fruits with valves woody and sticky, whereas the fruit valves of F. craterophora are coriaceous and not sticky. Fridericia craterophora can also be confused with F. podopogon due to the short petiole and petiolules and similar shape of the leaflets. However, F. podopogon is restricted to the N portion of Central America and Cuba, whereas F. craterophora is restricted to C South America. Gentry (1982 a) treated Arrabidaea lenticellosa Bureau & K. Schum. as a synonym of A. japurensis [≡ Fridericia japurensis], although no comments about this synonymization were provided. However, a careful analysis of the type material of A. lenticellosa indicat- ed a number of differences with F. japurensis, namely: the shrubby habit described in the label of the specimen LE 01072038 (vs liana in F. japurensis), the leaves 1 - or 2 - foliolate (vs 2 - foliolate in F. japurensis), small petioles (0.4 – 1 cm long vs 1.7 – 2 cm long in F. japurensis) and leaflets with pinnate venation (vs actinodromous basal in F. japurensis). All these features are common in F. craterophora. Based on these morphological traits, we treat A. lenticellosa as a synonym of F. craterophora. The name Arrabidaea lenticellosa Pittier was published for another species from Venezuela. Sandwith (1968) synonymized this name in A. corallina (Jacq.) Sandwith (= Tanaecium dichotomum (Jacq.) Kaehler & L. G. Lohmann), which was subsequently accepted by Gentry (1977 b, 1982 a, 1982 b) and by Lohmann & Ulloa Ulloa (2022 +). We follow this same circumscription here.	en	Kaehler, Miriam, Lohmann, Lúcia G. (2022): Taxonomic revisions in Fridericia (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) II: the “ Neomacfadya ” clade. Willdenowia 52 (2): 247-271, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52204, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52204
03E41B091A362E1EFCAEF8D4FC7EF90B.taxon	description	– “ Bignonia egensis ” Poepp. ex Bureau & K. Schum., Fl. Bras. 8 (2): 66. 1896. Designation not validly published, pro syn. (Art. 36.1 (b )). – “ Fridericia egensis ” (Bureau & K. Schum.) L. G. Lohmann in Forzza & al., Cat. Pl. Fung. Brasil 1: 765. 2010. Designation not validly published (Art. 41.1). Morphological description — Lianas, evergreen, up to 20 m high. Branches terete, striate and lenticellate, brown with ferruginous trichomes when dry, villous, with simple trichomes; with inconspicuous interpetiolar ridge, with interpetiolar glandular fields; prophylls of axillary buds triangular, long apiculate, 3 – 5 (– 8) mm long. Leaves 2 (or 3) - foliolate; petiole 1.8 – 4.1 (– 15) cm long, villous, with simple trichomes; petiolules in two lengths, central c. 3.7 cm (only one measured), lateral 0.4 – 1.9 cm, villous, with simple (sometimes bifid) trichomes; blade chartaceous, bullate, margin revolute, central leaflet elliptic, c. 23.5 × 14 cm (only one specimen measured), base rounded, apex rounded, lateral leaflets elliptic to ovate, (6.5 –) 9 – 13 (– 22.3) × (4.5 –) 8.8 – 16.5 cm, base cordate, subcordate, rounded or slightly asymmetric, apex acuminate (sometimes rounded or obtuse), adaxially not vernicose, puberulous and hispid, with simple trichomes throughout, abaxially puberulous to villous, with simple trichomes throughout, venation palmate actinodromous basal, secondary veins raised, tertiary veins raised, without pocket and trichome tuft domatia. Inflorescences axillary, thyrsoid, with 2 or 3 orders, first-order peduncles 0.7 – 3.5 cm long, second-order 0.3 – 0.8 cm, third-order 0.17 – 0.4 cm, puberulous to villous, with simple trichomes; bracts linear, 2 – 6 mm long, caducous; bracteoles linear, 1.4 – 2.5 mm long, caducous; pedicels 0.1 – 0.4 cm long. Calyx tubular, not costate, bilabiate (sometimes irregularly split), 1.6 – 3 × 0.6 – 1 cm, lepidote with glandular peltate trichomes, chartaceous, white or pink, with patelliform glands and glandular areas evenly distributed. Corolla infundibular, strongly zygomorphic, furrowed, 4.7 – 6.7 cm long, 1.2 – 2.2 cm wide at tube mouth, externally pubescent, without glands, lobes 0.7 – 1.1 × 0.7 – 1.8 cm, margin rounded and undulate, light purple or pink. Androecium with all stamens included; longer filaments 1.7 – 2 cm long, shorter filaments 1 – 1.6 cm; staminode c. 3 mm long; anthers c. 2.7 mm long, connectives not protruding. Gynoecium with ovary cylindric, 3.5 – 3.8 × 1.1 – 1.3 mm, furrowed, lepidote, style 3.2 – 3.9 cm long; stigma lanceolate; nectar disk annular and smooth un- der ovary, c. 0.7 × 1.5 mm. Fruit linear, flat, margin not raised, central ridge slightly raised, valves woody, rough and sticky, 22.5 – 36.5 × 2.3 – 2.7 cm, glabrous; septum coriaceous. Seeds oblong, body elliptic, 1.2 – 1.8 × 3.9 – 4.4 cm, wings hyaline, 0.2 – 0.4 cm wide, margins crisped. Phenology — Produces flowers from June to January. Fruits were collected from July to November. Distribution and habitat — Fridericia egensis is broadly distributed in lowland and pre-montane Amazonian wet forests. It is distributed in Brazil (Amazonas, Maranhão, Mato Grosso and Pará), Colombia (Chocó and Narino), Ecuador (Morona-Santiago and Napo), French Guiana (Cayenne and Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni), Guyana (Rapununi), Peru (Loreto) and Venezuela (Amazonas). Conservation status — Fridericia egensis is categorized as Least Concern (LC) based on its Extent of Occurrence (3,753,715 km 2) and Area of Occupancy (47,500 km 2). Remarks — Even though Fridericia egensis is broadly distributed, it has been poorly collected. During this study, we were only able to locate 26 gatherings, half of which are sterile. Fridericia egensis has only been treat- ed in the Flora brasiliensis (Bureau & Schumann 1896) and Flora of Venezuela (Gentry 1982 a) and was listed without a description in the Flora of the Ducke Reserve (Lohmann & Hopkins 1999). In the Flora brasiliensis, the species was described based only on the two duplicates of Poeppig 2895 both with an old inflorescence and calyces but lacking corolla and fruit. In the Flora of Venezuela, the species was described based on the types and two sterile and young gatherings. Notwithstanding, both Bureau & Schumann (1896) and Gentry (1982 a) indicate the conspicuous villous indumentum as a diagnostic feature of F. egensis. Besides, the species is easily characterized by its triangular and long apiculate prophylls of axillary buds 3 – 5 (– 8) mm long, the bullate surface of the leaflets and the flat, woody, rough and sticky capsules. Fridericia egensis shares the indumentum and shape of the young leaves with F. arthrerion. These two species can be easily distinguished because F. arthrerion has small and triangular prophylls (1.1 – 2.3 mm long, vs long apiculate (3 – 5 (– 8) mm long in F. egensis), smaller calyx (0.4 – 0.7 × 0.3 – 0.4 cm, vs 1.6 – 3 × 0.6 – 1 cm) and corolla (2.3 – 3.5 cm long, vs 4.7 – 6.7 cm long) and narrower fruits (1 – 1.4 cm wide, vs 2.3 – 2.7 cm wide). When sterile, this species can be also confused with F. cinnamomea and F. nigrescens because of the long petiole and villous indumentum. However, both species have branched trichomes (vs simple trichomes in F. egensis) and the lateral leaflets are strongly asymmetric (vs elliptic to ovate in F. egensis).	en	Kaehler, Miriam, Lohmann, Lúcia G. (2022): Taxonomic revisions in Fridericia (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) II: the “ Neomacfadya ” clade. Willdenowia 52 (2): 247-271, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52204, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52204
03E41B091A342E1FFCAEF974FAFEFC8B.taxon	description	Morphological description — Lianas, evergreen, up to 4 m high. Branches terete to subquadrangular, striate, black with whitish trichomes when dry, pubescent to villous, with simple and glandular peltate trichomes; with inconspicuous interpetiolar ridge, without interpetiolar glandular fields; prophylls of axillary buds broadly triangular, not apiculate, 1 – 1.8 mm long. Leaves (1 or) 2 (or 3) - foliolate; petiole (1.1 –) 3 – 5 (– 6.8) cm long, villous, with simple trichomes; petiolules with equal lengths, (0.3 –) 1 – 2.1 cm, villous, with simple trichomes; blade chartaceous, smooth, margin revolute, central leaflet elliptic to obovate, 15 – 18 cm long, base acute, apex long apiculate, lateral leaflets asymmetrically elliptic to ovate, 5 – 16 × 3 – 9 cm, base cuneate, obtuse, rounded or subcordate, apex acuminate to caudate, adaxially not vernicose, glabrous throughout (sometimes pubescent only at veins), abaxially puberulous, with simple trichomes throughout (sometimes only at veins), venation pinnate resembling palmate actinodromous suprabasal, secondary veins raised, tertiary veins flat to slightly raised, without pocket and with trichome tuft domatia. Inflorescences terminal, thyrsoid, with 4 – 7 orders, first-order peduncles 2.1 – 7.7 cm long, second-order (1 –) 1.7 – 6.1 cm, third-order 0.6 – 1.5 cm, fourth-order 0.4 – 1.2 cm, fifth-order 0.3 – 1.5 cm, sixth-order 1.5 – 1.7 cm, seventh-order c. 0.7 cm, villous, with simple and capitate glandular trichomes; bracts linear, 1.1 – 1.7 mm long, caducous; bracteoles broadly triangular, 0.9 – 1.3 mm long, persistent; pedicels 0.3 – 0.6 cm long. Calyx narrowly tubular, costate when dry, shortly 5 - denticulate and laterally split, 0.9 – 1.5 × 0.25 – 0.4 cm, villous, with simple and glandular peltate trichomes, membranaceous, green with pinkish apex, with glandular areas evenly distributed. Corolla narrowly infundibular to tubular, zygomorphic, not furrowed, 2.2 – 4.5 cm long, 0.4 – 0.6 (– 0.8) cm wide at tube mouth, externally puberulous at base and tube and villous at lobes, with simple and glandular capitate trichomes shortly stalked, without glands, lobes 0.4 – 0.7 × 0.3 – 0.6 cm, margin shortly acuminate and flat, red outside and yellow inside. Androecium with 2 stamens exserted and 2 stamens included; longer filaments 2 – 2.5 cm long, shorter filaments 1.5 – 2 cm; staminode 2 – 3 (– 7) mm long; anthers 2 – 2.5 mm long, connectives not protruding. Gynoecium with ovary cylindric, 2.4 – 4 × 0.7 – 1 mm, ridged, lepidote, style 1.3 – 1.8 cm long; stigma lanceolate; nectar disk cupular and lobed under ovary, 0.7 – 1 × 0.8 – 1 mm. Fruit linear, flat, margin raised, central ridge slightly raised, valves woody, smooth, 30 – 37 × 0.75 – 1.4 cm, glabrous; septum coriaceous. Seeds oblong, body semicircular (irregular), c. 0.7 × 2.7 cm, wings hyaline, in 2 sizes between 0.2 – 0.6 cm wide, margins crisped. Phenology — Produces flowers from January to October. Fruits were collected in April, July and October. Distribution and habitat — Fridericia grosourdyana occupies wet and dry Amazonian forests and savannas in N South America. It is distributed in Colombia (Amazonas and Chocó), French Guiana (Saint-Laurent-du-Moroni), Guyana (Rapununi and Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo) and Venezuela (BolÍvar). Conservation status — Fridericia grosourdyana is categorized as Least Concern (LC) based on its Extent of Occurrence (61,020 km 2). However, this species is suggested to be Endangered (EN) based on its Area of Occupancy (40 km 2): EN B 2 ab (i, ii). Remarks — The shape of the leaflets of Fridericia grosourdyana are variable even within a single specimen. However, the acuminate to caudate apex and coriaceous texture are unique features within Fridericia. When in flower, F. grosourdyana is easily recognized by the narrowly tubular calyx (0.9 – 1.5 × 0.25 – 0.4 cm), which is costate when dry, by the tubular or narrowly infundibular and red corolla, by the exserted longer stamens (0.18 – 0.35 cm beyond the tube mouth), whereas the shorter stamens are included, and the cupular and lobed disk.	en	Kaehler, Miriam, Lohmann, Lúcia G. (2022): Taxonomic revisions in Fridericia (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) II: the “ Neomacfadya ” clade. Willdenowia 52 (2): 247-271, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52204, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52204
03E41B091A352E1AFC8BFCF4FE27F82B.taxon	description	Notes — In the protologue of Tabebuia japurensis, Candolle (1845) indicated that the type was collected by Martius and deposited in M. However, there are two Martius gatherings in M, specimens M 0086354 and M 0086355. The date of collection of specimen M 0086355 is January 1820, which is different from that provided in the protologue. The locality indicated on this specimen is “ Rio Negro, sylvis ad Cataractas Cupatensis ”. This place is located along the Caquetá River, which corresponds to the upper portion of the Japurá River in Colombia, close to the mountains Cupati and Arara-Coari (= Araracoara) (Urban 1906: 82). We selected the specimen M 0086354 as the lectotype because this is the only specimen whose information fully matches that presented in the protologue. This specimen also represents the most complete gathering. Because both specimens seem to have been collected at different localities, specimen M 0086355 cannot be considered as an isolectotype.	en	Kaehler, Miriam, Lohmann, Lúcia G. (2022): Taxonomic revisions in Fridericia (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) II: the “ Neomacfadya ” clade. Willdenowia 52 (2): 247-271, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52204, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52204
03E41B091A352E1AFC8BFCF4FE27F82B.taxon	description	Notes — Bureau & Schumann (1896) cited Gardner 1258 in the protologue of Arrabidaea oligantha without mentioning the herbarium or herbaria where the specimens of this gathering (i. e. syntypes) were deposited. We found a single specimen of Gardner 1258 in W (W- 002735), but three other specimens of Hostmann 1258 were found in K and US (see below). When Gardner’s numbers were around 1258 he was at Alagoas (Kew 2022) and Pernambuco States in Brazil (National Museum of Natural History 2022), far away from the area where F. japurensis occurs. Indeed, the label information of the specimen in W is dubious. The first annotation is in German and indicates the country where the specimen was collected (“ Brasilien ”) as well as the collector “ Gardener ” [sic]. The second annotation, the number “ 1258 ”, was written by someone else in red ink. The third annotation corresponds to Schumann’s handwriting and includes the species name. We were able to find three additional exsiccates of various taxa in W (Brunfelsia guianensis Benth. W- 0066779, Erythroxylum citrifolium St. Hil. W- 0018332 and Euphorbiaceae indet. W- 0074673) with the same layout of the W- 002735 printed label and including the first and second annotations with the same two handwritings and colour inks. In these three specimens, the collector’s name “ Gardener ” [sic] and “ Brasilien ” are crossed out in pencil and annotated in superscript as “ Hostmann ” and “ Surinam ”, respectively. We found the same handwriting of the number “ 1258 ” in red ink on the specimen in W and in black ink on the specimens K 000402693, K 000402695 and US- 2338120, the last with an additional label indicating it was distributed from K. All of these specimens are identified or annotated as Hostmann’s gatherings. The William Hooker herbarium (later becoming K) received the first and best set of almost 2000 gatherings of F. W. R. Hostmann, most of which were annotated. However, Hostmann sent several duplicates to many other herbaria without annotations (Pulle 1906). The herbarium at W received duplicates of Hostmann’s gatherings (Naturhistorisches Museum Wien 2022). We believe the lack of annotations on sheets may have led to the mistake in the specimens in W, where the staff annotat- ed “ Gardener ” [sic] and “ Brasilien ” instead of “ Hostmann ” and “ Suriname ”. Given all this information, we correct the locality and collector of the syntypes. We also correct the typification made by Lohmann (in Lohmann & Taylor 2014), who indicated the specimen in W as the holotype. Because in the protologue there is no indication of the herbarium or herbaria where the syntypes were deposited, and there are three additional specimens of Hostmann 1258, we are correcting Lohmann’s use of the term “ holotype ” to lectotype (Art. 9.10, Turland & al. 2018). – – – – “ Adenocalymma japurense ” Mart. ex DC., Prodr. 9: 203. 1845. Designation not validly published, pro syn. (Art. 36.1 (b )). “ Phryganocydia japurensis ” Mart. ex DC., Prodr. 9: 214. 1845. Designation not validly published, pro syn. (Art. 36.1 (b )).	en	Kaehler, Miriam, Lohmann, Lúcia G. (2022): Taxonomic revisions in Fridericia (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) II: the “ Neomacfadya ” clade. Willdenowia 52 (2): 247-271, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52204, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52204
03E41B091A352E1AFC8BFCF4FE27F82B.taxon	description	Phenology — Produces flowers all year round. Fruits were collected from July to March. Distribution and habitat — Fridericia japurensis is distributed in lowland Amazonia, low-altitude rainforests of the C and N Andes and in ecotone areas between forests and savannahs in Brazil, Guyana and Suriname. It is distributed through Bolivia (La Paz, Pando and Santa Cruz), Brazil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Pará and Roraima), Colombia (Amazonas, Meta, Putumayo and Vaupés), Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Guayas and Pastaza), French Guiana (Cayenne and Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni), Guyana (East Berbice- Corentyne and Essequibo), Peru (Amazonas, Loreto and Madre de Dios), Suriname (Brokopondo and Para) and Venezuela (Amazonas). Conservation status — Fridericia japurensis is categorized as Least Concern (LC) based on its Extent of Occurrence (5,711,454 km 2) and Area of Occupancy (162,500 km 2). Remarks — Fridericia japurensis and F. schumanniana share many morphological features and a widely overlapping geographical distribution in W lowland Amazonia and the C Andes. Fridericia japurensis can be segregated by the densely lenticellate branches (vs lenticellate and striated branches in F. schumanniana), tubular calyx (vs broadly obconic calyx in F. schumanniana) and fruits narrower than 1.5 cm with hispid and sticky valves (vs fruits wider than 2 cm with verrucose valves in F. schumanniana). Fridericia japurensis is also similar to F. craterophora in ecotone areas between Amazonia and the Cerrado (see discussion under F. craterophora). Here we synonymize Fridericia oligantha in F. japurensis, two names formerly included in the “ Arrabidaea japurensis ” complex (Gentry 1977 a). Because the protologue of A. oligantha was based on a single specimen that bears only two flowers and one incomplete leaf, the few-flowered inflorescences and white corollas have been considered as key features to separate F. oligantha from F. japurensis. Gentry (1977 a) noted the similarity between these two species based on fruits and indicat- ed that intermediate morphologies might represent extremes of intraspecific variation. Indeed, a careful analysis of c. 100 flowering specimens indicated a full range of flower numbers and corolla colours that range from white (previously called F. oligantha) to dark purple or vinaceous, passing through several shades of pink. This information, combined with molecular phylogenetic data (Kaehler & al. 2019), has further supported Gentry’s hypothesis, leading us to treat F. oligantha and F. japurensis as a single taxon.	en	Kaehler, Miriam, Lohmann, Lúcia G. (2022): Taxonomic revisions in Fridericia (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) II: the “ Neomacfadya ” clade. Willdenowia 52 (2): 247-271, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52204, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52204
03E41B091A302E1BFCAEFCF4FEFBF82B.taxon	description	– “ Fridericia nicotianiflora ” (Bureau K. Schum) L. G. Lohmann, Cat. Pl. Fung. Brasil 1: 766. 2010. Designation not validly published (Art. 41.1). Morphological description — Lianas, evergreen, up to 25 m high. Branches terete (sometimes subquadrangular), lenticellate, brown when dry, glabrous to glabrescent, with simple trichomes; without interpetiolar ridge, with interpetiolar glandular fields; prophylls of axillary buds triangular, not apiculate, c. 1.5 mm long. Leaves (1 or) 2 - foliolate; petiole 0.4 – 2.5 cm long, velutinous, with simple trichomes only at canalicule; petiolules with equal lengths, 0.7 – 2 cm, velutinous, with simple and glandular capitate trichomes; blade chartaceous, smooth, margin entire or revolute, central leaflet elliptic when 1 - foliolate, base cuneate, apex acute, lateral leaflets elliptic, 7.6 – 17.5 × 3 – 7.5 cm, base cuneate, apex long acuminate, adaxially not vernicose, glabrescent, with simple trichomes throughout, abaxially puberulous, with simple trichomes only at veins, venation pinnate, secondary veins raised, tertiary veins flat to slightly raised, without pocket but sometimes with trichome tuft domatia. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, thyrse with abortion of buds, with 2 or 3 orders, first-order peduncles 2 – 2.7 cm, second-order 0.7 – 1.4 cm, third-order c. 0.3 cm, pubescent, with simple and capitate glandular trichomes; bracts linear, c. 2 mm long, caducous; bracteoles triangular, c. 1 mm long, persistent; pedicels 0.5 – 0.7 cm long. Calyx narrowly tubular, costate when dry, shortly 5 - denticulate (sometimes laterally split), 1.4 – 1.7 × 0.2 – 0.4 cm, glabrescent to pubescent, with simple trichomes and lepidote with glandular peltate trichomes, membranaceous, green at base and whitish close to rim, without glands. Corolla narrowly infundibular, slightly zygomorphic, not furrowed, 3.4 – 4.5 cm long, (0.4 –) 0.7 – 1.2 cm wide at tube mouth, externally puberulous, without glands, lobes 1 – 1.5 × 0.6 – 0.8 cm, margin acuminate to caudate and flat, white, pale pink to purple outside and in lobes and white inside. Androecium with all stamens included; longer filaments 1.5 – 2.5 cm long, shorter filaments 1.1 – 2 cm; staminode 2 – 3 mm long; anthers 2.2 – 3 mm long, connectives not protruding. Gynoecium with ovary cylindric, 2 – 3 × 0.7 – 1.2 mm, smooth, lepidote, style 2.1 – 2.7 cm long; stigma rhomboid; nectar disk annular and pulviniform under ovary, c. 0.7 × 2 mm. Fruit linear, flat, margins slightly raised, central ridge not raised (sometimes slightly raised), valves coriaceous, smooth, 20 – 37 × 0.9 – 1.4 cm, pubescent with glandular capitate long stalked trichomes; septum coriaceous. Seeds oblong, body oblong, 0.9 – 1.1 × 3.2 – 3.4 cm, wings hyaline, 0.2 – 0.5 cm wide, margins crisped. Phenology — Produces flowers all year round. Fruits were collected in February, June and August. Distribution and habitat — Fridericia nicotianiflora is distributed in W lowland Amazonia and low-altitude rainforests in the C and N Andes. It is distributed through Bolivia (Pando), Brazil (Acre and Rondônia), Colombia (Cordoba, Putumayo and Vaupés), Ecuador (Napo and Orellana) and Peru (Huánuco, Loreto and Madre de Dios). Conservation status — Fridericia nicotianiflora is categorized as Least Concern (LC) based on its Extent of Occurrence (1,849,631 km 2) and Area of Occupancy (50,000 km 2). Remarks — Fridericia nicotianiflora is easily recognizable by the long (1.4 – 1.7 cm), narrow (0.2 – 0.4 cm), costate and tubular calyx and by the apically acuminate to caudate corolla lobes. When sterile, this species can be confused with Cuspidaria floribunda (DC.) A. H. Gentry due to the elliptic leaflets with cuneate base and pinnate venation. However, the flowers of C. floribunda have short (<0.9 cm) and not costate tubular calyces and apically rounded corolla lobes. The fruits of F. nicotianiflora share simple and glandular capitate trichomes with those in F. arthrerion. However, the leaflets of F. arthrerion are ovate to elliptic with actinodromous basal venation and rounded bases, whereas the leaflets of F. nicotianiflora are elliptic with pinnate venation and cuneate bases.	en	Kaehler, Miriam, Lohmann, Lúcia G. (2022): Taxonomic revisions in Fridericia (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) II: the “ Neomacfadya ” clade. Willdenowia 52 (2): 247-271, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52204, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52204
03E41B091A312E05FC8BFF54FD0EFA0B.taxon	description	Phenology — Produces flowers from March to December. Fruits were collected from May to February. Distribution and habitat — Fridericia podopogon is distributed mostly in dry forests, also occurring in moist forests of Petén and Yucatán. This species is distributed through Belize (Belize, Cayo, Orange Walk and Toledo), Cuba (Cuba, La Habana and Pinar del RÍo), Guatemala (Petén) and Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo and Yucatán). Conservation status — Fridericia podopogon is categorized as Least Concern (LC) based on its Extent of Occurrence (242,342 km 2). However, this species is suggested to be Endangered (EN) based on its Area of Occupancy (128 km 2): EN B 2 ab (i, ii, iii). Remarks — Fridericia podopogon is morphologically close to F. craterophora. However, the distributions of these two species are very distinct, with the former endemic to N Central America and Mexico and the latter restricted to Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay. Fridericia podopogon can be distinguished by the shorter prophylls 0.5 – 1 mm long (vs 1.7 – 2.1 mm long in F. craterophora), inflorescence with 1 branching order and peduncle 0.5 – 0.8 cm long (vs 2 branching orders and first-order peduncle 1.4 – 6 cm long in F. craterophora) and upper lobes of the corolla mostly fused, with only 0.2 – 0.4 cm free at the apex (vs 0.6 – 1.1 cm free in F. craterophora). The other species of the “ Neomacfadya clade ” with an overlapping geographical distribution is F. schumanniana, which is easily distinguished from F. podopogon by the lateral leaflets 5 – 10 × 2 – 5.2 cm (vs 9 – 15 × 5.4 – 9.5 cm in F. schumanniana) and tubular calyx 1 – 1.8 cm long (vs obconic calyx 1.6 – 2.7 cm long in F. schumanniana).	en	Kaehler, Miriam, Lohmann, Lúcia G. (2022): Taxonomic revisions in Fridericia (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) II: the “ Neomacfadya ” clade. Willdenowia 52 (2): 247-271, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52204, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52204
03E41B091A2F2E06FF06FA74FD17FEEB.taxon	description	Morphological description — Lianas or scandent shrubs, evergreen, up to 3 m high. Branches terete, striate and sparsely lenticellate, brown when dry, glabrous; without interpetiolar ridge, with interpetiolar glandular fields; prophylls of axillary buds triangular, apiculate, 1 – 1.2 mm long. Leaves (1 or) 2 - foliolate; petiole 0.5 – 0.8 cm long when 1 - foliolate, 1 – 3.3 cm when 2 - foliolate, glabrous (sparsely puberulous at canalicule, with simple trichomes); petiolules with equal lengths (0.5 –) 1 – 1.8 cm, glabrous or puberulous; blade chartaceous or coriaceous, smooth, margin revolute, central leaflet ovate or elliptic when 1 - foliolate, (2.5 –) 6 – 8 × (1.5 –) 3.4 – 6 cm, base obtuse or truncate to subcordate, apex shortly acuminate, lateral leaflets ovate or elliptic, (5 –) 7.5 – 11 × (2.4 –) 5 – 6.5 cm, base obtuse, rounded or subcordate, apex acuminate to caudate, adaxially vernicose, glabrous and lepidote throughout (sometimes glabrescent with trichomes only at veins), abaxially glabrous throughout (sometimes pubescent, with simple trichomes only at veins), venation pinnate, secondary veins raised, tertiary veins raised, without pocket and with trichome tuft domatia. Inflorescences axillary, thyrsoid with abortion of lateral buds resembling a raceme, with 2 or 3 orders, first-order peduncles 1.1 – 6 cm long, second-order 0.3 – 2.9 cm, third-order 0.3 – 0.6 cm, glabrous or pubescent, with simple trichomes; bracts linear, 2 – 3 mm long, caducous; bracteoles triangular, 0.8 – 1.2 mm long, persistent; pedicels 0.2 – 0.5 cm long. Calyx tubular to obconic, not costate, truncate (sometimes irregularly split), 1.6 – 2.2 × 0.5 – 0.8 (– 1.2) cm, lepidote with glandular peltate trichomes, chartaceous, yellowish green, with patelliform glandular trichomes clustered close to rim and few scattered through surface. Corolla infundibular with abrupt narrowing close to calyx, strongly zygomorphic, furrowed, 3.8 – 5.7 cm long, 0.8 – 2 cm wide at tube mouth, externally pubescent, with simple and glandular capitate trichomes outside, without glands, lobes 0.6 – 1.1 × 0.6 – 1 (– 1.4) cm, margin rounded and undulate, pink or purple to vinaceous. Androecium with all stamens included; longer filaments 1.9 – 2.1 cm long, shorter filaments 1.3 – 1.5 cm; staminode 1.7 – 3.3 mm long; anthers 2 – 4 mm long, connectives protruding 0.75 – 0.8 mm. Gynoecium with ovary cylindric, c. 2.1 × 0.75 – 0.8 mm, furrowed, lepidote, style 2.9 – 3.2 cm long; stigma oval; nectar disk annular and smooth under ovary, 0.16 – 0.2 × 1.1 – 1.6 mm. Fruit not seen. Phenology — Produces flowers in October and February. Distribution and habitat — Fridericia resinosa is found in ecotone areas between the Cerrado and the Atlantic rainforest of Brazil and between the Cerrado and the Amazon rainforest. It is endemic to Brazil (Bahia, Maranhão, PiauÍ and Tocantins). Conservation status — Fridericia resinosa is categorized as Least Concern (LC) based on its Extent of Occurrence (230,828 km 2). However, this species is known from only six localities suggesting it is Endangered (EN) based on its Area of Occupancy (20 km 2): EN B 2 ab (ii, iv). Remarks — Fridericia resinosa resembles F. craterophora, although these two species can be distinguished by the glabrous petiole 1 – 3.3 cm long (vs villous and 0.3 – 0.8 cm long in F. craterophora) and petiolule length (0.5 –) 1 – 1.8 cm (vs 0.2 – 0.4 cm in F. craterophora).	en	Kaehler, Miriam, Lohmann, Lúcia G. (2022): Taxonomic revisions in Fridericia (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) II: the “ Neomacfadya ” clade. Willdenowia 52 (2): 247-271, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52204, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52204
03E41B091A2C2E00FF2CFED4FA47FDAB.taxon	description	Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 99: 444. 2014 ≡ Paragonia schumanniana Loes. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 130. 1896 [non Arrabidaea schumanniana Huber in Bol. Mus. Goeldi Hist. Nat. Ethnogr. 4: 606. 1906 = Bignonia binata Thunb.]. – Holotype: Nicaragua, Matagalpa, near Cañada Yasica, c. 800 m, Aug, E. Rothschuh 230 (B destroyed). – Neotype (designated here): Mexico, Chiapas, Palenque, en los alrededores de la zona Arqueológica de Palenque, a 9 km al Oeste de el Pueblo de Palenque, 16 Aug 1983, E. F. Cabrera & H. de Cabrera 5301 (MEXU accession code MEXU- 395494 [image!]; isoneotypes: MO accession code MO- 3322271!, NY!). – Fig. 6 D – F, 7. Note — The types of Loesener were housed at B, where most of the Bignoniaceae types were destroyed during the II World War (Hiepko 1987). We were not able to find any isotypes. Therefore, we selected as the neotype a specimen that perfectly matches the very detailed description provided in the protologue, including the two diagnostic features discussed in the protologue notes, i. e. the conspicuous trichomes of the tuft domatia and the bilabiate calyx rim.	en	Kaehler, Miriam, Lohmann, Lúcia G. (2022): Taxonomic revisions in Fridericia (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) II: the “ Neomacfadya ” clade. Willdenowia 52 (2): 247-271, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52204, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52204
03E41B091A2C2E00FF2CFED4FA47FDAB.taxon	description	– ited in COL as types (32317 and 33652), demanding lectotypification. The specimen COL- 33652 (COL 000004387) bears a stamp “ holotype ” followed by Dugand’s handwriting. In turn, the specimen COL- 32317 (COL 000004386) bears a stamp “ isotype ”. Following Rec. 9 A. 3 of the Code (Turland & al. 2018), we choose the specimen stamped with “ holotype ” as the lectotype.	en	Kaehler, Miriam, Lohmann, Lúcia G. (2022): Taxonomic revisions in Fridericia (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) II: the “ Neomacfadya ” clade. Willdenowia 52 (2): 247-271, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52204, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52204
03E41B091A2C2E00FF2CFED4FA47FDAB.taxon	description	Phenology — Produces flowers from March to December. Fruits were collected all year round. Distribution and habitat — Fridericia schumanniana is found in wet forests of W lowland Amazonia and pre-montane forests from the C Andes all the way to Central America. It is distributed in Belize (Belize, Cayo, Stann Creek and Toledo), Bolivia (Beni, La Paz and Santa Cruz), Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Mato Grosso and Rondônia), Colombia (Antioquia and Chocó), Costa Rica (Alajuela, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas and San José), Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Los RÍos, Morona-Santiago, Orellana, Pastaza and Sucumbios), Guatemala (Izabal and Petén), Honduras (Atlântida), Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Tabasco and Veracruz), Nicaragua (Atlântico Norte, Jinotega, Managua and Matagalpa), Panama (Bocas del Toro, Canal Area, Chiquiri, Colón, Darién, Panamá and Veraguas), Peru (Amazonas, Huánuco, JunÍn, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pasco and Puno) and Venezuela (Apure and Zulia). Conservation Status — Fridericia schumanniana is categorized as Least Concern (LC) based on its Extent of Occurrence (5,649,746 km 2) and Area of Occupancy (185,000 km 2). Remarks — Fridericia schumanniana belongs to the Arrabidaea japurensis complex recognized by Gentry (1977 a). Under his circumscription, A. verrucosa [= F. schumanniana] is distributed through Central America and W South America. The vegetative material of F. schumanniana can be confused with F. japurensis and F. triplinervia due to the shared elliptic leaflets with actinodromous venation. However, F. schumanniana can be separated from these two species by having bark striate and sparsely lenticellate (vs not striate and densely lenticellate in F. triplinervia and F. japurensis) and from F. japurensis based on other traits discussed under the remarks for that species. Fridericia schumanniana can be segregated from F. triplinervia by having calyx broadly obconic (vs tubular to narrowly obconic in F. triplinervia), calyx rim usually forming 5 lobes, sometimes bilabiate (vs truncate or sometimes irregularly split in F. triplinervia), corolla infundibular without a wide opening above the calyx (vs infundibular with a wide opening above the calyx in F. triplinervia) and fruits woody and verrucose (vs coriaceous and smooth in F. triplinervia).	en	Kaehler, Miriam, Lohmann, Lúcia G. (2022): Taxonomic revisions in Fridericia (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) II: the “ Neomacfadya ” clade. Willdenowia 52 (2): 247-271, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52204, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52204
03E41B091A2A2E02FCAEFD14FD45F9CB.taxon	description	– “ Fridericia simplex ” (A. H. Gentry) L. G. Lohmann, Cat. Pl. Fung. Brasil 1: 766. 2010. Designation not validly published (Art. 41.1). Morphological description — Shrubs or scandent shrubs, evergreen, up to 2.5 m high. Branches terete, striate and sparsely or not lenticellate, black or brown when dry, glabrescent to pubescent and lepidote; with inconspicuous interpetiolar ridge, with (sometimes inconspicuous) interpetiolar glandular fields; prophylls of axillary buds narrowly triangular, not apiculate, 0.5 – 1.6 mm long. Leaves 1 - or 2 - foliolate; petiole 0.7 – 2.1 cm long, puberulous to velutinous, with simple trichomes; petiolules with equal lengths when 2 - foliolate, 0.4 – 0.7 cm, glabrous and lepidote or puberulous to velutinous, with simple trichomes; blade chartaceous, smooth, margin revolute, central leaflet lanceolate, base rounded, apex attenuate or acute, lateral leaflets elliptic (sometimes ovate), 3.4 – 8.8 × 2.5 – 5.4 cm, base rounded to subcordate, apex attenuate or acute, adaxially not vernicose, adaxially glabrous and lepidote, abaxially glabrous to pubescent throughout and puberulous at domatia and midrib, venation palmate actinodromous basal or suprabasal, secondary veins raised, tertiary veins raised, without pocket and with trichome tuft domatia. Inflorescences axillary, thyrse with abortion of lateral buds (sometimes resembling a raceme or isolate flowers), with 1 or 2 orders, first-order peduncles 0.4 – 1.4 (– 3.5) cm long, second-order 0.2 – 1 cm, puberulous or glabrescent, with simple trichomes; bracts narrowly triangular, 1 – 3 (– 10) mm long, caducous; bracteoles linear, 0.3 – 1.5 mm long, persistent; pedicels 0.1 – 0.3 cm long. Calyx tubular, not costate, truncate or irregularly split, (1.3 –) 1.8 – 2.5 × 0.5 – 0.7 (– 1) cm, lepidote with glandular peltate trichomes, chartaceous, green, with patelliform glands and glandular areas evenly distributed. Corolla infundibular, strongly zygomorphic, furrowed, 4.9 – 7.1 cm long, 1.1 – 2 cm wide at tube mouth, externally puberulous to villous, without glands, lobes 0.7 – 1.6 × 0.6 – 1.6 cm, margin rounded and undulate, pale pink or lilac. Androecium with all stamens included; longer filaments 1.5 – 1.8 cm long, shorter filaments 1 – 1.4 cm; staminode 2.2 – 6 mm long; anthers 3 – 4.7 mm long, connectives protruding 0.5 – 1 mm. Gynoecium with ovary cylindric, 1.7 – 2.4 × 0.6 – 0.8 mm, furrowed, glabrous, style 2.8 – 3.7 cm long; stigma orbicular or lanceolate; nectar disk annular and smooth under ovary, c. 2 × 1.5 mm. Fruit linear, flat, margins not raised, central ridge not raised, valves coriaceous, smooth, 7.9 – 10 × 1.9 – 2.2 cm, lepidote; septum coriaceous. Seeds elliptic, body elliptic, c. 1.2 × 2.2 cm, wings hyaline, c. 0.1 cm wide, margins entire. Phenology — Produces flowers on October and February. Fruits were collected in March, April and July. Distribution and habitat — Fridericia simplex is found exclusively in the Cerrado. It is endemic to Brazil (Goiás, Maranhão, PiauÍ and Tocantins). Conservation status — Fridericia simplex is categorized as Least Concern (LC) based on its Extent of Occurrence (401,326 km 2). However, this species is suggested to be Endangered (EN) based on its Area of Occupancy (72 km 2): EN B 2 ab (i, ii). Remarks — Fridericia simplex is recognized by its usually 1 - foliolate leaves in which the leaflet blade is lanceolate to ovate with an acuminate apex. Some specimens of F. resinosa from Maranhão State also have the leaflet blade lanceolate to ovate, although the leaves are (1 or) 2 - foliolate and the leaflets are vernicose on the adaxial surface (vs 1 - foliolate with a dull surface in F. simplex). Fridericia simplex is often misidentified as F. craterophora. However, F. simplex has longer petioles 0.7 – 1.7 cm (vs 0.3 – 0.8 cm in F. craterophora) and lanceolate leaflets (vs central leaflet lanceolate, ovate or obovate and lateral leaflets elliptic to ovate in F. craterophora).	en	Kaehler, Miriam, Lohmann, Lúcia G. (2022): Taxonomic revisions in Fridericia (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) II: the “ Neomacfadya ” clade. Willdenowia 52 (2): 247-271, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52204, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52204
03E41B091A282E03FF2CF9B4FB4AF82B.taxon	description	= Arrabidaea ateramnantha Bureau & K. Schum. in Fl. Bras. 8 (2): 68. 1896. – Lectotype (designated here): Brazil, EspÍrito Santo, Itapemirim [in Brasiliae australiore loco haud accuratius indicato], 12 Feb 1876, A. Glaziou 11228 (P barcode P 00587292!; isolectotype: P barcode P 00587291!). Note — In the protologue of Arrabidaea ateramnantha, Bureau & Schumann (1896) did not indicate where the type was deposited. We found two gatherings of Glaziou 11228 in P. We chose the specimen P 00587292 as lectotype because it is the most complete and well-preserved specimen. = Arrabidaea triplinervia var. brachycalyx Hassl. in Bull. Herb. Boissier 6 (App. 1): 26. 1898. – Lectotype (designated by Arbo 2018: 112): Paraguay, Cordillera de Altos, Jan, E. Hassler 31 (P barcode P 03586448!; isolectotypes: G barcode G 00085611 n. v., K barcode K 000449155!, NY barcode NY 00313123!, P barcode P 03586447!). – “ Fridericia triplinervia ” (Mart. ex DC.) L. G. Lohmann, Cat. Pl. Fung. Brasil 1: 766. 2010. Designation not validly published (Art. 41.1). Morphological description — Lianas or scandent shrubs, evergreen, up to 12 m high. Branches terete, striate and lenticellate, brown or grey when dry, glabrous and lepidote; with inconspicuous interpetiolar ridge, with (sometimes inconspicuous) interpetiolar glandular fields; prophylls of axillary buds broadly triangular, not apiculate, 0.6 – 0.8 mm long. Leaves 2 - foliolate; petiole 1 – 3.1 cm long, lepidote with glandular peltate trichomes to pubescent, with simple trichomes; petiolules 0.7 – 2 cm long, lepidote with peltate glandular trichomes to pubescent, with simple trichomes; blade chartaceous or coriaceous, smooth, margin entire to revolute, leaflets ovate to elliptic, 5 – 13 × 2.5 – 7.5 cm, base cuneate, rounded or subcordate, apex acuminate, adaxially not vernicose, glabrous throughout, abaxially glabrous to lepidote throughout (sometimes pubescent, with simple trichomes at domatia), venation palmate actinodromous basal or suprabasal, secondary veins raised, tertiary veins raised, with evident pocket (2 – 4 mm long or 1 – 2 mm in C Amazonia) and trichome tuft domatia. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, thyrsoid with abortion of buds, with 1 or 2 (or 3) orders, first-order peduncles 1 – 5.5 (– 8.6) cm long, second-order 0.4 – 2.3 cm, third-order c. 0.5 cm, glabrous; bracts linear, (0.5 –) 2 – 3 mm long, caducous; bracteoles linear, 0.8 – 1.5 mm long, caducous; pedicels 0.4 – 1.2 cm long. Calyx tubular to narrowly obconic, not costate, truncate (sometimes irregularly split), 0.9 – 1.6 × 0.4 – 0.7 cm, lepidote with glandular peltate trichomes, chartaceous, green to yellowish green, with patelliform glands and glandular areas evenly distributed. Corolla infundibular with abrupt widening above to calyx, strongly zygomorphic, furrowed, 4.2 – 6.6 cm long, 1.4 – 2.1 cm wide at tube mouth, externally puberulous, without glands, lobes 1.1 – 1.6 × 1 – 1.5 cm, margin rounded or acuminate and undulate, dark pink, purple or white. Androecium with all stamens included; longer filaments 1.8 – 2 cm long, short- er filaments 1.2 – 1.8 mm; staminode not seen; anthers 3.6 – 4 mm long, connectives protruding 0.8 – 1.5 mm. Gynoecium with ovary cylindric, 3.5 – 4.2 × c. 0.8 mm, furrowed, glabrous, style 2.9 – 3.4 cm long; stigma lanceolate; nectar disk annular and pulviniform under ovary, 0.8 – 1.3 × c. 2.5 mm. Fruit linear, flat, margins slightly raised, central ridge slightly raised, valves coriaceous, rough, 18 – 40 × 1.2 – 1.7 cm, glabrous; septum woody. Seeds elliptic, body elliptic, 0.9 – 1.2 × 2.2 – 2.3 cm, wings hyaline, 0.1 – 0.2 cm wide, margins entire. Phenology — Produces flowers all year round. Fruits were collected from February to October. Distribution and habitat — Fridericia triplinervia is distributed in C South America in dry and humid forests (semideciduous Atlantic and lowland Amazonian rainforests), as well as in dry and humid savannahs (Cerrado, Chaco and Pantanal). It is distributed in Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Brazil (Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Distrito Federal, EspÍrito Santo, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rondônia and São Paulo) and in Paraguay (Caazapá, Canendiyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, ParaguarÍ and Presidente Hayes). Conservation status — Fridericia triplinervia is categorized as Least Concern (LC) based on its Extent of Occurrence (6,586,053 km 2) and Area of Occupancy (240,000 km 2). Remarks — Fridericia triplinervia from dry areas is easily recognized by the conspicuous pocket domatia (2 – 4 mm long) found on the axils of the leaflet veins. This feature is shared with Lundia damazioi C. DC., a species that is frequently confused with F. triplinervia in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest and the W borders of the Brazilian Cerrado. However, L. damazioi can be easily distinguished by a series of features that are lacking in F. triplinervia, such as a prominent interpetiolar ridge, cordate leaflets, villous anthers and ciliate stigma (Kaehler & Lohmann 2021 b). In turn, F. triplinervia bears a conspicuous nectar disk, a feature that is lacking in L. damazioi. The specimens of F. triplinervia from C Amazonia bear smaller pocket domatia (1 – 2 mm long) and are similar to F. japurensis and F. schumanniana due to the ovate to elliptic leaflets with actinodromous basal or suprabasal venation. Fridericia triplinervia has tubular to narrowly obconic calyces with truncate rims (vs broadly obconic with a 5 - lobed or irregularly split rim in F. schumanniana) and has an infundibular corolla with an abrupt widening above the calyx (vs infundibular lacking an abrupt widening above the calyx in F. japurensis and F. schumanniana). Fridericia triplinervia has coriaceous to woody fruits with rough valves, whereas F. japurensis and F. schumanniana have woody fruits, the former with hispid and sticky valves, the latter with verrucose valves. Species exclusa	en	Kaehler, Miriam, Lohmann, Lúcia G. (2022): Taxonomic revisions in Fridericia (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) II: the “ Neomacfadya ” clade. Willdenowia 52 (2): 247-271, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52204, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52204
03E41B091A282E03FF2CF9B4FB4AF82B.taxon	discussion	Remarks — Gentry (1982 a) synonymized Tecoma moritziana in Fridericia grosourdyana based on the protologue description because the type of the former was probably destroyed. Gentry based the synonymization on the noticeable capitate glandular trichomes found on the inflorescence branches and calyx. Gentry (1982 a) also highlighted differences in calyx length, with the calyx of T. moritziana smaller than that of F. grosourdyana. Moreover, F. grosourdyana can be distinguished by the shorter petiole, up to 8 cm (vs c. 10 cm in T. moritziana), the elliptic to obovate central leaflet (vs broadly ovate in T. moritziana), the tubular calyx (vs broadly campanulate in T. moritziana), narrower calyx 0.25 – 0.4 cm wide (vs c. 0.7 cm wide in T. moritziana) and 2 exserted stamens (vs all stamens included in T. moritziana). Given all the morphological differences between these taxa, we do not recognize T. moritziana as a synonym of F. grosourdyana. Furthermore, T. moritziana lacks several diagnostic features of Fridericia, such as the triangular and minute prophylls, simple tendrils and lepidote ovaries with a single series of ovules on each placenta. We therefore exclude T. moritziana from Fridericia, although further studies are needed to verify its best generic placement.	en	Kaehler, Miriam, Lohmann, Lúcia G. (2022): Taxonomic revisions in Fridericia (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) II: the “ Neomacfadya ” clade. Willdenowia 52 (2): 247-271, DOI: 10.3372/wi.52.52204, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52204
