taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E27E552E45FFF8FF0FFF72FB55F82E.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Color: head and body entirely or at least partially brightly iridescent blue, green, violet, or cupreous (Fig. 2 A – C). Head: in anterior view weakly transverse, slightly wider than high, HW / HH 1.2 – 1.3; slightly wider than pronotum, HW / PW 1.1 – 1.2. Frontal carina: distinct, extended from posterior margin of median ocellus (Fig. 2 A) to near lower eye margin; in dorsal view narrow around median ocellus. Ocelli: median ocellus in line with lateral ocelli or only slightly advanced. Eye: slightly shorter than head height, EH / HH 0.6 – 0.7. Vertex: rounded behind. Occiput: with vertical groove below vertex, with subparallel costulae; occipital carina absent. Malar space: with oblique striae obliterating malar sulcus (Fig. 2 B). Clypeus: weakly transverse to strongly transverse, CW / CH 1.3 – 1.6; lateral sulci straight or weakly curved, strongly divergent; with small and indistinct tentorial pits; epistomal sulcus concave, deeper and more distinct than lateral sulci; ventral margin concave or nearly straight. Supraclypeal area: subquadrate; shorter and narrower than clypeus, SCH / CH 0.5 – 0.6. Scape: length about 0.6 × EH; narrow throughout; pits absent or if present distad covering no more than 0.2 × scape length. Flagellum: anellus transverse, AL / PL about 0.3; Fu 1 subquadrate, Fu 1 L / Fu 1 W 1.0 – 1.1; subequal to or slightly longer in length than pedicel, Fu 1 L / PL 1.0 – 1.3; Fu 2 subquadrate or transverse, Fu 3 – Fu 7 transverse; clava 4 - segmented, C 1 – 3 as long dorsad as ventrad, with distinct terminal button (C 4). Mesosoma: slightly longer than wide, ML / MW 1.2 – 1.3. Pronotum: carinulate; short, PN / MSC about 0.2; shorter along midline, 0.5 – 0.7 length laterad; anterior margin sharp, all rows of punctures on same plane. Lateral panel of pronotum: without flange or with flange below level of mesothoracic spiracle in posterior oblique view; anterior margin sharp, all rows of punctures on same plane. Prepectus: wide and triangular; differentiated from pronotum with distinct suture; ventral strap short, without row of alveolae; central area of lateral panel smooth, with foveae along dorsal and posterior margins. Mesoscutum: midlobe without tubercle; notaulus distinct and continuous, uninterrupted by sculpture of mesoscutum. Mesoscutellum: without tubercle; slightly longer than mesoscutum, SC / MSC 1.2 – 1.3; strongly vaulted, frenum ventrad and not visible in the dorsal view. Axilla: with axillar shelf (Fig. 2 C). Axillula: elongate and finger-like, AxL / AxH usually 2.0 or greater (Fig. 2 C). Metanotum: short, length 0.4 – 0.5 × length of propodeum along midline. Propodeum: width about 3 × length along midline; submedian area smooth to weakly imbricate, with foveae or groove laterad median carina, delimited laterad and ventrad by complete plicae, dorsad by transverse band of foveae; callus with angulate process below spiracle, and alveolate-rugose, with alveolae sometimes obliterated below spiracle; nucha with transverse to arcuate rugae. Fore wing: elongate, WL / WW 2.3 – 2.4; hyaline, with yellow or brown venation; parastigma swollen with weak equilateral triangular process; postmarginal vein 0.7 – 0.8 × as long as marginal vein; stigmal vein 0.3 – 0.4 × as long as marginal vein; stigma with weak uncus. Metasoma: petiole short and straplike, with weak transverse wrinkles; petiolar flange short with ventral margin of upper area with shallow emargination mesad; antecostal sulcus transverse, with weak vertical carinae laterad and smoothened mesad; Mt 2 with trapezoidal demarcation and shallow median groove, imbricate and wrinkled anteriad, and smooth posterad without lateral protuberances along midline, posterior margin straight and sparsely setose; Mt 3 smooth. MALE. As in female, except: color: mesonotum sometimes nearly entirely black or with cupreous iridescence. Eye: in dorsal view often more bulbous. Ocellus: often larger. Ocellar ratios LOD: POL: OOL: LOL: often shorter. Frontal carina: distance from lateral ocellus usually shorter. Lower face setae: as dense or denser around and below torulus. Malar space: MSL / EH often shorter. Flagellum: slightly wider. Scape: in anterior view weakly expanded distad, 1.3 – 1.4 × width above radicle; with distinct pits on anterior surface; pitted surface not swollen in lateral view. Aedeagus: without a pair of lateral spines.	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E45FFF8FF0FFF72FB55F82E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The P. hyalinus species group is characterized by brightly iridescent coloration (Fig. 2 A – C), a distinct frontal carina extended from the posterior margin of the median ocellus (Fig. 2 A cf. Fig. 2 D) to near the lower eye margin, oblique costae obliterating malar sulcus (Fig. 2 B cf. Fig. 2 E), a carinulate pronotum (Yoo and Darling 2024, fig. 2 H), a distinct and uninterrupted notaulus (Yoo and Darling 2024, fig. 2 H), an axilla with an axillar shelf (Fig. 2 C cf. Fig. 2 F), and an elongate, finger-like axillula (Fig. 2 C cf. Fig. 2 F). The P. platigaster species group has a similar structure of the frontal carina, axilla, and axillula, but is distinguished by having a malar sulcus (Fig. 2 E) and general body color that is black with or without weak iridescent reflections.	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E47FFE1FF0FFF72FC9AFE2E.taxon	diagnosis	Perilampus carolinensis species complex Diagnostic description. Species in this complex can be recognized by the combination of the following character states: an abruptly narrowed parascrobal area in the lateral view (Figs 3 I, 9 I, 11 I); an gena with wide and long smooth area (Figs 3 I, 9 I, 11 I); the lateral panel of the pronotum in oblique view without a flange (Fig. 3 C) or with only a small rounded flange (Fig. 5 C) below the level of the mesothoracic spiracle in posterior oblique view; lower face below the torulus with setae sparse and evenly distributed throughout (Figs 3 H, 7 H) or with a wide and bare area on the clypeus dorsad (Fig. 11 H); and the male scape pits either sparse throughout (Figs 4 F, G) or dense dorsad and laterad but sparse mesad and ventrad (Figs 12 G, 14 G). Most of the P. hyalinus species complex has gradually narrowed parascrobal area (Yoo and Darling 2024, figs 6 J, 12 J). Few species of the P. hyalinus species complex have abruptly narrowed parascrobal area, but have a varying combination of the following character states that are absent in the P. carolinensis species complex: the gena sculpture entirely striate or with a short and narrow smooth area (Yoo and Darling 2024, fig. 18 J); the lateral panel of the pronotum in oblique view with a triangular flange (Yoo and Darling 2024, fig. 16 D); the lower face below the torulus with setae densely distributed throughout (Yoo and Darling 2024, fig. 17 C); and male scapes with densely distributed pits (Yoo and Darling 2024, fig. 17 G, H).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E47FFE1FF0FFF72FC9AFE2E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species complex includes two clades (P. carolinensis (Fig. 1, IIa) and P. falcatus clades (Fig. 1, IIb )) and a species sola (P. regalis). All species occur in the Neotropical region, and only P. carolinensis and P. regalis have distributions that extend into the Nearctic region.	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E5CFFE1FF0FFDDCFC76FC92.taxon	description	Fig. 1, IIb; Figs 3 – 8	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E5CFFE1FF0FFDDCFC76FC92.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The species in this clade are recognized by the combination of the following states: parascrobal area abruptly narrowed slightly below the midlevel of the eye, about 0.4 EH above the lower eye margin (Figs 3 I, 5 I, 7 I); the lower face below torulus with sparse and evenly distributed setae (Figs 3 H, 5 H, 7 H); and the male scape with sparse pits (Figs 4 F, 6 F, 8 G).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E5CFFE5FF0FFC76FDECF862.taxon	description	Figs 3 [♀], 4 [♂]	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E5CFFE5FF0FFC76FDECF862.taxon	materials_examined	Type Material. Holotype [♀]. USA: Virginia. " Roslyn, Va. Sept. 3 - 1923. Captured on thistle "; USNM, Type No. 49777, USNMENT 01559545, (image examined, http: // n 2 t. net / ark: / 65665 / 3 ce 6 ad 39 f- 7095 - 45 ec- 9746 - 86 ac 74 d 1 c 42 f). Also 17 female and 2 male paratypes (Smulyan 1936). Paratypes examined [4 ♀]. USA: North Carolina. Yancey Co., Valley of Black Mountains (4 ♀: W Beutenmuller, ROME 152649 - AMNH; W Beutenmuller, ROME 152650 - AMNH; W Beutenmuller, ROME 152651 - AMNH; W Beutenmuller, ROME 152652 - AMNH). Material examined. Brazil: Minas Gerais. P. N. da Serra da Canastra, São Roque de Minas, 20 ° 27 ' 38.9 " S, 46 ° 30 ' 48.9 " W (1 ♂: ROME 143233 - MZSP). São Paulo. Campinas (1 ♀: ROME 143111 - USNM. 2 ♂: ROME 143112 - USNM; ROME 143113 - USNM). Costa Rica: Guanacaste. Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG) (15 ♀: 06 - SRNP- 58407, DHJPAR 0021672 - CNC; BOLD: AAA 4882; 99 - SRNP- 15036, DHJPAR 0023903 - CNC; BOLD: AAA 4882; 99 - SRNP- 3495, DHJPAR 0023904 - CNC; BOLD: AAA 4882; 91 - SRNP- 3136.1, DHJPAR 0023905 - CNC; 98 - SRNP- 9534, DHJPAR 0023908 - ROME; BOLD: AAA 4882; 93 - SRNP- 7077, DHJPAR 0023911 - CNC; BOLD: AAA 4882; 02 - SRNP- 11966, DHJPAR 0023913 - CNC; BOLD: AAA 4882; 00 - SRNP- 19905, DHJPAR 0023914 - CNC; BOLD: AAA 4882; 00 - SRNP- 19879, DHJPAR 0023915 - CNC; BOLD: AAA 4882; 00 - SRNP- 19879, DHJPAR 0023916 - CNC; BOLD: AAA 4882; 00 - SRNP- 19879, DHJPAR 0023917 - CNC; BOLD: AAA 4882 / ITS 2; 06 - SRNP- 58423, DHJPAR 0021669 - MZUCR; BOLD: AAA 4882; 00 - SRNP- 19888, DHJPAR 0023918 - ROME; BOLD: AAA 4882 / ITS 2; 12 - SRNP- 12669, DHJPAR 0051468 - ROME; BOLD: ACJ 4137 / ITS 2; 12 - SRNP- 12642, DHJPAR 0051480 - ROME; BOLD: ACJ 4137 / ITS 2. 12 ♂: 04 - SRNP- 13707, DHJPAR 0021330 - ROME; BOLD: AAA 4872; 04 - SRNP- 13718, DHJPAR 0021331 - ROME; BOLD: AAA 4872; 85 - SRNP- 552, DHJPAR 0023777 - CNC; 85 - SRNP- 552, DHJPAR 0023778 - CNC; 99 - SRNP- 3486.06, DHJPAR 0023799 - CNC; BOLD: AAA 4882 / ITS 2; 00 - SRNP- 19876, DHJPAR 0023919 - CNC; 00 - SRNP- 19876, DHJPAR 0023920 - CNC; 20 - SRNP- 27385, DHJPAR 0066296 - ROME; BOLD: AEK 0124 / ITS 2; 06 - SRNP- 58474, DHJPAR 0021670 - CNC; BOLD: AAA 4882 / ITS 2; 06 - SRNP- 58391, DHJPAR 0021674 - ROME; BOLD: AAA 4882 / ITS 2; 06 - SRNP- 58472, DHJPAR 0021677 - MZUCR; BOLD: AAA 4882 / ITS 2; 06 - SRNP- 58453, DHJPAR 0021678 - ROME; BOLD: AAA 4882 / ITS 2). Mexico: Nuevo León. Villa del Carmen (El Carmen) (1 ♂: ROME 181752 - TAMU). USA: Arizona. Santa Cruz Co., Atascosa Mts, Ruby Rd. ~ 4 mi E of Ruby (1 ♀: ROME 204128 - ROME). Santa Rita Mts, Montosa Canyon (1 ♀: ROME 204126 - ROME); Sycamore Canyon, at FR 39, 31 ° 25.8 ' N, 111 ° 11.4 ' W (1 ♀: ROME 152657 - CNC; BOLD: AEU 5522 / ITS 2). Georgia. Rabun Co., Satolah (♂: ROME 204114 - ESUW). Illinois. Cook Co., Chicago (1 ♀: ROME 185937 - FMNH. 1 ♂: ROME 152654 - FMNH). Indiana. Starke Co., Knox (1 ♀: ROME 185971 - FMNH). Maryland. Prince George’s Co., Bowie, Patuxent Research Refuge (1 ♂: ROME 152656 - FMNH). New Jersey. Ocean Co., Manahawkin (2 ♀: ROME 199587 - CUIC; ROME 199588 - CUIC). Additional material examined. Mexico: Michoacán. Uruapan (1 ♀: ROME 201102 - CNC).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E5CFFE5FF0FFC76FDECF862.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE (Fig. 3). Length: 3.8 – 4.7 mm. Color: head iridescent greenish blue or violet, with or without black coloration on vertex (Fig. 3 F); mesosoma and metasoma iridescent greenish blue or violet; clypeus ventral margin black; antenna with scape and pedicel weakly iridescent greenish blue or violet, flagellum dark brown or black, lighter ventrad and distad (Fig. 3 I). Head (Fig. 3 E – I): in dorsal view transverse, width equal to or slightly greater than twice length, HW / HL 2.0 – 2.1. Frontal carina: in anterior view weakly to strongly sinuate below midlevel of eye; in dorsal view gradually narrowed V shape around median ocellus, FC / MOD 1.5 – 1.8 (Fig. 3 E); distance from lateral ocellus short, FCLO / LOD 0.6 – 0.7 (Fig. 3 E). Scrobal cavity (Fig. 3 G): in anterior view narrow, SW / HW about 0.4. Ocelli (Fig. 3 E): a line between anterior margin of lateral ocelli reaching anterior margin of median ocellus. POL / OOL 2.1 – 2.5. Ocellar ratios LOD: POL: OOL: LOL: 1, 3.2 – 3.6, 1.3 – 1.6, 1.0 – 1.3. Vertex: smooth to wrinkled or with weak transverse striations, with or without large piliferous punctures. Parascrobal area: in lateral view abruptly narrowed slightly below mid-eye height, about 0.4 EH above lower eye margin (Fig. 3 I); width narrow to wide, PSW / EL 0.3 – 0.4; sculpture smooth or wrinkled, with or without large piliferous punctures. Gena: with wide and long smooth area along outer eye margin, striate behind. Malar space: MSL / EH about 0.2. Lower face: with setae sparse laterad torulus, and sparse below. Clypeus (Fig. 3 H): CW / CH 1.3 – 1.4; ventral margin concave; setae evenly distributed. Mesosoma (Fig. 3 B – D): Lateral panel of pronotum: slightly narrower than prepectus, LPP / PPT 0.6 – 0.8; without flange or with small, rounded flange below level of mesothoracic spiracle in posterior oblique view (Fig. 3 C). Mesofemoral depression: smooth. Mesoscutum: punctures weakly angulate to rounded, with slightly wide and weakly coriarious interspaces (Fig. 3 B); lateral lobe weakly punctate with coriarious or smooth interspaces, or smooth along notaulus; parascutal carina broadly curved, acuminate. Mesoscutellum: apex with inner margins gradually diverging; punctures weakly angulate or rounded, with narrow to slightly wide and weakly coriarious interspaces. Axilla (Fig. 3 D): in lateral view imbricate dorsad, and carinate ventrad. Axillula: smooth dorsad. Fore wing: stigma small, 2.0 – 2.5 × as wide as postmarginal vein width. MALE (Fig. 4). Length: usually smaller, 2.8 – 4.3 mm. As in female, except: Color: mesonotum nearly black or with cupreous iridescence. Frontal carina (Fig. 4 B): distance from lateral ocellus shorter, FCLO / LOD 0.4 – 0.5. Scape (Fig. 4 F, G): pits sparse, covering 0.3 – 0.4 × scape length. Scrobal cavity in anterior view narrow or wide, SW / HW 0.4 – 0.5.	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E5CFFE5FF0FFC76FDECF862.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Perilampus carolinensis can be recognized by a parascrobal area that is abruptly narrowed slightly below the midlevel of the eye (Figs 3 I, 4 E), a wide frontal carina around the median ocellus (Fig. 3 E, 4 B), a narrow female scrobal cavity in anterior view (Fig. 3 G), and a male scape with a long pitted area (about 0.3 – 0.4 × scape length, Figs 4 F, G).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E5CFFE5FF0FFC76FDECF862.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Previously known only from the Nearctic region, here newly recorded for the Neotropical region: USA. (Arizona, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Virginia), Mexico (Michoacán, Nuevo Leon), Costa Rica (ACG), and Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E5CFFE5FF0FFC76FDECF862.taxon	biology_ecology	Host association. Perilampus carolinensis is a hyperparasitoid, parasitizing dipteran and hymenopteran parasitoids of Lepidoptera. Hosts: Tachinidae (Diptera). Calolydella inflatipalpis Fleming and Wood from Dione juno (Cramer) (Nymphalidae) on Erblichia odorata Seem (Passifloraceae). Chetogena scutellaris (Wulp) from Orgyia povera Schaus (Erebidae) on Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) (Malpighiaceae), and Hylesia umbrata Schaus (Saturniidae) on Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae). Hyphantrophaga edwinapui Fleming & Wood from Doa sp. (Doidae) on Euphorbia colletioides Benth. (Euphorbiaceae). Leschenaultia sp. from Ammalo helops (Cramer) (Erebidae) on Ficus ovalis (Liebm) (Moraceae). Lespesia sp. from Trosia obsolecens Dyar (Megalopygidae), and from Parachabora sp. (Erebidae) on Ateleia hebert-smithii Pittier (Fabaceae). Lespesia aletiae (Riley) from Apatelodes pudefacta (Smith), and D. juno (Cramer) on E. odorata. Winthemia picea (Walker) from Pseudosphinx tetrio L. (Sphingidae) on Plumeria rubra L. (Apocynaceae). Winthemia subpicea (Walker) from Arsenura arianae Brechlin on Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (Malvaceae) and Pochota fendleri (Seem.) (Malvaceae). Braconidae (Hymenoptera). Triraphis bradzlotnicki Sharkey from Megalopygidae on B. crassifolia. Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera). Enicospilus chiriquensis (Cameron) from H. umbrata on A. occidentale. The following records of lepidopteran associates lack information on the associated parasitoid hosts but likely represent hyperparasitoids Lepidoptera. Anisota senatoria (Smith) (Saturniidae) (Smulyan 1936), Anisota virginiensis (Drury) (Saturniidae), Datana integerrima Grote & Robinson (Notodontidae) (Smulyan 1936).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E5CFFE5FF0FFC76FDECF862.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Perilampus carolinensis is similar to P. cabecar in having a wide frontal carina around the median ocellus (Figs 3 E, 4 B, 5 E, 6 B cf. Figs 7 E, 8 B). The only character distinguishing female P. carolinensis from P. cabecar is the scrobal cavity width in the anterior view of the head, which is narrower in P. carolinensis (Fig. 3 G cf. Fig. 5 G). This character cannot discriminate the males of these two species, as it varies from wide to narrow in both species. But the males can be separated by the length of the pitted area on the scape, which is longer in P. carolinensis (Figs 4 F, G) and shorter in P. cabecar (Figs 6 F, G). The two species are also differentiated in COI and ITS 2 (Figs 1, S 1). There is variation in both morphology and COI in our species concept of P. carolinensis. Piliferous punctures on the lateral lobes of the mesoscutum in Nearctic specimens tend to be larger than those in the Neotropical specimens, and there is a divergence of 2.0 – 3.7 % in COI between the Nearctic and Costa Rican specimens (ACG). However, the sculpture of mesoscutal lateral lobes is variable in some species of the P. hyalinus species group (Yoo and Darling 2024), and therefore not a reliable diagnostic character by itself. Moreover, even greater intraspecific genetic differences are observed among the ACG specimens (maximum distance of 4.3 %) that are rendered paraphyletic by the only sequenced Nearctic specimen (ROME 182657, Fig. S 1). A divergence of 4.3 % is shown between two females (DHJPAR 0051468, DHJPAR 0051480), the only P. hyalinus species group specimens recorded to be associated with Ammalo helops from Ficus, and other ACG specimens. It is unclear whether their genetic divergence in COI represents interspecific ecological differentiation or male-biased dispersal driven by host fidelity (Henry et al. 2007) because other specimens associated with different families of caterpillars and plants show no significant genetic differentiations in COI. Two ACG males (P. carolinensis 2 in Yoo (2023); DHJPAR 0021330, DHJPAR 0021331) have scapes with pitted areas that are slightly shorter than those of the other ACG and Nearctic specimens (Fig. 4 G cf. 4 F). Genetic divergence in COI between these two specimens and the other ACG males with the longer pitted area on a scape is 3.4 %. It’s unclear whether these differences indicate distinct species, as a larger genetic distance is observed between one male ACG specimen (DHJPAR 0066296, not included in the genetic analyses due to lack of trace file for quality verification), which also has a longer pitted area on the scape, and the rest of its morphological conspecifics (3.7 – 4.7 %). Additionally, there is subtle intraspecific variation in the height of the pitted area of male scapes (0.3 vs 0.4 × scape length) shown in some species of the P. hyalinus species group (Yoo and Darling 2024). Highly divergent COI sequences resulted in multiple BINs for P. carolinensis (BOLD: AAA 4882, BOLD: AAA 4872, BOLD: AEU 5522, BOLD: AEK 0124, and BOLD: ACJ 4137). However, except for two aforementioned males with short punctate area of the scape and DHJPAR 0066296, which lacks ITS 2 data, all specimens show no divergence in ITS 2 (Figure S 1). Only three specimens from the southern Neotropical region, all from São Paulo, Brazil, were available for examination. These have stronger wrinkled parascrobal area sculpture than most specimens from ACG and the Nearctic region. However, one Nearctic male (ROME 152654) also has similarly strong wrinkled parascrobal area sculpture (Fig. 4 B). The absence of genetic divergences in ITS 2 and the lack of concordance between COI and geographical distribution, host information, and subtle morphological variations prevent a precise taxonomic decision on the species boundaries of P. carolinensis. A conservative approach is taken in this study, tentatively considering the P. carolinensis Smulyan as a single widely distributed species with high intraspecific divergence in COI but monophyletic in both COI and ITS 2. More specimens and genes are needed, in particular from Brazil, to further test the species boundaries within P. carolinensis. The possibility of high mitochondrial divergences induced by the multiple strains of Wolbachia infections also needs to be explored (Hurst and Jiggins 2005; Kodandaramaiah et al. 2013). Finally, DNA sequencing of the specimens from the vicinity of the type locality (e. g., Virginia) is needed to confirm their conspecificity with the only sequenced Nearctic specimen (Arizona, ROME 152657, CNC). The majority of the rearing records indicate that P. carolinensis is a hyperparasitoid, parasitizing Tachinidae or Ichneumonoidea parasitoids of Lepidoptera that feed on angiosperms. An exception is a specimen from Michoacán, Mexico, labelled " ex. Neodiprion sp. " (ROME 201102) that lacks associated host remains for verification. This unlikely host association may be the result of mislabeling or an extremely rare association of a planidium of P. carolinensis with a pine sawfly larva.	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E5BFFE6FF0FFF72FE55F806.taxon	description	Figs 5 [♀], 6 [♂]	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E5BFFE6FF0FFF72FE55F806.taxon	materials_examined	Type Material. Holotype [♀]. Costa Rica: Cartago. Turrialba. " COSTA RICA: Cartago Turrialba 4 August 1965 Herman G. Real. From aggregation of larvae, pupae, and reared C. A. S. Acc. 1967 ". The holotype is point-mounted (♀: ROME 162500 - CAS), with the host remains in a gelatin capsule. ROM Online Collection. Paratypes [3 ♀, 3 ♂]. Costa Rica: Cartago. Turrialba (3 ♀: HG Real, ROME 162496 - CAS; HG Real, ROME 162497 - CAS; HG Real, ROME 162498 - CAS. 1 ♂: HG Real, ROME 162499 - CAS). Guanacaste. ACG (1 ♂: D Martinez, 15 - SRNP- 70572, DHJPAR 0057711 - CNC; BOLD: ACW 6281 / ITS 2). Peru: Huánuco. Tingo María, Rio Huallaga (1 ♂: W Weyrauch, ROME 162299 - IFML).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E5BFFE6FF0FFF72FE55F806.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE (Fig. 5). Length: 3.5 – 3.7 mm Color: head iridescent greenish blue or violet, with black coloration on vertex (Fig. 5 F); mesosoma and metasoma iridescent greenish blue or violet; clypeus ventral margin black; antenna with scape and pedicel weakly iridescent greenish blue or violet, flagellum dark brown or black, lighter ventrad and distad. Head (Fig. 5 E – I): in dorsal view transverse, width equal to or slightly greater than twice length, HW / HL 2.0 – 2.1. Frontal carina: in anterior view weakly to strongly sinuate below midlevel of eye; in dorsal view gradually narrowed V shape around median ocellus, FC / MOD 1.5 – 1.6 (Fig. 5 E); distance from lateral ocellus short, FCLO / LOD 0.6 – 0.7 (Fig. 5 E). Scrobal cavity (Fig. 5 G): in anterior view wide, SW / HW about 0.5. Ocelli (Fig. 5 E): a line between anterior margin of lateral ocelli reaching anterior margin of median ocellus. POL / OOL 1.9 – 2.4. Ocellar ratios LOD: POL: OOL: LOL: 1, 3.0 – 3.1, 1.4 – 1.5, 1.0 – 1.1. Vertex: smooth to wrinkled or with weak transverse striations, with or without large piliferous punctures. Parascrobal area: in lateral view abruptly narrowed slightly below mid-eye height, about 0.4 EH above lower eye margin (Fig. 5 I); width narrow, PSW / EL about 0.3; sculpture smooth or wrinkled, with or without large piliferous punctures. Gena: with wide and long smooth area along outer eye margin, striate behind. Malar space: MSL / EH about 0.2. Lower face: with setae sparse laterad torulus, and sparse below. Clypeus (Fig. 5 H): CW / CH 1.3 – 1.4; ventral margin concave; setae evenly distributed. Mesosoma (Fig. 5 B – D): Lateral panel of pronotum: slightly narrower than prepectus, LPP / PPT 0.6 – 0.8; without flange or with small, rounded flange below level of mesothoracic spiracle in posterior oblique view (Fig. 5 C). Mesofemoral depression: smooth. Mesoscutum: punctures angulate, with narrow and weakly coriarious interspaces (Fig. 5 B); lateral lobe smooth along notaulus; parascutal carina broadly curved, acuminate. Mesoscutellum: apex with inner margins gradually diverging; punctures angulate, with narrow and weakly coriarious interspaces. Axilla (Fig. 5 D): in lateral view imbricate dorsad, and carinate ventrad. Axillula: smooth dorsad. Fore wing: stigma small, 2.0 – 2.5 × as wide as postmarginal vein width. MALE (Fig. 6). Length: usually smaller, 3.0 – 3.8 mm. As in female, except: Color: mesonotum nearly black. Frontal carina (Fig. 6 B): distance from lateral ocellus shorter, FCLO / LOD 0.4 – 0.5. Scape (Fig. 6 F, G): pits sparse, covering about 0.2 × scape length. Scrobal cavity in anterior view narrow or wide, SW / HW 0.4 – 0.5.	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E5BFFE6FF0FFF72FE55F806.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from Cabécar, the indigenous people whose territory falls within Cartago, Costa Rica, where the holotype was collected.	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E5BFFE6FF0FFF72FE55F806.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Perilampus cabecar can be recognized by a parascrobal area that is abruptly narrowed slightly below the midlevel of the eye (Figs 5 I, 6 E), a wide frontal carina around the median ocellus (Figs 5 E, 6 B), a wide female scrobal cavity in anterior view (Fig. 5 G), and a male scape with a short pitted area (about 0.2 × scape length, Figs 6 F, G).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E5BFFE6FF0FFF72FE55F806.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Neotropical: Costa Rica (Cartago, ACG), and Peru (Huanuco).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E5BFFE6FF0FFF72FE55F806.taxon	biology_ecology	Host association. Perilampus cabecar is a hyperparasitoid, parasitizing dipteran parasitoids of Lepidoptera. Hosts: Tachinidae (Diptera). Leptostylum pulchellum Macquart from Hylesia rubrifrons Schaus (Saturniidae) on Virola koschnyi Warb (Myristicaeceae).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E5BFFE6FF0FFF72FE55F806.taxon	discussion	Remarks. See P. carolinensis. The only sequenced P. cabecar specimen is a male from ACG (DHJPAR 0057711), which also has a BIN (BOLD: ACW 6281). There is another sequenced specimen with the same BIN and host records, also from ACG (DHJPAR 0057463), but the specimen is missing, and its species identity could not be verified with morphology. Unsequenced females and a male reared from the single rearing event in Cartago, Costa Rica, were used to describe the female of P. cabecar. The known parasitoid host, caterpillar associate, and plant host of this species are not shared within P. carolinensis. More reared specimens are needed to confirm this apparent niche differentiation.	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E54FFE9FF0FFF72FBFFF966.taxon	description	Figs 7 [♀], 8 [♂]	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E54FFE9FF0FFF72FBFFF966.taxon	materials_examined	Type Material. Holotype [♀]. Brazil: Minas Gerais. São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo. " Brasil, MG, São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo, EPDA Peti, 19 ° 53 ' 14 " S; 43 ° 22 ' 06 " W Malaise, 9. i. 2004, A. F. Kumagai leg. UFMG IHY 1522425 ". The holotype is point-mounted (♀: ROME 189099 - UFMG). ROM Online Collection. Paratype [1 ♂]. Brazil: Minas Gerais. São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo. " Brasil, MG, São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo, EPDA Peti, 19 ° 53 ' 02.4 " S; 43 ° 22 ' 25.4 " W 630 m – 880 m, 1. xii. 1997, D. Yanega leg. UFMG IHY 2500270 ", " BRAZIL Minas Gerais Est. Ecol. do Peti 1 - XII- 1997 D. Yanega " (1 ♂: D Yanega, ROME 145008 - UFMG).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E54FFE9FF0FFF72FBFFF966.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE (Fig. 7). Length: 2.9 mm. Color: head iridescent greenish blue or violet (Fig. 7 F); mesosoma and metasoma iridescent greenish blue or violet; clypeus ventral margin black; antenna with scape and pedicel weakly iridescent greenish blue or violet, flagellum dark brown or black, lighter ventrad and distad (Fig. 7 A). Head (Fig. 7 E – I): in dorsal view weakly transverse, width less than twice length, HW / HL about 1.9. Frontal carina: in anterior view straight to weakly sinuate below midlevel of eye; in dorsal view gradually narrowed V shape around median ocellus, FC / MOD about 1.3 (Fig. 7 E); distance from lateral ocellus short, FCLO / LOD about 0.7 (Fig. 7 E). Scrobal cavity (Fig. 7 G): in anterior view narrow, SW / HW about 0.4. Ocelli (Fig. 7 E): a line between anterior margin of lateral ocelli reaching anterior margin of median ocellus. POL / OOL about 1.6. Ocellar ratios LOD: POL: OOL: LOL: 1, about 2.6, 1.7, 0.8. Vertex: smooth, without large piliferous punctures. Parascrobal area: in lateral view abruptly narrowed slightly below mid-eye height, about 0.4 EH above lower eye margin (Fig. 7 I); width narrow, PSW / EL about 0.3; sculpture smooth, without large piliferous punctures. Gena: with wide and long smooth area along outer eye margin, striate behind. Malar space: MSL / EH about 0.2. Lower face: with setae sparse laterad torulus, and sparse below. Clypeus (Fig. 7 H): CW / CH about 1.4; ventral margin concave; setae evenly distributed. Mesosoma (Fig. 7 B – D): Lateral panel of pronotum: slightly narrower than prepectus, LPP / PPT about 0.7; without flange or with small, rounded flange below level of mesothoracic spiracle in posterior oblique view (Fig. 7 C). Mesofemoral depression: smooth. Mesoscutum: punctures angulate, with narrow and weakly coriarious interspaces (Fig. 7 B); lateral lobe smooth along notaulus; parascutal carina broadly curved, acuminate. Mesoscutellum: apex with inner margins gradually diverging; punctures angulate, with narrow and weakly coriarious interspaces. Axilla (Fig. 7 D): in lateral view imbricate dorsad, and carinate ventrad. Axillula: smooth dorsad. Fore wing: stigma small, about 2.0 × as wide as postmarginal vein. MALE (Fig. 8). Length: 3.1 mm. As in female, except: Color: vertex and mesonotum black. Scape (Fig. 8 G): pits sparse, covering about 0.2 × scape length.	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E54FFE9FF0FFF72FBFFF966.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is a reference to Minas Gerais, Brazil, where both specimens were collected.	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E54FFE9FF0FFF72FBFFF966.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Perilampus minasgerais can be recognized by a parascrobal area that is abruptly narrowed slightly below the midlevel of the eye (Figs 7 I. 8 E), a narrow frontal carina around the median ocellus (Figs 7 E, 8 B) and a male scape with a short, pitted area (about 0.2 × scape length, Fig. 8 G).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E54FFE9FF0FFF72FBFFF966.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Gerais).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E54FFE9FF0FFF72FBFFF966.taxon	biology_ecology	Host association. Perilampus minasgerais is a hyperparasitoid, parasitizing dipteran parasitoids of Lepidoptera. Hosts: Tachinidae (Diptera) from Actinote parapheles Jordan (Nymphalidae) on Vernonia polyanthes Less (Asteraceae).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E54FFE9FF0FFF72FBFFF966.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Perilampus minasgerais is the only species within the P. carolinensis clade with a narrow frontal carina around the median ocellus (Figs 7 E, 8 B cf. Figs 3 E, 4 B, 5 E, 6 B). The short, pitted area on the male scape of P. minasgerais is similar to that of P. cabecar, suggesting their sister relationship.	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E51FFEFFF0FFF72FBEDFC5A.taxon	description	Figs 9 [♀], 10 [♂]	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E51FFEFFF0FFF72FBEDFC5A.taxon	materials_examined	Type Material. Holotype [♀]. USA: Missouri. Cadet. " J. G. Barlow. Cadet, Mo. 6 - 19 - 89 ". USNM, Type No. 49778, USNMENT 01570219, (image examined, http: // n 2 t. net / ark: / 65665 / 31 ddabd 64 - 04 a 6 - 4081 - b 200 - 054 d 7925983 c). Paratype examined [1 ♀]. USA: North Carolina. Swannanoa valley (1 ♀: ROME 162302 - AMNH). Material examined. USA: Arizona. Cochise Co., 1 mi NE Portal (1 ♂: ROME 162516 - EMEC); 1.0 mi E Portal (2 ♀: ROME 204089 - CNC; ROME 204090 - CNC. 1 ♂: ROME 204091 - CNC); Bisbee, 1429 Franklin St., 31 ˚ 24 ' 23 " N, 109 ˚ 55 ' 57 " W (1 ♀: ROME 189053 - USNM; BOLD: COI / ITS 2); Foothills Rd., 31 ° 55 ' 1 " N, 109 ° 07 ' 41 " W (1 ♂: ROME 182779 - UCRC; BOLD: AEO 0545 / ITS 2); Portal (3 ♀: ROME 167643 - ROME; ROME 200783 - EMEC; ROME 200784 - EMEC. 8 ♂: ROME 162519 - EMEC; ROME 162520 - EMEC; ROME 200779 - EMEC; ROME 200780 - EMEC; ROME 200781 - EMEC; ROME 200782 - EMEC; ROME 200787 - EMEC; ROME 204093 - EMEC); Portal, Chiricahua Mts (1 ♂: ROME 204094 - UCDC); San Simon & Portal Rd., 31 ° 55 ' 01 " N, 109 ° 07 ' 42 " W (7 ♂: ROME 152730 - UCRC; ROME 152731 - UCRC; ROME 162187 - UCRC; ROME 162188 - UCRC; ROME 162189 - UCRC; ROME 162190 - UCRC; ROME 162191 - UCRC); Tombstone (1 ♀: ROME 167639 - ROME. 3 ♂: ROME 167640 - ROME; ROME 167641 - ROME; ROME 167642 - ROME). Florida. Alachua Co., 5.5 mi W Gainesville, T 10 S, R 19 E, Section 4, Castlegate Mobile Home Park (1 ♀: ROME 189074 - UCFC). New Mexico. Hidalgo Co., Gray Ranch, San Luis Pass, 31 ° 25 ' 29.2 " N, 108 ° 48 ' 51.5 " W (1 ♀: ROME 162505 - USNM). Texas. Bexar Co., Leon Creek (1 ♀: ROME 204095 - EMEC. 2 ♂: ROME 162517 - EMEC; ROME 162518 - EMEC); Brewster Co., Big Bend N. P., 5 mi W Panther Jct (1 ♀: ROME 204092 - CNC); Galveston Co., Dickinson (1 ♀: ROME 204116 - CNC); Uvalde Co., Speir Ranch 3 mi. NW Uvalde 10 A- 6 P (1 ♀: ROME 202016 - CUIC). Additional material examined. Mexico: Yucatan. Kabah Ruins (1 ♀: ROME 162495 - OSAC). USA: Arizona. Cochise Co., Bisbee, 1429 Franklin St., 31 ˚ 24 ' 23 " N, 109 ˚ 55 ' 57 " W (1 ♀: ROME 189070 - USNM, BOLD: AEO 0545 / ITS 2).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E51FFEFFF0FFF72FBEDFC5A.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE (Fig. 9). Length: 2.5 – 4.0 mm. Color: head cupreous (Fig. 9 G); mesosoma and metasoma iridescent greenish blue or violet; clypeus ventral margin black; antenna with scape and pedicel weakly iridescent greenish blue or violet, flagellum light brown or yellow (Fig. 9 I). Head (Fig. 9 E – I): in dorsal view transverse, width equal to or slightly greater than twice length, HW / HL 2.0 – 2.1. Frontal carina: in anterior view straight to weakly sinuate below midlevel of eye; in dorsal view gradually narrowed V shape around median ocellus, FC / MOD 1.4 – 1.5 (Fig. 9 E); distance from lateral ocellus short, FCLO / LOD 0.7 – 0.8 (Fig, 9 E). Scrobal cavity (Fig. 9 G): in anterior view wide, SW / HW about 0.5. Ocelli (Fig. 9 E): a line between anterior margin of lateral ocelli nearly bisecting median ocellus. POL / OOL 1.3 – 1.6. Ocellar ratios LOD: POL: OOL: LOL: 1, 2.6 – 3.3, 2.0 – 2.3, 1.0 – 1.2. Vertex: smooth to wrinkled or with weak transverse striations, with or without large piliferous punctures. Parascrobal area: in lateral view abruptly narrowed at or slightly above mid-eye height, 0.5 – 0.6 EH above lower eye margin (Fig. 9 I); width narrow to wide, PSW / EL 0.3 – 0.4; sculpture smooth or wrinkled, with or without large piliferous punctures. Gena: with wide and long smooth area along outer eye margin, striate behind. Malar space: MSL / EH about 0.2. Lower face: with setae sparse laterad torulus, and sparse below. Clypeus (Fig. 9 H): CW / CH 1.5 – 1.6; ventral margin concave; setae evenly distributed. Mesosoma (Fig. 9 B – D): Lateral panel of pronotum: about as wide as prepectus, LPP / PPT 0.9 – 0.1; without flange below level of mesothoracic spiracle in posterior oblique view (Fig. 9 C). Mesofemoral depression: smooth. Mesoscutum: punctures weakly angulate to rounded, with slightly wide and weakly coriarious interspaces (Fig. 9 B); lateral lobe weakly punctate with coriarious or smooth interspaces, or smooth along notaulus; parascutal carina broadly curved, acuminate. Mesoscutellum: apex with inner margins gradually diverging; punctures weakly angulate or rounded, with narrow to slightly wide and weakly coriarious interspaces. Axilla (Fig. 9 D): in lateral view imbricate dorsad, and carinate ventrad. Axillula: smooth dorsad. Fore wing: stigma small, 2.0 – 2.5 × as wide as postmarginal vein width. MALE (Fig. 10). Length: usually smaller, 2.5 – 3.0 mm. As in female, except: Color: flagellum brown dorsad (Fig. 10 E). Frontal carina (Fig. 10 B): distance from lateral ocellus shorter, FCLO / LOD 0.6 – 0.7. Scape (Fig. 10 F, G): pits sparse, covering about 0.3 × scape length.	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E51FFEFFF0FFF72FBEDFC5A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Perilampus regalis can be recognized by a cupreous head, a parascrobal area that is abruptly narrowed at or slightly above the midlevel of the eye (Figs 9 I, 10 E), an advanced median ocellus (Figs 9 E, 10 B), the lower face below the torulus with sparse and evenly distributed setae (Figs 9 H, 10 D), a yellow female flagellum (Fig. 9 I), and a male scape with sparse pits covering about 0.3 × scape length (Figs 10 F, G).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E51FFEFFF0FFF72FBEDFC5A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Previously known only from the Nearctic region, here newly recorded for the northern Neotropical region: USA (Arizona, Florida, Missouri, North Carolina, New Mexico, Texas), and Mexico (Yucatan).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E51FFEFFF0FFF72FBEDFC5A.taxon	biology_ecology	Host association. Unknown.	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E51FFEFFF0FFF72FBEDFC5A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Perilampus regalis is the only species in the P. carolinensis species complex with the parascrobal area abruptly narrowed at or slightly above the midlevel of the eye in lateral view (Figs 9 I, 10 E). It is most closely related to the P. carolinensis clade, and the more basal position of the P. falcatus clade in the P. carolinensis species complex shown in the concatenated analysis (Fig. 1) suggests that the of the abruptly narrowed parascrobal area in P. regalis is derived from the parascrobal area abruptly narrowed below the midlevel of the eye (e. g., Figs 3 I, 11 I). One female specimen from Arizona (ROME 189070) has a parascrobal area in lateral view that is gradually narrowed, similar to most of the P. hyalinus group species. But it is regarded as conspecific with the other specimens having the typical parascrobal area shape of P. regalis in the genetic analyses (Fig. 1) and is considered as a rare variant. Another variation is shown in the only Neotropical specimen (ROME 162495) from Yucatan, Mexico which has a smooth parascrobal area and vertex sculpture, in contrast to the wrinkled to weakly striate sculpture in all Nearctic P. regalis specimens. This specimen may represent an undescribed species, and additional Neotropical P. regalis specimens and additional molecular sampling are needed to determine whether this sculpture difference represents interspecific or intraspecific variation. Molecular data for specimens near the type locality (e. g., Missouri) are also needed to confirm specificity with the sequenced specimens from Arizona.	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E52FFEFFF0FFC37FCDFFAD6.taxon	description	Fig. 1, IIb; Figs 11 – 16	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E52FFEFFF0FFC37FCDFFAD6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This clade is recognized by a parascrobal area abruptly narrowed near the lower eye margin, 0.2 – 0.3 × EH above lower eye margin (Figs 11 I, 13 I, 15 I). The clypeus has a wide and broad area dorsad lacking setae which often extends ventrad along the lateral margin (Figs 11 H, 13 H, 15 H). Male scapes have a short, pitted area covering about 0.2 × the length of the scape, with pits that are sparse mesad and ventrad but dense dorsad and laterad (Figs 12 G, 14 G, 16 F, G). Included species. P. falcatus, P. tupa, and P. arasy.	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E52FFD2FF0FFABBFF02FA8E.taxon	description	Figs 11 [♀], 12 [♂]	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E52FFD2FF0FFABBFF02FA8E.taxon	materials_examined	Type Material. Holotype [♀]. Costa Rica: Guanacaste. Rio Naranjo. " COSTA RICA, Guan. 3 kmSE R. Naranjo 22 – 24 Jul 1992 F. D. Parker ". The holotype is glued on pin (♀: ROME 162266 - EMUS; BOLD: COI / ITS 2). ROM Online Collection. Paratypes [3 ♀, 1 ♂]. Colombia: Valle del Cauca. Lago Calima (1 ♂: RC Wilkerson, ROME 162303 - FSCA). Ecuador: Napo. Huahua Sumaco, km 44 on Hollin-Loreto Road (1 ♀: MJ Wasbauer, ROME 174209 - UCDC; ITS 2). Guatemala: Chimaltenango. Yepocapa (1 ♀: HT Dalmat, ROME 162506 - USNM). Mexico: Chiapas. 1 km NW San Cristóbal (1 ♀: DM Wood, ROME 152658 - CNC).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E52FFD2FF0FFABBFF02FA8E.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE (Fig. 11). Length: 3.3 – 4.5 mm. Color: head iridescent greenish blue or violet, with or without black coloration on vertex (Fig. 11 F); mesosoma and metasoma iridescent greenish blue or violet; clypeus ventral margin black; antenna with scape and pedicel weakly iridescent greenish blue or violet, flagellum dark brown or black, lighter ventrad and distad (Fig. 11 A). Head (Fig. 11 E – I): in dorsal view weakly transverse, width less than twice length, HW / HL about 1.9. Frontal carina: in anterior view weakly to strongly sinuate below midlevel of eye; in dorsal view gradually narrowed V shape around median ocellus, FC / MOD 1.4 – 1.5 (Fig. 11 E); distance from lateral ocellus short, FCLO / LOD about 0.6 (Fig. 11 E). Scrobal cavity (Fig. 11 G): in anterior view narrow, SW / HW about 0.4. Ocelli (Fig. 11 E): a line between anterior margin of lateral ocelli reaching anterior margin of median ocellus. POL / OOL 1.8 – 2.1. Ocellar ratios LOD: POL: OOL: LOL: 1, 2.7 – 2.9, 1.4 – 1.6, about 0.9. Vertex: smooth to wrinkled or with weak transverse striations, with or without large piliferous punctures. Parascrobal area: in lateral view abruptly narrowed near lower eye margin, 0.2 – 0.3 EH above lower eye margin (Fig. 11 I); width wide, PSW / EL about 0.4; sculpture smooth or wrinkled, with or without large piliferous punctures. Gena: with wide and long smooth area along outer eye margin, striate behind. Malar space: MSL / EH about 0.2. Lower face: with setae sparse laterad torulus, and sparse or dense below. Clypeus (Fig. 11 H): CW / CH about 1.4; ventral margin concave; with wide bare area without setae near dorsal margin, often extending ventrad along lateral margin. Mesosoma (Fig. 11 B – D): Lateral panel of pronotum: about as wide as prepectus, LPP / PPT 0.8 – 0.9; without flange or with small, rounded flange below level of mesothoracic spiracle in posterior oblique view (Fig. 11 C). Mesofemoral depression: smooth. Mesoscutum: punctures angulate, with narrow and weakly coriarious interspaces (Fig. 11 B); lateral lobe smooth or weakly punctate along notaulus; parascutal carina broadly curved, acuminate. Mesoscutellum: apex with inner margins gradually diverging; punctures angulate, with narrow and weakly coriarious interspaces. Axilla (Fig. 11 D): in lateral view imbricate dorsad, and carinate ventrad. Axillula: smooth dorsad. Fore wing: stigma small, 2.0 – 2.5 × as wide as postmarginal vein width. MALE (Fig. 12). Length: 3.5 mm. As in female, except: Color: vertex black, and mesonotum nearly black. Frontal carina (Fig. 12 B): distance from lateral ocellus shorter, FCLO / LOD about 0.4. Scape (Fig. 12 G): pits sparse mesad and ventrad, and dense dorsad and laterad, covering about 0.2 × scape length. Lateral panel of pronotum: slightly wider than prepectus, LPN / PPT about 1.1.	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E52FFD2FF0FFABBFF02FA8E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word falx (‘ sickle’), a reference to the sickle-like curvature of the paracrobal area.	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E52FFD2FF0FFABBFF02FA8E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Perilampus falcatus can be recognized by a parascrobal area that is abruptly narrowed near the lower eye margin (Figs 11 I, 12 E), a wide frontal carina around the median ocellus (Figs 11 E, 12 B), and a short distance between the frontal carina and the lateral ocellus (about 0.6 LOD for females; 0.4 LOD for males).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E52FFD2FF0FFABBFF02FA8E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Neotropical: Colombia (Valle del Cauca), Costa Rica (ACG), Ecuador (Napo), Guatemala (Yepocapa), and Mexico (Chiapas).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E52FFD2FF0FFABBFF02FA8E.taxon	biology_ecology	Host association. Unknown.	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E52FFD2FF0FFABBFF02FA8E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Perilampus falcatus is unique within the P. falcatus clade in having a wide frontal carina around the median ocellus and a narrow distance between the frontal carina and the lateral ocellus (Fig. 11 E cf. Figs 13 E, 15 E).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E6FFFD5FF0FFA43FEB7FA1A.taxon	description	Figs 13 [♀], 14 [♂]	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E6FFFD5FF0FFA43FEB7FA1A.taxon	materials_examined	Type Material. Holotype [♀]. Brazil: São Paulo. Luiz Antônio. " BRASIL, SP, Luiz Antônio Est. Ecol. Jatai-Cerrado, 21 ° 35 ' 17.7 " S, 47 ° 47 ' 28.2 " W Malaise 2 26. xi. 2008 550 masl NW Perioto & eq. col. UFES # 171190 ". The holotype is point-mounted (♀: ROME 144556 - UFES). ROM Online Collection. Paratypes [2 ♀, 1 ♂]. Bolivia: Chuquisaca. Tiguipa (1 ♀: MA Fritz, ROME 162504 - ROME). Santa Cruz. Roboré (1 ♀: ROME 162503 - USNM). Brazil: Bahia. Barra do Choça, 14 ° 48 ' 57.3 " S, 40 ° 30 ' 49.1 " W (1 ♂: J Guimarães, ROME 143878 - MZSP; BOLD: AEE 2355 / ITS 2).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E6FFFD5FF0FFA43FEB7FA1A.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE (Fig. 13). Length: 2.9 – 3.3 mm. Color: head cupreous (Fig. 13 F); mesosoma and metasoma iridescent greenish blue, with lateral lobes of mesoscutum cupreous along notaulus (Fig. 13 B); clypeus ventral margin black; antenna with scape and pedicel weakly iridescent greenish blue or violet, flagellum dark brown or black, lighter ventrad and distad (Fig. 13 G). Head (Fig. 13 E – I): in dorsal view weakly transverse, width less than twice length, HW / HL about 1.9. Frontal carina: in anterior view straight to weakly sinuate below midlevel of eye; in dorsal view gradually narrowed V shape around median ocellus, FC / MOD about 1.3 (Fig. 13 E); distance from lateral ocellus long, FCLO / LOD about 1.0 (Fig. 13 E). Scrobal cavity (Fig. 13 G): in anterior view narrow, SW / HW about 0.4. Ocelli (Fig. 13 E): a line between anterior margin of lateral ocelli nearly bisecting median ocellus or reaching posterior margin of median ocellus. POL / OOL about 1.5. Ocellar ratios LOD: POL: OOL: LOL: 1, 2.7 – 2.8, 1.7 – 1.8, 1.0 – 1.1. Vertex: smooth to wrinkled or with weak transverse striations, with or without large piliferous punctures. Parascrobal area: in lateral view abruptly narrowed near lower eye margin, 0.2 – 0.3 EH above lower eye margin (Fig. 13 I); width wide, PSW / EL about 0.4; sculpture smooth or wrinkled, with or without large piliferous punctures. Gena: with wide and long smooth area along outer eye margin, striate behind. Malar space: MSL / EH about 0.2. Lower face: with setae sparse laterad torulus, and sparse or dense below. Clypeus (Fig. 13 H): CW / CH 1.3 – 1.5; ventral margin concave; with wide bare area without seta near dorsal margin, often extending ventrad along lateral margin. Mesosoma (Fig. 13 B – D): Lateral panel of pronotum: slightly narrower than prepectus, LPP / PPT about 0.8; without flange or with small, rounded flange below level of mesothoracic spiracle in posterior oblique view (Fig. 13 C). Mesofemoral depression: smooth. Mesoscutum: punctures angulate, with narrow and weakly coriarious interspaces (Fig. 13 B); lateral lobe smooth along notaulus; parascutal carina broadly curved, acuminate. Mesoscutellum: apex with inner margins gradually diverging; punctures angulate, with narrow and weakly coriarious interspaces. Axilla (Fig. 13 D): in lateral view imbricate dorsad, and carinate ventrad. Axillula: smooth dorsad. Fore wing: stigma small, 2.0 – 2.5 × as wide as postmarginal vein width. MALE (Fig. 14). Length: 2.8 mm. As in female, except: Color: mesonotum darker, and mesoscutellum weakly cupreous laterad. Frontal carina (Fig. 14 B): distance from lateral ocellus shorter, FCLO / LOD about 0.8. Scape (Fig. 14 G): pits sparse mesad and ventrad, and dense dorsad and laterad, covering about 0.2 × scape length.	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E6FFFD5FF0FFA43FEB7FA1A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from Tupã, the god of creation, in the mythology of the Guarani people, one of the major indigenous groups in South America.	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E6FFFD5FF0FFA43FEB7FA1A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Perilampus tupa has a parascrobal area that is abruptly narrowed near the lower eye margin (Figs 13 I, 14 E), a narrow frontal carina that is gradually narrowed around the median ocellus (Figs 13 E, 14 B), a long distance between the frontal carina and lateral ocellus (about 0.9 – 1.0 LOD for females; about 0.8 LOD for males), and a cupreous head and dorsal side of lateral lobes of mesoscutum (Fig. 13 B).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E6FFFD5FF0FFA43FEB7FA1A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Neotropical: Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Santa Cruz) and Brazil (Bahia, São Paulo).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E6FFFD5FF0FFA43FEB7FA1A.taxon	biology_ecology	Host association. Unknown.	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E6FFFD5FF0FFA43FEB7FA1A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Perilampus tupa is hypothesized as the sister species of P. arasy — both species have a narrow frontal carina around the median ocellus and a long distance between the frontal carina and lateral ocellus in contrast to P. falcatus (Figs 13 E, 14 B, 15 E, 16 B cf. Figs 11 E, 12 B). These two species can be differentiated based on the shape of the frontal carina around the median ocellus, which is gradually narrowed in P. tupa (Figs 13 E, 14 B) and abruptly narrowed in P. arasy (Figs 15 E, 16 B). They also differ in body coloration: P. tupa has a cupreous head and the lateral lobes of mesoscutum, whereas P. arasy has a greenish blue to violet body without cupreous iridescence (Fig. 13 B, F cf. Fig. 15 B, F).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E68FFD8FF0FF9F7FDA6FAA2.taxon	description	Figs 15 [♀], 16 [♂]	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E68FFD8FF0FF9F7FDA6FAA2.taxon	materials_examined	Type Material. Holotype [♀]. Paraguay: Pirapo. " PARAGUAY: Pirapo December 1971 – January 1972. L Peña ". The holotype is point- mounted (♀: ROME 162301 - CNC). ROM Online Collection. Paratypes [1 ♀, 6 ♂]. Brazil: Santa Catarina. Nova Teutônia, 27 ° 11 ' 0 " S, 52 ° 23 ' 0 " W (1 ♂: F Plaumann, ROME 143109 - NHMUK). São Paulo (1 ♀: VN Alin, ROME 143093 - UCDC. 4 ♂: VN Alin, ROME 143094 - UCDC; VN Alin, ROME 143095 - UCDC; VN Alin, ROME 143096 - UCDC; VN Alin, ROME 143097 - UCDC). Inst. Florestal - Capital, 23 ° 24 ' S, 46 ° 36 ' W (1 ♂: EP Teixeira, ROME 145009 - UFES).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E68FFD8FF0FF9F7FDA6FAA2.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE (Fig. 15). Length: 3.3 – 3.4 mm. Color: head iridescent greenish blue or violet, with black coloration on vertex (Fig. 15 F); mesosoma and metasoma iridescent greenish blue or violet; clypeus ventral margin black; antenna with scape and pedicel weakly iridescent greenish blue or violet, flagellum dark brown or black, lighter ventrad and distad (Fig. 15 G). Head (Fig. 15 E – I): in dorsal view weakly transverse, width less than twice length, HW / HL about 1.9. Frontal carina: in anterior view straight to weakly sinuate below midlevel of eye; in dorsal view abruptly narrowed V shape around median ocellus, FC / MOD about 1.2 (Fig. 15 E); distance from lateral ocellus long, FCLO / LOD about 1.0 (Fig. 15 E). Scrobal cavity (Fig. 15 G): in anterior view narrow, SW / HW about 0.4. Ocelli (Fig. 15 E): a line between anterior margin of lateral ocelli nearly bisecting median ocellus. POL / OOL 1.5 – 1.6. Ocellar ratios LOD: POL: OOL: LOL: 1, 3.0 – 3.1, 1.8 – 1.9, about 1.1. Vertex: smooth, without large piliferous punctures. Parascrobal area: in lateral view abruptly narrowed near lower eye margin, 0.2 – 0.3 EH above lower eye margin (Fig. 15 I); width wide, PSW / EL about 0.4; sculpture smooth, without large piliferous punctures. Gena: with wide and long smooth area along outer eye margin, striate behind. Malar space: MSL / EH about 0.2. Lower face: with setae sparse laterad torulus, and sparse or dense below. Clypeus (Fig. 15 H): CW / CH about 1.4; ventral margin concave; with wide bare area without setae near dorsal margin, often extending ventrad along lateral margin. Mesosoma (Fig. 15 B – D): Lateral panel of pronotum: about as wide as prepectus, LPP / PPT 0.8 – 0.9; without flange or with small, rounded flange below level of mesothoracic spiracle in posterior oblique view (Fig. 15 C). Mesofemoral depression: smooth. Mesoscutum: punctures angulate, with narrow and weakly coriarious interspaces (Fig. 15 B); lateral lobe smooth along notaulus; parascutal carina broadly curved, acuminate. Mesoscutellum: apex with inner margins gradually diverging; punctures angulate, with narrow and weakly coriarious interspaces. Axilla (Fig. 15 D): in lateral view imbricate dorsad, and carinate ventrad. Axillula: smooth dorsad. Fore wing: stigma small, 2.0 – 2.5 × as wide as postmarginal vein width. MALE (Fig. 16). Length: usually smaller, 3.0 – 3.2 mm. As in female, except: Color: mesonotum black. Frontal carina (Fig. 16 B): distance from lateral ocellus shorter, FCLO / LOD 0.8 – 0.9. Scape (Fig. 16 F, G): pits sparse mesad and ventrad, and dense dorsad and laterad, covering about 0.2 × scape length.	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E68FFD8FF0FF9F7FDA6FAA2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from Arasy, the goddess of the sky in the mythology of the Guarani people, one of the major indigenous groups in South America.	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E68FFD8FF0FF9F7FDA6FAA2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Perilampus arasy has a parascrobal area that is abruptly narrowed near the lower eye margin (Figs 15 I, 16 E), a narrow frontal carina that is abruptly narrowed around the median ocellus (Figs 15 E, 16 B), a long distance between the frontal carina and the lateral ocellus (0.9 – 1.0 LOD for females; about 0.8 LOD for males), and an iridescent greenish blue or violet body without cupreous iridescence (Fig. 15 B).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E68FFD8FF0FF9F7FDA6FAA2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Neotropical: Brazil (Santa Catarina, São Paulo) and Paraguay (Itapúa).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E68FFD8FF0FF9F7FDA6FAA2.taxon	biology_ecology	Host association. Perilampus arasy is a hyperparasitoid, parasitizing dipteran parasitoids of Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera). Hosts: Tachinidae (Diptera). Lydinolydella sp. from Stichotaenia conviva (Stal) (Chrysomelidae) (Teixeira and Casari-Chen 1992).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
03E27E552E68FFD8FF0FF9F7FDA6FAA2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. See P. tupa. The only specimen of P. arasy with a host record is ROME 189084. This host association with Chrysomelidae will need to be verified by subsequent rearings. Perilampus is rarely associated with Chrysomelidae but has been recorded for P. seneca Yoo and Darling, which are usually hyperparasitoids associated with Lepidoptera (Yoo and Darling 2024).	en	Yoo, Jeong Jae, Darling, D. Christopher (2025): Taxonomic revision of the Perilampus carolinensis species complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Perilampidae), and the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5621 (2): 151-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.1
