taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E587B21924BE3DA09AFB5D95C394AE.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: CF 3 B 4295 - CB 5 E- 460 F-B 2 EA- 1 AF 0 C 76 EF 6 A 5 (Figs 1 – 4)	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Savall-Roig, Gabriel, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Cazorla-Vila, Júlia, Melika, George (2024): Description of Neuroandricus a new genus of gall wasp (Hym.: Cynipidae) and a new species of associated Sycophila (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Zootaxa 5538 (2): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5
03E587B21924BE3DA09AFB5D95C394AE.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Neuroandricus pustulatus Pujade-Villar, Cuesta-Porta & Melika sp. nov., designated herein.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Savall-Roig, Gabriel, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Cazorla-Vila, Júlia, Melika, George (2024): Description of Neuroandricus a new genus of gall wasp (Hym.: Cynipidae) and a new species of associated Sycophila (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Zootaxa 5538 (2): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5
03E587B21924BE3DA09AFB5D95C394AE.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Resembles two cynipid genera, Neuroterus Hartig, 1840 and Andricus Hartig, 1840: the structure and the form of the head resembles the genus Neuroterus, while the mesosoma resembles Andricus (see Diagnosis below). Gender: Masculine.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Savall-Roig, Gabriel, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Cazorla-Vila, Júlia, Melika, George (2024): Description of Neuroandricus a new genus of gall wasp (Hym.: Cynipidae) and a new species of associated Sycophila (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Zootaxa 5538 (2): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5
03E587B21924BE3DA09AFB5D95C394AE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The head resembles the genus Neuroterus and the mesosoma most closely resembles Andricus, but, unlike both these genera, the ventral spine of the hypopygium exhibits an apical tuft of setae. Currently, there are 15 genera with an apical tuft of setae on the ventral spine of the hypopygium. Neuroandricus gen. nov. differs from Belonocnema Mayr, 1881, Trigonaspis Hartig, 1840, and Sphaeroteras Ashmead, 1897 by the absence of the malar sulcus. It differs from Prokius Nieves-Aldrey, Medianero & Nicholls, 2021, Dryocosmus Giraud, 1859 and Coffeikokkos Pujade-Villar & Melika, 2012 by the toothed tarsal claws; moreover, in Dryocosmus, Coffeikokkos Nichollsiella Melika, Pujade-Villar & Stone, 2021 and Kinseyella Pujade-Villar & Melika, 2010 the malar space exhibits conspicuous radiating striae from clypeus covering all malar space’s area (absent or faint short striae only visible around the clypeus, never surpassing 1 / 3 of malar space’s longitude in Neuroandricus gen. nov.). Moreover, Nichollsiella and Kinseyella have the second metasomal tergum sculptured, alutaceous to reticulate, sometimes striate (without sculpture, smooth in Neuroandricus gen. nov.). The rest of the genera exhibit a tuft of setae on the ventral spine and the malar space without radiating striae. The new genus differs from Protobalandricus by having the radial cell open (closed in Protobalandricus); it differs from Burnettweldia by having the metasoma smooth and mostly glabrous except of few setae on anterolateral margin of second tergum (with all terga laterally with dense long white setae and micropunctures in Burnettweldia); it differs from Antron by the glabrous body (with a dense pilosity in the head and mesosoma and white dense setae anterolaterally of the metasoma in Antron); it differs from Atrusca by hyaline fore wings and a long radial cell (with spots and a short radial cell in Atrusca); it differs from Prokius by the sculptured mesosoma and the ventral spine with a dense tuft of apical setae (smooth mesosoma and the hypopygial spine bearing long and thick setae, arranged in pairs perpendicular to the spine margins and only slightly extending beyond the apex of the spine in Prokius); it differs from Disholandricus by a glabrous mesoscutum without piliferous points (with long pilosity and piliferous points in Disholandricus); it differs from Cynips ‘ sensu lato ’ by hyaline fore wings, the head posteriorly with sparse setae, the antenna without long pilosity and the circumscutellar carina absent (fore wing with numerous fuscate small spots in 3 rd cubital cell and / or the head posteriorly densely pubescent and the antenna with long protruding dense setae and / or the circumscutellar carina present in Cynips ‘ sensu lato ’). It also closely resembles Barucynips by the lance shaped projection in the ventral spine of the hypopygium, but in Neuroandricus gen. nov. the clypeus is slightly projected, the gular sulcus is absent, the antenna with 11 – 12 flagellomeres, the propodeal carina complete, without median carina, while in Barucynips the clypeus is strongly projected over mandibles, the gular sulcus present, the antenna with 14 flagellomeres and the lateral propodeal carina fragmented, with a fragmented median longitudinal carina.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Savall-Roig, Gabriel, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Cazorla-Vila, Júlia, Melika, George (2024): Description of Neuroandricus a new genus of gall wasp (Hym.: Cynipidae) and a new species of associated Sycophila (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Zootaxa 5538 (2): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5
03E587B21924BE3DA09AFB5D95C394AE.taxon	description	Description. Head (Figs 2 a – b) circular, coriaceous, with white setae on lower face. Gena coriaceous, slightly broadened behind eye, slightly shorter than transverse diameter of eye, sparsely pubescent; malar space with few, very inconspicuous, short striae radiating from clypeus. Lower face coriaceous, sparsely pubescent, without striae, elevated median area glabrous, coriaceous, without striae. Clypeus sub-rectangular, flat, broader than high, without or with very few, short and inconspicuous radiating striae, ventrally slightly curved, not emarginate and not incised medially; anterior tentorial pit, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct. Frons, interocellar area and vertex reticulate, glabrous; occiput, postgena, postocciput coriaceous, pubescent. Antenna (Fig. 2 c – d) shorter than body, with 12 flagellomeres (sometimes suture between F 11 and F 12 incomplete). Mesosoma (Figs 2 f, 3 a – b). Pronotum laterally coriaceous with transverse parallel striae along posterior edge, extending to 1 / 3 of pronotum width, with sparse white setae (denser superiorly), emarginate along lateral and dorsal edges. Propleuron alutaceous with sparse setae and some weak carinae. Mesoscutum coriaceous, with few white setae along notaulus. Notaulus complete with smooth bottom; median mesoscutal line absent; anterior parallel line and parapsidal line inconspicuous; parascutal carina complete, smooth, glabrous, extends to notauli. Transscutal articulation deep, distinct. Mesoscutellum coriaceous-rugose with very weak rugae in central part of disc; scutellar foveae transverse, with alutaceous bottom, divided by a weak central carina. Mesopleuron coriaceous-reticulate with transverse interrupted striae, rugose, with sparse white setae; speculum coriaceousMetascutellum rectangular, coriaceous-rugose, glabrous; ventral impressed area short, present. Lateral propodeal carinae distinct, thin, subparallel, central propodeal area smooth, glabrous; lateral propodeal area weak coriaceous, with white setae. Fore wing (Fig. 1 b) 1.2 × as long as body, hyaline, margin ciliate; radial cell open, 4.5 × as long as broad, R 1 reaching wing margin, Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet present, big; Rs + M visible to 2 / 3 of its length, its projection reaching basal vein below 1 / 2 of its height. Legs. Tarsal claws toothed, with a basal lobe (Fig. 2 e). Metasoma (Fig. 3 a) shorter than head + mesosoma, as long as high in lateral view, second metasomal tergum smooth, with few scattered white setae anterolaterally, without micropunctures; subsequent terga and hypopygium smooth without setae; prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium with long white setae ventrally forming a tuft with a lance shaped projection (Figs 3 c-d) reaching almost 1 / 4 of the total length of the ventral spine. Gall (Fig. 4). The asexual generation induces galls on the underside of leaves, attached to the secondary veins. Pustule-like, oval in outline, yellowish in color, leathery surface with bristly hairs. All internal space corresponds to the larval chamber.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Savall-Roig, Gabriel, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Cazorla-Vila, Júlia, Melika, George (2024): Description of Neuroandricus a new genus of gall wasp (Hym.: Cynipidae) and a new species of associated Sycophila (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Zootaxa 5538 (2): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5
03E587B21924BE3DA09AFB5D95C394AE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico. A single species is known.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Savall-Roig, Gabriel, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Cazorla-Vila, Júlia, Melika, George (2024): Description of Neuroandricus a new genus of gall wasp (Hym.: Cynipidae) and a new species of associated Sycophila (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Zootaxa 5538 (2): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5
03E587B21922BE36A09AFF0495D696E3.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: C 838 F 006 - 84 C 6 - 4 A 67 - B 67 B- 1 D 8 B 52 CFAEC 5 (Figs 1 – 4)	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Savall-Roig, Gabriel, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Cazorla-Vila, Júlia, Melika, George (2024): Description of Neuroandricus a new genus of gall wasp (Hym.: Cynipidae) and a new species of associated Sycophila (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Zootaxa 5538 (2): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5
03E587B21922BE36A09AFF0495D696E3.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE asexual female deposited in UB (JP-V col.) with the following labels: “ MEX 490: Mazamitla (JAL), Q. obtusata, JP-V leg., (14. vi. 2019) 14 - 30. vi. 2019 ” (white label); HOLOTYPE ŏ of Neuroandricus pustulatus ŏ Pujade-Villar & Melika n. sp. (desig. JP-V 2024). PARATYPES (16 ŏ): 8 ŏ with the same labels as holotype; MEX 344: San Lorenzo (Puruandiro, MICH), 19 ° 59 ′ 21 ″ N 101 ° 38 ′ 45 ″ W, Q. obtusata, leg A. Equihua & E. Estrada, (9. vii. 2016) 9 - 31. vii. 2016: 5 ŏ (1 ŏ UB, 1 ŏ deposited in ColPos and 1 ŏ deposited in PHDNRL); MEX 301: Fraccionamiento Bosques de Santa Fe (Cuajimalpa, CDMX), 19 ° 21 ' 09.78 '' N 99 ° 15 ' 55.02 '' W, 1585 msnm, Q. laeta, leg. JP-V, (28. vi. 2016) vii. 2016: 2 ŏ (1 ŏ UB); Fraccionamiento Bosques de Santa Fe (Cuajimalpa, CDMX), 19 ° 21 ' 09.78 '' N 99 ° 15 ' 55.02 '' W, 1585 msnm, in Q. laeta, (vii. 2014) 10. vii. 2014: 1 ŏ (U. Barrera - Ruiz leg., 2829 / 17, deposited in UACh).	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Savall-Roig, Gabriel, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Cazorla-Vila, Júlia, Melika, George (2024): Description of Neuroandricus a new genus of gall wasp (Hym.: Cynipidae) and a new species of associated Sycophila (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Zootaxa 5538 (2): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5
03E587B21922BE36A09AFF0495D696E3.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin ‘ pustula' which means blister or bubble, due to the shape of the galls.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Savall-Roig, Gabriel, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Cazorla-Vila, Júlia, Melika, George (2024): Description of Neuroandricus a new genus of gall wasp (Hym.: Cynipidae) and a new species of associated Sycophila (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Zootaxa 5538 (2): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5
03E587B21922BE36A09AFF0495D696E3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See the diagnosis for the genus.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Savall-Roig, Gabriel, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Cazorla-Vila, Júlia, Melika, George (2024): Description of Neuroandricus a new genus of gall wasp (Hym.: Cynipidae) and a new species of associated Sycophila (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Zootaxa 5538 (2): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5
03E587B21922BE36A09AFF0495D696E3.taxon	description	Description. Asexual female. Color (Fig. 1). Head and mesosoma black, metasoma chestnut brown; mandibles yellowish to light brown with dark teeth, maxillary and labial palpi light brown; antenna light brown with distal flagellomeres darker; legs faintly dark brown with coxae darker and last tarsus dark; fore wing veins light, costal and basal vein, veins of the areolet darker. Head (Figs 2 a – b) circular, coriaceous, with white setae on lower face, 1.1 × as broad as high and as broad as mesosoma in frontal view, 2.1 × as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena coriaceous, slightly broadened behind eye, slightly shorter than transverse diameter of eye, sparsely pubescent; malar space with few, very inconspicuous, short striae radiating from clypeus; eye 2.5 × as high as length of malar space. Eyes converging ventrally. POL 1.6 × as long as OOL, OOL 2.5 × as long as diameter of lateral ocellus, as long as LOL, ocelli rounded, all three equal in size. Transfacial distance 1.1 × as long as height of eye and 1.7 × as long as height of lower face (distance between antennal rim and ventral margin of clypeus); diameter of antennal torulus 1.7 × as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.3 × as long as diameter of torulus. Lower face coriaceous, sparsely pubescent, without striae, elevated median area glabrous, coriaceous, without striae. Clypeus sub-rectangular, flat, broader than high, without or with very few, short and inconspicuous radiating striae, ventrally slightly curved, not emarginate and not incised medially; anterior tentorial pit, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct. Frons, interocellar area and vertex reticulate, glabrous; occiput, postgena, postocciput coriaceous, pubescent. Postocciput coriaceous, around occipital foramen, remainder of area alutaceous to smooth, glabrous; posterior tentorial pit oval, slightly elongate; hypostomal carina emarginate, present at the base of postgenal sulci, gular sulci absent; occipital foramen as high as height of postgenal bridge. Antenna (Fig. 2 c – d) shorter than body, with 12 flagellomeres (sometimes suture between F 11 and F 12 incomplete); pedicel 1.5 × as long as broad, F 1 0.8 × as long as length of scape + pedicel and 1.3 – 1.4 × as long as F 2, F 3 0.8 × as long as F 2, F 3 equal to F 4, F 5 slightly longer than F 6, subsequent flagellomeres slightly shortened in length; placodeal sensilla inconspicuous and scarce, present on F 3 – F 12, scarce on F 3 – F 9 and almost absent in F 3 – F 6. Mesosoma (Figs 2 f, 3 a – b) 1.2 × as long as high in lateral view. Pronotum laterally coriaceous with transverse parallel striae along posterior edge, extending to 1 / 3 of pronotum width, with sparse white setae (denser superiorly), emarginate along lateral and dorsal edges. Propleuron alutaceous with sparse setae and some weak carinae. Mesoscutum coriaceous, with few white setae along notaulus, 1.3 × as broad as long (width measured across base of tegulae). Notaulus complete with smooth bottom; median mesoscutal line absent; anterior parallel line and parapsidal line inconspicuous; parascutal carina complete, smooth, glabrous, extends to notauli. Transscutal articulation deep, distinct. Mesoscutellum as long as broad, nearly rounded; shorter than mesoscutum, coriaceous rugose with very weak rugae in central part of disc, overhanging metanotum; scutellar foveae transverse, with alutaceous bottom, divided by a weak central carina. Mesopleuron coriaceous-reticulate with transverse interrupted striae, rugose, with sparse white setae; speculum coriaceous; mesopleural triangle coriaceous, with white setae. Metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at half of its height, upper part of sulcus inconspicuous; dorsal axillar area alutaceous, with setae, lateral axillar area alutaceous, glabrous, axillar carina distinct; subaxillular bar triangular, smooth, glabrous; metanotal trough smooth and shining, with sparse short setae. Metascutellum rectangular, coriaceous-rugose, glabrous; ventral impressed area short, present. Lateral propodeal carinae distinct, thin, subparallel, central propodeal area smooth, glabrous; lateral propodeal area weak coriaceous, with white setae. Fore wing (Fig. 1 b) 1.2 × as long as body, hyaline, margin ciliate; radial cell open, 4.5 × as long as broad, R 1 reaching wing margin, Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet present, big; Rs + M visible to 2 / 3 of its length, its projection reaching basal vein below 1 / 2 of its height. Legs. Tarsal claws toothed, with a basal lobe (Fig. 2 e). Metasoma (Fig. 3 a) shorter than head + mesosoma, as long as high in lateral view, second metasomal tergum smooth, with few scattered white setae anterolaterally, without micropunctures; subsequent terga and hypopygium smooth without setae; prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium around 2.5 × as long as broad in ventral view, often partially hidden by the last tergites of the metasoma, with long white setae ventrally forming a tuft with a lance shaped projection (Figs 3 c-d) reaching almost 1 / 4 of the total length of the ventral spine. Body length 1.6 – 1.8 mm (n = 7). Gall (Fig. 4) on the underside of the leaves, attached to the secondary veins. Pustule-like, oval in outline (rarely almost circular), 2.8 – 3.1 by 2.5 – 2.7 mm (n = 20) and 1.5 – 1.7 mm in height. The ventral surface is flat. Wall of about 0.5 mm on the sides and 0.3 mm on the dorsal and ventral part, hard, yellowish in color, leathery surface with bristly hairs. All internal space corresponds to the larval chamber, 2.0 by 1.0 mm.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Savall-Roig, Gabriel, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Cazorla-Vila, Júlia, Melika, George (2024): Description of Neuroandricus a new genus of gall wasp (Hym.: Cynipidae) and a new species of associated Sycophila (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Zootaxa 5538 (2): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5
03E587B21922BE36A09AFF0495D696E3.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plant. Collected on Q. laeta Liebm. and Q. obtusata Bonpl. (section Quercus, subsection Leucomexicanae).	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Savall-Roig, Gabriel, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Cazorla-Vila, Júlia, Melika, George (2024): Description of Neuroandricus a new genus of gall wasp (Hym.: Cynipidae) and a new species of associated Sycophila (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Zootaxa 5538 (2): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5
03E587B21922BE36A09AFF0495D696E3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico (Ciudad de Mexico, Michoacán and Jalisco states).	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Savall-Roig, Gabriel, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Cazorla-Vila, Júlia, Melika, George (2024): Description of Neuroandricus a new genus of gall wasp (Hym.: Cynipidae) and a new species of associated Sycophila (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Zootaxa 5538 (2): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5
03E587B21922BE36A09AFF0495D696E3.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Only the asexual generation is known. The galls appear in May-June; adults completely developed in June. Adults emerge from the end of June until July; some specimens remain in galls until next year. Galls remain on leaves for several weeks after the adults emerged.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Savall-Roig, Gabriel, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Cazorla-Vila, Júlia, Melika, George (2024): Description of Neuroandricus a new genus of gall wasp (Hym.: Cynipidae) and a new species of associated Sycophila (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Zootaxa 5538 (2): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5
03E587B2192EBE34A09AF9AA96149002.taxon	description	Balduf (1932) distinguished short-spotted species of Sycophila based on chromatic characteristics, categorizing them into two major groups: species that are predominantly black (except for yellow areas on the lateral corners of the pronotum) and species that are completely yellow / amber or exhibit extensive yellow areas on the mesosoma. However, this classification presented a significant degree of ambiguity. Recently, Zhang et al. (2022) suggested that females of the genus display diagnostic coloration patterns, whereas males exhibit greater chromatic plasticity within the same species, thus preventing reliable species differentiation based on coloration alone. In contrast, in European species, coloration in Sycophila emerging from oak galls is highly variable, with a correlation between wing spot length and coloration (Nieves-Aldrey 1984). Given these challenges, we examined the type specimens of both dark and yellow American species and compared them with the species described herein. Our study concludes that American Sycophila species exhibit three distinct color patterns that are not associated with the wing spot model: - Predominantly black body coloration (Fig. 5 a-g), sometimes with restricted yellow areas on the lower half of the face, the lateral regions of the pronotum (occasionally medial dorsal area partially yellow), the mesoscutum (following the lower margin of the notauli), and / or the ventral region of the metasoma. - Body coloration predominantly yellow or amber, with dorsal black bands either faintly present or entirely absent (Fig. 5 h-j) - Body coloration partially yellow and partially black (yellow more or less extending over the face in frontal view, the gena, pronotum, mesoscutum, and sometimes the mesopleuron, metapleuron, and ventrally on the metasoma) (Fig. 5 k-m) The chromatic differences were linked to differences between the sculptural patterns of these three chromatic groups. These conclusions were drawn from the examination of type material of American Sycophila species with short-spotted wings and specimens collected in Mexico. Among the type material studied, all the species exhibit exclusively one of those color patterns. The group of predominantly black species included S. batatoides f, S. florida, S. gracilis, S. marylandica, S. wiltzae, and the new species S. baldufi sp. nov. The predominantly yellow species group included S. catesbaei, S. dorsalis, S. pezomachoides, S. pomiformis, and S. subimmaculata. The intermediate pattern was determined for the species S. foliatae, S. quercilanae, S. quinqueseptae. Hence, predominantly black species, such as S. baldufi sp. nov., cannot be considered chromatic variants of the yellow species. We also examinied the pictures provided by Zhang et al. (2022) depicting the great variability, and the new species does not match with any of them.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Savall-Roig, Gabriel, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Cazorla-Vila, Júlia, Melika, George (2024): Description of Neuroandricus a new genus of gall wasp (Hym.: Cynipidae) and a new species of associated Sycophila (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Zootaxa 5538 (2): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5
03E587B2192CBE30A09AFCC896709193.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: CF 7 E 463 A- 47 EE- 47 FA-BC 0 D- 2 DF 398 D 4 D 242 (Figs 6 – 8)	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Savall-Roig, Gabriel, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Cazorla-Vila, Júlia, Melika, George (2024): Description of Neuroandricus a new genus of gall wasp (Hym.: Cynipidae) and a new species of associated Sycophila (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Zootaxa 5538 (2): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5
03E587B2192CBE30A09AFCC896709193.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE ♀ deposited in UB (JP-V col) with the following labels: ‘ MEX 344: San Lorenzo (Puruandiro. Michoacán), 19 ° 59 ′ 21 ″ N 101 ° 38 ′ 45 ″ W (white label), Ex Neuroandricus pustulatus Pujade-Villar & Melika on Q. obtusata, (9. vii. 2016) vii. 2017 ’ (white label), ‘ Sycophila baldufi Savall-Roig & Pujade-Villar sp. nov., desig. Savall _ Roig, 2024 ’ (red label). Paratypes (1 ♂ & 4 ♀): with the same label of holotype: 1 ♀; MEX 490: Mazamitla (Jalisco), on Q. obtusata, (14.6.2019) vii. 2019: 1 ♂ & 2 ♀; MEX 301: Fraccionamiento Bosques de Santa Fe (Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de Mexico), 19 ° 21 ' 09.78 '' N 99 ° 15 ' 55.02 '' W, 1585 msnm, in Q. laeta, (28. vi. 2016) vii. 2016: 1 ♀.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Savall-Roig, Gabriel, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Cazorla-Vila, Júlia, Melika, George (2024): Description of Neuroandricus a new genus of gall wasp (Hym.: Cynipidae) and a new species of associated Sycophila (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Zootaxa 5538 (2): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5
03E587B2192CBE30A09AFCC896709193.taxon	etymology	Etymology. In honor of Walter Valentine Balduf (September 28, 1889 – December 13, 1969) who in the middle of the last century studied the Sycophila in northern Mexico, describing several species and gave the first key to species.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Savall-Roig, Gabriel, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Cazorla-Vila, Júlia, Melika, George (2024): Description of Neuroandricus a new genus of gall wasp (Hym.: Cynipidae) and a new species of associated Sycophila (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Zootaxa 5538 (2): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5
03E587B2192CBE30A09AFCC896709193.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species bears chromatic and morphological similarities to Sycophila batatoides and S. gracilis. Like these species, it has yellow sides on the pronotum, along with a yellow band that crosses its posterior border transversely. Additionally, specimens exhibit a black dorsal band of variable shape, width, and length on the anterior border of the pronotum, though this band does not connect to the black area of the mesoscutum. However, the species can be distinguished from S. batatoides by, first, the yellow area on the face is less extensive, with a thin yellow circumocular band, whereas in S. batatoides, the circumocular band is thicker. The yellow markings on the pronotum and mesoscutum are also less prominent compared to S. batatoides, where these yellow areas are more extensive, even extending to the mesoscutellum. The coxae of the hind legs are black or partially black and yellow, while in S. batatoides, the legs and coxae are uniformly yellow. The body size is also different, with this species measuring 2.1 – 2.5 mm in length, compared to approximately 3.8 mm in S. batatoides. The submarginal band on the forewing is short and lacks a defined shape, located between the stigmal and marginal veins, and occasionally extends slightly beyond the stigmal vein. In contrast, S. batatoides has a dot-shaped stigma. Other distinguishing features include a superficial notaulus, while in S. batatoides, the notaulus is strongly impressed, and the third metasomal tergum (T 3) is the longest, whereas in S. batatoides, the fourth tergum (T 4) is the longest. The males of this new species can also be differentiated from those of S. gracilis (only the male of S. gracilis is known) by several traits. In this species, the legs are predominantly yellow, with only a weak brown mark on the hind femora, while in S. gracilis, there are black marks on the mid and hind femora and tibiae. This species has a completely black face, whereas S. gracilis exhibits a yellow area around the oral fossa. The third antennal segment in this species does not cover the following segments, while in S. gracilis, it does. Moreover, this species has irradiating carinae extending from the clypeus to the compound eye, which are absent in S. gracilis. Finally, the third metasomal segment in this species is alutaceous, while in S. gracilis, it is smooth.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Savall-Roig, Gabriel, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Cazorla-Vila, Júlia, Melika, George (2024): Description of Neuroandricus a new genus of gall wasp (Hym.: Cynipidae) and a new species of associated Sycophila (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Zootaxa 5538 (2): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5
03E587B2192CBE30A09AFCC896709193.taxon	description	Description Female Length: 2.1 – 2.5 mm (n = 9) Colour (Figs 8 a, 8 c, 8 d). Body black except parts of pronotum and, sometimes, notaulus. Pronotum mostly yellow, lateral margins with a black band on ventral margin; pronotum with black dorsal band of variable shape, width and length, placed in its anterior border, not connected with the black of mesoscutum. Some individuals have two yellow bands in the anterior part of notaulus. Rest of mesosoma black. Face black, some individuals present yellow coloration of variable intensity in its lower half. Yellow circumocular bands weakly marked. Vertex and occiput black. Mandibles yellow to light brown. Scape yellowish; pedicel darker, from yellow to brown, basally and dorsally obscured; flagellum darker than scape, yellowish to brown. First two pairs of legs, including coxae, completely yellow except part of tarsi close to tarsal claws. Some individuals with light brown marks in central areas of femur and tibiae of legs. Coxae of hind legs completely black or half black-half yellow, coloration split in a transversal or sagittal way. Peduncle and metasoma completely black. Head (Figs 6 a – c, 7 b). Umbilicate, with short white pubescence. 2.0 × as broad as long in dorsal view, as wide as mesoscutum; concave between eyes. POL 4.0 × OOL; LOL is 1.5 × OOL; diameter of lateral ocelli equal OOL. Head 1.3 × as broad as high in frontal view, umbilicate in its upper half, lower half of face with irradiating carinae from clypeus to eye. Transfacial distance 1.3 × as long as height of eye. Distance between eyes 2.7 × as broad as width of eye. Antennal foveae on the same level as ventral margin of eye, separated by a scrobal carina that represents 1 / 3 of scrobal sulcus height. Gena shorter than half the diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space 0.7 × as long as height of eye. Malar sulcus present, sculpture after it longitudinally weakly carinated and umbilicate before it. Occiput umbilicate. Antennae (Fig. 6 b) with 5 flagellomeres and 3 – segmented clava, with whitish pubescence. Distal end of scape at same height as medial ocellus. Pedicel 2.0 × as long as broad, 1.5 – 1.6 × as long as F 1. F 1 1.2 × as long as F 2 and 1.5 × as long as broad. F 2 – F 5 equal in length, broader than F 1; F 3 – F 5 as long as broad. Antennal clava with 3 segments of decreasing length, 2.0 × as long as broad, broader than flagellum, longer than F 4 – F 5 together, with a circle of setae in distal end. Placodeal sensilla on each segment of funicle, less abundant on F 1 and F 2. Mesosoma (Figs 6 e, 7 a, 8 c) 1.6 × as long as broad in dorsal view, umbilicate, with white pubescence. Pronotum (without neck) 1.8 × as broad as long, umbilicate; lateroposterior part coriaceous-carinate. Neck coriaceous-carinate. Length of mesoscutum 1.3 × length of pronotum. Mesoscutum 1.5 × as broad as long. Notaulus visible, superficial. Mesoscutellum umbilicate, pubescent, rounded; marginal edge present, with glabrous cells. Prepectus smooth and glabrous, same length as tegula. Mesopleuron glabrous; pleural suture present, incomplete; mesepisternum transversally carinate and mesepimeron with umbilicate-carinate sculpture, sub-alar area feebly carinate. Metapleura umbilicate and pubescent. Dorsellum smooth. Metanotal foveae longitudinally carinate, almost glabrous. Propodeum reticulate, two central carinae delimit a row of central vertical cells, feebly defined. Legs. Coxae I and II transversally carinate; hind coxae carinate-reticulate. Spines of hind tibiae with the same length or slightly shorter than half of its width. Forewing (Fig. 8 a) with short submarginal band between marginal and stigmal veins, occasionally shortly extending beyond stigmal vein. Marginal vein shorter than stigmal vein. Submarginal vein with 12 – 14 setae. Basal cell scarcely pubescent. Speculum closed basally by a line of setae, scarcely pubescent. Metasoma (Figs 7 c – d). Petiole around 3.0 × as long as high, carinate laterally and reticulate dorsally. Metasoma smooth with third segment alutaceous basally, laterally compressed, shorter than mesosoma, as long as high, with six visible terga, the last only slightly exposed. In lateral view, tergum I strongly curved, terga 3 – 4 almost flat. Dorsal length of tergum I is shorter than length of T 2, T 3 the longest tergum, T 4 is similar in length to T 2, T 5 1 / 3 × T 4 in length. Tergites I – V glabrous, without pubescence; T 6 with scarce pubescence on sides. Ovipositor sheath very short. Male Length 2.3 mm. (n = 1) Same as female in its non-sexual characters (Figs 7 b, 7 e), except the following: POL 4.5 × OOL; LOL 2.0 × as long as OOL; diameter of lateral ocellus 1.5 × of OOL distance; antennae (Fig 5 d), funicle with 4 segments, F 1 shorter than pedicel, F 1 1.2 – 1.3 × as long as F 2 and F 2 – F 4 subequal in length; sculpture in third metasomal segment more extended.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Savall-Roig, Gabriel, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Cazorla-Vila, Júlia, Melika, George (2024): Description of Neuroandricus a new genus of gall wasp (Hym.: Cynipidae) and a new species of associated Sycophila (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Zootaxa 5538 (2): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5
03E587B2192CBE30A09AFCC896709193.taxon	discussion	Remarks. After examining the pictures provided by Zhang et al. (2022) depicting the high intra-specific colour variability, the new species does not match with any of the illustrated species colour patterns.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Savall-Roig, Gabriel, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Cazorla-Vila, Júlia, Melika, George (2024): Description of Neuroandricus a new genus of gall wasp (Hym.: Cynipidae) and a new species of associated Sycophila (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Zootaxa 5538 (2): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5
03E587B2192CBE30A09AFCC896709193.taxon	biology_ecology	Host. Parasitoid in Neuroandricus pustulatus Pujade-Villar & Melika asexual galls on section Quercus host plants.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Savall-Roig, Gabriel, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Cazorla-Vila, Júlia, Melika, George (2024): Description of Neuroandricus a new genus of gall wasp (Hym.: Cynipidae) and a new species of associated Sycophila (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Zootaxa 5538 (2): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5
03E587B2192CBE30A09AFCC896709193.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico (Ciudad de Mexico, Michoacán and Jalisco states).	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Savall-Roig, Gabriel, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Cazorla-Vila, Júlia, Melika, George (2024): Description of Neuroandricus a new genus of gall wasp (Hym.: Cynipidae) and a new species of associated Sycophila (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Zootaxa 5538 (2): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5
03E587B2192CBE30A09AFCC896709193.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. A single host is known, small-sized galls located on the underside of white oak leaves (Fig. 4). Adults emerge in July.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Savall-Roig, Gabriel, Equihua-Martínez, Armando, Estrada-Venegas, Edith G., Barrera-Ruiz, Uriel M., Cibrián-Tovar, David, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Silvia Romero-Rangel, Cuesta-Porta, Víctor, Cazorla-Vila, Júlia, Melika, George (2024): Description of Neuroandricus a new genus of gall wasp (Hym.: Cynipidae) and a new species of associated Sycophila (Hym.: Eurytomidae). Zootaxa 5538 (2): 177-193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5538.2.5
