identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E27E552E4BFFF6FF0FF87FFCC4F82C.text	03E27E552E4BFFF6FF0FF87FFCC4F82C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Perilampus Latreille 1809	<div><p>Perilampus Latreille, 1809</p><p>Taltonos Argaman, 1990 (subjective synonym, Darling, 1996).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E27E552E4BFFF6FF0FF87FFCC4F82C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yoo, Jeong Jae;Darling, D. Christopher	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E45FFF8FF0FFF72FB55F82E.text	03E27E552E45FFF8FF0FFF72FB55F82E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Perilampus hyalinus Say 1829	<div><p>Perilampus hyalinus species group</p><p>P. hyalinus species group sensu Smulyan (1936) and Darling (1996).</p><p>Description. FEMALE. Color: head and body entirely or at least partially brightly iridescent blue, green, violet, or cupreous (Fig. 2A–C).</p><p>Head: in anterior view weakly transverse, slightly wider than high, HW/HH 1.2–1.3; slightly wider than pronotum, HW/PW 1.1–1.2. Frontal carina: distinct, extended from posterior margin of median ocellus (Fig. 2A) to near lower eye margin; in dorsal view narrow around median ocellus. Ocelli: median ocellus in line with lateral ocelli or only slightly advanced. Eye: slightly shorter than head height, EH/HH 0.6–0.7. Vertex: rounded behind. Occiput: with vertical groove below vertex, with subparallel costulae; occipital carina absent. Malar space: with oblique striae obliterating malar sulcus (Fig. 2B). Clypeus: weakly transverse to strongly transverse, CW/ CH 1.3– 1.6; lateral sulci straight or weakly curved, strongly divergent; with small and indistinct tentorial pits; epistomal sulcus concave, deeper and more distinct than lateral sulci; ventral margin concave or nearly straight. Supraclypeal area: subquadrate; shorter and narrower than clypeus, SCH/ CH 0.5–0.6. Scape: length about 0.6× EH; narrow throughout; pits absent or if present distad covering no more than 0.2× scape length. Flagellum: anellus transverse, AL/PL about 0.3; Fu1 subquadrate, Fu1L/Fu1W 1.0–1.1; subequal to or slightly longer in length than pedicel, Fu1L/PL 1.0–1.3; Fu2 subquadrate or transverse, Fu3–Fu7 transverse; clava 4-segmented, C1–3 as long dorsad as ventrad, with distinct terminal button (C4).</p><p>Mesosoma: slightly longer than wide, ML/MW 1.2–1.3. Pronotum: carinulate; short, PN/MSC about 0.2; shorter along midline, 0.5–0.7 length laterad; anterior margin sharp, all rows of punctures on same plane. Lateral panel of pronotum: without flange or with flange below level of mesothoracic spiracle in posterior oblique view; anterior margin sharp, all rows of punctures on same plane. Prepectus: wide and triangular; differentiated from pronotum with distinct suture; ventral strap short, without row of alveolae; central area of lateral panel smooth, with foveae along dorsal and posterior margins. Mesoscutum: midlobe without tubercle; notaulus distinct and continuous, uninterrupted by sculpture of mesoscutum. Mesoscutellum: without tubercle; slightly longer than mesoscutum, SC/MSC 1.2–1.3; strongly vaulted, frenum ventrad and not visible in the dorsal view. Axilla: with axillar shelf (Fig. 2C). Axillula: elongate and finger-like, AxL/AxH usually 2.0 or greater (Fig. 2C). Metanotum: short, length 0.4–0.5× length of propodeum along midline. Propodeum: width about 3× length along midline; submedian area smooth to weakly imbricate, with foveae or groove laterad median carina, delimited laterad and ventrad by complete plicae, dorsad by transverse band of foveae; callus with angulate process below spiracle, and alveolate-rugose, with alveolae sometimes obliterated below spiracle; nucha with transverse to arcuate rugae. Fore wing: elongate, WL/ WW 2.3–2.4; hyaline, with yellow or brown venation; parastigma swollen with weak equilateral triangular process; postmarginal vein 0.7–0.8× as long as marginal vein; stigmal vein 0.3–0.4× as long as marginal vein; stigma with weak uncus.</p><p>Metasoma: petiole short and straplike, with weak transverse wrinkles; petiolar flange short with ventral margin of upper area with shallow emargination mesad; antecostal sulcus transverse, with weak vertical carinae laterad and smoothened mesad; Mt2 with trapezoidal demarcation and shallow median groove, imbricate and wrinkled anteriad, and smooth posterad without lateral protuberances along midline, posterior margin straight and sparsely setose; Mt3 smooth.</p><p>MALE. As in female, except: color: mesonotum sometimes nearly entirely black or with cupreous iridescence. Eye: in dorsal view often more bulbous. Ocellus: often larger. Ocellar ratios LOD: POL: OOL: LOL: often shorter. Frontal carina: distance from lateral ocellus usually shorter. Lower face setae: as dense or denser around and below torulus. Malar space: MSL/EH often shorter. Flagellum: slightly wider. Scape: in anterior view weakly expanded distad, 1.3–1.4× width above radicle; with distinct pits on anterior surface; pitted surface not swollen in lateral view. Aedeagus: without a pair of lateral spines.</p><p>Diagnosis. The  P. hyalinus species group is characterized by brightly iridescent coloration (Fig. 2A–C), a distinct frontal carina extended from the posterior margin of the median ocellus (Fig. 2A cf. Fig. 2D) to near the lower eye margin, oblique costae obliterating malar sulcus (Fig. 2B cf. Fig. 2E), a carinulate pronotum (Yoo and Darling 2024, fig. 2H), a distinct and uninterrupted notaulus (Yoo and Darling 2024, fig. 2H), an axilla with an axillar shelf (Fig. 2C cf. Fig. 2F), and an elongate, finger-like axillula (Fig. 2C cf. Fig. 2F). The  P. platigaster species group has a similar structure of the frontal carina, axilla, and axillula, but is distinguished by having a malar sulcus (Fig. 2E) and general body color that is black with or without weak iridescent reflections.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E27E552E45FFF8FF0FFF72FB55F82E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yoo, Jeong Jae;Darling, D. Christopher	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E47FFE1FF0FFF72FC9AFE2E.text	03E27E552E47FFE1FF0FFF72FC9AFE2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Perilampus carolinensis Smulyan. Darling 1996	<div><p>Key to the  P. carolinensis species complex</p><p>1. Parascrobal area in lateral view usually gradually narrowed (A), though rarely abruptly narrowed (B); gena sculpture entirely striate or with short and narrow smooth area (A) or with long and wide smooth area (B); lower face setae sparse (C) or dense (D), clypeus rarely with large bare area near dorsal margin; shape of the lateral panel of pronotum in posterior oblique view varies (E, F); if parascrobal area in lateral view abruptly narrowed (B), then lateral panel of pronotum with triangular flange (E) and/or clypeus densely setose (D) and/or gena entirely striate or with short and narrow smooth area (A)................................................................................................  P. hyalinus species complex</p><p>- Parascrobal area in lateral view abruptly narrowed (a, b); gena with long and wide smooth area (a, b); lower face sparsely setose throughout (c) or clypeus with large bare area near dorsal margin (d); lateral panel of pronotum without flange (f) or with small rounded flange in posterior oblique view (e)......................................  P. carolinensis species complex, 2</p><p>2(1) Parascrobal area abruptly narrowed at slightly below (A) to above the midlevel of the eye; lower face sparsely setose throughout (B, C); male scape pits sparse throughout, covering about 0.2–0.4× scape length (D, E).............................. 3</p><p>- Parascrobal area abruptly narrowed near lower eye margin (a); clypeus with large bare area near dorsal margin (b, c); male scape pits dense dorsad and laterad, and sparse mesad and ventrad, covering about 0.2× scape length (d, e)....................................................................................................  P. falcatus clade, 6</p><p>3(2) Head cupreous; parascrobal area in lateral view abruptly narrowed at or above midlevel of the eye (A); median ocellus advanced (B); female flagellum light brown or yellow..................................................  P. regalis Smulyan</p><p>- Head greenish blue to violaceous; parascrobal area in lateral view abruptly narrowed below midlevel of the eye (a); median ocellus in line with lateral ocelli (b); female flagellum dark brown or black......................  P. carolinensis clade, 4</p><p>4(3) Frontal carina narrower around median ocellus (A); pitted area on male scape short, covering about 0.2× scape length (B).......................................................................  P. minasgerais Yoo and Darling sp. nov.</p><p>- Frontal carina wider around median ocellus (a, b); pitted area on male scape short to long, covering 0.2–0.4× scape length.. 5</p><p>5(4) Female scrobal cavity in anterior view narrower (A); pitted area on male scape long, covering 0.3–0.4× of scape length (B, C).................................................................................  P. carolinensis Smulyan</p><p>- Female scrobal cavity in anterior view wider (a); pitted area on male scape short, covering about 0.2× of scape length (b, c).........................................................................  P. cabecar Yoo and Darling sp. nov.</p><p>6(2) Frontal carina wider around median ocellus; distance between lateral ocellus and frontal carina short (FCLO/LOD about 0.6 for female (A), 0.4 for male (B))................................................  P. falcatus Yoo and Darling sp. nov.</p><p>- Frontal carina narrower around median ocellus; distance between lateral ocellus and frontal carina long (FCLO/LOD 0.9–1.0 for female (a), 0.8 for male (b)).......................................................................... 7</p><p>7(6) Frontal carina gradually narrowed around median ocellus (A); head and lateral lobes of mesoscutum cupreous along notaulus (A, B).....................................................................  P. tupa Yoo and Darling sp. nov.</p><p>- Frontal carina abruptly narrowed around anterior ocellus (a, arrow); head and mesoscutum without cupreous iridescence (a, b)........................................................................  P. arasy Yoo and Darling sp. nov.</p><p>Perilampus carolinensis species complex</p><p>Diagnostic description. Species in this complex can be recognized by the combination of the following character states: an abruptly narrowed parascrobal area in the lateral view (Figs 3I, 9I, 11I); an gena with wide and long smooth area (Figs 3I, 9I, 11I); the lateral panel of the pronotum in oblique view without a flange (Fig. 3C) or with only a small rounded flange (Fig. 5C) below the level of the mesothoracic spiracle in posterior oblique view; lower face below the torulus with setae sparse and evenly distributed throughout (Figs 3H, 7H) or with a wide and bare area on the clypeus dorsad (Fig. 11H); and the male scape pits either sparse throughout (Figs 4F, G) or dense dorsad and laterad but sparse mesad and ventrad (Figs 12G, 14G). Most of the  P. hyalinus species complex has gradually narrowed parascrobal area (Yoo and Darling 2024, figs 6J, 12J). Few species of the  P. hyalinus species complex have abruptly narrowed parascrobal area, but have a varying combination of the following character states that are absent in the  P. carolinensis species complex: the gena sculpture entirely striate or with a short and narrow smooth area (Yoo and Darling 2024, fig. 18J); the lateral panel of the pronotum in oblique view with a triangular flange (Yoo and Darling 2024, fig. 16D); the lower face below the torulus with setae densely distributed throughout (Yoo and Darling 2024, fig. 17C); and male scapes with densely distributed pits (Yoo and Darling 2024, fig. 17 G, H).</p><p>Distribution. This species complex includes two clades ( P. carolinensis (Fig. 1, IIa) and  P. falcatus clades (Fig. 1, IIb)) and a species sola ( P. regalis). All species occur in the Neotropical region, and only  P. carolinensis and  P. regalis have distributions that extend into the Nearctic region.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E27E552E47FFE1FF0FFF72FC9AFE2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yoo, Jeong Jae;Darling, D. Christopher	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E5CFFE1FF0FFDDCFC76FC92.text	03E27E552E5CFFE1FF0FFDDCFC76FC92.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Perilampus carolinensis Smulyan. Darling 1996	<div><p>Perilampus carolinensis clade</p><p>Fig. 1, IIb; Figs 3–8</p><p>Diagnosis. The species in this clade are recognized by the combination of the following states: parascrobal area abruptly narrowed slightly below the midlevel of the eye, about 0.4 EH above the lower eye margin (Figs 3I, 5I, 7I); the lower face below torulus with sparse and evenly distributed setae (Figs 3H, 5H, 7H); and the male scape with sparse pits (Figs 4F, 6F, 8G).</p><p>Included species.  P. carolinensis,  P. cabecar and  P. minasgerais .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E27E552E5CFFE1FF0FFDDCFC76FC92	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yoo, Jeong Jae;Darling, D. Christopher	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E5CFFE5FF0FFC76FDECF862.text	03E27E552E5CFFE5FF0FFC76FDECF862.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Perilampus carolinensis Smulyan. Darling 1996	<div><p>Perilampus carolinensis Smulyan</p><p>Figs 3 [♀], 4[♂]</p><p>Perilampus carolinensis Smulyan, 1936: 376 . (Original description, keyed.)</p><p>Taltonos carolinensis (Smulyan) . Argaman, 1990: 204.</p><p>Perilampus carolinensis Smulyan. Darling, 1996 ( Taltonos subjective synonym of  Perilampus).</p><p>Type Material.  Holotype [♀]. USA: Virginia. "Roslyn, Va. Sept. 3-1923. Captured on thistle "; USNM, Type No. 49777, USNMENT01559545, (image examined, http://n 2t.net/ark:/65665/3ce6ad39f-7095-45ec-9746- 86ac74d1c42f). Also 17 female and 2 male paratypes (Smulyan 1936).</p><p>Paratypes examined [4 ♀]. USA: North Carolina. Yancey Co.,  Valley of Black Mountains (4 ♀: W Beutenmuller, ROME152649 - AMNH;  W Beutenmuller, ROME152650 - AMNH;  W Beutenmuller, ROME152651 - AMNH; W  Beutenmuller, ROME152652 - AMNH) .</p><p>Material examined.   Brazil: Minas Gerais. P.N. da Serra da Canastra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.513584&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.460806" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.513584/lat -20.460806)">São Roque de Minas</a>, 20°27'38.9"S, 46°30'48.9"W (1 ♂: ROME143233 - MZSP)  .   São Paulo.  Campinas (1 ♀: ROME143111 - USNM.  2 ♂: ROME143112 - USNM; ROME143113 - USNM) .   Costa Rica: Guanacaste.  Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG)(15♀:06-SRNP-58407, DHJPAR0021672 - CNC; BOLD: AAA4882; 99-SRNP-15036, DHJPAR0023903 - CNC; BOLD: AAA4882; 99-SRNP-3495, DHJPAR0023904 - CNC; BOLD: AAA4882; 91-SRNP-3136.1, DHJPAR0023905 - CNC; 98-SRNP-9534, DHJPAR0023908 - ROME; BOLD: AAA4882; 93-SRNP-7077, DHJPAR0023911 - CNC; BOLD: AAA4882; 02-SRNP-11966, DHJPAR0023913 - CNC; BOLD: AAA4882; 00-SRNP-19905, DHJPAR0023914 - CNC; BOLD: AAA4882; 00-SRNP-19879, DHJPAR0023915 - CNC; BOLD: AAA4882; 00-SRNP-19879, DHJPAR0023916 - CNC; BOLD: AAA4882; 00-SRNP-19879, DHJPAR0023917 - CNC; BOLD: AAA4882 / ITS2; 06-SRNP-58423, DHJPAR0021669 - MZUCR; BOLD: AAA4882; 00-SRNP-19888, DHJPAR0023918 - ROME; BOLD: AAA4882 / ITS2; 12-SRNP-12669, DHJPAR0051468 - ROME; BOLD: ACJ4137 / ITS2; 12-SRNP-12642, DHJPAR0051480 - ROME; BOLD: ACJ4137 / ITS2. 12 ♂: 04-SRNP-13707, DHJPAR0021330 - ROME; BOLD: AAA4872; 04-SRNP-13718, DHJPAR0021331 - ROME; BOLD: AAA4872; 85-SRNP-552, DHJPAR0023777 - CNC; 85-SRNP-552, DHJPAR0023778 - CNC; 99-SRNP-3486.06, DHJPAR0023799 - CNC; BOLD: AAA4882 / ITS2; 00-SRNP-19876, DHJPAR0023919 - CNC; 00-SRNP-19876, DHJPAR0023920 - CNC; 20-SRNP-27385, DHJPAR0066296 - ROME; BOLD: AEK0124 / ITS2; 06-SRNP-58474, DHJPAR0021670 - CNC; BOLD: AAA4882 / ITS2; 06-SRNP-58391, DHJPAR0021674 - ROME; BOLD: AAA4882 / ITS2; 06-SRNP-58472, DHJPAR0021677 - MZUCR; BOLD: AAA4882 / ITS2; 06-SRNP-58453, DHJPAR0021678 - ROME; BOLD: AAA4882 / ITS2)  .   Mexico: Nuevo León. Villa del Carmen ( El Carmen) (1 ♂: ROME181752 - TAMU)  .   USA: Arizona. Santa Cruz Co.,  Atascosa Mts, Ruby  Rd. ~ 4 mi E of Ruby (1 ♀: ROME204128 - ROME)  .   Santa Rita Mts,  Montosa Canyon (1 ♀: ROME204126 - ROME) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.19&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.43" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.19/lat 31.43)">Sycamore Canyon</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.19&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.43" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.19/lat 31.43)">at FR39</a>, 31°25.8'N, 111°11.4'W (1 ♀: ROME152657 - CNC; BOLD: AEU5522 / ITS2)  .   Georgia. Rabun Co.,  Satolah (♂: ROME204114 - ESUW)  .  Illinois. Cook Co., Chicago (1 ♀: ROME185937 - FMNH. 1 ♂: ROME152654 - FMNH) .   Indiana. Starke Co.,  Knox (1 ♀: ROME185971 - FMNH)  .   Maryland. Prince George’s Co.,  Bowie,  Patuxent Research Refuge (1 ♂: ROME152656 - FMNH)  .   New Jersey. Ocean Co.,  Manahawkin (2 ♀: ROME199587 - CUIC; ROME199588 - CUIC)  .</p><p>Additional material examined.   Mexico: Michoacán.  Uruapan (1 ♀: ROME201102 - CNC)  .</p><p>Description. FEMALE (Fig. 3). Length: 3.8–4.7 mm. Color: head iridescent greenish blue or violet, with or without black coloration on vertex (Fig. 3F); mesosoma and metasoma iridescent greenish blue or violet; clypeus ventral margin black; antenna with scape and pedicel weakly iridescent greenish blue or violet, flagellum dark brown or black, lighter ventrad and distad (Fig. 3I).</p><p>Head (Fig. 3E–I): in dorsal view transverse, width equal to or slightly greater than twice length, HW/HL 2.0–2.1. Frontal carina: in anterior view weakly to strongly sinuate below midlevel of eye; in dorsal view gradually narrowed V shape around median ocellus, FC/MOD 1.5–1.8 (Fig. 3E); distance from lateral ocellus short, FCLO/LOD 0.6– 0.7 (Fig. 3E). Scrobal cavity (Fig. 3G): in anterior view narrow, SW/HW about 0.4. Ocelli (Fig. 3E): a line between anterior margin of lateral ocelli reaching anterior margin of median ocellus. POL/OOL 2.1–2.5. Ocellar ratios LOD: POL: OOL: LOL: 1, 3.2–3.6, 1.3–1.6, 1.0–1.3. Vertex: smooth to wrinkled or with weak transverse striations, with or without large piliferous punctures. Parascrobal area: in lateral view abruptly narrowed slightly below mid-eye height, about 0.4 EH above lower eye margin (Fig. 3I); width narrow to wide, PSW/EL 0.3–0.4; sculpture smooth or wrinkled, with or without large piliferous punctures. Gena: with wide and long smooth area along outer eye margin, striate behind. Malar space: MSL/EH about 0.2. Lower face: with setae sparse laterad torulus, and sparse below. Clypeus (Fig. 3H): CW/ CH 1.3–1.4; ventral margin concave; setae evenly distributed.</p><p>Mesosoma (Fig. 3B–D): Lateral panel of pronotum: slightly narrower than prepectus, LPP/PPT 0.6–0.8; without flange or with small, rounded flange below level of mesothoracic spiracle in posterior oblique view (Fig. 3C). Mesofemoral depression: smooth. Mesoscutum: punctures weakly angulate to rounded, with slightly wide and weakly coriarious interspaces (Fig. 3B); lateral lobe weakly punctate with coriarious or smooth interspaces, or smooth along notaulus; parascutal carina broadly curved, acuminate. Mesoscutellum: apex with inner margins gradually diverging; punctures weakly angulate or rounded, with narrow to slightly wide and weakly coriarious interspaces. Axilla (Fig. 3D): in lateral view imbricate dorsad, and carinate ventrad. Axillula: smooth dorsad. Fore wing: stigma small, 2.0–2.5× as wide as postmarginal vein width.</p><p>MALE (Fig. 4). Length: usually smaller, 2.8–4.3 mm. As in female, except: Color: mesonotum nearly black or with cupreous iridescence. Frontal carina (Fig. 4B): distance from lateral ocellus shorter, FCLO/LOD 0.4–0.5. Scape (Fig. 4F, G): pits sparse, covering 0.3–0.4× scape length. Scrobal cavity in anterior view narrow or wide, SW/HW 0.4–0.5.</p><p>Diagnosis.  Perilampus carolinensis can be recognized by a parascrobal area that is abruptly narrowed slightly below the midlevel of the eye (Figs 3I, 4E), a wide frontal carina around the median ocellus (Fig. 3E, 4B), a narrow female scrobal cavity in anterior view (Fig. 3G), and a male scape with a long pitted area (about 0.3–0.4× scape length, Figs 4F, G).</p><p>Distribution. Previously known only from the Nearctic region, here newly recorded for the Neotropical region: USA. (Arizona, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Virginia), Mexico (Michoacán, Nuevo Leon), Costa Rica (ACG), and Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo).</p><p>Host association.  Perilampus carolinensis is a hyperparasitoid, parasitizing dipteran and hymenopteran parasitoids of  Lepidoptera . Hosts:  Tachinidae ( Diptera).  Calolydella inflatipalpis Fleming and Wood from  Dione juno (Cramer) ( Nymphalidae) on  Erblichia odorata Seem ( Passifloraceae).  Chetogena scutellaris (Wulp) from  Orgyia povera Schaus ( Erebidae) on  Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) ( Malpighiaceae), and  Hylesia umbrata Schaus ( Saturniidae) on  Anacardium occidentale L. ( Anacardiaceae).  Hyphantrophaga edwinapui Fleming &amp; Wood from  Doa sp. ( Doidae)on  Euphorbia colletioides Benth. ( Euphorbiaceae).  Leschenaultia sp. from  Ammalo helops (Cramer) ( Erebidae) on  Ficus ovalis (Liebm) ( Moraceae).  Lespesia sp. from  Trosia obsolecens Dyar ( Megalopygidae), and from  Parachabora sp. ( Erebidae) on  Ateleia hebert-smithii Pittier ( Fabaceae).  Lespesia aletiae (Riley) from  Apatelodes pudefacta (Smith), and  D. juno (Cramer) on  E. odorata .  Winthemia picea (Walker) from  Pseudosphinx tetrio L. ( Sphingidae) on  Plumeria rubra L. ( Apocynaceae).  Winthemia subpicea (Walker) from  Arsenura arianae Brechlin on  Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. ( Malvaceae) and  Pochota fendleri (Seem.) ( Malvaceae).  Braconidae ( Hymenoptera).  Triraphis bradzlotnicki Sharkey from  Megalopygidae on  B. crassifolia .  Ichneumonidae ( Hymenoptera).  Enicospilus chiriquensis (Cameron) from  H. umbrata on  A. occidentale .</p><p>The following records of lepidopteran associates lack information on the associated parasitoid hosts but likely represent hyperparasitoids  Lepidoptera .  Anisota senatoria (Smith) ( Saturniidae) (Smulyan 1936),  Anisota virginiensis (Drury) ( Saturniidae),  Datana integerrima Grote &amp; Robinson ( Notodontidae) (Smulyan 1936).</p><p>Remarks.  Perilampus carolinensis is similar to  P. cabecar in having a wide frontal carina around the median ocellus (Figs 3E, 4B, 5E, 6B cf. Figs 7E, 8B). The only character distinguishing female  P. carolinensis from  P. cabecar is the scrobal cavity width in the anterior view of the head, which is narrower in  P. carolinensis (Fig. 3G cf. Fig. 5G). This character cannot discriminate the males of these two species, as it varies from wide to narrow in both species. But the males can be separated by the length of the pitted area on the scape, which is longer in  P. carolinensis (Figs 4F, G) and shorter in  P. cabecar (Figs 6F, G). The two species are also differentiated in COI and ITS2 (Figs 1, S1).</p><p>There is variation in both morphology and COI in our species concept of  P. carolinensis . Piliferous punctures on the lateral lobes of the mesoscutum in Nearctic specimens tend to be larger than those in the Neotropical specimens, and there is a divergence of 2.0–3.7% in COI between the Nearctic and Costa Rican specimens (ACG). However, the sculpture of mesoscutal lateral lobes is variable in some species of the  P. hyalinus species group (Yoo and Darling 2024), and therefore not a reliable diagnostic character by itself. Moreover, even greater intraspecific genetic differences are observed among the ACG specimens (maximum distance of 4.3%) that are rendered paraphyletic by the only sequenced Nearctic specimen (ROME182657, Fig. S1). A divergence of 4.3% is shown between two females (DHJPAR0051468, DHJPAR0051480), the only  P. hyalinus species group specimens recorded to be associated with  Ammalo helops from  Ficus, and other ACG specimens. It is unclear whether their genetic divergence in COI represents interspecific ecological differentiation or male-biased dispersal driven by host fidelity (Henry et al. 2007) because other specimens associated with different families of caterpillars and plants show no significant genetic differentiations in COI. Two ACG males ( P. carolinensis 2 in Yoo (2023); DHJPAR0021330, DHJPAR0021331) have scapes with pitted areas that are slightly shorter than those of the other ACG and Nearctic specimens (Fig. 4G cf. 4F). Genetic divergence in COI between these two specimens and the other ACG males with the longer pitted area on a scape is 3.4%. It’s unclear whether these differences indicate distinct species, as a larger genetic distance is observed between one male ACG specimen (DHJPAR0066296, not included in the genetic analyses due to lack of trace file for quality verification), which also has a longer pitted area on the scape, and the rest of its morphological conspecifics (3.7–4.7%). Additionally, there is subtle intraspecific variation in the height of the pitted area of male scapes (0.3 vs 0.4× scape length) shown in some species of the  P. hyalinus species group (Yoo and Darling 2024). Highly divergent COI sequences resulted in multiple BINs for  P. carolinensis (BOLD: AAA4882, BOLD:AAA4872, BOLD:AEU5522, BOLD:AEK0124, and BOLD:ACJ4137). However, except for two aforementioned males with short punctate area of the scape and DHJPAR0066296, which lacks ITS2 data, all specimens show no divergence in ITS2 (Figure S1).</p><p>Only three specimens from the  
southern 
Neotropical region, all from São Paulo, Brazil, were available for examination.  These have stronger wrinkled parascrobal area sculpture than most specimens from ACG and the  Nearctic region . However, one Nearctic male (ROME152654) also has similarly strong wrinkled parascrobal area sculpture (Fig. 4B).</p><p>The absence of genetic divergences in ITS2 and the lack of concordance between COI and geographical distribution, host information, and subtle morphological variations prevent a precise taxonomic decision on the species boundaries of  P. carolinensis . A conservative approach is taken in this study, tentatively considering the  P. carolinensis Smulyan as a single widely distributed species with high intraspecific divergence in COI but monophyletic in both COI and ITS2. More specimens and genes are needed, in particular from Brazil, to further test the species boundaries within  P. carolinensis . The possibility of high mitochondrial divergences induced by the multiple strains of  Wolbachia infections also needs to be explored (Hurst and Jiggins 2005; Kodandaramaiah et al. 2013). Finally, DNA sequencing of the specimens from the vicinity of the type locality (e.g., Virginia) is needed to confirm their conspecificity with the only sequenced Nearctic specimen (Arizona, ROME152657, CNC).</p><p>The majority of the rearing records indicate that  P. carolinensis is a hyperparasitoid, parasitizing  Tachinidae or Ichneumonoidea parasitoids of  Lepidoptera that feed on angiosperms. An exception is a specimen from Michoacán, Mexico, labelled "ex.  Neodiprion sp. " (ROME201102) that lacks associated host remains for verification. This unlikely host association may be the result of mislabeling or an extremely rare association of a planidium of  P. carolinensis with a pine sawfly larva.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E27E552E5CFFE5FF0FFC76FDECF862	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yoo, Jeong Jae;Darling, D. Christopher	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E5BFFE6FF0FFF72FE55F806.text	03E27E552E5BFFE6FF0FFF72FE55F806.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Perilampus cabecar Yoo and Darling 2025	<div><p>Perilampus cabecar Yoo and Darling sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 5 [♀], 6[♂]</p><p>Type Material.   Holotype [♀].  Costa Rica: Cartago.  Turrialba . "COSTA RICA: Cartago Turrialba 4 August 1965 Herman G. Real. From aggregation of larvae, pupae, and reared C.A.S. Acc. 1967". The holotype is point-mounted (♀: ROME162500 - CAS), with the host remains in a gelatin capsule. ROM Online Collection.</p><p>Paratypes [3 ♀, 3 ♂]. Costa Rica: Cartago.  Turrialba (3 ♀: HG Real, ROME162496 - CAS; HG Real, ROME162497 - CAS; HG Real, ROME162498 - CAS. 1 ♂: HG Real, ROME162499 - CAS)  .  Guanacaste. ACG (1 ♂: D Martinez, 15-SRNP-70572, DHJPAR0057711 - CNC; BOLD: ACW6281 / ITS2) .   Peru: Huánuco. Tingo María,  Rio Huallaga (1 ♂: W Weyrauch, ROME162299 - IFML)  .</p><p>Description. FEMALE (Fig. 5). Length: 3.5–3.7mm Color: head iridescent greenish blue or violet, with black coloration on vertex (Fig. 5F); mesosoma and metasoma iridescent greenish blue or violet; clypeus ventral margin black; antenna with scape and pedicel weakly iridescent greenish blue or violet, flagellum dark brown or black, lighter ventrad and distad.</p><p>Head (Fig. 5E–I): in dorsal view transverse, width equal to or slightly greater than twice length, HW/HL 2.0– 2.1. Frontal carina: in anterior view weakly to strongly sinuate below midlevel of eye; in dorsal view gradually narrowed V shape around median ocellus, FC/MOD 1.5–1.6 (Fig. 5E); distance from lateral ocellus short, FCLO/ LOD 0.6–0.7 (Fig. 5E). Scrobal cavity (Fig. 5G): in anterior view wide, SW/HW about 0.5. Ocelli (Fig. 5E): a line between anterior margin of lateral ocelli reaching anterior margin of median ocellus. POL/OOL 1.9–2.4. Ocellar ratios LOD: POL: OOL: LOL: 1, 3.0–3.1, 1.4–1.5, 1.0–1.1. Vertex: smooth to wrinkled or with weak transverse striations, with or without large piliferous punctures. Parascrobal area: in lateral view abruptly narrowed slightly below mid-eye height, about 0.4 EH above lower eye margin (Fig. 5I); width narrow, PSW/EL about 0.3; sculpture smooth or wrinkled, with or without large piliferous punctures. Gena: with wide and long smooth area along outer eye margin, striate behind. Malar space: MSL/EH about 0.2. Lower face: with setae sparse laterad torulus, and sparse below. Clypeus (Fig. 5H): CW/ CH 1.3–1.4; ventral margin concave; setae evenly distributed.</p><p>Mesosoma (Fig. 5B–D): Lateral panel of pronotum: slightly narrower than prepectus, LPP/PPT 0.6–0.8; without flange or with small, rounded flange below level of mesothoracic spiracle in posterior oblique view (Fig. 5C). Mesofemoral depression: smooth. Mesoscutum: punctures angulate, with narrow and weakly coriarious interspaces (Fig. 5B); lateral lobe smooth along notaulus; parascutal carina broadly curved, acuminate. Mesoscutellum: apex with inner margins gradually diverging; punctures angulate, with narrow and weakly coriarious interspaces. Axilla (Fig. 5D): in lateral view imbricate dorsad, and carinate ventrad. Axillula: smooth dorsad. Fore wing: stigma small, 2.0–2.5× as wide as postmarginal vein width.</p><p>MALE (Fig. 6). Length: usually smaller, 3.0– 3.8 mm. As in female, except: Color: mesonotum nearly black. Frontal carina (Fig. 6B): distance from lateral ocellus shorter, FCLO/LOD 0.4–0.5. Scape (Fig. 6F, G): pits sparse, covering about 0.2× scape length. Scrobal cavity in anterior view narrow or wide, SW/HW 0.4–0.5.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from Cabécar, the indigenous people whose territory falls within Cartago, Costa Rica, where the holotype was collected.</p><p>Diagnosis.  Perilampus cabecar can be recognized by a parascrobal area that is abruptly narrowed slightly below the midlevel of the eye (Figs 5I, 6E), a wide frontal carina around the median ocellus (Figs 5E, 6B), a wide female scrobal cavity in anterior view (Fig. 5G), and a male scape with a short pitted area (about 0.2× scape length, Figs 6F, G).</p><p>Distribution. Neotropical: Costa Rica (Cartago, ACG), and Peru (Huanuco).</p><p>Host association.  Perilampus cabecar is a hyperparasitoid, parasitizing dipteran parasitoids of  Lepidoptera . Hosts:  Tachinidae ( Diptera).  Leptostylum pulchellum Macquart from  Hylesia rubrifrons Schaus ( Saturniidae) on  Virola koschnyi Warb (Myristicaeceae) .</p><p>Remarks. See  P. carolinensis . The only sequenced  P.cabecar specimen is a male from ACG (DHJPAR0057711), which also has a BIN (BOLD:ACW6281). There is another sequenced specimen with the same BIN and host records, also from ACG (DHJPAR0057463), but the specimen is missing, and its species identity could not be verified with morphology. Unsequenced females and a male reared from the single rearing event in Cartago, Costa Rica, were used to describe the female of  P. cabecar . The known parasitoid host, caterpillar associate, and plant host of this species are not shared within  P. carolinensis . More reared specimens are needed to confirm this apparent niche differentiation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E27E552E5BFFE6FF0FFF72FE55F806	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yoo, Jeong Jae;Darling, D. Christopher	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E54FFE9FF0FFF72FBFFF966.text	03E27E552E54FFE9FF0FFF72FBFFF966.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Perilampus minasgerais Yoo and Darling 2025	<div><p>Perilampus minasgerais Yoo and Darling sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 7 [♀], 8[♂]</p><p>Type Material.   Holotype [♀]. Brazil: Minas Gerais. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.368332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.887222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.368332/lat -19.887222)">São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo.</a> "Brasil, MG, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.368332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.887222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.368332/lat -19.887222)">São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo</a>, EPDA Peti, 19°53'14"S; 43°22'06"W Malaise, 9.i.2004, A.F.Kumagai leg. UFMG IHY 1522425 ". The holotype is point-mounted (♀: ROME189099 - UFMG). ROM Online Collection.</p><p>Paratype [1 ♂]. Brazil: Minas Gerais. São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo. "Brasil, MG, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.373722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.884" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.373722/lat -19.884)">São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo</a>, EPDA Peti, 19°53'02.4"S; 43°22'25.4"W 630m–880m, 1.xii.1997, D.Yanega leg. UFMG IHY 2500270 ", "BRAZIL Minas Gerais Est. Ecol. do Peti 1-XII-1997 D. Yanega" (1 ♂: D Yanega, ROME145008-UFMG)  .</p><p>Description. FEMALE (Fig. 7). Length: 2.9 mm. Color: head iridescent greenish blue or violet (Fig. 7F); mesosoma and metasoma iridescent greenish blue or violet; clypeus ventral margin black; antenna with scape and pedicel weakly iridescent greenish blue or violet, flagellum dark brown or black, lighter ventrad and distad (Fig. 7A).</p><p>Head (Fig. 7E–I): in dorsal view weakly transverse, width less than twice length, HW/HL about 1.9. Frontal carina: in anterior view straight to weakly sinuate below midlevel of eye; in dorsal view gradually narrowed V shape around median ocellus, FC/MOD about 1.3 (Fig. 7E); distance from lateral ocellus short, FCLO/LOD about 0.7 (Fig. 7E). Scrobal cavity (Fig. 7G): in anterior view narrow, SW/HW about 0.4. Ocelli (Fig. 7E): a line between anterior margin of lateral ocelli reaching anterior margin of median ocellus. POL/OOL about 1.6. Ocellar ratios LOD: POL: OOL: LOL: 1, about 2.6, 1.7, 0.8. Vertex: smooth, without large piliferous punctures. Parascrobal area: in lateral view abruptly narrowed slightly below mid-eye height, about 0.4 EH above lower eye margin (Fig. 7I); width narrow, PSW/EL about 0.3; sculpture smooth, without large piliferous punctures. Gena: with wide and long smooth area along outer eye margin, striate behind. Malar space: MSL/EH about 0.2. Lower face: with setae sparse laterad torulus, and sparse below. Clypeus (Fig. 7H): CW/ CH about 1.4; ventral margin concave; setae evenly distributed.</p><p>Mesosoma (Fig. 7B–D): Lateral panel of pronotum: slightly narrower than prepectus, LPP/PPT about 0.7; without flange or with small, rounded flange below level of mesothoracic spiracle in posterior oblique view (Fig. 7C). Mesofemoral depression: smooth. Mesoscutum: punctures angulate, with narrow and weakly coriarious interspaces (Fig. 7B); lateral lobe smooth along notaulus; parascutal carina broadly curved, acuminate. Mesoscutellum: apex with inner margins gradually diverging; punctures angulate, with narrow and weakly coriarious interspaces. Axilla (Fig. 7D): in lateral view imbricate dorsad, and carinate ventrad. Axillula: smooth dorsad. Fore wing: stigma small, about 2.0× as wide as postmarginal vein.</p><p>MALE (Fig. 8). Length: 3.1 mm. As in female, except: Color: vertex and mesonotum black. Scape (Fig. 8G): pits sparse, covering about 0.2× scape length.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is a reference to Minas Gerais, Brazil, where both specimens were collected.</p><p>Diagnosis.  Perilampus minasgerais can be recognized by a parascrobal area that is abruptly narrowed slightly below the midlevel of the eye (Figs 7I. 8E), a narrow frontal carina around the median ocellus (Figs 7E, 8B) and a male scape with a short, pitted area (about 0.2× scape length, Fig. 8G).</p><p>Distribution. Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Gerais).</p><p>Host association.  Perilampus minasgerais is a hyperparasitoid, parasitizing dipteran parasitoids of  Lepidoptera . Hosts:  Tachinidae ( Diptera) from  Actinote parapheles Jordan ( Nymphalidae) on  Vernonia polyanthes Less ( Asteraceae).</p><p>Remarks.  Perilampus minasgerais is the only species within the  P. carolinensis clade with a narrow frontal carina around the median ocellus (Figs 7E, 8B cf. Figs 3E, 4B, 5E, 6B). The short, pitted area on the male scape of  P. minasgerais is similar to that of  P. cabecar, suggesting their sister relationship.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E27E552E54FFE9FF0FFF72FBFFF966	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yoo, Jeong Jae;Darling, D. Christopher	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E51FFEFFF0FFF72FBEDFC5A.text	03E27E552E51FFEFFF0FFF72FBEDFC5A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Perilampus regalis Smulyan. Darling 1996	<div><p>Perilampus regalis Smulyan</p><p>Figs 9 [♀], 10[♂]</p><p>Perilampus regalis Smulyan, 1936: 378 (Original description, keyed.)</p><p>Taltonos regalis (Smulyan) . Argaman, 1990: 202.</p><p>Perilampus regalis Smulyan. Darling, 1996 ( Taltonos subjective synonym of  Perilampus).</p><p>Type Material.  Holotype [♀]. USA: Missouri. Cadet. "J.G. Barlow. Cadet, Mo. 6-19-89". USNM, Type No. 49778, USNMENT01570219, (image examined, http://n 2t.net/ark:/65665/31ddabd64-04a6-4081-b200-054d7925983c).</p><p>Paratype examined [1 ♀]. USA: North Carolina.  Swannanoa valley (1 ♀: ROME162302 - AMNH)  .</p><p>Material examined.   USA: Arizona. Cochise Co.,  1 mi NE Portal (1 ♂: ROME162516 - EMEC) ;   1.0 mi E  Portal (2 ♀: ROME204089 - CNC; ROME204090 - CNC. 1 ♂: ROME204091 - CNC) ;   Bisbee, 1429  Franklin St., 31˚24'23"N, 109˚55'57"W (1 ♀: ROME189053 - USNM; BOLD: COI / ITS2) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.12806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.916945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.12806/lat 31.916945)">Foothills Rd.</a>, 31°55'1"N, 109°07'41"W (1 ♂: ROME182779 - UCRC; BOLD: AEO0545 / ITS2) ;   Portal (3 ♀: ROME167643 - ROME; ROME200783 - EMEC; ROME200784 - EMEC. 8 ♂: ROME162519 - EMEC; ROME162520 - EMEC; ROME200779 - EMEC; ROME200780 - EMEC; ROME200781 - EMEC; ROME200782 - EMEC; ROME200787 - EMEC; ROME204093 - EMEC) ;   Portal,  Chiricahua Mts (1 ♂: ROME204094 - UCDC) ;   San Simon &amp; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.128334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.916945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.128334/lat 31.916945)">Portal Rd.</a>, 31°55'01"N, 109°07'42"W (7 ♂: ROME152730 - UCRC; ROME152731 - UCRC; ROME162187 - UCRC; ROME162188 - UCRC; ROME162189 - UCRC; ROME162190 - UCRC; ROME162191 - UCRC) ;  Tombstone(1♀: ROME167639 - ROME. 3♂: ROME167640 - ROME; ROME167641 - ROME; ROME167642 - ROME) .   Florida. Alachua Co.,  5.5 mi W Gainesville, T10 S, R19 E, Section 4, Castlegate Mobile Home Park (1 ♀: ROME189074 - UCFC)  .  New Mexico. Hidalgo Co., Gray Ranch, San Luis Pass, 31°25'29.2"N, 108°48'51.5"W (1 ♀: ROME162505 - USNM) .   Texas. Bexar Co.,  Leon Creek (1 ♀: ROME204095 - EMEC. 2 ♂: ROME162517 - EMEC; ROME162518 - EMEC) ;   Brewster Co., Big Bend N.P.,  5mi W Panther Jct (1 ♀: ROME204092 - CNC) ;  Galveston Co., Dickinson (1 ♀: ROME204116 - CNC);   Uvalde Co., Speir Ranch  3 mi. NW Uvalde 10A-6P (1 ♀: ROME202016 - CUIC)  .</p><p>Additional material examined.   Mexico: Yucatan.  Kabah Ruins (1 ♀: ROME162495 - OSAC)  .   USA: Arizona. Cochise Co., Bisbee, 1429  Franklin St., 31˚24'23"N, 109˚55'57"W (1 ♀: ROME189070 - USNM, BOLD: AEO0545 / ITS2)  .</p><p>Description. FEMALE (Fig. 9). Length: 2.5–4.0 mm. Color: head cupreous (Fig. 9G); mesosoma and metasoma iridescent greenish blue or violet; clypeus ventral margin black; antenna with scape and pedicel weakly iridescent greenish blue or violet, flagellum light brown or yellow (Fig. 9I).</p><p>Head (Fig. 9E–I): in dorsal view transverse, width equal to or slightly greater than twice length, HW/HL 2.0– 2.1. Frontal carina: in anterior view straight to weakly sinuate below midlevel of eye; in dorsal view gradually narrowed V shape around median ocellus, FC/MOD 1.4–1.5 (Fig. 9E); distance from lateral ocellus short, FCLO/ LOD 0.7–0.8 (Fig, 9E). Scrobal cavity (Fig. 9G): in anterior view wide, SW/HW about 0.5. Ocelli (Fig. 9E): a line between anterior margin of lateral ocelli nearly bisecting median ocellus. POL/OOL 1.3–1.6. Ocellar ratios LOD: POL: OOL: LOL: 1, 2.6–3.3, 2.0–2.3, 1.0–1.2. Vertex: smooth to wrinkled or with weak transverse striations, with or without large piliferous punctures. Parascrobal area: in lateral view abruptly narrowed at or slightly above mid-eye height, 0.5–0.6 EH above lower eye margin (Fig. 9I); width narrow to wide, PSW/EL 0.3–0.4; sculpture smooth or wrinkled, with or without large piliferous punctures. Gena: with wide and long smooth area along outer eye margin, striate behind. Malar space: MSL/EH about 0.2. Lower face: with setae sparse laterad torulus, and sparse below. Clypeus (Fig. 9H): CW/ CH 1.5–1.6; ventral margin concave; setae evenly distributed.</p><p>Mesosoma (Fig. 9B–D): Lateral panel of pronotum: about as wide as prepectus, LPP/PPT 0.9–0.1; without flange below level of mesothoracic spiracle in posterior oblique view (Fig. 9C). Mesofemoral depression: smooth. Mesoscutum: punctures weakly angulate to rounded, with slightly wide and weakly coriarious interspaces (Fig. 9B); lateral lobe weakly punctate with coriarious or smooth interspaces, or smooth along notaulus; parascutal carina broadly curved, acuminate. Mesoscutellum: apex with inner margins gradually diverging; punctures weakly angulate or rounded, with narrow to slightly wide and weakly coriarious interspaces. Axilla (Fig. 9D): in lateral view imbricate dorsad, and carinate ventrad. Axillula: smooth dorsad. Fore wing: stigma small, 2.0–2.5× as wide as postmarginal vein width.</p><p>MALE (Fig. 10). Length: usually smaller, 2.5–3.0 mm. As in female, except: Color: flagellum brown dorsad (Fig. 10E). Frontal carina (Fig. 10B): distance from lateral ocellus shorter, FCLO/LOD 0.6–0.7. Scape (Fig. 10F, G): pits sparse, covering about 0.3× scape length.</p><p>Diagnosis.  Perilampus regalis can be recognized by a cupreous head, a parascrobal area that is abruptly narrowed at or slightly above the midlevel of the eye (Figs 9I, 10E), an advanced median ocellus (Figs 9E, 10B), the lower face below the torulus with sparse and evenly distributed setae (Figs 9H, 10D), a yellow female flagellum (Fig. 9I), and a male scape with sparse pits covering about 0.3× scape length (Figs 10F, G).</p><p>Distribution. Previously known only from the Nearctic region, here newly recorded for the northern Neotropical region: USA (Arizona, Florida, Missouri, North Carolina, New Mexico, Texas), and Mexico (Yucatan).</p><p>Host association. Unknown.</p><p>Remarks.  Perilampus regalis is the only species in the  P. carolinensis species complex with the parascrobal area abruptly narrowed at or slightly above the midlevel of the eye in lateral view (Figs 9I, 10E). It is most closely related to the  P. carolinensis clade, and the more basal position of the  P. falcatus clade in the  P. carolinensis species complex shown in the concatenated analysis (Fig. 1) suggests that the of the abruptly narrowed parascrobal area in  P. regalis is derived from the parascrobal area abruptly narrowed below the midlevel of the eye (e.g., Figs 3I, 11I).</p><p>One female specimen from Arizona (ROME189070) has a parascrobal area in lateral view that is gradually narrowed, similar to most of the  P. hyalinus group species. But it is regarded as conspecific with the other specimens having the typical parascrobal area shape of  P. regalis in the genetic analyses (Fig. 1) and is considered as a rare variant. Another variation is shown in the only Neotropical specimen (ROME162495) from Yucatan, Mexico which has a smooth parascrobal area and vertex sculpture, in contrast to the wrinkled to weakly striate sculpture in all Nearctic  P. regalis specimens. This specimen may represent an undescribed species, and additional Neotropical  P. regalis specimens and additional molecular sampling are needed to determine whether this sculpture difference represents interspecific or intraspecific variation. Molecular data for specimens near the type locality (e.g., Missouri) are also needed to confirm specificity with the sequenced specimens from Arizona.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E27E552E51FFEFFF0FFF72FBEDFC5A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yoo, Jeong Jae;Darling, D. Christopher	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E52FFEFFF0FFC37FCDFFAD6.text	03E27E552E52FFEFFF0FFC37FCDFFAD6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Perilampus falcatus Yoo and Darling 2025	<div><p>Perilampus falcatus clade</p><p>Fig. 1, IIb; Figs 11–16</p><p>Diagnosis. This clade is recognized by a parascrobal area abruptly narrowed near the lower eye margin, 0.2–0.3× EH above lower eye margin (Figs 11I, 13I, 15I). The clypeus has a wide and broad area dorsad lacking setae which often extends ventrad along the lateral margin (Figs 11H, 13H, 15H). Male scapes have a short, pitted area covering about 0.2× the length of the scape, with pits that are sparse mesad and ventrad but dense dorsad and laterad (Figs 12G, 14G, 16F, G).</p><p>Included species.  P. falcatus,  P. tupa, and  P. arasy .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E27E552E52FFEFFF0FFC37FCDFFAD6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yoo, Jeong Jae;Darling, D. Christopher	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E52FFD2FF0FFABBFF02FA8E.text	03E27E552E52FFD2FF0FFABBFF02FA8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Perilampus falcatus Yoo and Darling 2025	<div><p>Perilampus falcatus Yoo and Darling sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 11 [♀], 12[♂]</p><p>Type Material.   Holotype [♀].  Costa Rica: Guanacaste. Rio Naranjo. " COSTA RICA, Guan. 3kmSE R. Naranjo 22–24 Jul 1992 F. D. Parker ". The holotype is glued on pin (♀: ROME162266 - EMUS; BOLD:COI/ITS2). ROM Online Collection.</p><p>Paratypes [3 ♀, 1 ♂]. Colombia: Valle del Cauca.  Lago Calima (1 ♂: RC Wilkerson, ROME162303 - FSCA)  .  Ecuador: Napo. Huahua Sumaco, km 44 on Hollin-Loreto Road (1 ♀: MJ Wasbauer, ROME174209 - UCDC; ITS2) .   Guatemala: Chimaltenango.  Yepocapa (1 ♀: HT Dalmat, ROME162506 - USNM)  .   Mexico: Chiapas.  1km NW San Cristóbal (1 ♀: DM Wood, ROME152658 - CNC)  .</p><p>Description. FEMALE (Fig. 11). Length: 3.3–4.5 mm. Color: head iridescent greenish blue or violet, with or without black coloration on vertex (Fig. 11F); mesosoma and metasoma iridescent greenish blue or violet; clypeus ventral margin black; antenna with scape and pedicel weakly iridescent greenish blue or violet, flagellum dark brown or black, lighter ventrad and distad (Fig. 11A).</p><p>Head (Fig. 11E–I): in dorsal view weakly transverse, width less than twice length, HW/HL about 1.9. Frontal carina: in anterior view weakly to strongly sinuate below midlevel of eye; in dorsal view gradually narrowed V shape around median ocellus, FC/MOD 1.4–1.5 (Fig. 11E); distance from lateral ocellus short, FCLO/LOD about 0.6 (Fig. 11E). Scrobal cavity (Fig. 11G): in anterior view narrow, SW/HW about 0.4. Ocelli (Fig. 11E): a line between anterior margin of lateral ocelli reaching anterior margin of median ocellus. POL/OOL 1.8–2.1. Ocellar ratios LOD: POL: OOL: LOL: 1, 2.7–2.9, 1.4–1.6, about 0.9. Vertex: smooth to wrinkled or with weak transverse striations, with or without large piliferous punctures. Parascrobal area: in lateral view abruptly narrowed near lower eye margin, 0.2–0.3 EH above lower eye margin (Fig. 11I); width wide, PSW/EL about 0.4; sculpture smooth or wrinkled, with or without large piliferous punctures. Gena: with wide and long smooth area along outer eye margin, striate behind. Malar space: MSL/EH about 0.2. Lower face: with setae sparse laterad torulus, and sparse or dense below. Clypeus (Fig. 11H): CW/ CH about 1.4; ventral margin concave; with wide bare area without setae near dorsal margin, often extending ventrad along lateral margin.</p><p>Mesosoma (Fig. 11B–D): Lateral panel of pronotum: about as wide as prepectus, LPP/PPT 0.8–0.9; without flange or with small, rounded flange below level of mesothoracic spiracle in posterior oblique view (Fig. 11C). Mesofemoral depression: smooth. Mesoscutum: punctures angulate, with narrow and weakly coriarious interspaces (Fig. 11B); lateral lobe smooth or weakly punctate along notaulus; parascutal carina broadly curved, acuminate. Mesoscutellum: apex with inner margins gradually diverging; punctures angulate, with narrow and weakly coriarious interspaces. Axilla (Fig. 11D): in lateral view imbricate dorsad, and carinate ventrad. Axillula: smooth dorsad. Fore wing: stigma small, 2.0–2.5× as wide as postmarginal vein width.</p><p>MALE (Fig. 12). Length: 3.5 mm. As in female, except: Color: vertex black, and mesonotum nearly black. Frontal carina (Fig. 12B): distance from lateral ocellus shorter, FCLO/LOD about 0.4. Scape (Fig. 12G): pits sparse mesad and ventrad, and dense dorsad and laterad, covering about 0.2× scape length. Lateral panel of pronotum: slightly wider than prepectus, LPN/PPT about 1.1.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word falx (‘sickle’), a reference to the sickle-like curvature of the paracrobal area.</p><p>Diagnosis.  Perilampus falcatus can be recognized by a parascrobal area that is abruptly narrowed near the lower eye margin (Figs 11I, 12E), a wide frontal carina around the median ocellus (Figs 11E, 12B), and a short distance between the frontal carina and the lateral ocellus (about 0.6 LOD for females; 0.4 LOD for males).</p><p>Distribution. Neotropical: Colombia (Valle del Cauca), Costa Rica (ACG), Ecuador (Napo), Guatemala (Yepocapa), and Mexico (Chiapas).</p><p>Host association. Unknown.</p><p>Remarks.  Perilampus falcatus is unique within the  P. falcatus clade in having a wide frontal carina around the median ocellus and a narrow distance between the frontal carina and the lateral ocellus (Fig. 11E cf. Figs 13E, 15E).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E27E552E52FFD2FF0FFABBFF02FA8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yoo, Jeong Jae;Darling, D. Christopher	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E6FFFD5FF0FFA43FEB7FA1A.text	03E27E552E6FFFD5FF0FFA43FEB7FA1A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Perilampus tupa Yoo and Darling 2025	<div><p>Perilampus tupa Yoo and Darling sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 13 [♀], 14[♂]</p><p>Type Material.   Holotype [♀]. Brazil: São Paulo. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.791164&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.588251" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.791164/lat -21.588251)">Luiz Antônio</a>. "BRASIL, SP, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.791164&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.588251" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.791164/lat -21.588251)">Luiz Antônio Est. Ecol. Jatai-Cerrado</a>, 21°35'17.7"S, 47°47'28.2"W Malaise 2 26.xi.2008 550masl NW Perioto &amp; eq. col. UFES#171190". The holotype is point-mounted (♀: ROME144556 - UFES). ROM Online Collection.</p><p>Paratypes [2 ♀, 1 ♂]. Bolivia: Chuquisaca.  Tiguipa (1 ♀: MA Fritz, ROME162504 - ROME)  .   Santa Cruz.  Roboré (1 ♀: ROME162503 - USNM)  .   Brazil: Bahia. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.513638&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.815917" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.513638/lat -14.815917)">Barra do Choça</a>, 14°48'57.3"S, 40°30'49.1"W (1 ♂: J Guimarães, ROME143878 - MZSP; BOLD: AEE2355 / ITS2)  .</p><p>Description. FEMALE (Fig. 13). Length: 2.9–3.3 mm. Color: head cupreous (Fig. 13F); mesosoma and metasoma iridescent greenish blue, with lateral lobes of mesoscutum cupreous along notaulus (Fig. 13B); clypeus ventral margin black; antenna with scape and pedicel weakly iridescent greenish blue or violet, flagellum dark brown or black, lighter ventrad and distad (Fig. 13G).</p><p>Head (Fig. 13E–I): in dorsal view weakly transverse, width less than twice length, HW/HL about 1.9. Frontal carina: in anterior view straight to weakly sinuate below midlevel of eye; in dorsal view gradually narrowed V shape around median ocellus, FC/MOD about 1.3 (Fig. 13E); distance from lateral ocellus long, FCLO/LOD about 1.0 (Fig. 13E). Scrobal cavity (Fig. 13G): in anterior view narrow, SW/HW about 0.4. Ocelli (Fig. 13E): a line between anterior margin of lateral ocelli nearly bisecting median ocellus or reaching posterior margin of median ocellus. POL/OOL about 1.5. Ocellar ratios LOD: POL: OOL: LOL: 1, 2.7–2.8, 1.7–1.8, 1.0–1.1. Vertex: smooth to wrinkled or with weak transverse striations, with or without large piliferous punctures. Parascrobal area: in lateral view abruptly narrowed near lower eye margin, 0.2–0.3 EH above lower eye margin (Fig. 13I); width wide, PSW/ EL about 0.4; sculpture smooth or wrinkled, with or without large piliferous punctures. Gena: with wide and long smooth area along outer eye margin, striate behind. Malar space: MSL/EH about 0.2. Lower face: with setae sparse laterad torulus, and sparse or dense below. Clypeus (Fig. 13H): CW/ CH 1.3–1.5; ventral margin concave; with wide bare area without seta near dorsal margin, often extending ventrad along lateral margin.</p><p>Mesosoma (Fig. 13B–D): Lateral panel of pronotum: slightly narrower than prepectus, LPP/PPT about 0.8; without flange or with small, rounded flange below level of mesothoracic spiracle in posterior oblique view (Fig.13C). Mesofemoral depression: smooth. Mesoscutum: punctures angulate, with narrow and weakly coriarious interspaces (Fig. 13B); lateral lobe smooth along notaulus; parascutal carina broadly curved, acuminate. Mesoscutellum: apex with inner margins gradually diverging; punctures angulate, with narrow and weakly coriarious interspaces. Axilla (Fig. 13D): in lateral view imbricate dorsad, and carinate ventrad.Axillula: smooth dorsad. Fore wing: stigma small, 2.0–2.5× as wide as postmarginal vein width.</p><p>MALE (Fig. 14). Length: 2.8 mm. As in female, except: Color: mesonotum darker, and mesoscutellum weakly cupreous laterad. Frontal carina (Fig. 14B): distance from lateral ocellus shorter, FCLO/LOD about 0.8. Scape (Fig. 14G): pits sparse mesad and ventrad, and dense dorsad and laterad, covering about 0.2× scape length.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from Tupã, the god of creation, in the mythology of the Guarani people, one of the major indigenous groups in South America.</p><p>Diagnosis.  Perilampus tupa has a parascrobal area that is abruptly narrowed near the lower eye margin (Figs 13I, 14E), a narrow frontal carina that is gradually narrowed around the median ocellus (Figs 13E, 14B), a long distance between the frontal carina and lateral ocellus (about 0.9–1.0 LOD for females; about 0.8 LOD for males), and a cupreous head and dorsal side of lateral lobes of mesoscutum (Fig. 13B).</p><p>Distribution. Neotropical: Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Santa Cruz) and Brazil (Bahia, São Paulo).</p><p>Host association. Unknown.</p><p>Remarks.  Perilampus tupa is hypothesized as the sister species of  P. arasy —both species have a narrow frontal carina around the median ocellus and a long distance between the frontal carina and lateral ocellus in contrast to  P. falcatus (Figs 13E, 14B, 15E, 16B cf. Figs 11E, 12B). These two species can be differentiated based on the shape of the frontal carina around the median ocellus, which is gradually narrowed in  P. tupa (Figs 13E, 14B) and abruptly narrowed in  P. arasy (Figs 15E, 16B). They also differ in body coloration:  P. tupa has a cupreous head and the lateral lobes of mesoscutum, whereas  P. arasy has a greenish blue to violet body without cupreous iridescence (Fig. 13B, F cf. Fig. 15B, F).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E27E552E6FFFD5FF0FFA43FEB7FA1A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yoo, Jeong Jae;Darling, D. Christopher	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E68FFD8FF0FF9F7FDA6FAA2.text	03E27E552E68FFD8FF0FF9F7FDA6FAA2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Perilampus arasy Yoo and Darling 2025	<div><p>Perilampus arasy Yoo and Darling sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 15 [♀], 16[♂]</p><p>Type Material.   Holotype [♀]. Paraguay: Pirapo. " PARAGUAY:  Pirapo December 1971 – January 1972. L Peña". The holotype is point- mounted (♀: ROME162301 - CNC). ROM Online Collection.</p><p>Paratypes [1 ♀, 6 ♂]. Brazil: Santa Catarina. Nova Teutônia, 27°11'0"S, 52°23'0"W (1 ♂: F Plaumann, ROME143109 - NHMUK) .  São Paulo (1 ♀: VN Alin, ROME143093 - UCDC. 4 ♂: VN Alin, ROME143094 - UCDC; VN Alin, ROME143095 - UCDC; VN Alin, ROME143096 - UCDC; VN Alin, ROME143097 - UCDC) .   Inst. Florestal - <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.6/lat -23.4)">Capital</a>, 23°24'S, 46°36'W (1 ♂: EP Teixeira, ROME145009 - UFES)  .</p><p>Description. FEMALE (Fig. 15). Length: 3.3–3.4 mm. Color: head iridescent greenish blue or violet, with black coloration on vertex (Fig. 15F); mesosoma and metasoma iridescent greenish blue or violet; clypeus ventral margin black; antenna with scape and pedicel weakly iridescent greenish blue or violet, flagellum dark brown or black, lighter ventrad and distad (Fig. 15G).</p><p>Head (Fig. 15E–I): in dorsal view weakly transverse, width less than twice length, HW/HL about 1.9. Frontal carina: in anterior view straight to weakly sinuate below midlevel of eye; in dorsal view abruptly narrowed V shape around median ocellus, FC/MOD about 1.2 (Fig. 15E); distance from lateral ocellus long, FCLO/LOD about 1.0 (Fig. 15E). Scrobal cavity (Fig. 15G): in anterior view narrow, SW/HW about 0.4. Ocelli (Fig. 15E): a line between anterior margin of lateral ocelli nearly bisecting median ocellus. POL/OOL 1.5–1.6. Ocellar ratios LOD: POL: OOL: LOL: 1, 3.0–3.1, 1.8–1.9, about 1.1. Vertex: smooth, without large piliferous punctures. Parascrobal area: in lateral view abruptly narrowed near lower eye margin, 0.2–0.3 EH above lower eye margin (Fig. 15I); width wide, PSW/EL about 0.4; sculpture smooth, without large piliferous punctures. Gena: with wide and long smooth area along outer eye margin, striate behind. Malar space: MSL/EH about 0.2. Lower face: with setae sparse laterad torulus, and sparse or dense below. Clypeus (Fig. 15H): CW/ CH about 1.4; ventral margin concave; with wide bare area without setae near dorsal margin, often extending ventrad along lateral margin.</p><p>Mesosoma (Fig. 15B–D): Lateral panel of pronotum: about as wide as prepectus, LPP/PPT 0.8–0.9; without flange or with small, rounded flange below level of mesothoracic spiracle in posterior oblique view (Fig. 15C). Mesofemoral depression: smooth. Mesoscutum: punctures angulate, with narrow and weakly coriarious interspaces (Fig. 15B); lateral lobe smooth along notaulus; parascutal carina broadly curved, acuminate. Mesoscutellum: apex with inner margins gradually diverging; punctures angulate, with narrow and weakly coriarious interspaces. Axilla (Fig. 15D): in lateral view imbricate dorsad, and carinate ventrad.Axillula: smooth dorsad. Fore wing: stigma small, 2.0–2.5× as wide as postmarginal vein width.</p><p>MALE (Fig. 16). Length: usually smaller, 3.0– 3.2 mm. As in female, except: Color: mesonotum black. Frontal carina (Fig. 16B): distance from lateral ocellus shorter, FCLO/LOD 0.8–0.9. Scape (Fig. 16F, G): pits sparse mesad and ventrad, and dense dorsad and laterad, covering about 0.2× scape length.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from Arasy, the goddess of the sky in the mythology of the Guarani people, one of the major indigenous groups in South America.</p><p>Diagnosis.  Perilampus arasy has a parascrobal area that is abruptly narrowed near the lower eye margin (Figs 15I, 16E), a narrow frontal carina that is abruptly narrowed around the median ocellus (Figs 15E, 16B), a long distance between the frontal carina and the lateral ocellus (0.9–1.0 LOD for females; about 0.8 LOD for males), and an iridescent greenish blue or violet body without cupreous iridescence (Fig. 15B).</p><p>Distribution. Neotropical: Brazil (Santa Catarina, São Paulo) and Paraguay (Itapúa).</p><p>Host association.  Perilampus arasy is a hyperparasitoid, parasitizing dipteran parasitoids of  Chrysomelidae ( Coleoptera). Hosts:  Tachinidae ( Diptera).  Lydinolydella sp. from  Stichotaenia conviva (Stal) ( Chrysomelidae) (Teixeira and Casari-Chen 1992).</p><p>Remarks. See  P. tupa . The only specimen of  P. arasy with a host record is ROME189084. This host association with  Chrysomelidae will need to be verified by subsequent rearings.  Perilampus is rarely associated with  Chrysomelidae but has been recorded for  P. seneca Yoo and Darling, which are usually hyperparasitoids associated with  Lepidoptera (Yoo and Darling 2024) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E27E552E68FFD8FF0FF9F7FDA6FAA2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yoo, Jeong Jae;Darling, D. Christopher	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
