identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03EDD027FFACC8657799600EFC10E40D.text	03EDD027FFACC8657799600EFC10E40D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scoparia Haworth 1811	<div><p>Scoparia Haworth, 1811</p><p>Scoparia Haworth, 1811 .</p><p>Type species: Tinea pyralella Denis &amp; Schiffermüller, 1775 .</p><p>= Caradjaina P. Leraut, 1986: 123–124 . Type species: Scoparia ambigualis kwangtungialis Caradja, 1925 . Léger et al., 2019, p. 761 (syn.)</p><p>= Cholius Guenée, 1845: 332 . Type species: Pyralis ochrealis Denis &amp; Schiffermüller, 1775 . Léger et al., 2019, p. 761 (syn.)</p><p>= Epileucia Stephens, 1852: 5</p><p>= Eudorea J. Curtis, 1827: folio 170. Type species: Tinea pyralella Denis &amp; Schiffermüller, 1775 .</p><p>= Eudoria Chapman, 1912: 507</p><p>= Eudoroea Bruand, 1851: 26</p><p>= Phegea Gistel, 1848: ix</p><p>= Scopea Haworth, 1828: 590</p><p>= Sineudonia P. Leraut, 1986: 128 . Type species: Sineudonia brunnea Leraut, 1986 . W. Li et al., 2010, pp. 3–4, 12–13 (syn.)</p><p>= Tetraprosopus Butler, 1882: 97 . Type species: Tetraprosopus meyrickii Butler, 1882 . Munroe 1972: 29 (syn.)</p><p>= Xeroscopa Meyrick, 1884: 349 . Type species: Scoparia ejuncida Knaggs, 1867 . Meyrick 1899: 246 (syn.)</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Descriptions of Scoparia are provided in Nuss (1999) and Li, Li &amp; Nuss (2010). In male genitalia, the well-developed sacculus with a free distal process is apomorphic for the genus and separates it from other scopariine genera (Léger et al., 2019; W. Li et al., 2010). Male genitalia further show the following characters: uncus usually narrowly triangular or ovate; gnathos with slender projection; valva ovate; juxta usually ovate; phallus varying in length and diameter; and vesica of most species with one or several cornuti (W. Li et al., 2010; Nuss, 1998; pers. obs.). In female genitalia, the presence of an appendix bursae is apomorphic for Eudonia + Scoparia (Léger et al., 2019) . From Eudonia, it is separated by anterior and posterior apophyses usually being shorter (1-3 X tergite VIII length), the shorter intersegmental membrane VIII-IX (usually less than 2 X tergite VIII length), and the conspicuously shorter colliculum and ductus bursae.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>Distributed on all continents and many oceanic islands, except on Antarctica. The genus is lacking in tropical lowlands (Nuss et al., 2003 –2023). At least fourteen species are found in the Philippines: Scoparia abo sp. n., Scoparia aenea sp. n., Scoparia bicornuta sp. n., Scoparia fulvida sp. n., Scoparia ifugaoensis sp. n., Scoparia luzonensis sp. n., Scoparia masiita sp. n., Scoparia meyi Nuss, 1998, Scoparia monticola Nuss, 1998, Scoparia negrosensis sp. n., Scoparia noacki Nuss, 2002, Scoparia philippinensis (Hampson, 1917), Scoparia spadix Nuss, 1998, and Scoparia tenuispina sp. n.</p><p>PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS</p><p>Scoparia is sister to the species-rich genus Eudonia (Léger et al., 2019) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFACC8657799600EFC10E40D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFACC865742360CAFA1BE6F8.text	03EDD027FFACC865742360CAFA1BE6F8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scoparia meyi Nuss 1998	<div><p>Scoparia meyi Nuss, 1998</p><p>Figs. 02, 58, 120.</p><p>Scoparia meyi Nuss, 1998, pp. 492–494, figs. 4, 13–16, 25.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_9114be, genitalia on slide GU 750 prep. Nuss 1996). PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, Mt Agtuuganon, 1050 m, 28.v-7.vi.1996, leg. Mey .</p><p>Paratypes: 5 ♂ (specimen identifiers MTD11416, coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_9cf218, 3a5d91, 4dd260, faeb8a), 1 unsexed (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/ 10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>Other specimens examined: 11 ♂, 4 ♀ (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFACC865742360CAFA1BE6F8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFACC865779961F3FDECE44F.text	03EDD027FFACC865779961F3FDECE44F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scopariinae Guenee 1854	<div><p>SCOPARIINAE Guenée, 1854</p><p>Type genus: Scoparia Haworth, 1811</p><p>= Eudoraeina Selys-Longchamps, 1844: 20</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFACC865779961F3FDECE44F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFACC862742362A5FD59E5DD.text	03EDD027FFACC862742362A5FD59E5DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scoparia tenuispina Léger 2024	<div><p>Scoparia tenuispina sp. n.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>The predominantly white color of the forewing (Fig. 02) separates this species from the other Scoparia species of the Philippines except Scoparia tenuispina sp. n. The latter species has larger forewings lacking the antemedian discoidal and cubital black blotches observed in S. meyi . In male genitalia (Fig. 58), the absent or strongly reduced uncus is unique to this species. The slender, elongate juxta and the group of about 30 large cornuti (150 μm) constitute additional characters to identify this species. In female genitalia (Fig. 120), the antrum is funnel-shaped, the ductus bursae is very short and is sclerotized at corpus opening. In the corpus bursae, the numerous conspicuous spines increasing in length towards corpus opening are unique to this species.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya), Mindanao (Davao oriental), Mindoro (Occidental Mindoro). Collected at altitudes between 815 and 1650 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>Specimens from Luzon, Mindoro, and Negros were recovered in a different MOTU than the one including specimens from Mindanao in the species delimitation analysis. A maximum intraspecific p-distance of 3.1% is found between samples MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-G01 from Luzon Nueva and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL09-B04 from Mindanao Davao.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>The species is newly recorded from Luzon and Mindoro.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFACC862742362A5FD59E5DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFABC8627799619BFB13E2F3.text	03EDD027FFABC8627799619BFB13E2F3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scoparia monticola Nuss 1998	<div><p>Scoparia monticola Nuss, 1998</p><p>Figs. 03, 59, 121.</p><p>Scoparia monticola Nuss, 1998, pp. 486–467, figs. 1, 2, 9–10, 24.</p><p>Type locality: Philippines, Mindanao, Mt Agtuuganon, 1050 m.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_1cbd79). PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, Mt Agtuuganon, 1050 m, 28.v-7.vi.1996, (W. Mey) .</p><p>Paratypes: 7 ♂ (specimen identifiers coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_3b82f9, 93e28f, 3e27b1, 3c37a7, 65f297, 8160cf), 6 ♀ (specimen identifiers coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_41c7ec, 52c1ca, 854cb9, ed1647, 983640, e3a965), 1 unsexed (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh)</p><p>Other specimens examined: 7 ♂, 3 ♀, 4 unsexed (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/ dryad.b8gtht7mh)</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>This species (Fig. 03) is best separated by examination of the genitalia. In male genitalia (Fig. 59), the single, large, straight cornutus on the vesica separates this species from other Scoparia of the Philippines. In female genitalia (Fig. 121), the colliculum lacks a sclerotized tube-like ring, the ductus bursae is very long, and the corpus bursae bears a narrow elongate signum.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>CHINA: Jiangxi (W. Li &amp; Liu, 2013); INDONESIA: Sumatra; PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Laguna, Mountain Province), Leyte, Mindanao (Davao oriental), Mindoro. Collected at altitudes between 650 and 1650 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>Specimens from Luzon differ from those of Mindanao by a p-distance of 1.6-2.4%. Within Luzon, a p-distance of 1.5% is observed between specimens from Mount Makiling and the specimen from the Cordillera mountain range. A maximum intraspecific p-distance of 3.6% is found between samples MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL09-G02 from Mindoro Oriental and PYRG590-11 from Sumatra.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>The species is recorded here for the first time from the islands of Luzon, Leyte, and Mindoro.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFABC8627799619BFB13E2F3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFABC863742366FDFDEEE715.text	03EDD027FFABC863742366FDFDEEE715.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scoparia philippinensis (Hampson 1917)	<div><p>Scoparia philippinensis (Hampson, 1917)</p><p>Figs. 04, 60, 122.</p><p>Microglossa [sic] philippinensis Hampson, 1917: 279–280 .</p><p>Type locality: Philippines, Negros island.</p><p>Scoparia philippinensis Sasaki, 1998, p. 193</p><p>Scoparia philippinensis Nuss, 1998, pp. 488–489</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Lectotype: ♂ (genitalia on slide PyralidaeNHMUK Slide N° 3590). “ Negros I.| 6000 ft. Philippines 1896 | Whitehead,” “1909-42” (NHMUK). Lectotype designated by M. Nuss .</p><p>Paralectotypes: 5 unsexed, same data (NHMUK). Nuss mentions that one of them is not conspecific (Nuss, 1998, p. 489) .</p><p>Other specimens examined: 10 ♂, 24 ♀, 35 unsexed (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/ dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>In male genitalia (Fig. 60), the long uncus, the straight, tubular gnathos as well as the patch of minute cornuti on the vesica separate this species from its congeners. The female genitalia (Fig. 122) has a flattened ductus bursae, straight on basal half, with a short loop at midlength, distally wrinkled.</p><p>REDESCRIPTION</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 04)</p><p>Forewing length 6-8 mm in males (n = 5), 6-9 mm in females (n = 17), ground color greyish white, basal area scattered with white and brown scales. Antemedian dark brown band running from basal ¼ of costa to middle of dorsum; basal edge well-marked, wavy; distal edge fuzzy. Median area marked with white scales. Distal discoidal stigma dark brown. Postmedian and subterminal white lines forming an X. Margin greyish white. Fringes chequered white and grey. Hindwing dirty white.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 60)</p><p>Uncus ¾ X tegumen arm length, distal half ventrally densely setose, apex pointed. Gnathos projection about 2/3 of uncus length, straight, tubular, with apex pointing downwards. Valva dorsal margin convex, sclerotized, ventral process marked, apex rounded. Juxta base rounded, apex conspicuously indented. Vesica with a group of about 30 tiny cornuti.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 122)</p><p>Antrum forming a pouch covered with tiny sclerotized spicules. Colliculum about 4.5 X length of tergite VIII, flattened. Ductus bursae as long as colliculum, straight, with one tight loop shortly after colliculum junction, slightly enlarged in distal half before corpus opening. Corpus bursae globular, one half densely covered with spines, the other one reticulate, with one large sclerotized patch.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province), Mindanao (Davao Oriental), Mindoro (Oriental Mindoro), Negros. Collected at altitudes between 1300 and 2350 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The species delimitation analysis recovered six different MOTUs within specimens of S. philippinensis from Luzon (Ifugao, Mountain Province), Negros (one MOTU each), as well as Mindanao and Mindoro (two MOTUs each). Three MOTUs were represented by females only. A maximum intraspecific p-distance of 9.3% is found between samples MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-A06 from Mindoro and MFNLEP1179 from Negros.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>In Sasaki (1998), male genitalia of S. philippinensis is represented with a glabrous vesica. However, inspection of the genitalia slide from the holotype confirms the presence of the patch of minute cornuti on the vesica.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFABC863742366FDFDEEE715	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFAAC860779963E2FEBCE0B6.text	03EDD027FFAAC860779963E2FEBCE0B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scoparia luzonensis Leger 2024	<div><p>Scoparia luzonensis Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/9F5D3C71-24CE-4FDB-AB32-1FCD944FE442</p><p>Figs. 05, 61, 123.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_be7bb, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-E09, genitalia on slide TL979♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI043-21, Genbank Accession Number PP196733). PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Ifugao, Mount Polis, 2000 m, 13/11/ 1997 (K. Ebert, W. Mey, M. Nuss). Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratypes: 19 ♂ (specimen identifiers MfN: coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_1f5a2a, f2427, ccf84f, 399d98, 2123f8, 48e851, 2664cd, 392215, 6db250, 70088d, be444f, d1b364, 45b21f, 49ebf8, e7bbc5; PNM: id.bioseasia.org_u_02359a, 023599; NHMUK: NHMUK013706263, NHMUK013706264), 8 ♀ (specimen identifiers MfN: coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_3b7485, 3de18e, 4ceba8, 777de6, b8659d, d4c409; PNM: id.bioseasia.org_u_0235a4, 0235a3) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>Other material: 4 unsexed (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Scoparia luzonensis sp. n. is best identified by examination of the genitalia: the long and slender uncus with narrow spatulate apex as well as the row of tiny cornuti on the vesica in male genitalia (Fig. 61) and the pouch at base of ductus bursae in female genitalia (Fig. 123) are unique to this species.</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 05)</p><p>Forewing length 5.5-6.0 mm (males, n = 2), 5.5-6.5 mm (females, n = 6); relatively narrow, ground color black, markings white. Basal area sprinkled with white scales. Antemedian line white, running from costal 1/5 to dorsum 1/ 3, broadly arched. Median discoidal spot X-shaped, forming with cubital and dorsal markings with ill-defined white patch; distally with two marked blotches. Postmedian and subterminal lines meeting near costa, forming X-shaped pattern. Margin with 6-7 white spots. Fringe dirty white, with thin dark brown line medially. Hindwing dirty white.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 61)</p><p>Uncus 1.6 X tegumen arm length, narrowing in basal half, slender on distal half, laterally setose, apex spatulate. Gnathos projection ca ¾ X uncus length, dorso-apically with small teeth, apex tip pointing downwards. Valva dorsal margin convex, sclerotized; ventral process marked; apex rounded. Juxta with rounded base, apex conspicuously indented. Vesica with about 14 tiny cornuti displayed in a row, with a group of three cornuti apart.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 123)</p><p>Antrum membranous. Colliculum 3.5 X length of tergite VIII, lightly sclerotized. Ductus bursae 9-10 X length of tergite VIII, forming at base a membranous pouch, sinuate, narrow, enlarging towards corpus opening on distal ¼. Corpus bursae globular. Signum absent.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Ifugao, Laguna, Mountain Province), Mindoro. Collected at altitudes between 650 and 2100 m</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The specimen with identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_2123f8 from Mount Banahaw differs from the other specimens of North Luzon by 1.9-2.5%. This male specimen shows slight differences on the vesica: a subgroup of cornuti is observed in the specimen from the Laguna. A maximum intraspecific p-distance of 3.2% is found between samples MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-E09 from Luzon (Ifugao) and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-H08 from Mindoro.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>Referring to Luzon, where the species is predominantly encountered.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFAAC860779963E2FEBCE0B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFA9C86077996741FBB9E2A6.text	03EDD027FFA9C86077996741FBB9E2A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scoparia abo Leger 2024	<div><p>Scoparia abo Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/C2EA5E50-7EDC-40B9-8A3E-B62837FDC5C0</p><p>Figs. 06, 62.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (DNA voucher MFNLEP1178, genitalia on slide TL1487♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI090-21, Genbank Accession Number PP196776). PHILIPPINES: Negros, Mt Talinis, shore of lake Nailig, 9.247706° N, 123.174851° E, 1580 m, 10-11.08.2012 (collector unknown). Deposited in SMNS .</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Scoparia philippinensis (Hampson, 1917) .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>The grey forewing with the marked postmedian white Xshaped pattern is similar to that of S. philippinensis . In male genitalia, the two long, slender cornuti allow to separate this species from other Scoparia from the Philippines. No female specimen could confidently be assigned to this species.</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 06)</p><p>Forewing length 6.5 mm (n = 1), ground color dark brown. Base white. Two antemedian white lines originating from costal 1/5, one running down to dorsum 1/5, the other one running down to dorsum 1/3. Large median transverse white patch. Postmedian line white, forming marked Xshaped pattern with median and subterminal markings. Subterminal area with marked patch near apex and tornus. Margin white. Fringes chequered white and light brown.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 62)</p><p>Uncus 3/4 X tegumen arm length, triangular, laterally setose, apex pointed. Gnathos projection about 4/3 of uncus length, slender, with tip pointing downwards. Valva dorsal margin slightly convex, ventral process marked, apex rounded. Vesica with two large cornuti of 430 μm.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Mindanao (Davao Oriental: Mt Agtuuganon). Collected at an altitude of 1050 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>Three MOTUs for Scoparia abo were identified in the species delimitation analysis for Mindanao, Mindoro, and Negros. The MOTU from Mindoro, which includes specimens superficially resembling S. abo sp. n., is represented by one single female. The maximum intraspecific p-distance of 7.6% is found between samples MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-C01 from Mindanao (Davao Oriental) and the two specimens from Negros.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>From the Tagalog “abo,” ash, referring to the color of the forewings.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Female specimen with identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_822d89 from Mindoro looks very similar in wing pattern. Examination of male specimens from this locality is needed in order to confirm whether this haplotype is conspecific or not.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFA9C86077996741FBB9E2A6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFA9C861742366B6FE98E41E.text	03EDD027FFA9C861742366B6FE98E41E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scoparia masiita Leger 2024	<div><p>Scoparia masiita Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ DF360063-8168-4821-97A0-367925843EA6</p><p>Figs. 07, 63, 124.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_dfb222, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-B05, genitalia on slide TL1039♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI082-21, Genbank Accession Number PP196823). PHILIPPINES: Panay, Antique, San Reminigio, Aningalan, 09-10.04.1995 (W. Mey). Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratypes: 2 ♀ (specimen identifiers coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_c39589, cdeb6d) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Scoparia masiita sp. n. exhibits slender forewings devoid of any conspicuous markings (Fig. 07). In male genitalia (Fig. 63), the strongly protruding ventral process of the valva as well as the six cornuti of increasing length separates this species from its congeners. In female genitalia (Fig. 125), the pouch covered with sclerotized teeth at the base of ductus bursae is unique to this species.</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 07)</p><p>Forewing length 5-7 mm (n = 3); ground color dark brown, markings dirty white. Antemedian area white, scattered with few brown scales. Median area with broad transverse band running from costal half to dorsal 3/4. Postmedian area with two white bands crossing in the middle, forming a broad X-shaped pattern. Subterminal area with subtriangular patch medially. Margin dirty white, basal edge dentate. Fringe chequered dirty white and dark brown. Hindwing dirty white.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 63)</p><p>Uncus about 2/3 of tegumen arm length, triangular, laterally and apically setose, apex pointed. Gnathos projection about 5/6 of uncus length, slender, with tip pointing downwards. Valva dorsal margin conspicuously convex, ventral margin straight, with ventral process reaching valva apex posteriorly, valva apex conspicuously rounded. Juxta short, base rounded, apex broad, truncate. Phallus slightly curved. Vesica with six cornuti of increasing length from 50 to 200 μm.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 124)</p><p>Antrum elongate, membranous. Colliculum lightly sclerotized, flattened. Ductus bursae bent at base, forming a pouch covered with small sclerotized spines on basal 1/4, medially narrow, distally enlarging towards corpus opening. Corpus bursae small, globular, barely delimited from corpus. Signum forming one large sclerotized patch.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Benguet), Panay (Antique). Collected at altitudes between 800 and 2350 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>A maximum intraspecific p-distance of 0.7% is found between samples MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-A02 and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-A01, both from Benguet, Luzon.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>From the Ilonggo masiit, “spiny,” referring to the six cornuti observed on the vesica as well as the spines found in the ductus pouch.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFA9C861742366B6FE98E41E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFA8C861779960D9FC24E6A9.text	03EDD027FFA8C861779960D9FC24E6A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scoparia tenuispina Leger 2024	<div><p>Scoparia tenuispina Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ 48745E1F-0313-4724-9724-0D1A5A95E1C1</p><p>Figs. 08, 64.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_8d160d, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-G04, genitalia on slide TL1037♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI138-21, Genbank Accession Number PP196823). PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, Mount Agtuuganon, 1050 m, 28.05-07.06.1996 (W. Mey). Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratypes: 2 ♂ (specimen identifiers coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_3d2f97, a471a9), 1 specimen with sex unknown (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_9a94b7) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/ dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>The short and large white forewings with dark brown markings (Fig. 08) separate this species from other Scopariinae from the Philippines. In male genitalia (Fig. 64), the duck-beak shaped apex of the uncus, the slender valva, and the thin tubular cornutus on the vesica easily separates this species from its congeners. No female specimen could confidently be assigned to this species.</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 08)</p><p>Forewing length 5 mm (n = 2), rather large (width = 0.45 X length), white, sprinkled with dark brown scales, markings dark brown. Base dark brown. Antemedian line running from costal 1/4 to dorsal half, curved outwards, basally well-delimited. Median area with one costal subquadriangular and one discoidal X-shaped patch. Postmedian line white, edged with dark brown, running from costal 3/4 to 5/6 of dorsum, arch-shaped. Subterminal area dark brown, distally with three white patches on costal half; one large subquadriangular white spot between CuA1-CuA2. Marginal band white, well-marked, distally with 6-7 dark brown spots. Fringes dirty white. Hindwing white.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 65)</p><p>Uncus 5/4 X tegumen arm length, medially narrowed, apex broad, duck-beak shaped. Gnathos projection 4/5 X uncus length, slender, with apical tip pointing downwards. Valva slender, narrow on basal 1/4, dorsal margin slightly convex, apex rounded; ventral process marked, slightly protruding downwards. Juxta diamond-shaped, with base slightly indented. Phallus straight. Vesica with one thin tubular cornutus with rounded tip.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Mindanao (Davao oriental: Mount Agtuuganon). Collected at an altitude of 1050 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The species delimitation analysis recovered three different MOTUs from Luzon (Camarines Sur, Mountain Province), Leyte and Mindanao (one MOTU each). Unfortunately, the MOTU from Luzon contains only one female, precluding direct comparison with the MOTU from Mindanao (three males). The abdomen of the specimen from Leyte was lost in the DNA extraction. Hence only specimens from Mindanao are confidently assigned to this species.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>The name originates from the Latin tenuis, e: narrow, slender and spina, ae: spine, referring to the thin cornutus on the vesica.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFA8C861779960D9FC24E6A9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFA3C86A779965D4FACBE0DB.text	03EDD027FFA3C86A779965D4FACBE0DB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scoparia fulvida Leger 2024	<div><p>Scoparia fulvida Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/BD66B868-DB40-48AC-8EF7-ED-BADEB025E9</p><p>Figs. 09, 65.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_260fad, DNA extraction MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-E01, genitalia preparation TL1013♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI112-21, Genbank Accession Number PP196798). PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, Mount Agtuuganon, 1050 m, 28.05-07.06.1996 (W. Mey). Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratype: 1 ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_58d7a2) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Scoparia fulvida sp. n. displays a light tawny brown forewing ground color with broad white markings (Fig. 09). Examination of the male genitalia (Fig. 65) enables unambiguous identification: the small teeth on apical 1/3 of the gnathos and the dense row of cornuti on phallus are unique to this species. Females are not known.</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 09)</p><p>Forewing length 6 mm (n = 1), ground color tawny brown, with white markings. Basal area tawny brown, with two antemedian transverse white bands crossing at midlength, forming X-shaped pattern. Median area basally brown, distally white, median markings absent. Postmedian and subterminal areas predominantly brown. Postmedian line white, well-marked, straight on costal ¼, arched outwards at midlength, incurved inwards near dorsum. Subterminal line white, bent inwardly, forming together with postmedian line a roughly defined X-shaped pattern. Margin with 6-7 marked brown spots. Fringes brownish. Hindwing dirty white, with apex pale brown.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 65)</p><p>Uncus 5/4 X tegumen arm length, latero-apically setose, apex pointed. Gnathos projection 3/5 X uncus length, roughly straight, apical 1/3 dorsally covered with minute teeth. Valva dorsal margin convex, sclerotized, ventral process marked, valva apex evenly rounded. Juxta base triangular; sclerotization spear-shaped, apex membranous. Vesica with one thick row of about 20 tiny cornuti tightly packed together, with size increasing from 8 to 50 μm.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Mindanao (Davao oriental: Mount Agtuuganon). Collected at an altitude of 1050 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The unique specimen with a DNA barcode branches as sister group to Scoparia luzonensis sp. n. in the RaxML analysis (BS = 83%).</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>The species name is derivated from fulvidus, a, um, “reddish brown,” refering to the color of the forewing markings.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFA3C86A779965D4FACBE0DB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFA3C86A74236494FB94E6D0.text	03EDD027FFA3C86A74236494FB94E6D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scoparia noacki Nuss 2002	<div><p>Scoparia noacki Nuss, 2002</p><p>Figs. 10, 66, 125.</p><p>Scoparia noacki Nuss, 2002, figs. 1-5. Type locality: Philippines, South Luzon, Los Baños, Mt. Makiling, 14°08’ N 121°14’ E, 815 m, submontane forest</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂. PHILIPPINES: South Luzon, Los Baños, Mt. Makiling, 14°08’ N 121°14’ E, 815 m, submontane forest, at light, 30. Iii. 2000 (M. Nuss). Deposited in MTD .</p><p>Paratypes: 10 ♂, 14 ♀ (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>Other specimens examined: 5 ♂, 3 ♀ (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Scoparia bicornuta sp. n.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>The short (4.5-5 mm, n = 5), dull brown forewing (Fig. 10) separate Scoparia noacki from other Scoparia species in the Philippines. The male genitalia of S. noacki (Fig. 66) resemble that of Scoparia ifugaoensis sp. n. and S. bicornuta sp. n. From the latter, they can be separated by the presence of a single cornutus on the vesica. The female genitalia (Fig. 125) cannot be confidently separated from Scoparia ifugaoensis sp. n. and S. bicornuta sp. n. They have a rather short ductus bursae with a narrow loop medially and an egg-shaped corpus bursae with a faintly marked signum.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Laguna: Mount Makiling), Mindanao. Collected at altitudes between 815 and 1050 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The species delimitation analysis recovered two MOTUs including S. noacki, one for Luzon (Laguna) and one for Mindanao. Examination of male and female genitalia revealed no differences between both populations. Furthermore, the MOTU from Luzon (Laguna) is shared with another closely related species, S. bicornuta sp. n. from Northern Luzon. The maximum intraspecific p-distance of 4.3% is found between samples from Luzon (Laguna) and those from Mindanao (Davao Oriental).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFA3C86A74236494FB94E6D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFA2C86B779965D4FC5AE0BA.text	03EDD027FFA2C86B779965D4FC5AE0BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scoparia bicornuta Leger 2024	<div><p>Scoparia bicornuta Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/A1CB240B-E577-4C8E-A4B0-B25502A2B202</p><p>Figs. 11, 67, 126.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_932371, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-F08, genitalia on slide TL973♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI052-21, Genbank Accession Number PP196741): PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Mountain Province, Chatol, 2100 m (K. Ebert, W. Mey, M. Nuss). Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratypes: 1 ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_ade9e9), 6 ♀ (specimen identifiers coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_8052f1, 6a8603, 3272b2, 1f46b8, 5c625, d684f0) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/ dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>Other specimens examined: 1 ♂, 5 ♀, 3 unsexed (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/ dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Scoparia noacki Nuss, 2002 .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>This species is similar to Scoparia noacki, with which it shares the same MOTU. It can be separated from S. noacki by examination of the habitus: Scoparia bicornuta sp. n. has greyish forewings with scattered white scales while S. noacki has dull brown forewings. In male genitalia, the vesica of S. bicornuta sp. n. bears two cornuti, while only one cornutus is found in S. noacki (7 male specimens examined). Female genitalia are identical to Scoparia noacki .</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 11)</p><p>Forewing length 6 mm (n = 2), ground color brown, with white markings. Antemedian band speckled with copper scales, edged basally and distally with marked white lines. Median area with scattered white scales; median discoidal stigma dark brown, X-shaped, costally and dorsally abutted with copper scales. Postmedian and subterminal lines white, unevenly marked, together forming X shape. Margin with six marked white spots. Fringes brownish. Hindwing dirty white, with apex pale brown.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 67)</p><p>As in S. noacki except for the vesica that bears two cornuti.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG.126)</p><p>As in S. noacki .</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Mountain Province). Collected at altitudes between 2000 and 2100 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>This species displays a divergence of 0.7-1.0% to Scoparia noacki and was recovered with the latter species a single MOTU in the species delimitation analysis.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>From the Latin bi -, “two,” and cornutus, a, um, “bearing horns,” refering to the two diagnostic cornuti of the vesica in male genitalia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFA2C86B779965D4FC5AE0BA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFA2C868742364B5FD19E336.text	03EDD027FFA2C868742364B5FD19E336.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scoparia ifugaoensis Leger 2024	<div><p>Scoparia ifugaoensis Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ 39C22D7E-8279-4E89-8CAD-62744326FF1F</p><p>Figs. 12, 68, 127.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_68e35d, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-B03, genitalia on slide TL1026♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI080-21, Genbank Accession Number PP196766). PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Benguet, Mount Tabayoc, 2350 m, 22-25.11.1997 (K. Ebert, W. Mey, M. Nuss). Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratypes: 3 ♀ (specimen identifiers coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_e117ac, 543b12, 1bbabf) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Scoparia spadix Nuss, 1998 .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Scoparia ifugaoensis sp. n. resembles Scoparia spadix but has darker forewings (Fig. 12), while S. spadix has scattered copper scales. The male genitalia (Fig. 68) are similar to those of Scoparia aenea sp. n., but the three cornuti are of increasing size in S. ifugaoensis . The female genitalia (Fig. 127) are similar to those of Scoparia noacki (female of S. spadix is unknown) and cannot be separated from them with confidence.</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 12)</p><p>Forewing length 6 mm (n = 1), ground color dark brown, with snow white and copper markings. Large antemedian band ocher, edged basally and distally with snow white lines. Median area dark brown scattered with snow white scales. Two distal discoidal copper patches, distally abutted with white markings. Postmedian and subterminal lines meeting at midlength, forming “X” shape, white. Margin with 6-7 white spots. Fringe dirty white. Hindwings dirty white.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 68)</p><p>As in S. noacki except for the vesica that bears two smallsized (50 μm) and one medium-sized (90 μm) cornuti.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 127)</p><p>As in S. noacki .</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Benguet, Ifugao). Collected at altitudes between 2000 and 2350 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>A maximum intraspecific p-distance of 3.4% is found between specimens MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-B03 (Luzon: Benguet) and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-F02 (Luzon: Ifugao). Scoparia ifugaoensis sp. n. is recovered as sister species to Scoparia aenea sp. n. in the RAxML tree (BS = 95).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFA2C868742364B5FD19E336	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFA1C868779967C1FAFFE30B.text	03EDD027FFA1C868779967C1FAFFE30B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scoparia spadix Nuss 1998	<div><p>Scoparia spadix Nuss, 1998</p><p>Figs. 01, 69.</p><p>Scoparia spadix Nuss, 1998, p. 490, figs. 3, 11–12. Type locality: Philippines: Mindanao, Mt Agtuuganon, 1050 m.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_dbcbce, DNA voucher MFNLEP1084, genitalia on slide TL1272M). PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, Mt Agtuuganon, 1050 m, 28.v-7.vi.1996, leg. Mey. Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratypes: 2 ♂ (specimen identifiers coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_6a6cf9, ce35bd) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>Other specimens examined: 7 ♂, 13 ♀ (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Scoparia ifugaoensis sp. n.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Scoparia spadix can be separated from its congeners by the ocher antemedian and postmedian bands edged with white, contrasting with the dark brown ground color in the forewing (Fig. 01). Scoparia spadix shares with S. aenea sp. n. the antemedian and postmedian ocher bands but lacks the conspicuous white median diffuse patch observed in S. aenea sp. n. In male genitalia (Fig. 69), the short triangular uncus and the elongate gnathos curved downwards is also observed in S. philippinensis, S. noacki, and S. ifugaoensis sp. n. From these species, S. spadix can be recognized by the five elongate curved cornuti on the vesica. Females are unknown.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>INDONESIA: Sumatra. PHILIPPINES: Leyte, Luzon (Mountain Province, Laguna), Mindoro, Mindanao (Davao Oriental). Collected at altitudes between 850 and 2100 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The species delimitation analysis recovered five MOTUs for Leyte, Mindoro, and Mindanao. Unfortunately specimens from Leyte and Mindoro were only represented by females and can thus not be confidently identified as belonging to S. spadix .</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Specimens from Mount Makiling (Laguna) and Mountain Province have a white median band on the forewing that is absent in specimens from Mindanao, the type locality. The male genitalia of specimens from Mt Makiling harbor a vesica with six long, slightly curved cornuti, while specimens from Mindanao show only five long, curvy cornuti ( S. spadix). The single male specimen from North Luzon (Mountain Province) shows five cornuti of increasing size. Due to the low number of male specimens available from Luzon, I refrain from describing new species here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFA1C868779967C1FAFFE30B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFA1C869742367C4FF70E3E0.text	03EDD027FFA1C869742367C4FF70E3E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scoparia negrosensis Leger 2024	<div><p>Scoparia negrosensis Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/64E6C7EA-DD2B-4A77-8EB5-C5867E80E1D9</p><p>Figs. 13, 70, 128.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♀ (DNA voucher MFNLEP1169, genitalia on slide TL1481♀; BOLD sample ID PYPHI390-23, Genbank Accession Number PP211050). PHILIPPINES: Negros, Mt Talinis, shore of lake Nailig, 9.247706° N, 123.174851° E, 1580 m, 10-11.08.2012 (collectors unknown). Deposited in SMNS</p><p>Paratype: 2 ♂, 2 ♀ (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Scoparia aenea sp. n., Scoparia spadix .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Scoparia negrosensis sp. n. is superficially similar to S. aenea sp. n. and S. spadix (Fig. 13). In male genitalia (Fig. 70), this species is separated from other species of the spadix group by the very long gnathos projection about 2.4 times the length of the uncus and the ten straight cornuti of increasing length on the vesica. Female genitalia (Fig. 128) are virtually identical to those of Scoparia philippinensis .</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 13)</p><p>Forewing length 7 mm (n = 1); ground color dark brown, with snow white and brown markings. Antemedian line white, well-marked. Longitudinal suffusions of brown scales running along cell veins and 1A+2A. Postmedian and subterminal lines white, narrowing towards each other at midlength without meeting. Subterminal area broadly suffused with brown. Fringes dirty white, distally dark brown. Hindwings dirty white, distally speckled with brown scales.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 70)</p><p>As in S. spadix except for the following characters: gnathos projection 2.4 X uncus length; vesica with ten straight cornuti of increasing length.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 128)</p><p>As in S. philippinensis .</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Negros. Collected at altitudes between 1580 and 1820 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>All five specimens sequenced yielded identical DNA barcodes.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>Derived from Negros island where the species is encountered.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFA1C869742367C4FF70E3E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFA0C869779967EFFA99E4FE.text	03EDD027FFA0C869779967EFFA99E4FE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scoparia aenea Leger 2024	<div><p>Scoparia aenea Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ B682EF2F-0FA7-4E09-A783-CEA7C77D5CC8</p><p>Figs. 14, 71, 129.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♀ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_b5fc86, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-B03, TL937♀; BOLD sample ID PYPHI009-21). PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Benguet, Mount Tabayoc, 2300 m, 24/ 11/1997 (K. Ebert, W. Mey, M. Nuss). Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratype: 8 ♂ (specimen identifiers MfN: coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_b91b52, 769e53, 258b3c, cff08d, 6df9fc, 9fe285, cca059; PNM: id.bioseasia.org_u_02358b), 12 ♀ (specimen identifiers MfN: coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_db426, dabc97, 3bdf36, d35462, 4d7c43, b119ca, b8a016, f77651, 4d13e4, d455c5; PNM: id.bioseasia.org_u_02357c, 023579) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/ dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Scoparia ifugaoensis sp. n.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>The conspicuous copper-colored subterminal area of the forewing (Fig. 14) separates Scoparia aenea sp. n. from congeneric species. Scoparia aenea sp. n. is distinctly larger than other species of the spadix group with copper markings. Male genitalia are similar to those of S. ifugaoensis sp. n., but the three small thorn-shaped cornuti are of equal size in S. aenea sp. n., while one cornutus is larger than the other two in S. ifugaoensis sp. n. The female genitalia are very similar to those of S. ifugaoensis sp. n., but the corpus bursae is more markedly globular in S. aenea sp. n. which is rather egg-shaped in S. ifugaoensis sp. n.</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 14)</p><p>Forewing length = 6.5-7.5 mm (n = 4); ground color dark brown, with snow white and copper markings. Antemedian band ocher, edged basally and distally with snow white lines. Median area dark brown, medially with large ill-defined white band originating at cell, running down to dorsum. Two distal discoidal copper patches, distally abutted with white mark. Postmedian and subterminal lines meeting at midlength, forming a “X” shape, white. Subterminal area copper-colored. Margin with 6-7 white spots. Fringe basally striped dirty white and grey, distally greyish. Hindwings dirty white.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 71)</p><p>Uncus roughly half of tegumen arm length, triangular, latero-apically setose, apex pointed. Gnathos projection 1.4 X uncus length, slightly curved downwards. Valva dorsal margin conspicuously convex, ventral process marked, valva apex broadly rounded. Juxta elliptical, apico-medially deeply notched. Vesica with three short spine-like cornuti of 82-96 μm.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 129)</p><p>Antrum spiculose. Colliculum short, sclerotized. Ductus bursae roughly ¾ X length of corpus bursae, slightly sinuate, medially enlarged, enlarging towards corpus opening on distal ¼. Corpus bursae roughly 1.2 of ductus bursae, large, globular, one half covered with spines, other half reticulate; broad lightly sclerotized signum.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Benguet, Ifugao). Collected at altitudes between 2000 and 2350 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>A maximum intraspecific p-distance of 0.7% is found between specimens MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-B03 from Luzon (Benguet) and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-H12 from Luzon (Ifugao). Scoparia aenea sp. n. is recovered as sister species to Scoparia ifugaoensis sp. n. in the RaxML tree (BS = 95).</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>From the Latin aeneus, a, um, “copper-colored.”</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFA0C869779967EFFA99E4FE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFA0C876742360FEFE26E04F.text	03EDD027FFA0C876742360FEFE26E04F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scoparia	<div><p>Scoparia spp.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Scoparia cf. spadix (Fig. 130): 1 ♀ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_2667b0, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-F07, genitalia on slide TL961F). PHILIPPINES: Mindoro, Mount Halcon, 1300 m, 15-17.01.1998 (W. Mey, V. Samarita).</p><p>Scoparia cf. mindanaoensis (Fig. 131): 1 ♀ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_822d89, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-D01, genitalia on slide TL901F). PHILIPPINES: Mindoro, Mount Halcon, 1300 m, 15-17.01.1998 (W. Mey, V. Samarita).</p><p>Scoparia cf. tenuispina (Fig. 132): 1 ♀ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_dddbd5, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-F06 F, genitalia on slide TL952F). PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Mountain Province, Barlig, 1650 m, 14-15.11.1997 (K. Ebert, W. Mey, M. Nuss).</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>These specimens could not be confidently associated to known species as they belong to a MOTU containing exclusively female specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFA0C876742360FEFE26E04F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFBFC87677996409FA98E18D.text	03EDD027FFBFC87677996409FA98E18D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eudonia Billberg 1820	<div><p>Eudonia Billberg, 1820</p><p>Eudonia Billberg, 1820 .</p><p>Type species: Phalaena mercurella Linnaeus, 1758 .</p><p>= Boiea * Zetterstedt, 1839: 995. Type species: Phalaena mercurella Linnaeus sensu Zetterstedt, 1839 .</p><p>= Borea Stephens, 1852: 2</p><p>= Dasyscopa Meyrick, 1894: 464 . Type species: Dasyscopa homogenes Meyrick, 1894 . Léger et al., 2019, p. 769 (syn.)</p><p>= Dipleurina Chapman, 1912: 507. Type species: Phalaena crataegella Linnaeus sensu Hübner, 1796 . Nuss, 1999, p. 59 (syn.)</p><p>= Dipluerina Sharp, 1913: 357</p><p>= Dipleurinodes P. Leraut, 1989: 14–16 . Type species: Dipleurinodes mineti Leraut, 1989 . Léger et al., 2019, p. 769 (syn.)</p><p>= Eudipleurina P. Leraut, 1989: 10–11 . Type species: Eudoria (Dipleurina) ankaratella Marion, [1957] . Léger et al., 2019, p. 769 (syn.)</p><p>= Malageudonia P. Leraut, 1989: 20 . Type species: Witlesia malgassicella Marion, 1956, by original designation. Nuss, 1999, pp. 21, 22–23, 59 (syn.)</p><p>= Vietteina P. Leraut, 1989: 36 . Type species: Vietteina ivelonensis Leraut, 1989 . Nuss, 1999, p. 59 (syn.)</p><p>= Witlesia Chapman, 1912: 507 . Type species: Eudorea pallida Curtis, 1827 . Munroe 1972: 47 (syn.)</p><p>= Wittlesia Chapman, 1912: 507, 518, pl. 40, 44</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Descriptions of Eudonia are provided in Nuss (1999) and Li, Li &amp; Nuss (2012). The presence of an appendix bursae in female genitalia is an apomorphy for Eudonia + Scoparia (Léger et al., 2019) . The gnathos tip directed posterad or upwards as well as the absence of cornuti on vesica in male genitalia is apomorphic for Eudonia (Léger et al., 2019; Nuss, 1999). The following characters of male genitalia further characterize the genus: uncus broad and short; valva rather simple, lacking the free distal process of the sacculus. In female genitalia, the following characters are characteristic for Eudonia: anterior and posterior apophyses usually long (over 3 X tergite length); intersegmental membrane IX-X long (over 2 X tergite length), colliculum long, tubular, sclerotized; ductus bursae long, always membranous, corpus bursae with a signum, devoid of appendix bursae (Léger et al., 2019; W. Li et al., 2012).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>Distributed on all continents and many oceanic islands, including subantarctic islands (W. Li et al., 2012; Nuss et al., 2003 –2023). Two species are found in the Philippines: Eudonia penicula sp. n. and Eudonia barbipennis (Hampson, 1897) .</p><p>PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS</p><p>Eudonia is sister to Scoparia (Léger et al., 2019) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFBFC87677996409FA98E18D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFBFC8737423644BFE2FE490.text	03EDD027FFBFC8737423644BFE2FE490.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eudonia penicula Leger 2024	<div><p>Eudonia penicula Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/5CF78E1F-F445-4109-B03A-7FAA260DD005</p><p>Figs. 15, 72, 133.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_d58c00, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-H07, genitalia on slide TL967♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI378-23). PHILIPPINES: Mindoro: Occidental Mindoro, Mount Baco Pass, 1150 m, 14.01.1998 (W. Mey, V. Samarita). Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratypes: 1 ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_29f992), 10 ♀ (specimen identifiers: MfN: coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_2899da, bb43cb, bef944, 7946ab, 426cd2, 495315, 99a7b7, c3967f, e754a7; PNM: id.bioseasia.org_u_023875) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Eudonia homogenes (Meyrick, 1894) .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Eudonia penicula sp. n. resembles Eudonia homogenes (Meyrick, 1894), from which it can be confidently separated by examination of the genitalia. In the Philippines, this species is separated from Eudonia barbipennis (Hampson, 1897) by the distinctive proximal discoidal and cubital dark brown streaks on the forewing. In male genitalia, the thick setae on the innerside of the valva as well as the thick bristles on the apex of the juxta unambiguously separates this species from E. homogenes . In female genitalia, the antrum is covered with tiny sclerotized spicules as in E. homogenes, but it forms a pouch well delimited from the colliculum in E. penicula sp. n. and is cone-shaped, gradually enlarging torward opening in E. homogenes . Furthermore, the colliculum forms a sclerotized ring about 4/5 of the length of tergite VIII, while it is three to four times the length of tergite VIII and is only weakly sclerotized in E. homogenes .</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 15)</p><p>Forewing length 7.2-8.0 mm (n = 5), ground color grey. Basal area with marked dark brown dash. Antemedian line white, running from costal 1/4 to dorsal 1/3, arched outwards. Median area speckled with white scales; marked cubital, proximal discoidal, and distal discoidal thick dark brown ticks. Postmedian and subterminal lines thin, white, forming X-shaped pattern. Margin white. Fringe dirty white, medially with grey line. Hindwing grey.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 72)</p><p>Uncus 3/4 X tegumen arm length, quadriangular, about twice as long as wide, densely setose; apex broad, truncate. Gnathos projection about 0.5 X uncus length, tubular, curved upwards, dorsal edge dentate, tip rounded. Valva dorsal margin slightly convex, protruding distally into a pointed apex; ventral margin almost straight, curved upwards on distal 1/4; hump bearing patch of thick setae pointed inwards at midlength of innerside of valva. Juxta with base rounded, narrowing from basal 1/4 to 3/4, apex lightly sclerotized, covered with thick bristles. Phallus sclerotized, basal end conspicuously curved, apex with rows of short teeth.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 133)</p><p>Antrum forming broad pouch densely covered with tiny sclerotized spicules, forming a U-shaped indentation in ventral view. Colliculum 4/5 X length of tergite VIII, forming sclerotized ring. Ductus bursae ca 4 X length of corpus bursae, straight, narrow. Corpus bursae globular, with large rounded sclerotized patch.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province), Mindoro (Oriental Mindoro). Collected at altitudes between 1150 and 2300 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The species delimitation analysis recovered two MOTUs, one for specimens from Luzon and Mindoro and one single specimen from Mindanao. The maximum intraspecific p-distance of 2.9% is found between specimens MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-D03 from Luzon Mountain and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL09-E01 from Mindanao. Unfortunately, the abdomen of the Mindanao specimen was lost during the DNA extraction.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>From the Latin peniculus, i: brush, referring to the brushlike appendices in male genitalia.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Nuss (1998) reports Eudonia homogenes from the Philippines. He probably refers to this species, which is externally similar to E. homogenes .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFBFC8737423644BFE2FE490	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFBAC8707799635CFEC0E1A6.text	03EDD027FFBAC8707799635CFEC0E1A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eudonia barbipennis (Hampson 1897)	<div><p>Eudonia barbipennis (Hampson, 1897)</p><p>Scoparia barbipennis Hampson, 1897: 238 . Type locality: Malaysia, Malay Peninsula, Gunong Ijau</p><p>Dasyscopa barbipennis (Hampson, 1897): Nuss, 1998, p. 497</p><p>Eudonia barbipennis (Hampson, 1897): Léger et al., 2019, p. 769.</p><p>Figs. 16, 73, 134.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Lectotype: ♂ (specimen identifier NHMUK013696725, genitalia on slide PyralidaeNHMUK Slide N° 3617). “ Gunung Ijau, Mal[aysia]. Pen[insula]” (NHMUK). Lectotype designated by M. Nuss .</p><p>Other specimens examined: 5 ♂, 10 ♀ (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>The dark brown ground color of the forewing (Fig. 16) with the distal discoidal white patches and the postmedian white X separate Eudonia barbipennis (Hampson, 1897) from other Eudonia species encountered in South-East Asia. In male genitalia (Fig. 73), the uncus apex is duck-beak-shaped, while it is bifid in E. barbipennis sp. n., and the gnathos forms a projection about ¼ of uncus length, while the gnathos projection is reduced to a bump in E. barbipennis sp. n. In female genitalia, the lightly sclerotized anterior half of the ductus bursae as well as the pouch at corpus opening covered with sclerotized spinules separates this species from E. penicula sp. n. Female genitalia of E. barbipennis sp. n. were not investigated.</p><p>REDESCRIPTION</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 16)</p><p>Forewing length: 8.2-9.5 mm (n = 5); ground color dark brown, with snow white markings. Antemedian line wavy, white. Median area with two well marked distal discoidal rounded white patches. Postmedian line forming at costa and dorsum well-marked patches, forming with subterminal line a X shape. Subterminal line ill-defined, forming well-marked white spot between R5 and M1 and two smaller blotches between CuA1 and CuA2. Margin with white lunules. Fringe chequered dirty white and brown. Hindwing white; in males, presence of an androconial organ on the dorsum of the hindwing.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 73)</p><p>Uncus 4/5 X tegumen arm length, large, densely haired dorso-apically, apex duck-beak-shaped. Gnathos projection about ¼ of uncus length, slender, with apex rounded. Valva dorsal margin basally concave, medially conspicuously convex, apex pointed. Juxta broad, lanceolate, weakly sclerotized. Phallus slender, curvy, vesica without cornuti.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 134)</p><p>Antrum membranous, spinulose. Colliculum 6.8 X length of tergite VIII, narrow, lightly sclerotized. Ductus bursae 5.3 X length of tergite VIII, straight, narrow. Corpus bursae small, globular, membranous, with pouch-like projection at corpus opening bearing sclerotized spinules. One signum at corpus opening.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province). Collected at altitudes between 2000 and 2350 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The species delimitation analysis recovered two MOTUs, one for the specimens from North Luzon and one for the specimens from Negros. A maximum intraspecific p-distance of 5.5% is found between specimens MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-C06 from Luzon (Benguet) and MFN-LEP1165 from Negros.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFBAC8707799635CFEC0E1A6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFB9C87077996081FB2BE758.text	03EDD027FFB9C87077996081FB2BE758.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micraglossa tagalica Nuss 1998	<div><p>Micraglossa tagalica Nuss, 1998</p><p>Figs. 17, 74, 135.</p><p>Micraglossa tagalica Nuss, 1998, pp. 512–515, figs. 8, 21–22, 28. Type locality: Philippines, Mindanao, Mt Agtuuganon, 1050 m</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_6df1a8). PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, Mt. Agtuuganon, 1050 m, 28. V.–7. Vi. 1996 (W. Mey). Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratypes: 7 ♂ (specimen identifiers coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_be7bfe, b628af, 4c9b77, 40a24b, 4a853e, 6df1a8, b79f72), 13 ♀ (specimen identifiers coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_dd60b9, 2e4c39, 3e34c3, 5b97ef, 9fa4ce, a8ac63, bb595c, ca1c27, d47b3e, 28b40f, e52e8f, 39bccc, 7c77db), 5 specimens unsexed (specimen identifiers coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_c83896, 3e4e28, 90724b, b2c9f1, 999692) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/ 10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>Other material examined: 117 specimens (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/ dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Micraglossa tagalica has a pale yellow forewing ground color with shiny gold iridescence, with dark brown markings. The prominence of the pale yellow ground color separates this species from other scopariine species in the Philippines. In male genitalia (Fig. 74), the vesica devoid of cornuti and the mesal part of the valva without a projection separate this species from other Micraglossa species from continental China (W. Li et al., 2010). From Micraglossa polisensis sp. n. and M. kianganensis sp. n., Micraglossa tagalica can be separated by the combination of the following characters: the uncus has a narrow apex, the gnathos bears a marked subapical dorsal bump, the valva is distally enlarged, and the juxta apex is bifid. In female genitalia (Fig. 135), the two conspicuous loops of the ductus bursae and the elongate signum covered with small spines separate this species from other Micraglossa species (Nuss, 1998). Females of Micraglossa polisensis sp. n. and M. kianganensis sp. n. are unknown.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Leyte, Luzon (Ifugao, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya), Mindanao (Davao Oriental), Mindoro (Oriental Mindoro), Negros. Collected at altitudes between 1050 and 2100 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>A p-distance of 1.1 to 2% is observed between the specimens from Luzon and Mindoro. A maximum intraspecific p-distance of 2.9% is found between specimens MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-D11 from Leyte and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-H02 from Luzon (Laguna).</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Nine more paratypes (three males, one female, and five unsexed) were found that were not listed in the original publication but were labelled as such.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFB9C87077996081FB2BE758	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFB9C870779965B7FE01E4F4.text	03EDD027FFB9C870779965B7FE01E4F4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micraglossa Warren 1891	<div><p>Micraglossa Warren, 1891</p><p>Micraglossa Warren, 1891 .</p><p>Type species: Micraglossa scoparialis Warren, 1891 .</p><p>= Microglossa Hampson, 1907: 20</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Descriptions of Micraglossa are provided in Nuss (1999) and Li et al. (2010). Micraglossa exhibits a typical scopariine pattern with the X-shaped postmedian and subterminal lines but can be separated from other related genera by the shiny golden-colored forewing markings. The absence of appendix bursae in female genitalia separates it from Eudonia and Scoparia (Léger et al., 2019) . Male genitalia exhibit the following characters: uncus elongate, relatively narrow; gnathos usually slightly longer than uncus, with small apical tooth pointing downwards; valva with spine projection on innerside in some species, distal half of valva usually bent upwards; vesica with or without cornuti. Female genitalia exhibit the following characters: posterior and anterior apophyses shorter than in Eudonia; colliculum long, tubular, lightly sclerotized; ductus bursae long, membranous, sometimes with loops; corpus bursae globular, membranous, without appendix bursae, with ovate or streak-like signum (W. Li et al., 2010).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>Oriental and Australasian regions. The distribution stretches from temperate China and Japan southwards to Australia (Nuss et al., 2003 –2023). Three species are found in the Philippines: Micraglossa tagalica Nuss, 1998, M. polisensis sp. n., M. kianganensis sp. n.</p><p>PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS</p><p>Micraglossa is sister to the clade formed by Eudonia and Scoparia (Léger et al., 2019) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFB9C870779965B7FE01E4F4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFB9C87174236314FE9FE65B.text	03EDD027FFB9C87174236314FE9FE65B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micraglossa polisensis Leger 2024	<div><p>Micraglossa polisensis Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/8281886e-f21c-4a8dab50-4340f966399a</p><p>Figs. 18, 75.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_c6cac, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-D10, genitalia on slide TL985♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI035-21, Genbank Accession Number PP196727). PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Mountain Province, Chatol, 2100 m, 16-18.11.1997 (K. Ebert, W. Mey, M. Nuss). Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratypes: 2 ♂ (specimen identifiers coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_e1338d, 9e6b86) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>In male genitalia (Fig. 75), the vesica devoid of cornuti and the mesal part of the valva without a projection separate this species from other Micraglossa species from continental China (W. Li et al., 2010). From other Philippines species, Micraglossa polisensis sp. n. can be recognized by the bulky uncus apex (in lateral view), the valva gently tapering towards apex, the semi-rounded apex of the valva, and the rounded juxta. Females are not known.</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 18)</p><p>Forewing length 5.0-5.7 mm (n = 2); ground color cream and brown. Antemedian line white, wavy. Median area mixed with cream and brown scales; one distal discoidal thick brown patch. Postmedian line well marked, S-shaped, running straight down to discal cell, cream. Subterminal line cream, medially incurved inwards, nearly meeting postmedian line there. Fringe cream with black spots. Hindwing dirty white.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 75)</p><p>Uncus ca 9/10 X tegumen arm length, narrowed on distal half, laterally with scattered setae, apex spatulate in dorsal view. Gnathos projection about 9/10 X uncus length, with subapical dorsal tooth pointing upwards, small tip pointing downwards at apex. Valva tapering towards apex, dorsal margin sclerotized, slightly concave, apex semi-rounded. Juxta basally broadly rounded, distally membranous. Phallus straight, vesica without cornuti.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA</p><p>Not known.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Ifugao, Mountain Province). Collected at altitudes between 2000 and 2100 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>A maximum intraspecific p-distance of 0.2% is found between specimens MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-D10 from Mountain Province and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-H01 from Ifugao on Luzon.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>The name is derived from the type locality, Mount Polis, on Luzon island.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFB9C87174236314FE9FE65B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFB8C871742363DDFAB9E65C.text	03EDD027FFB8C871742363DDFAB9E65C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crambinae Latreille 1810	<div><p>CRAMBINAE Latreille, 1810</p><p>Type genus: Crambus Fabricius, 1798</p><p>= Crambina Zeller, 1847: 745</p><p>= Tetrachila Hübner, 1818: 23, 28, 30, [34]</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFB8C871742363DDFAB9E65C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFB8C87177996215FC62E710.text	03EDD027FFB8C87177996215FC62E710.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micraglossa kianganensis Leger 2024	<div><p>Micraglossa kianganensis Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ FD0D400C-4645-4C66-996C-9A6747AD034F</p><p>Figs. 19, 76.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier MTD11400, DNA barcode BC MTD 01473, genitalia on slide TL1296♂; BOLD sample ID PYRG626-11). PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Ifugao, Kiangan, 750 m, 10/11/1985 (J. Settele). Deposited in MTD .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>In male genitalia (Fig. 76), the slender and wavy gnathos lacks the subapical dorsal conical projection observed on the other congeneric species from the Philippines. Females are not known.</p><p>HABITUS</p><p>Forewing length 4 mm, ground color cream and brown. Antemedian band wavy, edged with cream lines. Median area with a mix of cream and brown scales. Postmedian line well marked, S-shaped, running straight down to CuA1, meeting subterminal line at half length, then bent inwardly with 90° angle, running straight towards base, then bent downwards towards dorsum. Subterminal line fuzzy, cream, medially incurved inwards. Margin cream. Fringe cream with brown spots. Hindwing light copper-color.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA</p><p>Uncus about 1.4 X tegumen arm length, regularly bent downwards, slender, with scattered setae dorsally, apex ventrally with short tooth pointing downwards. Gnathos projection about 0.9 X uncus length, slender, evenly curved downwards, distal 1/4 straightened, tip pointed downwards. Valva dorsal margin sclerotized, strongly concave; ventral margin basally straight, conspicuously curved upwards on distal half; apex broadly rounded. Juxta tongue-shaped. Phallus straight, vesica without cornuti.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA</p><p>Not known.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Ifugao). Collected at an altitude of 750 m.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>Name derived from Kiangan, the locality where the specimen was caught.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFB8C87177996215FC62E710	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFB8C87E742362DAFDD5E42A.text	03EDD027FFB8C87E742362DAFDD5E42A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glaucocharis Meyrick 1938	<div><p>Glaucocharis Meyrick, 1938</p><p>Glaucocharis Meyrick, 1938 .</p><p>Type species: Glaucocharis stella Meyrick, 1938</p><p>= Pagmania Amsel, 1961: 332 . Type species: Pagmania bilinealis Amsel, 1961 . Błeszyński, 1965, p. 51 (syn.)</p><p>= Pareromene Osthelder, 1941: 366 . Type species: Pareromene rebeli Osthelder, 1941 . Gaskin, 1985, p. 11 (syn.)</p><p>= Ditomoptera Hampson, 1893: 52, 179. Type species: Ditomoptera minutalis Hampson, 1893 .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Forewing with conspicuous antemedian and postmedian lines, apex usually with apical streak, termen protruding outwards at apex, below apex with an indentation reaching tip of M1, often with a secondary indentation at tip of M3 (W. Li &amp; Li, 2012b). Male genitalia with the following characteristics: uncus and gnathos elongate, narrow, of various shapes; valva long and narrow, with narrow cucullus, costal process sclerotized, elongate, narrow, pointed outwards or upwards. Female genitalia with short papillae anales coalesced dorsally; posterior and anterior apophyses over twice the tergite length; antrum usually tubular or funnel-shaped; ductus bursae long, narrow; corpus bursae rounded or ovate, signum present or absent (W. Li &amp; Li, 2012b; pers. obs.).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>Known from the Afrotropics, the Palearctic, Oriental, and Australasian regions. Nine species are reported here from the Philippines: Glaucocharis lathonia (Błeszyński, 1966), Glaucocharis clytia (Błeszyński, 1966), Glaucocharis negrosensis sp. n., Glaucocharis hamulus sp. n., Glaucocharis kayumanggi sp. n., Glaucocharis kabundukanis sp. n., Glaucocharis altissima sp. n., Glaucocharis uncusellus sp. n., Glaucocharis sungay sp. n.</p><p>PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS</p><p>Glaucocharis belongs to the Diptychophorini, the mostbasal tribe of Crambinae (Léger et al., 2019) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFB8C87E742362DAFDD5E42A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFB7C87E7799602AFCD4E583.text	03EDD027FFB7C87E7799602AFCD4E583.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glaucocharis clytia (Bleszynski 1966)	<div><p>Glaucocharis clytia (Błeszyński, 1966)</p><p>Figs. 20, 77, 136.</p><p>Pareromene clytia Błeszyński, 1966: 459, fig. 20, pl. 40 fig. 3. Type locality: Indonesia, Sumatra, Fort de Kock.</p><p>Glaucocharis clytia (Błeszyński, 1966): Gaskin 1974: 192-194, figs. 5, 22.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Material examined: 7 ♂, 6 ♀ (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Glaucocharis hamulus sp. n., Glaucocharis kabundukanis sp. n., and Glaucocharis species of the ajaxella group.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Glaucocharis clytia (Fig. 20) is very similar in the forewing pattern to G. kabundukanis sp. n. and G. hamulus sp. n. In male genitalia (Fig. 77), the bifid costal projection unambiguously separates this species from other Glaucocharis species from the Philippines. The female genitalia (Fig. 136) share the cruciform-shaped signum on corpus bursae with G. kabundukanis sp. n. and species from the ajaxella species group from Papua, but the two sharp prongs of the antrum posterior margin projected posterad separate this species from other Glaucocharis species.</p><p>DESCRIPTION OF THE MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 77)</p><p>Uncus ca 7/10 X tegumen length, slender, apex pointed, with ventral and dorsal patches of setae. Gnathos 9/10 X uncus length, slender, straight, with small apical tip pointing upwards. Tegumen arms narrow, with subtriangular bump on posterior margin. Costal process with ventral arm ca 1.5 X valva length, dorsal arm much shorter, S-shaped. Valva triangular, dorsal and ventral margins straight, with 3-4 sclerotized bristles at its base, valva apex pointed. Juxta elongate, with apex conspicuously notched. Phallus slen-der, straight. Vesica with one short cornutus.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>INDONESIA: Sumatra. MALAYSIA: Borneo. PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros. Collected at altitudes between 750 and 1300 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The highest intraspecific divergence observed is of 4.3% between MFNLEP030 from Negros and MFNLEP031 from Mindoro.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>This is the first description of the male genitalia. This species is recorded here for the first time from the Philippines.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFB7C87E7799602AFCD4E583	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFB7C87F7423604DFD52E3C9.text	03EDD027FFB7C87F7423604DFD52E3C9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glaucocharis lathonia (Bleszynski 1966)	<div><p>Glaucocharis lathonia (Błeszyński, 1966)</p><p>Figs. 21, 78, 137.</p><p>Pareromene lathonia Błeszyński, 1966: 459, figs. 12, 19, pl. 40 fig. 2. Type locality: Moluccas, W Obi, Obi Lake.</p><p>Glaucocharis lathonia (Błeszyński, 1966): Gaskin, 1985, p. 21, figs. 23, 89, 94.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Material examined: 2 ♂, 17 ♀ (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh)</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>In the forewing (Fig. 21), the zigzag antemedian line as well as the notch at dorsal 1/3 of the postmedian line separates this species from other Glaucocharis species found in the Philippines. In male genitalia (Fig. 78), the costal process projecting posterad into a long, narrow spine reaching beyond valval apex separates this species from other Glaucocharis species. In female genitalia (Fig. 137), the elongatetongue-shaped ventral sclerotization of the antrum and the rounded pouch at midlength of ductus bursae separates this species from other Glaucocharis species.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>INDONESIA: Papua. MALAYSIA: Borneo. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: D’Entrecasteaux Island. PHILIPPINES: Leyte, Luzon (Camarines Sur, Zambales), Mindanao, Negros. Collected at altitudes between 500 and 1050 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The highest intraspecific divergence observed is of 4.6% between specimens MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-A02 (Luzon) and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL10-D11 (Negros). Haplotype from Borneo differ by a p-dist of 1.3% from the specimen MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-A10 from the Bicol peninsula on Luzon.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>This is the first record of this species for the Philippines.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFB7C87F7423604DFD52E3C9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFB6C87F77996787FB00E640.text	03EDD027FFB6C87F77996787FB00E640.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glaucocharis kabundukanis Leger 2024	<div><p>Glaucocharis kabundukanis Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ 4C5F057A-7C37-4C62-B66B-8ED03B82E080</p><p>Figs. 22, 79, 138.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_efb910, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL10-H08, genitalia slide TL1315♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI423-23, Genbank Accession Number PP211079). PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Mountain Province, Chatol, 2100 m, 16-18.11.1997 (K. Ebert, W. Mey, M. Nuss). Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratypes: 3 ♂ (specimen identifiers MfN: coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_1b18f8, da9b2c; PNM: id.bioseasia.org_u_0235cf), 8 ♀ (specimen identifiers MfN: coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_f61ae2, a83ca0, f5921b, 1a445f, 5452eb, 5beadc, c2e07a; NHMUK: NHMUK013706259) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/ dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>Other material: 1 unsexed (detailed information in Table S1).</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Glaucocharis altissima sp. n., G. hamulus sp. n., G. lathonia, and Glaucocharis species of the ajaxella group.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>The forewing of G. kabundukanis sp. n. (Fig. 22) is very similar to that of G. clytia, and separation from this species is best done by an examination of the genitalia. In male genitalia (Fig. 79), the straight, sclerotized costal process of the valva with the apex pointed upwards, the slender juxta, and the row of cornuti on the vesica separate this species from other Glaucocharis species. The female genitalia (Fig. 138) share the cruciform-shaped signum on the corpus bursae with G. clytia and species of the ajaxella species group from Papua. Among them, it shares the lightly sclerotized subconical antrum as well as the bulbous projection with sclerotized spines at the base of the ductus bursae with G. ajaxella (Błeszyński, 1966) (Bleszynski, 1966; Gaskin, 1985). The broadly U-shaped indentation of the antrum margin enables unambiguous identification of the female of this species.</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 22)</p><p>Forewing length 6.7 mm (n = 1); ground color pale yellow, medially suffused with brown scales. Antemedian line originating at 1/3 of costa, arched outwardly, then bent inwards towards dorsum, meeting dorsum at right angle, cream. Broad dark brown suffusion in cell. Postmedian stigma barely marked, dark brown. Postmedian line originating at costal 3/4, broadly arched outwards, meeting dorsum with an angle of 80°, cream. Subapical V-shaped streak cream. Subterminal area marked with cream suffusion. Margin with six black spots, the three near tornus being more conspicuously marked. Fringes metallic brown. Hindwing cream.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 79)</p><p>Uncus slender, slightly longer than tegumen arm. Gnathos projection ca 2/5 of uncus length, apex pointed upwards. Valva basally with three conspicuous bristles; ventral margin slightly concave medially, conspicuously rounded apically; costa strongly sclerotized, with a short, pointed projection at apex. Juxta elongate, slender, apex pointed. Saccus subtriangular, with rounded apex. Vesica with row of 7-8 cornuti of increasing length (30-80 μm).</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 138)</p><p>Posterior apophyses 3.8 X length of tergite VIII. Anterior apophyses 3.2 X length of tergite VIII. Intersegmental membrane VIII-IX ca 2.4 X length of tergite VIII. Antrum forming a lightly sclerotized cone with posterior margin deeply incurved, U-shaped. Ductus bursae ca 1.5 X length of corpus bursae, roughly straight; ductus-antrum connection conspicuously narrowed, sclerotized; basal pouch broad, strongly sclerotized, covered with small spicules. Corpus bursae large, spherical, with one large cross-shaped signum.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Ifugao, Mountain Province). Collected at altitudes between 1650 and 2100 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The highest intraspecific divergence observed is of 0.17%.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>From the Filipino kabundukanis, “highlands, mountains,” referring to the habitat of the species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFB6C87F77996787FB00E640	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFB6C8787423620FFC22E5E1.text	03EDD027FFB6C8787423620FFC22E5E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glaucocharis altissima Leger 2024	<div><p>Glaucocharis altissima Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ 7A8D592A-4A4B-48CC-853B-047FD5FDAE7F</p><p>Figs. 23, 80, 139.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_4cc0b0, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL10-B09, genitalia on slide TL1317♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI427-23; Genbank Accession Number PP211083). PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Ifugao, Mount Polis, 2000 m, 13.11.1997 (K. Ebert, W. Mey, M. Nuss). Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratypes: 8 ♂ (specimen identifiers MfN: coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_a89b8d, 8e4664, 3685bd, ad5a00, 68f213, 57e7fa; PNM: id.bioseasia.org_u_669810; NHMUK: NHMUK013706260), 10 ♀ (specimen identifiers MfN: coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_77cf5e, 3b0e51, 718784, 8ea3e2, 6f7452, 38d0fb, 5763dd, b48f8a, 44557e; PNM: id.bioseasia.org_u_0235b5) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Glaucocharis kabundukanis sp. n., G. hamulus sp. n.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Glaucocharis altissima sp. n. is externally similar to G. clytia and G. kabundukanis sp. n. The forewing of G. altissima sp. n. (Fig. 23) shows an ochreous ground color speckled with brown scales, while it is white to yellow and speckled with dark brown scales in G. clytia and white to ochreous in G. kabundukanis sp. n. The male genitalia (Fig. 80) are similar to those of Glaucocharis kabundukanis sp. n.: The costa is projected apically into a slender arm about 1/4 of valva length, while the projection is conspicuously shorter in G. kabundukanis sp. n.; the juxta is deltoid with truncate apex, while it is slender and elongate in G. kabundukanis sp. n. In female genitalia (Fig. 139), the indentation of the antrum posterior margin is less deeply incurved than in G. kabundukanis sp. n., and the basal pouch of the ductus bursae lacks the sclerotization found in G. kabundukanis sp. n.</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 23)</p><p>Forewing length 6.5 mm (n = 1); ground color light ochreous, medially suffused with brown scales. Antemedian line originating at costal 1/3, arched outwardly, then bent inwards towards dorsum, meeting dorsum at right angles, cream. Basal and median area below costa uniformly suffused with brown scales. Postmedian stigma forming vertical dark brown dash edged distally with cream. Postmedian line originating at costal 3/4, broadly arched outwards, meeting dorsum with an angle of 55°, cream. Subapical Vshaped streak cream. Subterminal area cream, distally suffused with brown. Margin with six black spots, the three near tornus more conspicuously marked. Fringes copper. Hindwing cream.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 80)</p><p>Uncus ca 5/4 of tegumen arm length, slender, regularly curved downwards, apex pointed in lateral view. Gnathos ca 3/4 of uncus length, slender, triangular, apex tip pointed upwards. Tegumen arms slightly angled at distal 1/3. Valva basally with three conspicuous, sclerotized bristles; ventral margin straight; costa conspicuously sclerotized, apically projecting upwards into slender arm ca 1/4 the length of valva; valva apex pointed. Juxta deltoid with truncate apex. Vesica with row of six cornuti (45-70 μm).</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 139)</p><p>Anterior apophyses 2.2 X length of tergite VIII. Posterior apophyses ca 2.2 X length of tergite VIII. Intersegmental membrane VIII-IX 1.8 X length of tergite VIII. Antrum forming a lightly sclerotized cone with posterior margin ventrally broadly incurved. Ductus bursae 1.5 X length of corpus bursae, roughly straight, larger distally; basal pouch ellipsoid, membranous, with patch of small spicules. Corpus bursae spherical, with one large cross-shaped signum.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Benguet, Ifugao). Collected at altitudes between 2000 and 2350 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>Two MOTUs were recovered in the species delimitation analysis for North Luzon and Mindoro. Unfortunately, the MOTU for Mindoro is exclusively represented by female specimens. A high haplotype diversity is recovered, with the 19 specimens sequenced showing 11 different haplotypes (see Fig. 179e).</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>From the Latin altus, a, um: high and the superlative –issim, referring to the high altitude at which the species is encountered.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFB6C8787423620FFC22E5E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFB1C879742361EFFD0AE594.text	03EDD027FFB1C879742361EFFD0AE594.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glaucocharis hamulus Leger 2024	<div><p>Glaucocharis hamulus Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ 267BDC50-66BD-4E93-A44C-9297A5F9B8C0</p><p>Fig. 81</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_91835d, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL10-A11, genitalia on slide TL1333♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI414-23, Genbank Accession Number PP211070). PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Benguet, Adunot river Unterlauf, 19-21.11.1997 (K. Ebert, W. Mey, M. Nuss). Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_2e31ce) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Glaucocharis kabundukanis sp. n.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>The forewing of the male of Glaucocharis hamulus sp. n. (not shown) is externally identical to G. kabundukanis sp. n. and can be only reliably identified by examination of male genitalia. In male genitalia (Fig. 81), the apex of the costal arm is projected beyond the valva and is curved upwards into a tip, and the juxta apex is deeply notched. Females are unknown.</p><p>HABITUS</p><p>As in Glaucocharis kabundukanis sp. n.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 81)</p><p>Uncus as long as tegumen arm length, slender, regularly curved downwards, apex spatulate, slightly pointing downwards. Gnathos projection about 5/6 of uncus length, slen-der, narrowing towards apex, apex tip pointed upwards. Tegumen arms slightly angled at distal 1/3. Valva basally with three conspicuous, sclerotized bristles; dorsal and ventral margin straight, valva apex rounded; costal process forming narrow arm, distally projecting beyond valva, apex bent upwards, forming pointed tip. Juxta basally rounded, apically broadly notched. Vesica with row of ca 15 cornuti.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Benguet), Negros. Collected at altitudes between 750 and 1400 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The highest intraspecific divergence observed is of 1.9% between samples MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL10-A11 and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL11-C03, both from Benguet (Luzon).</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>From the Latin hamulus, i, hook, refering to the hook-shaped apex of the costal process in male genitalia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFB1C879742361EFFD0AE594	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFB0C84677996063FD1CE06C.text	03EDD027FFB0C84677996063FD1CE06C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glaucocharis uncusellus Leger 2024	<div><p>Glaucocharis uncusellus Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/F1890790-8270-44CF-B878-0A66E2F3920C</p><p>Figs. 24, 82, 140.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_693863, DNA voucher MFNLEP999, genitalia on slide TL1310♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI354-22, Genbank Accession Number PP197031). PHILIPPINES: Samar, Concord Cadacan, 150 m, 22-24.04.1997 (W. Mey, W. Speidel). Deposited in MfN</p><p>Paratypes: 1 ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_5e4759), 1 ♀ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_343871) (see detailed information on Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Glaucocharis melistoma (Meyrick, 1931); Glaucocharis furculella Wang &amp; Sung, 1988; Glaucocharis reniella Wang &amp; Sung, 1988; Glaucocharis tridentata Li &amp; Li, 2012; Glaucocharis unipunctalis Sasaki, 2007 .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>The general dark brown pattern of the forewing (Fig. 24), the regularly arched antemedian line, and the b-shaped stigma separate this species from other Glaucocharis from the Philippines. With the above listed species, this species shares similar male genitalia (Fig. 82): The gnathos projection is spatulate, covered with a patch of hairs, the valva is distally narrowed, projecting upwards, and the costal process forms a thin basal arm projecting upwards. The short uncus and the S-shaped basal arm of the valva unambiguously separates this species from other Glaucocharis species. In female genitalia (Fig. 140), the membranous antrum, the tubular sclerotized colliculum, and the spherical corpus bursae with one single signum separates this species from other Glaucocharis species.</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 24)</p><p>Forewing length 4 mm; ground color dark brown. Antemedian line evenly arched, cream. Broad ocher suffusion at costa in basal half, with a mix of cream and brown scales in distal half. Median area scattered with cream scales, cubital area with patch of ocher scales. Postmedian stigma forming b-shaped cream dash filled with ocher. Postmedian line barely marked at costa, zigzagging near margin on middle, then meeting dorsum at 4/5. Apical ocher blotch with cream streak. Margin ocher, interspersed with two dark brown spots. Hindwing dirty white.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 82)</p><p>Uncus ca half as long as tegumen arm, triangular, with apex rounded. Gnathos projection twice as long as uncus, slen-der, apex larger, spatula-shaped, with patch of sclerotized spines surrounded with hairs. Valva with costal arm projected upwards, bent at 2/5 outwards with 75° angle, then bent upwards at 4/5; valva subtriangular in basal 2/3, distal 1/3 projecting upwards into slender arm with rounded tip. Juxta basally rounded, distally forming two arms surrounding phallus. Phallus long, sclerotized, slender.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 140)</p><p>Papillae anales missing in the specimen investigated. Anterior apophyses ca 2.2 X length of tergite VIII. Antrum membranous. Colliculum ca half of ductus bursae length, tubular, lightly sclerotized. Ductus bursae long, narrowed medially, conspicuously enlarged on distal 1/4 at ductus seminalis connection. Corpus bursae globular, scobinate, with one rounded signum.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Mindanao (Davao Oriental), Negros, Samar. Collected at altitudes between 150 and 1050 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The two samples MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-C10 from Negros and MFNLEP999 from Samar shows identical DNA barcodes.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>From “uncus” and the diminutive Latin suffix “– ellus ”, referring to the short-sized uncus in male genitalia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFB0C84677996063FD1CE06C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF8FC84777996468FD38E035.text	03EDD027FF8FC84777996468FD38E035.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glaucocharis kayumanggi Leger 2024	<div><p>Glaucocharis kayumanggi Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ E9FD5C3D-4BEB-4144-A5B3-D7A24900F20D</p><p>Figs. 25, 26, 83, 141.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_bc1764, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL10-D09, genitalia on slide TL1321♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI422-23, Genbank Accession Number PP211078). PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Nueva Vizcaya, Bald Mountains, Santa Fe, 1150 m, 11-13.11.1997 (K. Ebert, W. Mey, M. Nuss). Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratypes: 12 ♀ (specimen identifiers MfN: coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_137c30, cc22c2, bd83a4, 7b7c16, 4c185f, 1453bc, 292a90, 89b6f7, 3f58c4; PNM: id.bioseasia.org_u_0235c0, 0235c2; NHMUK: NHMUK013706262), 1 ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_7c8ebe) (see detailed information on Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/ dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Glaucocharis sungay sp. n., Glaucocharis negrosensis sp. n.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Among the Philippines Glaucocharis species, Glaucocharis kayumanggi sp. n., G. sungay sp. n., and G. negrosensis sp. n. are easily distinguished by the general brown color of the forewing in female specimens, while other species exhibit a mix of white, fulvous, and brown scales. Glaucocharis kayumanggi sp. n. can only be confidently separated from G. sungay sp. n. and G. negrosensis sp. n. by examination of genitalia. In male genitalia (Fig. 83), this species shares with G. sungay sp. n. and G. negrosensis sp. n. the club-shaped gnathos apex, the ventro-basal hook-shaped process of the valva, and the long, narrow, sclerotized phallus. In G. kayumanggi sp. n., the hook-like ventral process of the valva is thinner than in G. sungay sp. n. and longer than that of G. negrosensis sp. n., almost reaching valval dorsal margin. The sacculus apex splits in two, with the dorsal arm extending beyond ventral process distally and ventrally forming a conspicuous lobe. In female genitalia (Fig. 141), the oblong corpus bursae with the star-like signum separates this species and G. sungay sp. n. from all Glaucocharis species (female of G. negrosensis sp. n. not known). The triangular indentation of the antrum ventral margin best separates this species from G. sungay sp. n., where the antrum margin is evenly rounded.</p><p>HABITUS (FIGS. 25, 26)</p><p>Forewing length 5.4-6.4 mm (n = 6). Male forewing (Fig. 26) with pale yellow ground color, suffused with brown scales. Antemedian line originating at costal 1/3, arched outwardly, then bent inwards towards dorsum, meeting dorsum at right angles, cream. Distal discoidal stigma forming short transversal dark brown streak. Postmedian line originating at costal 3/4, broadly arched outwards, jagged at CuA2 vein, meeting dorsum with an angle of 80°, cream. Subapical V-shaped cream streak. Subterminal area speckled with dark brown. Margin with six black spots, the three near tornus more conspicuously marked. Fringes metallic brown. Hindwing white. Female forewing (Fig. 25) with metallic brown ground color. Antemedian line curved in costal half, then bent inwards towards dorsum, cream, distally edged with darker brown. Median area uniformly metallic brown, small fulvous blotch at costa. Distal discoidal stigma forming short transverse fulvous streak. Postmedian line conspicuously arched outwards towards margin, wavy, basally and distally edged with dark brown. Apex fuscous with thin metallic streak. Subterminal area brown to copper, with darker spots. Fringes metallic brown, white apically, cream at margin notch. Hindwing pale yellow, apex metallic brown.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 83)</p><p>Uncus about 4/5 of tegumen arm length, slender; lateral margin projecting downwards into a tooth at basal 1/4, uncus conspicuously narrowed at 3/4; apex duck-beak shaped. Gnathos arms joining at basal 1/4, gnathos projection as long as uncus, slender, apex club-shaped, covered with small teeth, densely haired. Valva with ventro-distal process hook-shaped, pointing upwards, strongly sclerotized; sacculus split in two: ventral arm slender with subtriangular apex; dorsal arm more strongly sclerotized, dorsal margin straight, ventral margin forming a conspicuous rounded bump, apex reaching beyond ventral hook-shaped projection, rounded, pointing downwards. Juxta with ventral keel-like projection at base; juxta plate enlarging in basal half, abruptly narrowed at midlength, distal projection narrow, apex tongue-shaped. Phallus long, thin, sclerotized, vesica devoid of cornuti.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 141)</p><p>Posterior apophyses ca 2.2 X length of tergite VIII. Intersegmental membrane VIII-IX ca 1.3 X length of tergite VIII. Anterior apophyses ca 2 X length of tergite VIII. Antrum funnel-shaped, ventral posterior margin V-shaped, strongly sclerotized. Antrum-colliculum junction marked, short, membranous. Colliculum narrow, ca 1/10 of ductus length, incurved, sclerotized. Ductus bursae long, roughly straight. Ductus seminalis branching at corpus opening. Corpus bursae oblong, roughly as long as ductus bursae, scobinate, with well-marked star-like signum near corpus opening.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya). Collected at altitudes between 1150 and 2100 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The highest intraspecific divergence observed is 0.33% between MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL10-D09 (Luzon: Nueva Vizcaya) and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-C03 (Luzon: Mountain Province).</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>From the Tagalog kayumanggi, brown, refering to the brownish color of the forewings of the females.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF8FC84777996468FD38E035	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF8EC847779964C2FA2BE5E1.text	03EDD027FF8EC847779964C2FA2BE5E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glaucocharis sungay Leger 2024	<div><p>Glaucocharis sungay Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ D68F24B4-38FF-47B5-91B9-287740C7EE0C</p><p>Figs. 84, 142.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Material examined: Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_5bf419, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-F09, genitalia on slide TL1204♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI218-22, Genbank Accession Number PP196898). PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Albay, Amater, Mount Malinao, submontane forest, 400 m, 25-26.03.2000 (K. Ebert, W. Mey). Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratypes: 1 ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_ab87f5), 2 ♀ (specimen identifiers coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_ae0f07, e19c94) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Glaucocharis kayumanggi sp. n., G. negrosensis sp. n.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>This species is externally identical to Glaucocharis kayumanggi sp. n. (see Fig. 25, Fig. 26) and G. negrosensis sp. n. and can only be reliably identified by examination of genitalia. In male genitalia (Fig. 84), the gnathos is broader than in G. kayumanggi sp. n. and bears small teeth dorsally on apical 1/4, the stout ventral hook-like process of the valva is larger than that in G. kayumanggi sp. n. and G. negrosensis sp. n., and the sacculus does not extend distally beyond the ventral process. In female genitalia (Fig. 142), the evenly incurved margin of the antrum ventral margin best separates this species from G. kayumanggi sp. n., where the antrum margin is indented.</p><p>HABITUS</p><p>As in Glaucocharis kayumanggi sp. n.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 84)</p><p>Uncus ca 2/3 of tegumen arm length, dorsally glabrous, ventral margin undulate, apex pointed. Gnathos projection about 5/3 of uncus length, distal half slightly larger, tongue-shaped, dorsally covered with tiny teeth, apex densely haired. Valva with strongly sclerotized cucullus, projecting distally into a thickly sclerotized hook pointing upwards; sacculus dorsal margin straight, apex conspicuously indented, with dorsal lobe narrower, projecting beyond ventral lobe. Juxta base notched, medially conspicuously widened, apically projected into two thin arms with pointed tip. Phallus slender, curved, sclerotized; vesica without cornuti.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 142)</p><p>Posterior apophyses ca 2.5 X length of tergite VIII. Intersegmental membrane VIII-IX 1.5-2 X length of tergite VIII. Anterior apophyses ca 2.1 X length of tergite VIII. Antrum narrow, tubular, strongly sclerotized, ventral margin evenly incurved. Antrum-colliculum junction marked, narrow, membranous. Colliculum short, ca 1/7 of ductus length, tubular, sclerotized. Ductus bursae long, curved twice in basal half, roughly straight on distal half. Ductus seminalis branching at distal 1/3 of ductus bursae. Corpus bursae oblong, slightly longer than ductus bursae, scobinate, with well-marked star-like signum near corpus opening.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Quezon, Albay), Mindoro. Collected at altitudes between 400 and 1300 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The highest intraspecific divergence observed is of 1.15% between MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-F10 (Luzon) and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-G10 (Mindoro).</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>From the Tagalog sungay, horn, referring to the hook-shaped projection in male genitalia. This name was proposed by Clister Pangantihon and Beatriz Christalle Seno.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF8EC847779964C2FA2BE5E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF8EC844742361EFFF70E5B5.text	03EDD027FF8EC844742361EFFF70E5B5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glaucocharis negrosensis Leger 2024	<div><p>Glaucocharis negrosensis Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ 3325F05B-56BF-48E8-98C2-4526780D89BB</p><p>Fig. 85</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_c1f971, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-G01, genitalia on slide TL1360♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI221-22, Genbank Accession Number PP196901). PHILIPPINES: Negros, Negros Oriental, Patag, Lake Danao, 1400 m, 21.05.1996 (W. Mey). Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratype: 1 ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_5145c8) (detailed information on Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Glaucocharis kayumanggi sp. n., Glaucocharis sungay sp. n.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>The male of this species is externally identical to Glaucocharis kayumanggi sp. n. and Glaucocharis negrosensis sp. n. and can only be reliably identified by examination of genitalia. In male genitalia, Glaucocharis negrosensis sp. n. can be separated by the narrower, shorter ventro-basal process, the valval innermargin forming two conspicuous lobes, the juxta basal arm projected ventrally, and the juxta plate evenly narrowing towards apex.</p><p>HABITUS</p><p>As in G. kayumanggi sp. n.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 87)</p><p>Uncus ca 4/5 of tegumen arm length, slender, bent downwards at basal 1/4, apex spatulate. Gnathos projection ca 1.1 X uncus length, slender, apex club-shaped, covered with small teeth, densely haired. Valva with cucullus process hook shaped, pointing upwards, strongly sclerotized; sacculus dorsal margin roughly straight, inner margin forming two conspicuous lobes, apex rounded. Juxta basally with stout arm projected ventro-anterad, curved downward; juxta plate basally rounded, narrowing towards apex; apex incurved. Phallus long, thin, sclerotized, vesica devoid of cornuti.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA</p><p>Not known.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Negros. Collected at an altitude of 1400 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The two specimens sequenced have identical DNA barcodes.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>Derived from Negros island where the species is encountered.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF8EC844742361EFFF70E5B5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF8DC84477996043FC68E38D.text	03EDD027FF8DC84477996043FC68E38D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glaucocharis	<div><p>Glaucocharis spp.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Glaucocharis ♀ sp. 1 (not illustrated): ♀ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_3a3401, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-E10, abdomen lost). PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Zambales Mountains, Coto, 110 m, 05-06.05.1999 (K. Ebert, W. Mey).</p><p>Glaucocharis ♀ sp. 2 (Fig. 143): 1 ♀ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_b8b597, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-B11, genitalia on slide TL1079F). PHILIPPINES: Leyte, Lake Danao, 650 m, 14-17.04.1997 (W. Mey, W. Speidel).</p><p>Glaucocharis ♀ sp. 3 (Fig. 144): 1 ♀ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_86abe6, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-F11, genitalia preparation TL1081F). PHILIPPINES: Mindoro, Occidental Mindoro, Mount Baco Pass, 1150 m, 14.01.1998 (W. Mey, V. Samarita).</p><p>Glaucocharis ♀ sp. 4 (not illustrated): 1 ♀ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_613241, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-H11, genitalia on slide TL1083F). PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, Davao oriental, Mount Agtuuganon, 1050 m, 28.05-07.06.1996 (W. Mey).</p><p>Glaucocharis ♀ sp. 5 (not illustrated): 1 ♀ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_fcd9bf, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL10-G10, genitalia on slide TL1331F). PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Laguna, Los Baños, Mount Makiling, 850 m, 16.03.2000 (K. Ebert, W. Mey).</p><p>Glaucocharis ♀ sp. 6 (not illustrated): 1 ♀ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_590635, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL10-H10, genitalia preparation TL1332F), 1 ♀ (coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_359dc3, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-A03, abdomen lost). PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Laguna, Los Baños, Mount Makiling, 850 m, 16.03.2000 (K. Ebert, W. Mey).</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Six further species could be delimited using evidence from DNA barcoding, female genitalia, and habitus. However, I refrain from describing new species from unique female specimens here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF8DC84477996043FC68E38D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF8DC8417423604BFEAAE33C.text	03EDD027FF8DC8417423604BFEAAE33C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gargela Walker 1864	<div><p>Gargela Walker, 1864</p><p>Gargela * Walker, 1864: 815.</p><p>Type species: Gargela subpurella Walker, 1864 .</p><p>= Mixophyla Meyrick, 1887: 269 . Type species: Crambus ermineus Moore, 1886</p><p>= Angonia Snellen, 1893: 54–56 . Type species: Angonia crambidalis Snellen, 1893 . Hampson 1896: 190 (syn.)</p><p>= Mixophila * Hampson, 1896: 190</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Forewing usually silvery white with curved median and postmedian lines (Song et al., 2009). In male genitalia, Gargela species show the following characters: uncus short, beak-shaped, with two characteristic ventral basal arms bearing a tuft of thick setae; gnathos short, beak-shaped; valva with costal arm narrow, sclerotized, elongate, with apex pointed upwards or posterad; and juxta distally with two lateral arms with scattered setae. In female genitalia, Gargela species show the following characters: papillae anales evenly rounded, posterior apophyses short, ductus bursae usually covered with spines in basal half, and corpus bursae with two signa.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>Known from the Oriental and Australasian (Papua) regions. Six species are reported from the Philippines: Gargela minuta Song et al., 2009, Gargela valvaspinae sp. n., Gargela acutibrachium sp. n., Gargela polyacantha Li, 2019, Gargela xanthocasis (Meyrick, 1897), Gargela negrosensis sp. n.</p><p>PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS</p><p>Molecular phylogenies recovered Gargela as part of the Diptychophorini, sister to the three other Diptychophorini included in the study ( Diptychophora Zeller, 1866, Glaucocharis Meyrick, 1938, Microcausta Hampson, 1895) (Léger et al., 2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF8DC8417423604BFEAAE33C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF88C84177996738FA23E096.text	03EDD027FF88C84177996738FA23E096.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gargela minuta Song 2009	<div><p>Gargela minuta Song et al., 2009</p><p>Figs. 27, 86, 145.</p><p>Gargela minuta Song et al., 2009, p. 55, figs. 12, 24. Type locality: Taiwan, Lanyu Island, 270 m.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>7 ♂, 8 ♀, 2 unsexed (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Gargela distigma Song et al., 2009, Gargela polyacantha Li, 2019, Gargela bidentella sp. n.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Among Gargela species of the Philippines, Gargela minuta can be separated on the forewing by the dark brown spots and the ocher coloration of the fringes (Fig. 27). Gargela minuta shows a nearly identical forewing pattern to G. bidentella sp. n., but the fringe spots are more pronounced in G. minuta than G. bidentella sp. n. Both species are unambiguously separated by examination of male genitalia (Fig. 86); the bulky costal process with dorsal bump, the narrowed distal part of the valva, and the tiny cornuti of the vesica separates G. minuta from other Gargela species. This species has similar male genitalia as in G. distigma; however, in the latter species, the valva has a notched apex, and the vesica lacks the tiny cornuti. In female genitalia (Fig. 145), the following characters separate G. minuta from other Gargela species: the papillae anales are ventrally produced posterad, the posterior apophyses are bent upwards at basal 1/3, the basal half of ductus is covered with tiny spines, and the corpus bursae is pear-shaped with two thorn-shaped signa.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Nueva Vizcaya, Zambales, Laguna), Mindanao (Davao Oriental), Mindoro; Negros. TAIWAN. Collected at altitudes between 150 and 1150 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The species delimitation analysis recovered two MOTUs, one for the specimens from Luzon (North Luzon, Zambales, Laguna) and Mindoro and one for the unique female specimen from Mindanao (Davao Oriental). The highest intraspecific divergence observed is of 3.97% between samples MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-A08 from Mindanao (Davao) and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL09-F09 from Luzon (Laguna). Haplotype from the specimen from Taiwan (DNA voucher MFNLEP995) differs by 0.16% from the haplotype from Luzon and Mindoro (see Fig. 179h).</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>This is the first record of this species from the Philippines.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF88C84177996738FA23E096	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF88C84E74236766FBFBE1A6.text	03EDD027FF88C84E74236766FBFBE1A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gargela aculea Leger 2024	<div><p>Gargela aculea Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/AC6452D7-B53A-4FBE-B7C0-A0CD01B85E79</p><p>Figs. 28, 87, 146.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_d6f70c, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-A06, genitalia on slide TL1207♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI160-22, Genbank Accession Number PP196844). PHILIPPINES: Negros, Patag, 750 m, 20-25.05.1996 (W. Mey). Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratypes: 5 ♀ (coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_613e87, 386de0, fcb937, 4e1641, a5452e) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>Other specimen examined: 1 ♀ (detailed information in table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Gargela hastatela Song et al., 2009; G. hainana Song et al., 2009; G. renatusalis (Walker, 1859) .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>In the forewing, the well-marked and evenly curved black median and subterminal lines as well as the conspicuous blotch formed by the median line at dorsum (Fig. 28) are unique among Gargela species of the Philippines. These characters are found elsewhere in Gargela hastatela Song et al., 2009, G. hainana Song et al., 2009, and G. renatusalis (Walker, 1859), all occurring in China. In male genitalia (Fig. 87), the dorsal spine of the costal process, the ventrally indented valva, and the three very long cornuti followed by the group of roughly 70 cornuti will separate this species from its congeners. In female genitalia, the evenly rounded posterior margin of the papillae anales, the sclerotized and wrinkled basal part of ductus bursae, and the globular corpus bursae with two lanceolate signa separate Gargela aculea sp. n. from other Gargela species.</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 28)</p><p>Forewing length 5.0-6.4 mm (n = 6); ground color snow white. Median line thin, dark brown, broadly incurved outwards, ending at large dark brown patch at dorsum. Postmedian line thin, brown, starting at 7/10 of costa, broadly incurved outwards, ending on dorsum near tornus. Subterminal area with three marked cream yellow dashes at R4, R5, and M1, fourth dash faintly marked at M2; yellowish patch between M3 and CuA2, marked with dark brown between CuA1 and CuA2. Margin thinly marked with black from apex down to M3, with dashes between R5 and M3. Fringe white, with black distal blotches at R5, M1, M2, CuA1, and CuA2. Hindwing white, tornus bearing tuft of thin brown iridescent scales in males.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 87)</p><p>Uncus ca half of tegumen arm length, beak-shaped, ventrally covered with thick setae, dorso-apically setose, apex pointing downwards. Gnathos projection short, curved downwards, thinly dentate, apex pointed. Valva with broad sacculus, abruptly narrowed at distal 1/4, apex pointed; costal process fused to valva, forming a dorsal tooth at midlength, posteriorly projecting beyond valva, apex curved upwards. Juxta base narrow; apex forming two arms about half as long as total length, dentate and setose on its innerside. Phallus straight, apex lightly sclerotized. Vesica covered with 60+ small cornuti, apically with three long and slender curved cornuti.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 146)</p><p>Papillae anales posterior margin regularly rounded. Posterior apophyses ca 2.7 X length of tergite VIII. Intersegmental membrane VIII-IX ca 1.4 X tergite length. Anterior apophyses ca 1.7 X tergite length. Antrum membranous, with ventral sclerotized tongue. Colliculum elongate, forming sclerotized circumvolutions. Ductus bursae curved in basal half, straight on distal half, enlarging towards corpus opening. Ductus seminalis branching at midlength of ductus bursae. Corpus bursae globular, reticulate, with two lanceolate signa, one at corpus opening, the other at middle of corpus.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Leyte, Luzon (Quezon), Mindanao, Negros. Collected at altitudes between 650 and 2100 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The species delimitation analysis revealed four different MOTUs for the populations of North Luzon (Mountain Province), Luzon (Quezon), Negros, and Mindanao + Leyte. Unfortunately, only the MOTU from Negros contained male specimens, precluding unambiguous assignment of these MOTUs to G. aculea sp. n. The highest intraspecific divergence observed is of 4.3% between samples MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-C07 from Luzon (Quezon) and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-B06 from Leyte.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>From the Latin aculeus, i, sting, refering to the small spine of the valva in male genitalia.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Specimen MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-C06 exhibits slight differences in female genitalia and could represent another closely related species. Future investigation of male specimens will clarify this case.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF88C84E74236766FBFBE1A6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF87C84F742365B6FDD0E2F1.text	03EDD027FF87C84F742365B6FDD0E2F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gargela acutibrachium Leger 2024	<div><p>Gargela acutibrachium Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ DC8217B7-9C33-4BA3-A934-4481FEC32A76</p><p>Figs. 29, 88.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_eca446, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL09-G09, genitalia on slide TL1398♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI301-22, Genbank Accession Number PP196980). PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Laguna, Mount Makiling, 850 m, 30-31.03.2000 (K. Ebert, W. Mey). Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratypes: 5 ♂ (coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_72eab6, 33a322, 9c8b85, 189117, d44f2d) (detailed information in table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Gargela grandispinata Li, 2019 .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>From the other Gargela species in the Philippines, this species can be separated by the copper color of the fringes towards termen on the forewing (Fig. 29). In male genitalia (Fig. 88), the arm-like costal process at base of valva separates this species from its congeners. Females are not known.</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 29)</p><p>Forewing length 5.0-5.5 mm (n = 4); ground color snow white. Median line broadly arched towards margin. Postmedian line originating at 3/4 of costa, curved towards margin, then inwardly around subterminal spot, running downwards to termen; costally dark brown, dorsally ocher. Subterminal area broadly filled with ocher; conspicuous dark brown blotch between M3 and CuA1. Margin indented at R5-M1; apically dark brown, elsewhere ocher. Fringe white in apical half, copper in dorsal half. Hindwing white, tornus bearing tuft of thin brown iridescent scales in males.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 88)</p><p>Uncus about 9/10 of tegumen arm length, with conspicuous ventral triangular lobe at base, dorsally with thin setae, ventrally covered with thick setae, slightly bent downwards on distal 1/4, apex pointed. Gnathos projection about 1/3 of uncus length, slender, directed posterad. Costal process projecting into an arm about 1/3 of valva length. Costal arm fused to valva, elongate, distally curved upwards into a tip. Valva narrowing on distal half, dorsal margin straight, valva apex rounded. Juxta elongate, narrow at base, enlarging on distal half; distal part forming two incurved arms about 1/4 X juxta length, with rounded setose apex. Phallus straight, narrowing towards apex, slightly sclerotized. Vesica with one large cornutus (length = 200 μm) and two rows of densely packed cornuti.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA</p><p>Not known.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Leyte, Luzon (Bicol), Mindanao (Davao Oriental). Collected at altitudes between 650 and 1050 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The species delimitation analysis recovered three different MOTUs for the specimens of Leyte, Luzon (Laguna), and Mindanao (Davao Oriental). The highest intraspecific divergence observed is of 4.8% between samples MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-D06 from Leyte and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL09-A09 from Luzon (Laguna).</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>From the Latin acute, sharp, and brachium, ii, the arm, refering to the conspicuous arm of male genitalia.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Examination of male genitalia from specimens of the different MOTUs revealed no major differences.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF87C84F742365B6FDD0E2F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF86C84F779966FEFA23E0DB.text	03EDD027FF86C84F779966FEFA23E0DB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gargela polyacantha W. Li 2019	<div><p>Gargela polyacantha Li, 2019</p><p>Figs. 30, 89, 147.</p><p>Gargela polyacantha W. Li in Yang et al., 2019, pp. 2200–2102, figs. 1, 2, 5, 6. Type locality: China, Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, 21°29´N, 101°33´N</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>1 ♂, 3 ♀ (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/ 10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Gargela minuta Song et al., 2009 .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>In Gargela polyacantha, the median line is regularly arched and predominantly ocher (Fig. 30), while it is S-shaped and dark brown in Gargela minuta and G. acutibrachium sp. n. In male genitalia (Fig. 89), the medial dorsal bump of the costal process is less pronounced than in Gargela minuta; the distal part is abutted to the valva, while it is separated from it in Gargela minuta . In female genitalia (Fig. 147), the basal half of ductus bursae is covered with dense tiny spines, and the corpus bursae is globular with two thorn-shaped signa (Yang et al., 2019).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>CHINA: Guizhou, Yunnan. PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Batangas, Zambales). Collected at altitudes between 150 and 250 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The highest intraspecific p-distance of 0.8% is found between specimens MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL09-D09 and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-H05, both from Zambales mountains in Luzon.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>This is the first record of this species from the Philippines.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF86C84F779966FEFA23E0DB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF86C84C74236494FEC3E71B.text	03EDD027FF86C84C74236494FEC3E71B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gargela xanthocasis (Meyrick 1897)	<div><p>Gargela xanthocasis (Meyrick, 1897)</p><p>Figs. 31, 90, 148.</p><p>Mixophyla xanthocasis Meyrick, 1897, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897: 81, pl. A. 8. Type locality: Indonesia, Sangir Island. Hampson, 1897, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1897: 135; Hampson, 1899, Jour. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.12: 700, fig.1: 8.</p><p>Gargela xanthocasis Inoue, 1982, Moths of Japan II: 332, pl.38: 68 (♂); Song et al., 2009, p. 42, figs. 1,13.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>1 ♂, 1 ♀ (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/ 10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Gargela distigma Song et al., 2009 .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>This species can be recognized by the two marginal spots of the forewing that are not found in other Gargela species of the Philippines. In male genitalia, the costal process is projected dorsally into a conspicuous tip abutted basally with a small bump, and the vesica bears three to five characteristic spines of decreasing length. In female genitalia (Fig. 148), the antrum exhibits a broad sclerotized plate; the enlarged basal 1/4 of ductus bursae is covered with scattered, long spines; the ductus bursae is regularly curved, enlarging towards corpus opening; and the corpus bursae is globular with two lanceolate signa abutting each other.</p><p>REDESCRIPTION</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 31)</p><p>Forewing length 5 mm (n = 1); ground color snow white. Median line broadly arched towards margin. Postmedian area with vein ochreous. Subterminal line curved towards margin in costal half, then slightly bent inwardly by the two subterminal spots, ocher, medially dark brown. Subterminal area medially ocher with two conspicuous dark brown blotches at M3 and CuA1 cells. Margin slightly incurved at R5-M1; apically dark brown. Fringe white, medially copper. Hindwing white, tornus bearing tuft of thin brown iridescent scales in males.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 90)</p><p>Uncus about half of tegumen arm length, basally projected into two conspicuous ventral lobes, dorsally with scattered setae, ventrally covered with thick setae, apex slightly bent downwards, pointed. Gnathos projection short, pointed posterad. Costal arm fused to valva, medially projecting into a dorsal conspicuous tip doubled by a small anterior bump; costa apex pointed, not extending beyond valva apex. Valva abruptly narrowed on distal 1/4, apex pointed. Juxta elongate, conspicuously narrowed at basal 1/4, from there enlarging into two incurved arms forming rounded setose apex. Phallus straight with lightly sclerotized apex. Vesica with five conspicuous cornuti with decreasing length as well as 200+ tiny spines.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 148)</p><p>Papillae anales posterior margin regularly rounded. Posterior apophyses ca 1.75 X length of tergite VIII. Intersegmental membrane VIII-IX ca 1/3 X length of tergite VIII. Anterior apophyses ca 4 X length of tergite VIII. Antrum forming broad orbicular sclerotization. Colliculum with sclerotized patches. Ductus bursae at base forming a pouch covered with small spines; ductus kinked at half length, enlarged in distal 1/4. Ductus seminalis branching at 1/4 of ductus length. Corpus bursae globular, reticulate, with two small oblong signa.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>CHINA: South China; INDONESIA: Sulawesi Utara, New Guinea; JAPAN; PAKISTAN; PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Quezon, Camarines Sur); TAIWAN. Reported at between 100 and 1200 m (this study; Song et al., 2009).</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The highest intraspecific divergence observed is of 1.5% between samples MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL09-D05 from Luzon (Quezon) and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL09-E05 from South Luzon (Camarines Sur: Mt Isarog).</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>This is the first record of this species from the Philippines. The specimen illustrated in Song et al. (2009) has three marginal spots on the forewing. However, the type specimen in the NHMUK only has two spots. Male genitalia strongly resemble those illustrated in Song et al. (2009). However, they count only three cornuti, while the specimen investigated here shows an additional two cornuti, much smaller. Distribution records from the literature are doubtful (Song et al., 2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF86C84C74236494FEC3E71B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF85C84D779963D5FDB0E357.text	03EDD027FF85C84D779963D5FDB0E357.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gargela bidentella Leger 2024	<div><p>Gargela bidentella Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/E927154D-E665-4992-BF07-6694A7084C50</p><p>Figs. 32, 91, 149.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_dc6875, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-E05, genitalia on slide TL1325♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI202-22, Genbank Accession Number PP196883). PHILIPPINES: Negros, Negros Oriental, Patag, 750 m, 20-25.05.1996 (W. Mey). Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratypes: 2 ♀ (specimen identifiers coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_9859, 673744), same collecting data (detailed information on Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/ dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Gargela minuta Song et al., 2009 .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>This species is very similar to Gargela minuta in forewing pattern (see diagnosis of G. minuta). In male genitalia (Fig. 91), the bifid apical projection of the costal process allows unambiguous segregation of the species from other Gargela species. In female genitalia (Fig. 149), this species shares the elongate corpus bursae with two thorn-shaped signa with G. minuta; however, the antrum lacks the ventral, lightly sclerotized depressions observed in G. minuta .</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 32)</p><p>Forewing length 4.5 mm (n = 1); ground color snow white. Median line arched towards margin in costal 1/3, then running in a straight line down to termen. Subterminal line originating at 3/4 of costa, curved towards margin, then inwardly around subterminal spot, running downwards to termen; dark brown from R5 to M2, otherwise ochre. Subterminal area with conspicuous dark brown blotch at M3 cell. Margin slightly indented at R5-M1; apically dark brown, otherwise ochre. Fringe white, medially copper with four dark brown spots. Hindwing white, tornus bearing tuft of thin brown iridescent scales in males.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 91)</p><p>Uncus ca 1/3 of tegumen arm length, narrow, beak-shaped, ventrally covered with thick setae, dorso-apically setose, apex pointed. Gnathos projection as long as uncus, straight, apical 1/4 curved upwards, tip pointed. Valva ventrally narrowed at midlength, distal half slender, gently curved upwards; costal process fused to valva in basal 3/4; basal 1/3 with slender arm projecting dorso-posterad; distal 1/4 projecting upwards, apically bifid with one tooth pointing upwards and one hook-like projection pointing inwards. Juxta broad, distal 1/3 with conspicuous lateral lobes, apex forming two lobes setose. Vesica with ca 200 cornuti, apex with one isolated cornutus.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 149)</p><p>Papillae anales posterior margin regularly rounded. Posterior apophyses ca 1.75 X length of tergite VIII. Intersegmental membrane VIII-IX ca 1.75 X length of tergite VIII. Anterior apophyses ca 3.75 X length of tergite VIII. Antrum and colliculum lightly sclerotized, with longitudinal ridges. Basal half of ductus bursae covered with spines, kink at midlength, distal half membranous, straight. Corpus bursae egg-shaped, reticulate, with two thorn-shaped signa.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Negros. Collected at an altitude of 750 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The highest intraspecific divergence observed is 0.5% between specimen MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-H06 and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-F05.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>Apposition of the Latin bi -, “two,” dens, tis, “dent,” and the diminutive suffix –ella, referring to the two apical teeth of the costal process in male genitalia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF85C84D779963D5FDB0E357	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF84C84D742365D4FC23E401.text	03EDD027FF84C84D742365D4FC23E401.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ancylolomia chrysographellus (Kollar & Redtenbacher 1844)	<div><p>Ancylolomia chrysographellus (Kollar &amp; Redtenbacher, 1844)</p><p>Figs. 92, 150.</p><p>Chilo chrysographellus (Kollar &amp; Redtenbacher, 1844: 494) . Type locality: India, Uttarakhand [Himalaya], Mussoorie [Massouri]</p><p>= Ancylolomia basistriga Moore, 1886: 382, pl. 184 fig. 1. Type locality: [Sri Lanka] Ceylon, Neuera Eliza. Bleszynski 1970 c: 28 (syn.)</p><p>= bassistriga Błeszyński &amp; Collins, 1962: 207</p><p>= Jartheza cassimella Swinhoe, 1887: 461, pl. 41 figs. 4, 6. Type locality: India, Mhow. Bleszynski 1970 c: 30 (syn.)</p><p>= Jartheza responsella Walker, 1863 b: 184 . Type locality: [India, Hindustan], North Hindostan</p><p>= Jartheza xylinella Walker, 1863 b: 184-185 . Type locality: Nepal. Bleszynski 1970 c: 28 (syn.)</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>No material was examined for this species.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>The long and slender cornutus in male genitalia (Fig. 92) places this species in the inornata species group (Bleszynski, 1970). From the other Ancylolomia species, A. chrysographellus can be recognized by the dent-shaped costal process of the valva.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>AFRICA; CHINA; INDIA; INDONESIA; JAPAN; KOREA; MYANMAR; PAKISTAN; PHILIPPINES; SAUDI ARABIA; SRI LANKA; TAIWAN (Khan et al., 1991).</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>No specimen was investigated for this species. Khan et al. (1991) list the Philippines in the distribution of A. chrysographellus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF84C84D742365D4FC23E401	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF84C84D779967E2FF6DE964.text	03EDD027FF84C84D779967E2FF6DE964.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ancylolomia Hubner 1825	<div><p>Ancylolomia Hübner, 1825</p><p>Ancylolomia Hübner, 1825 n: 363.</p><p>Type species: Tinea palpella Denis &amp; Schiffermüller, 1775</p><p>= Acylolomia Hampson, 1919 b: 143</p><p>= Jartheza Walker, 1863 b: 183 . Type species: Chilo chrysographellus Kollar, [1844] 1848</p><p>= Tollia Amsel, 1949 b: 280 . Type species: Crambus pectinatellus Zeller, 1847 .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Ancylolomia was revised by Bleszynski (1970b); however, he did not provide a definition of the genus. A definition is provided by Bassi (2013). Ancylolomia can be recognized by the following characters of the forewing: ground color pale brown with longitudinal tawny stripes often with dark brown and silver shiny scales; subterminal line shiny silver, rather straight; submarginal row of brown to grey spots; in many species termen concave near M1-M2. Male genitalia have the following characters: uncus beak-shaped, relatively short, in some species with dorsal horns, apex pointing downwards; gnathos slightly longer than uncus, beak-shaped, apex pointing upwards; phallus with ductus ejaculatorius at anterior end of phallus (Landry, 1995; Léger et al., 2019; pers. obs.). Female genitalia with papillae anales not coalesced dorsally and ventrally; posterior and anterior apophyses very short; sterigma present; ductus bursae very short, often with small scattered sclerites, barely demarcated from corpus bursae in most species; corpus bursae elongate, without signa (Bassi, 2013; Bleszynski, 1970a; pers. obs.).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>Known from the Afrotropical, Palearctic, Oriental, and Australasian regions. Three species are reported from the Philippines: Ancylolomia chrysographellus (Kollar &amp; Redtenbacher, 1844), Ancylolomia orchidea Bleszynski, 1970, and Ancylolomia westwoodi Zeller, 1863 .</p><p>PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS</p><p>Ancylolomia belongs to the Ancylolomiini (Léger et al., 2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF84C84D779967E2FF6DE964	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF84C849742360CFFDC9E3A4.text	03EDD027FF84C849742360CFFDC9E3A4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ancylolomia orchidea Bleszynski 1970	<div><p>Ancylolomia orchidea Bleszynski, 1970</p><p>Figs. 33, 93, 151.</p><p>Ancylolomia orchidea Bleszynski, 1970: 35, figs. 11, 15. Type locality: Philippines, Luzon, Benguet, Baguio, 5000’</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Specimen examined: 2 ♂ (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Ancylolomia westwoodi Zeller, 1863 .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>In male genitalia (Fig. 93), the following characters separate this species from the widespread A. westwoodi: the prominent thorn-like projections at midlength of uncus dorsum reach 2/3 of the uncus length and show no dorsal bump, while the projection is slightly less than half the uncus length and shows a marked dorsal bump in the form of A. westwoodi found in the Philippines. Furthermore, the saccus anterior margin is conspicuously incurved, while it is straight or slightly rounded in A. westwoodi specimens from the Philippines. In female genitalia (Fig. 151), A. orchidea lacks the bag-shaped sclerites and the interspersed sclerotization on the antrum (Bleszynski, 1970b).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Cordillera central), Panay (Iloilo). Collected at altitudes between 400 and 2000 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The species delimitation analysis recovered two MOTUs, one for the specimen from North Luzon and one for the specimen from Panay. A p-distance of 6.9% is observed between samples MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-F08 (Panay) and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-D12 (Luzon, Ifugao).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF84C849742360CFFDC9E3A4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF80C849779967B0FA8DE1B9.text	03EDD027FF80C849779967B0FA8DE1B9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ancylolomia westwoodi Zeller 1863	<div><p>Ancylolomia westwoodi Zeller, 1863</p><p>Figs. 34, 94, 152.</p><p>Ancylolomia westwoodi Zeller, 1863 b: 11 . Type locality: Australia [Terra Vandiemenii]</p><p>= Ancylolomia westwoodi bitubirosella Amsel, 1959 d: 11, text-fig. 2, pl. 1 fig. 1, pl. 3 fig. 4. Type locality: Iran, Balochistan, Iranshar, 800 m</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>2 ♂, 1 ♀ (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/ 10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Ancylolomia orchidea Bleszynski, 1970 .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Characters of the male genitalia (Fig. 94) and female genitalia (Fig. 152) separate this species from A. orchidea . See diagnosis of A. orchidea .</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>AFGHANISTAN; AUSTRALIA; INDIA; INDONESIA: Java, Sumatra; MALAYSIA; PAKISTAN; PHILIPPINES: Luzon; SRI LANKA (Bleszynski, 1970b). Collected at an altitude of 250 m on the Philippines.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The two specimens with sample numbers MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-E08 and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-C12, both from Luzon, Zambales, diverge by p-dist=1.1% from each other. These two specimens show a divergence 7-9% with specimens of A. westwoodi on BOLD collected in Australia (see Fig. S2a), which is the type locality of the species.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Ancylolomia westwoodi is widespread all over the Oriental and Australasian regions (Bleszynski, 1970b) and probably represent a species complex rather than one single homogeneous species, as attested by analyses of the COI barcodes. This is the first record for the Philippines.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF80C849779967B0FA8DE1B9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF80C84974236478FA2BE6B7.text	03EDD027FF80C84974236478FA2BE6B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chilo ZINCKEN 1817	<div><p>CHILO ZINCKEN, 1817</p><p>Chilo Zincken, 1817: 33 .</p><p>Type species: Tinea phragmitella Hübner, 1810</p><p>= Borer * Guenée, 1862: 68-70. Type species: Phalaena saccharalis Fabricius sensu Guenée, 1862 . Tams 1942: 67 (syn.)</p><p>= Chilona Sodoffsky, 1837: 94</p><p>= Chilotraea Kapur, 1950: 402, 403. Type species: Chilo infuscatellus Snellen, 1890 . Błeszyński 1962 d: 1 (syn.)</p><p>= Diphryx Grote, 1881 d: 273 . Type species: Diphryx prolatella Grote, 1881 . Hampson 1896: 954 (syn.)</p><p>= Hypiesta Hampson, 1919 a: 538 . Type species: Hypiesta argyrogramma Hampson, 1919 . Błeszyński, 1965, p. 102 (syn.)</p><p>= Nephalia Turner, 1911: 113 . Type species: Nephalia crypsimetalla Turner, 1911 . Błeszyński 1966: 478 (syn.)</p><p>= Silveria Dyar, 1925: 10 . Type species: Silveria hexhex Dyar, 1925 .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Błeszyński provided a world revision for the genus (Bleszynski, 1970), and Landry provides a redescription of the genus (Landry, 1995). Species of Chilo have yellow to brown forewings with subterminal line, devoid of longitudinal lines, with many species having metallic scales, which are hypothesized as the apomorphy for the genus by Landry (Bleszynski, 1970c; Landry, 1995). Male genitalia have the following characters: uncus short and stout; gnathos as long as uncus; valva rather simple; vinculum conspicuously projected; pseudosaccus present; juxta usually with long arms, sometimes assymetrical (Bleszynski, 1970c). Female genitalia with papillae anales coalesced dorsally and ventrally; posterior apophyses roughly the length of tergite VIII; anterior apophyses 2-3 X tergite length; sterigma absent; antrum sclerotized; ductus bursae often with longitudinal sclerotized ridges; corpus bursae variable in shape, with or without cornuti.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>Known from all continents except Antarctica (Bleszynski, 1970c; Nuss et al., 2003 –2023). The genus shows its highest diversity in the Afrotropics (Bleszynski, 1970c). Some pest species show wide distributions. Seven species are reported from the Philippines: Chilo auricilius Dudgeon, 1905, Chilo infuscatellus Snellen, 1890, Chilo luteellus (Motschulsky, 1866), Chilo pulverata (Wileman &amp; South, 1917), Chilo polychrysus (Meyrick, 1932), Chilo sacchariphagus (Bojer, 1856), and Chilo suppressalis (Walker, 1863) .</p><p>PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS</p><p>The genus Chilo is part of the Chiloini (Léger et al., 2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF80C84974236478FA2BE6B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF9FC856779965D4FCC7E30B.text	03EDD027FF9FC856779965D4FCC7E30B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chilo auricilius Dudgeon 1905	<div><p>Chilo auricilius Dudgeon, 1905</p><p>Figs. 35, 95, 153.</p><p>Chilo auricilia Dudgeon, 1905: 405 . Type locality: India, Burogah, N. Bihar.</p><p>= Diatraea auricilia (Dudgeon): Fletcher 1928: 58; Gupta 1940: 799.</p><p>= Chilotraea auricilia (Dudgeon): Kapur 1950: 408.</p><p>= Chilo popescugorji Błeszyński, 1963: 179, fig. 63, type locality: Taiwan, China; Bleszynski, 1970: 135 (syn.).</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>7 ♀ (detailed information on Table S1; https://doi.org/ 10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Chilo polychrysus (Meyrick, 1932) .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Chilo auricilius, also known as the Gold-fringed Stemborer, is a widespread species in South-East Asia. It can be recognized by the silver suffusion as well as the thickly marked silver median line in males and females (Fig. 35). This species is highly similar to Chilo polychrysus in habitus, which led to erroneous reports from the Philippines (Barrion et al., 1990). Examination of male genitalia (Fig. 95) enables unambiguous identification of this species: pars basalis at base of valva absent (thorn-shaped pars basalis at base of valva in C. polychrysus); saccus narrow, conspicuously protruding anterad; juxta with two medium-length symmetrical arms not extending beyond basal-costal angle of valva, straight (two arms curved around the phallus in C. polychrysus); phallus with ventro-lateral arms roughly curved, reaching subapical part of phallus (strongly curved, reaching apex of phallus in C. polychrysus); phallus with subapical conical bump and small bulbose basal projection (both absent in C. polychrysus). In female genitalia (Fig. 153), the following characters distinguish this species from congeneric species: short ring-shaped sclerotized antrum; ductus bursae narrow, ca 1.5 X length of corpus bursae; corpus bursae progressively widening, pear-shaped, without signum. Chilo polychrysus exhibits a conspicuous C-shaped sclerotization at antrum, on each side of ductus opening, which enables unambiguous recognition of the species.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>Most of South-East Asia (Sugar Research Australia). PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Batangas, Cagayan, Laguna, Quezon, Zambales), Panay (Iloilo), Mindanao (Davao Oriental, Misamis Oriental, Sirugao del Sur) (Litsinger et al., 2011). Collected at altitudes between 50 and 850 m on the Philippines.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>A maximum p-distance of 0.33% is observed between specimens MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-B08 from Mindanao (Surigao) and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-H09 from Luzon (Quezon). Haplotype network reconstruction including all available BOLD sequences reveal that the Philippine haplotype is identical to a haplotype found elsewhere in Australia and India.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>This Chilo species is a pest of sugarcane in South-East Asia. It also feeds on rice, maize, and sorghum (Bleszynski, 1970c; Litsinger et al., 2011; Maes, 2022). In a survey of Chilo species on rice in the Philippines, C. auricilius accounted for 73% of the total number of specimens collected, while C. polychrysus was not recorded (Barrion et al., 1990). Broad distribution of Chilo auricilius over the Philippines is the result of rice culture expansion over the archipelago.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF9FC856779965D4FCC7E30B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF9FC857742367C4FE53E0B6.text	03EDD027FF9FC857742367C4FE53E0B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chilo infuscatellus (Snellen 1890)	<div><p>Chilo infuscatellus (Snellen, 1890)</p><p>Figs. 37, 96, 154.</p><p>Chilo infuscatellus Snellen 1890: 94 . Type locality: Indonesia, Java</p><p>= Argyria sticticraspis Hampson 1919: 449; Gupta 1940: 788; Isaac &amp; Rao 1941: 799; Isaac &amp; Venkatraman 1941: 806 [syn. Kapur 1950].</p><p>= Argyria coniorata Hampson 1919: 449 . Fletcher 1928 (syn.).</p><p>= Diatraea calamina Hampson 1919: 544; Kapur 1950 (syn.).</p><p>= Diatraea auricilia (Dudgeon): Fletcher &amp; Ghosh 1920: 387.</p><p>= Diatraea shariinensis Eguchi 1933: 3; Kapur 1950 (syn.).</p><p>= Chilo tadzhikiellus Gerasimov 1949: 704; Błeszyński 1962: 111 (syn.).</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>3 ♀ (detailed information on Table S1; https://doi.org/ 10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Chilo infuscatellus, also known as the Yellow Top Borer, have narrow brownish forewings medially speckled with dark brown and snow white hindwings. This species can be separated from other Chilo species by the presence of a conspicuous cornutus on the vesica of the male genitalia (Fig. 96). In female genitalia (Fig. 154), the following characters distinguish this species from congeneric species: ostial pouch distincly incised; ductus bursae devoid of swellings and sclerotized markings; corpus bursae with one signum (Anon, 2019; Bleszynski, 1970c).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>AFGHANISTAN; INDIA; INDONESIA, MYANMAR; PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Benguet; Zambales); TAIWAN; TAJIKISTAN; TIMOR (Bleszynski, 1970c). Collected at altitudes between 150 and 500 m on the Philippines.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>A maximum intraspecific p-distance of 0.3% is observed between MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL11-B01, MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL11-A01, and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL11-G01, all from Luzon (Zambales). The haplotypes of Luzon are most closely related to those found in Thailand (see Fig. S2e). A maximum intraspecific divergence of 7.1% is observed in specimen LSTEM114-18 from Java identified as Chilo infuscatellus .</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Błeszyński (1970) investigated one female specimen from Klondyke on Luzon, Philippines.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF9FC857742367C4FE53E0B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF9EC85777996741FB39E219.text	03EDD027FF9EC85777996741FB39E219.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chilo luteellus (Motschulsky 1866)	<div><p>Chilo luteellus (Motschulsky, 1866)</p><p>Figs. 36, 97, 155.</p><p>Schoenobius luteellus Motschulsky, 1866: 199 . Type locality: Japan, Honshu, Kanagawa Pref., Kugenuma, Fujisawa</p><p>= Chilo concolorellus Christoph, 1885, in Romanoff: 149, pl. 8 figs. 15a, b; type locality: Turkmenistan, Askhabad.</p><p>= Chilo gensanellus Leech, 1889: 108, pl. 5 fig. 9; type locality: Korea, Gensan.</p><p>= Chilo dubia Bethune-Baker, 1894: 48, pl. 1 figs. 18, 19; type locality: Egypt, Alexandria.</p><p>= Chilo boxanus Hering, 1903: 111; type locality: China, Yangtse.</p><p>= Chilo plumbosellus Chrétien, 1910: 366; type locality: Algeria, Biskra.</p><p>= Chilo molydellus Zerny in Osthelder, 1935: 79; type locality: Syria, Amanus, Juksek Dagh.</p><p>= Chilo pseudoplumbellus Caradja, 1932: 117; type locality: China, Tianjin.</p><p>= Chilo luteellus (Motschulsky): Shibuya, 1928: 144.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>1 ♂, 2 ♀ (detailed information on Table S1; https://doi.org/ 10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Chilo pulverosellus Ragonot, 1895 .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Chilo luteellus (Fig. 36) is a rather large species (♂: 10 mm, ♀: 13-14 mm) and has somewhat broader forewings than other large Chilo species. Unambiguous identification succeeds by examination of the genitalia. In male genitalia (Fig. 97), the two elongate arms of the juxta and the absence of ventral arm on phallus separate this species and C. pulverosellus from other Chilo species. From C. pulverosellus, it is separated by the valva shape, which is more triangular than in C. pulverosellus, and the tips of the juxtal arms have a short tooth missing in C. pulverosellus (note that C. pulverosellus is not reported from the Philippines). In female genitalia (Fig. 155), the following characters distinguish this species from congeneric species: ductus bursae with basal half sclerotized, distally indented, abutted by two sclerotized lobes at ductus midlength; distinct swelling at midlength; ductus distal half wrinkled, with punctuate membrane; corpus bursae with light sclerotized ring at corpus opening; signum lacking (Anon 2019; Bleszynski, 1970c).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>ALGERIA; CHINA; CROATIA; ISRAEL; ITALY; JAPAN; PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Laguna), Mindoro, Negros; ROMANIA; RUSSIA; SPAIN (Bleszynski, 1970c; Koren, 2021; Poltavsky &amp; Artokhin, 2015). Collected at an altitude of 150 m on the Philippines. Bleszynski (1970c) reports the species from North Africa and Central Asia. He investigated one female specimen from the USNM collected on Mount Makiling (Laguna).</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>A maximum intraspecific p-distance of 1.0 % is observed between specimens MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-C08 from Mindoro and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL10-H09 from Negros. Three haplotypes were recovered in total from the Philippines. Of the three DNA barcodes available for this species, the haplotype from Shandong, China, is recovered as the closest neighbor, while the two other haplotype from Italy are more distantly related (Fig. S2f).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF9EC85777996741FB39E219	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF9EC857742366D7FAADE6EA.text	03EDD027FF9EC857742366D7FAADE6EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chilo pulverata (Wileman & South 1917) Wileman & South 1917	<div><p>Chilo pulverata (Wileman &amp; South, 1917)</p><p>Figs. 98, 156.</p><p>Diatraea pulverata Wileman &amp; South, 1917. Type locality: Taiwan [Formosa], Kanshirei, 1000 ft.</p><p>= Chilo izuensis Okano, 1962 a: 123, pl. 6, fig. 6; Bleszynski, 1970: 132 (syn.)</p><p>= Chilo izouensis Błeszyński, 1965 a: 115</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>No material was examined for this species.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>This species can be separated from other Chilo species by examination of the male genitalia (Fig. 98): juxta symmetrical, with lateral arms arms not extending beyond basal-costal angle of valva; phallus with short ventral arm, subapical long patch of thorns and elongate patch of small cornuti. In female genitalia (Fig. 156), the two lamellate signa of the corpus bursae separate this species from other congeneric species of the Philippines (Anon, 2019; Bleszynski, 1970c).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>CHINA; INDONESIA; JAPAN; PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Benguet); TAIWAN; TIMOR.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Błeszyński investigated two specimens (1 ♂, 1 ♀) of this species from Klondyke on Luzon, Philippines.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF9EC857742366D7FAADE6EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF9EC854742362EAFC42E3EB.text	03EDD027FF9EC854742362EAFC42E3EB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chilo sacchariphagus (Bojer 1856)	<div><p>Chilo sacchariphagus (Bojer, 1856)</p><p>Figs. 38, 99, 157.</p><p>Proceras sacchariphagus Bojer, 1856; Błeszyński 1966: 477 ( Chilo). Type locality: Mauritius</p><p>= Argyria straminella Caradja, 1926 c: 168; type locality: China, Tsingtan</p><p>= Borer saccharellus * Guenée, 1862: 70–71; type locality: Réunion; Tams 1942 (syn.)</p><p>= Chilo mauriciellus Walker, 1863 b: 141–142; type locality: Mauritius</p><p>= Chilo venosatus Walker, 1863 b: 144; type locality: Malaysia, Borneo, Sarawak; Bleszynski 1970: 183 (syn.)</p><p>= venosatum * Hua, 2005: 50</p><p>= Diatraea striatalis Snellen, 1890: 98, pl. 2 figs. 1–4; Hampson 1896: 953 (syn.)</p><p>= Chilo sacchariphagus indicus (Kapur, 1950: 414–415, pl. 6 figs. 3, 7, 13) (Proceras); type locality: India, Bihar, Pusa; Błeszyński 1966: 493 ( Chilo)</p><p>= Chilo sacchariphagus stramineella (Caradja, 1926: 168) ( Argyria); type locality: China, Tsingtau</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>1 ♂, 2 ♀ (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/ 10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Chilo sacchariphagus, also known as the Spotted Borer or the Striped Stem Borer, is recognized by the striped forewings with a tiny dark brown cell spot in males, while female specimens are similar to those of C. suppressalis . This species can, however, be separated from other Chilo species by examination of the genitalia. In male genitalia (Fig. 99), the following characters separate this species: juxta plate short, broad, deeply notched, two arm projections conspicuously shorter as in other Chilo species; phallus with a row of 15-30 slender cornuti. In female genitalia (Fig. 157), the following characters separate this species: the antrum is well-marked, sclerotized; the ductus bursae has longitudinal ribs; and the corpus bursae is large, with one scobinate half (Anon, 2019; Bleszynski, 1970c). Bleszynski (1970c) discussed the differences in genitalia between the population from mainland China and Taiwan and that of the Philippines and Indonesia. He states that the “phallus in the specimens from Indonesia and Philippines is thinner and lacks the apical scobinations; in the ♀ genitalia the ductus bursae lacks the sclerite, but shows distinct longitudinal ribbing absent in the specimens from China and Formosa” (Bleszynski, 1970c).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>EAST AFRICA; BANGLADESH; BRUNEI; CAMBODIA; CHINA; INDIA; INDONESIA (Borneo, Java, Bali, Sumatra, Celebes); IRAN; JAPAN; LAOS; MALAYSIA; PAKISTAN; PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Albay, Zambales); SINGAPORE; SRI LANKA; TAIWAN; THAILAND; VIETNAM (CABI Compendium 2019).</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The three specimens from the Philippines sequenced show identical DNA barcodes. Haplotype network reconstruction reveals that the Philippine haplotype is not shared with any other haplotypes retrieved from BOLD and GenBank and shows a p-distance of 2.4% to the closest conspecific specimen AGIMP002-12 from India. The highest distance observed is of 6.1% with specimen LSTEM508-18 from Java, Indonesia.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>This species shows an extensive variation in genitalia, suggesting that it might indeed represent a species complex (Bleszynski, 1970c). Błeszyński investigated six specimens of this species from Benguet and Passay Rizal and two male specimens from Los Banos on Luzon, Philippines. This species is a major pest of sugar-cane in South-East Asia (Bleszynski, 1970c).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF9EC854742362EAFC42E3EB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF9DC855742367E5FDF5E391.text	03EDD027FF9DC855742367E5FDF5E391.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chilo suppressalis (Walker 1863)	<div><p>Chilo suppressalis (Walker, 1863)</p><p>Figs. 39, 100, 158.</p><p>Crambus suppressalis Walker, 1863 . Type locality: [China, Kiangsu], Shanghai</p><p>= Chilo oryzae Fletcher, 1928: 59, pls 3, 4; type locality: India. Pusa; Kawada 1930: 145 (syn.)</p><p>= Jartheza simplex Butler, 1880: 690; type locality: Taiwan [Formosa]; Hampson, 1896: 957 ( Chilo); Vinson, 1942: 40 (syn.)</p><p>= suppresalis Hampson, 1896: 957</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>6 ♀ (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/ 10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Chilo suppressalis, also known as the Asiatic Rice Borer or Striped Rice Borer, is recognized by the cream/yellow forewing with a conspicuous black rounded discoidal spot in males, while females are similar to those of C. sacchariphagus . Chilo suppressalis can be separated from other Chilo species by the following characters of the male genitalia (Fig. 100): arms of juxta ca 2/3 of valva length, distincly swollen at midlength; phallus with characteristic long, thin ventral arm (Bleszynski, 1970c). In female genitalia (Fig. 158), the following characters separate this species: ostial pouch small, slightly demarcated from ductus bursae; ductus bursae basally forming a twist, with sclerotized band; corpus bursae with elongate signum (Bleszynski, 1970c).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>EAST AND SOUTH AFRICA; BANGLADESH; BRUNEI; CAMDOBIA; CHINA; INDIA; INDONESIA; IRAN; JAPAN; LAOS; MALAYSIA; PAKISTAN; PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Bataan, Batangas, Cagayan, Ifugao, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Mountain Province), Marinduque, Mindanao (Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato); SRI LANKA; TAIWAN; THAILAND; VIETNAM.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>A maximum intraspecific p-distance of 0.3% is observed between MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL11-A02 from Luzon (Ifugao) and the other three specimens from Luzon and Marinduque. Haplotype network reconstruction reveals that the Philippine haplotype is shared with specimens from China, South Korea, and Iran.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Chilo suppressalis is one of the most severe rice pest species and is present in the whole Oriental region, reaching temperate China and Japan to the North. It has been introduced to Europe and Hawaii (Maes, 2022). Chilo suppressalis together with Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker, 1863) are the most widespread rice pest species in the Philippines (Calora &amp; Reyes, 1972). The observed decline of Chilo suppressalis in the past decades could be due to the introduction of narrow-stemmed rice (Litsinger et al., 2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF9DC855742367E5FDF5E391	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF9CC85577996289FCDEE773.text	03EDD027FF9CC85577996289FCDEE773.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eschata miranda Bleszynski 1965	<div><p>Eschata cf. miranda Błeszyński, 1965</p><p>Figs. 40, 101, 159.</p><p>Eschata miranda Błeszyński, 1965, in Amsel et al. (eds.): 99, pl. 40 fig. 501, 2, pl. 90 fig. 50. Type locality: Taiwan.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>2 ♂, 6 ♀ (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/ 10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Eschata sp. near miranda Błeszyński, 1965 shows similarities to E. miranda (type locality: India, Darjeeling) and E. rococo Błeszyński, 1970 (type locality: India, Khasis) in male genitalia (Fig. 101): uncus parrot-beak shaped, kinked downwards at half length; gnathos arm with posterior edge protruded upwards; valva slightly curved upwards, basally with narrow costal arm projecting postero-dorsally, juxta apex deeply notched; vesica with patch of short cornuti. However, the present species shows noticeable differences to E. miranda and R. rococo: The costal arm is dorsally concave (convex in the two other species), the juxta apical arms are narrower and slightly longer, and the vesica has a large, isolated cornutus not found in the two other species. The large, isolated cornutus of the vesica is also observed in E. miranda Błeszyński, 1965 (type locality: Taiwan); however, the short and bulky costal arm of the latter species separates it from the Philippine species.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Laguna, Zambales), Marinduque, Palawan. Collected at altitudes between 40 and 500 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The highest intraspecific divergence observed is of 3.8% between specimens MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-D11 from Luzon (Zambales) and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-G11 from Palawan. Both specimens from Palawan only yielded sequences for the COI1a fragment and were thus not included in the species delimitation analysis.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>E. rococo is a possible synonym of E. rififi . Both species are only separated by minor details of the juxta in male genitalia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF9CC85577996289FCDEE773	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF9CC8557799665CFCB5E6CF.text	03EDD027FF9CC8557799665CFCB5E6CF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eschata Walker 1856	<div><p>Eschata Walker, 1856</p><p>Eschata Walker, 1856 .</p><p>Type species: Eschata gelida Walker, 1856</p><p>= Chaerecla Walker, 1865 b: 633 . Type species: Chaerecla chrysargyria Walker, 1865 . Hampson 1896: 961 (syn.)</p><p>= Myeza Walker, 1863 b: 190 . Type species: Myeza tonsalis Walker, 1863</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>The Palaearctic fauna of Eschata was revised by Błeszyński (1965). Forewings are shiny snow white, generally with one postmedian and one subterminal line (pers. obs.). Male genitalia with the following characteristics: parrot-beak shaped uncus and beak-shaped gnathos; valva with costal arm; sacculus not marked; juxta notched or bifid as in other Chiloini (Léger et al., 2019; pers. obs.); vesica often with patch of short cornuti. Female genitalia are characterized as follows: papillae anales large, coalesced ventrally and dorsally; posterior apophyses roughly as long as length of tergite VIII; anterior apophyses roughly twice as long as length of tergite VIII; antrum membranous; posterior half of ductus sclerotized as in Chilo species; corpus bursae often with one signum.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>Known from the Oriental region. One species, Eschata sp. cf. rififi Błeszyński, 1965, is reported here from the Philippines.</p><p>PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS</p><p>Although the genus was not included in the molecular phylogeny of Léger et al. (2019), it can be confidently placed in the Chiloini based on the bifid juxta in male genitalia as well as the thick venulae secundae on the tympanal organs.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF9CC8557799665CFCB5E6CF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF9CC85E7423633EFE27E57D.text	03EDD027FF9CC85E7423633EFE27E57D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calamotropha Zeller 1863	<div><p>Calamotropha Zeller, 1863</p><p>Calamotropha Zeller, 1863 b: 8, 9. Type species: Tinea paludella Hübner, [1824] 1796</p><p>= Aurelianus Błeszyński, 1962 d: 2 . Type species: Chilo discellus Walker, 1863</p><p>= Myeza Walker, 1863 b: 190 . Type species: Myeza tonsalis Walker, 1863</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Calamotropha was revised by Błeszyński (1961) and the genus was redescribed by Landry (1995). The combination of forewing Rs4 vein stalked with Rs2+Rs3 and the open hindwing cell characterize the genus (Landry, 1995; Léger et al., 2019). Forewing white or brown, generally with a median and a subterminal fascia, margin with several small dots (W. Li &amp; Li, 2012a; pers. obs.). Male genitalia with hairs at base of uncus; tegumen usually with short dorsal roof; valva relatively short; pseudosaccus present; vinculum subtriangular, conspicuously protruding anterad, saccus blunt (Landry, 1995; W. Li &amp; Li, 2012a). Female genitalia with papillae anales coalesced dorsally and ventrally; posterior apophyses roughly as long as tergite VIII; anterior apophyses short or absent; antrum often sclerotized; ductus bursae usually slender; corpus bursae usually without signum.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>Known from the Afrotropical, the Palearctic, Oriental, and Australasian regions (Błeszyński, 1961). Seven species are reported here from the Philippines, of which five can be confidently named: Calamotropha anacantha sp. n., Calamotropha atkinsoni Zeller, 1863, Calamotropha obliterans (Walker, 1863), Calamotropha philippinensis sp. n., Calamotropha unicolorellus (Zeller, 1863) .</p><p>PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS</p><p>Calamotropha is part of the Calamotrophini, also including Pseudocatharylla Błeszyński, 1961 and Vaxi Błeszyński, 1962 (Léger et al., 2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF9CC85E7423633EFE27E57D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF97C85E7799617AFCB5E96F.text	03EDD027FF97C85E7799617AFCB5E96F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calamotropha atkinsoni Zeller 1863	<div><p>Calamotropha atkinsoni Zeller, 1863</p><p>Figs. 102, 160.</p><p>Calamotropha atkinsoni Zeller, 1863 . Type locality: India, near Calcutta.</p><p>= Calamotropha fuscicostella Snellen, 1880: 247 . Type locality: Indonesia, Sulawesi [Celebes], Bonthain; Makassar; Maros. Błeszyński, 1961 e: 196 (syn.)</p><p>= Crambus holodryas Meyrick, 1933: 444, 445. Type locality: [Thailand] Siam</p><p>= Calamotropha atkinsoni malaica Błeszyński, 1961 e: 196, 197, pl. 32 50, pl. 63 fig. 189. Type locality: Singapore</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>No material was investigated for this species.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>In male genitalia (Fig. 102), the very short, rounded uncus and the two conspicuous spine-like cornuti on the vesica unambiguously separate this species from other Calamotropha species (Błeszyński, 1961). In female genitalia (Fig. 160), the conspicuous sterigma covered by minute hair forms a chamber surrounding the antrum.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>Ranging from India to the Philippines (Błeszyński, 1961).</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Błeszyński (1961) reports this species from the Philippines.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF97C85E7799617AFCB5E96F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF97C85F742365D4FD70E328.text	03EDD027FF97C85F742365D4FD70E328.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calamotropha obliterans (Walker 1863)	<div><p>Calamotropha obliterans (Walker, 1863)</p><p>Figs. 41, 103, 161.</p><p>Crambus obliterans Walker, 1863: 169, 170. Type locality: [Malaysia] Sarawak, Borneo.</p><p>= Crambus candidifer Walker, 1863: 170, 171</p><p>= Crambus candifer Hampson, 1896c: 934</p><p>= Crambus condidifer Błeszyński &amp; Colling, 1962: 223</p><p>= obliteranus (Hua, 2005: 52) ( Crambus)</p><p>Calamotropha obliterans Błeszyński, 1961, pp. 168, 169; pl. 24, fig. 20; pl. 47, fig. 111; pl. 66, fig. 204</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>4 ♂, 1 unsexed (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Calamotropha formosella Błeszyński, 1961, C. okanoi Błeszyński, 1961 .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Calamotropha obliterans can be separated from other Calamotropha species by the following characters of the forewing: ground color cream, costa dark brown, median line on costal half evenly arched outwardly, forming a dot at midlength, then fading towards dorsum; median discoidal marked spot; subterminal line arched outwards near costa, cream, basally thinly edged with dark brown. Błeszyński (1961) states that the habitus of C. obliterans resembles that of C. formosella and C. okanoi . The genitalia enable unambiguous separation from these two species. In the male (Fig. 103), the valva apex is broadly notched ventrally (notch smaller in C. okanoi), the valva apex is pointed (rounded in C. formosella), and the vesica bears one medium and small cornuti (no cornuti in C. formosella, one single cornutus in C. okanoi). In female genitalia, the ventral, evenly curved plate of the antrum separates this species from other Calamotropha species.</p><p>REDESCRIPTION OF FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 161)</p><p>Posterior apophyses ca 5/4 of length of tergite VIII length, medially larger. Anterior apophyses ca 1.5 X tergite VIII length, narrowed on distal half. Antrum forming ventral evenly curved plate. Ductus bursae ca 1/4 of corpus length, straight. Corpus bursae not well demarcated from ductus bursae, elongate, membranous, devoid of signum.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>MALAYSIA: Sabah, Sarawak; PHILIPPINES: Leyte, Luzon, Palawan, Samar. Collected at altitudes between 50 and 500 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The species delimitation analysis recovered four different MOTUs within C. obliterans for the specimens from Leyte, Luzon (Zambales), Palawan, and Samar (one MOTU each). A maximum intraspecific p-distance of 6.7% is found between samples MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL09-C08 from Luzon (Zambales) and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL09-A08 from Palawan.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>The species was described from a female from Sarawak by Walker. Błeszyński could not locate any male specimen from Borneo in the collections he visited (Błeszyński, 1961), so he investigated a male specimen from Palawan. He states that this male “seems to be conspecific with Calamotropha obliterans (Walk.) ”. The unique female investigated here does not match the drawing by Błeszyński (1961). The original slide is a poor-quality dissection where the corpus bursae and part of the ductus have presumably been lost.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF97C85F742365D4FD70E328	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF96C85F77996727FBB0E267.text	03EDD027FF96C85F77996727FBB0E267.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calamotropha unicolorellus (Zeller 1863)	<div><p>Calamotropha unicolorellus (Zeller, 1863)</p><p>Chilo unicolorella Zeller, 1863 . Type locality: Himalayas. Błeszyński, 1961 e: 215 ( Calamotropha)</p><p>Figs. 44, 104, 162.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>1 ♂, 1 ♀ (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/ 10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Calamotropha shichito (Marumo, 1931); Calamotropha pseudodielota Błeszyński, 1961 .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>This species is separated form other Calamotropha species of the Philippines by the uniform brown color of the forewing with the dashed postmedian black line and the marked marginal black triangular spots. In male genitalia (Fig. 104), the basal lobe on the posterior margin of tegumen arms; the flat, spatula-shaped gnathos; and the two heavily sclerotized rods on the vesica are shared with Calamotropha shichito and Calamotropha pseudodielota . The valva of C. unicolorellus lacks the dorsal bump observed in C. pseudodielota, while the evenly curved ventral margin separates it from C. shichito, which has a rather straight ventral margin. The female genitalia (Fig. 162) has enlarged posterior apophyses with thinly dented margins also observed in C. shichito and C. pseudodielota . From C. shichito, it can be separated by the base of the ductus bursae after the antrum which is membranous and straight, while it is lightly sclerotized and kinked in C. shichito (Kim et al., 2023), as well as the posterior apophyses which run straight anterad, while anterior half is bent upwards in C. shichito . The antrum shows an anterior conical part and a posterior shorter, funnel-shaped part.</p><p>DESCRIPTION OF THE MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 104)</p><p>Uncus about 7/6 of tegumen arm length, narrow, straight, apex blunt. Gnathos projection about half the length of uncus, apex broad, spatula-shaped. Tegumen arms with posterior margin forming rounded bump on basal half. Valva ventral margin evenly curved upwards; dorsal margin straight; subdorsal ridge projection on innerside of valva; apex truncated, subapically with patch of thick setae. Vinculum large, triangular, with protruding saccus. Vesica bearing two apical heavily sclerotized rods.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>INDIA; MALAYSIA: Sarawak; PHILIPPINES: Mindanao (Surigao del Sur), Samar; SRI LANKA. Collected at altitudes between 50 and 200 m.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Female genitalia match that of the specimen GS-1334 from Manilla, Philippines, illustrated in Błeszyński (1961: Fig. 209). Błeszyński (1961) notes that “it is possible that the females of C. unicolorella (ZELL.) belong to the species here described [ C. pseudodielota]. However, the two differ in the coloration of head and vertex, in any case all the species of the C. dielota MEYR. -group are nearly indistinguishable on their facies. Too little material is avai[l]abe for my study to clarify this question.”</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF96C85F77996727FBB0E267	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF96C85C74236671FF74E6C2.text	03EDD027FF96C85C74236671FF74E6C2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calamotropha philippinensis Leger 2024	<div><p>Calamotropha philippinensis Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ 0180F47A-9F83-487B-854C-3662F18D97F6</p><p>Figs. 42, 105, 163.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_78b13f, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-D07, TL1054♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI106-21, Genbank Accession Number PP196792). PHILIPPINES: Negros, Patag, 750 m, 20-25.05.1996 (W. Mey). Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratypes: 7 ♂ (coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_f30a8c, d6a5f0, 1ddbb9, df0153, e40908, 14d6d4, db2f1b), 1 ♀ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_36446d) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Calamotropha brevistrigellus (Caradja, 1930), Calamotropha formosella Błeszyński, 1961, Calamotropha latella (Snellen, 1890), Calamotropha melanosticta (Hampson, 1896) .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>The white forewing with marked median and subterminal dark brown lines and the characteristic discal dark brown spot (Fig. 42) separate Calamotropha philippinensis sp. n. from other Calamotropha species of the Philippines. Calamotropha philippinensis sp. n. is externally similar to C. brevistrigellus (Caradja, 1932) and C. melanosticta (Hampson, 1896) but can be confidently separated by the ventral hook-like projection of the valva in male genitalia. Male genitalia (Fig. 105) share the ventral notch of the valva and the single cornutus of the vesica with C. formosella, but the ventral projection is narrow and sclerotized in C. philippinensis sp. n. The female genitalia (Fig. 163) are rather simple, with short posterior apophyses; a narrow, sclerotized ring at the antrum; a long, straight ductus bursae; and a glabrous, ovoid corpus bursae.</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 42)</p><p>Forewing length 4.5-6.7 mm (n = 6); ground color white, sprinkled with brown scales. Median line brown, broadly arched outwards down to CuA2, there forming a characteristic dark brown spot, then arched outwards in dorsal area. Subterminal line brown, broadly arched outwards. Subterminal dash-like brown spot at costa, running parallel to subterminal line. Subapical costal blotch brown, triangular. Margin brown. Fringes copper. Hindwing dirty white, with slightly marked brown margin on costal half.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 105)</p><p>Uncus with W-shaped base, extending into long, narrow projection, with blunt apex; uncus lateral arms connecting to gnathos arms. Gnathos forming broad spatula-shaped projection about 4/5 of uncus projection length. Tegumen arms stout, dorso-medially membranous. Valva short, stout, inwardly curved, densely covered with thick setae on distal half; ventral margin basally with conspicuous thorn-shaped projection pointing inwards; apex broadly rounded. Vinculum large, triangular, with protruding saccus. Vesica with one very short, spine-like cornutus.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 163)</p><p>Posterior apophyses ca 4/5 of length of tergite VIII, narrowed on distal half. Anterior apophyses slightly larger than posterior apophyses, narrowed on distal half. Antrum forming sclerotized ring, ventrally notched. Ductus basal 1/4 wrinkled; distal 3/4 narrow, straight. Ductus seminalis branching at midlength of ductus bursae. Corpus bursae ovoid, roughly as long as ductus bursae; membrane reticulate, devoid of signum.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>A maximum intraspecific p-distance of 5.4% is observed between samples MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-A09 from Luzon (Quezon) and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL09-F08 from Mindoro.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Leyte, Luzon (Albay), Mindoro, Negros, Palawan. Collected at altitudes between 650 and 750 m.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Differences are observed in male genitalia between TL1054♂ (specimen of Negros) and the type specimen TL1211♂ (specimen from Leyte): Saccus is rather rounded in TL1054♂ (triangular in TL1211♂), cornutus is reduced to a dot-shaped sclerotized bump (spine-like in TL1211♂), and valva dorsal margin forms a dorsal bump (not observed in TL1211♂). These specimens differ in DNA barcodes by 0.3%.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF96C85C74236671FF74E6C2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF95C85D742365D4FF4AE445.text	03EDD027FF95C85D742365D4FF4AE445.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calamotropha anacantha Leger 2024	<div><p>Calamotropha anacantha Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ 2AAA12CE-207D-4311-A5EB-0FF4658D6D1E</p><p>Figs. 43, 106, 166.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: 1 ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_1609c7, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-G08, genitalia on slide TL1064♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI142-21, Genbank Accession Number PP196827). PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Isabela, Sierra Madre, 22 km NW of Dinapique, logged primary forest, 700 m, 04.09.2006 (J. H. Lourens) .</p><p>Paratypes: 2 ♀ (specimen identifiers coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_b5fe44, 280927) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Calamotropha tonsalis (Walker, 1863), C. albistrigellus (Hampson, 1896) .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>This species is conspicuously larger than other Calamotropha species found in the Philippines (♂ = 13 mm, ♀ = 15-17 mm). The forewings (Fig. 43) are brownish and reminiscent of Chilo or Ancylolomia species at first glance. However, the forewing of this species is broader and bears a conspicuous, postmedian, broken, brown line bent outwardly up to M1 vein, there angled at 100° and running towards dorsum. This species is externally undistinguishable from Calamotropha tonsalis found in Borneo and can be only confidently identified by examination of genitalic features. In male genitalia (Fig. 106), the vesica lacks the large cornutus found in C. tonsalis, and the gnathos is slightly shorter than the uncus, while it is as long as the uncus in C. tonsalis . Female genitalia (Fig. 166) are very similar, but the straight posterior apophyses with dorsal bump possibly separate this species from C. tonsalis . This species also resembles C. albistrigellus (type locality: Bonin island), but the apex of the valva is notched in the latter, and the gnathos is as long as the uncus.</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 43)</p><p>Forewing length 13 mm (♂, n = 1), 15-17 mm (♀, n = 2); ground color cream to light brown, speckled with darker scales. Antemedian cell spot faintly marked, dark brown. Broad, dark brown fascia on cubital area running from base up to postmedian area. Two postmedian faintly marked dark brown dots. Postmedian line dark brown, dashed, directed outwards up to M1 vein, there angled at 100°, running downwards to dorsum. Thin dark brown margin with five small triangular spots at veins towards tornus. Hindwing cream, suffused with light brown.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 106)</p><p>Uncus ca 5/6 of tegumen arm length, narrow, slightly curved downwards, glabrous, apex rounded. Gnathos arms laterally bearing tuft of sclerotized setae; gnathos projection ca 5/6 of uncus length, narrow, glabrous, slightly curved upwards, with rounded apex. Tegumen arms short, stout. Valva short, stout; ventral margin straight in basal half, bent upwards on distal half; dorsal margin slightly convex; apex with patch of setae, ending in a short tooth. Pseudosaccus present. Phallus slender, slightly arched. Vesica covered with tiny spines.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 166)</p><p>Posterior apophyses ca 1.5 X length of tergite VIII, basally broad, at midlength with a dorsal bump. Anterior apophyses ca half of length of tergite VIII, with dorsal bump at base. Antrum forming a strongly sclerotized ring. Colliculum broad, marked with sclerotized, longitudinal lines. Ductus bursae at base with a small membranous pouch, straight, about twice the length of corpus bursae. Corpus bursae ovoid, reticulate devoid of signum.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Isabela), Marinduque. Collected at altitudes between 400 and 700 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>Two MOTUs were recovered in the species delimitation analysis, one for the two specimens from Eastern Luzon and one for the female specimen from Marinduque. A p-distance of 2.6% is found between MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-B12 (Luzon, Isabela) and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-A11 (Marinduque).</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>From the Greek a-, an-, without, and acantha, spine, referring to the absence of thorn on the corpus bursae of female genitalia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF95C85D742365D4FF4AE445	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF94C85D77996012FB48E323.text	03EDD027FF94C85D77996012FB48E323.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calamotropha undefined-1	<div><p>Calamotropha sp. 1 cf. oculalis</p><p>Figs. 45, 107.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>1 ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_1e3488, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-G09, genitalia on slide TL1070♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI143-21). PHILIPPINES: Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Mount Halcon, 1300 m, 15-17.01.1998 (W. Mey, W. Speidel).</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Calamotropha indica (Błeszyński, 1961), C. melli (Caradja, 1933), C. oculalis (Snellen, 1893), Calamotropha sp. 2 cf. oculalis .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>This species (Fig. 45) is externally very similar to the four species listed above. Calamotropha oculalis is only known from female specimens, hence making comparison with the one male specimen available difficult. In male genitalia (Fig. 107), this species shares the shape of the uncus and gnathos with C. indica and C. melli; however, the conspicuous, ventral, spine-like projections of the valva apex separates this species confidently from the two others.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Mindoro. Collected at an altitude of 1300 m.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>One of the two species presented here is most probably Calamotropha oculalis (Snellen, 1893) . Błeszyński (1961) examined a female specimen of Calamotropha oculalis from the Philippines (Luzon, Benguet, Irisan) with “genitalia strikingly similar to those of the holotype”.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF94C85D77996012FB48E323	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF94C85D7423672CFB23E74D.text	03EDD027FF94C85D7423672CFB23E74D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calamotropha undefined-2	<div><p>Calamotropha sp. 2 cf. oculalis</p><p>Figs. 46, 108.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>1 ♂ (coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_a7f185, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-B11, genitalia on slide TL1213♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI176-22, Genbank Accession Number PP196860). PHILIPPINES: Palawan, Barangay Maranlantan, Lake Danao, 85 m, 18.12.2007 (J.H. Lourens) .</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>C. indica, Calamotropha sp. 1 cf. oculalis, C. melli, C. oculalis .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>This species (Fig. 46) is externally very similar to the four species mentioned above. The deeply indented uncus and the unconnected gnathos arms (Fig. 108) unambiguously separate this species from C. indica, C. sp. 1 cf. oculalis, and C. melli . As mentioned above, the male of Calamotropha oculalis being unknown, additional material is required in order to draw conclusions on the identity of this species.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Palawan. Collected at an altitude of 85 m.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>See Calamotropha sp. 1 cf. oculalis.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF94C85D7423672CFB23E74D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF94C85A742363C5FE70E247.text	03EDD027FF94C85A742363C5FE70E247.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Angustalius Marion 1954	<div><p>Angustalius Marion, 1954</p><p>Angustalius Marion, 1954 . Type species: Angustalius ditaeniellus Marion, 1954 .</p><p>= Bleszynskia * Lattin, 1961: 115. Błeszyński, 1965 a: 229 (syn.)</p><p>= Crambopsis * Lattin, 1952: 90-91</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>The genus Angustalius has a conspicuously produced apex on the forewing. The wing pattern is similar to that of the Holarctic genus Crambus, with a broad white fascia running across the discoidal cell. Male genitalia exhibit the following characters: uncus slender, elongate, bent downwards, apex pointing downwards; gnathos very short, without distal projection; valva with sclerotized costa, without projection; sacculus sclerotized, separated from valva; vesica usually with one cornutus. Female genitalia exhibit the following characters: papillae anales somewhat subrectangular; anterior and posterior apophyses strongly reduced or absent; ostium simple, sclerotized; ductus bursae short; corpus bursae with two signa (Błeszyński, 1965).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>Occuring in the Afrotropical, Oriental, and Australasian regions. Six species are reported in the genus worldwide, of which only Angustalius malacelloides (Błeszyński, 1955) is found in the Philippines.</p><p>PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS</p><p>Angustalius belongs to the so-called “ Crambus group” and is sister to the Afrotropical genus Conocramboides (Bleszynski, 1970a; Léger et al., 2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF94C85A742363C5FE70E247	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF93C85A77996616FC67E329.text	03EDD027FF93C85A77996616FC67E329.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Angustalius malacelloides (Bleszynski 1955)	<div><p>Angustalius malacelloides (Błeszyński, 1955)</p><p>Figs. 47, 109, 165.</p><p>Crambopsis malacelloides Błeszyński, 1955 a: 229, figs. 3, 6. Type locality: Australia, Tasmania</p><p>Bleszynskia malacelloides Błeszyński, 1965, pp. 230–231, l. 54 fig. 144 ( Angustalius)</p><p>Angustalius malacelloides Hua, 2005: 47 ( Bleszynskia)</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>3 ♂, 4 ♀ (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/ 10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Angustalius malacellus (Duponchel, 1836) .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>This species is a commonly encountered Crambinae in South-East Asia. Accurate identification to separate it from A. malacellus is only possible by examination of male genitalia (Fig. 109): The gnathos is longer, the posterior margin of the sacculus is denticulate and lacks the ventral protrusion as in A. malacellus, the vinculum is proximally rounded, while it is pointed in A. malacellus, and the cornutus on the vesica is smaller than in A. malacellus (Błeszyński, 1965) . Błeszyński (1965) could not find the specific differences in female genitalia between A. malacellus (Duponchel, 1836) and A. malacelloides (Błeszyński, 1955) . A possible character separating A. malacelloides (Fig. 165) from A. malacellus is the lack of the broadened pouch of the ductus bursae in A. malacelloides .</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>A maximum intraspecific p-distance of 0.6% is observed between sample MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-G12 from Luzon (Zambales) and the two samples from Borneo. The specimen MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-F12 (Panay) and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-G12 (Luzon, Zambales) both represent a unique haplotype, while specimens MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-E12 (Panay) and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-D08 (Luzon) share the haplotype with specimens from Borneo, Papua New Guinea, and New South Wales, Australia (see Fig. 179a).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>AUSTRALIA; CHINA; INDIA; MALAYSIA; PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Benguet, Zambales), Panay; NEW ZEALAND. In the Philippines, the specimens were collected at altitudes between 250 and 900 m, with one single specimen encountered at 2350 m.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF93C85A77996616FC67E329	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF93C85A74236727FC2CE667.text	03EDD027FF93C85A74236727FC2CE667.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Catoptria Hubner 1825	<div><p>Catoptria Hübner, 1825</p><p>Catoptria Hübner, 1825 . Type species: Catoptria speculalis Hübner, [1825] 1816, by subsequent designation by Błeszyński, 1956, Z. wien. ent. Ges. 41: 213</p><p>= Exoria Hübner, 1825 n: 367 (but printed as 467). Type species: Tinea combinella [Denis &amp; Schiffermüller], 1775, by subsequent designation by Shibuya, 1928, J. Fac. Agric. Hokkaido imp. Univ. 22: 45. Błeszyński 1963 a: 97 (syn.)</p><p>= Tetrachila Hübner, 1806 f: [2]</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Moths of the genus Catoptria usually have tawny to brown forewings with a broad white fascia running from the base to the subterminal area, in some species disrupted by median and postmedian lines (Błeszyński, 1965; pers. obs.). The male genitalia exhibit the following characters: uncus well-developed, slender, with apex pointing downwards; gnathos roughly as long as uncus, slender, apex usually pointing downwards, often with subapical dorsal tip; valva with costal arm; sacculus often with free, sclerotized projection; phallus often with subapical or apical spines and with cornuti (Błeszyński, 1965; pers. obs.). The female genitalia show the following characters: papillae anales not coalesced dorsally and ventrally; anterior apophyses reduced; ostium pouch strongly sclerotized; ductus bursae with basal half strongly sclerotized, often curved; corpus bursae with one signum (Błeszyński, 1965; pers. obs.).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>Found in the Holarctic region. Eighty-eight species are currently reported from the genus.</p><p>PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS</p><p>Catoptria is sister to the Holarctic genus Agriphila (Léger et al., 2019) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF93C85A74236727FC2CE667	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FF93C82774236271FBDDE557.text	03EDD027FF93C82774236271FBDDE557.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Catoptria philippinensis Leger 2024	<div><p>Catoptria philippinensis Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ A6AADF26-E9E0-452E-9AEA-0BA9F26307C7</p><p>Figs. 48, 110, 166.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_b2c391, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-A09, genitalia on slide TL1066♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI074-21, Genbank Accession Number PP196760). PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Mt Banahaw, Kinabuhayan, 17-19.03.2000, leg. Mey &amp; V. Richter .</p><p>Paratypes: 9 ♂ (specimen identifiers coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_b95e98, e491f8, 2050dc, 1b2cf2, 78302c, c83b5d, 3b633b, 841b24, 4cf534), 1 ♀ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_d8bd7e) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>The arched, white antemedian line, the conspicuously arched postmedian line with indentation at dorsal 1/3, and the two conspicuous black marginal dots separate this species from other Catoptria species. In male genitalia, the costa is sclerotized, albeit without projection, and the sacculus forms a hook-shaped projection directed upwards. In female genitalia (Fig. 166), the papillae anales are not coalesced; the ostium is conspicuously sclerotized, with a Ushaped aperture; the ductus bursae is slender and membranous; and the corpus bursae is membranous, without signum.</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 48)</p><p>Forewing length 7.5-9.5 mm (n = 5); ground color tawny to brown. Antemedian line white, starting at 1/5 of dorsum, forming a wide arch, meeting costa at basal 1/3. Median area suffused with dark brown. Marked white stripes along discoidal veins and 1A + 2A. Postmedian line originating at costal 2/3, conspicuously arched outwards, indented outwards at CuA2, then meeting dorsum at 3/5. Subterminal area with five white spots, interspersed with two black dots at CuA1 and CuA2. Apex with one large, marked blotch, white. Fringes dirty white to copper. Hindwings cream colored.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 110)</p><p>Uncus elongate, slender; apex pointing downwards. Gnathos projection slender, apex rounded, pointing upwards. Sacculus forming one quadrangular sclerite in basal half; second sclerite at valva midlength subtriangular, dorsally projected upwards into a slender curved sclerotized arm about 2/5 of valva length, extending beyond cucullus, with apex pointed. Costal sclerite up to valva midlength, devoid of dorsal projection, distally projected ventrally into subtriangular tip reaching sacculus. Valva curved upwards in distal half, apex broadly rounded. Juxta evenly rounded, with sclerotized edges. Saccus forming acute triangle, with anterior tip pointing upwards. Phallus slender, slightly curved, apex covered with tiny teeth.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 166)</p><p>Posterior apophysis about 5/3 of length of tergite VIII, enlarged at 1/6. Anterior apophysis reduced to bump. Ostial lobe forming broad spatulate plate and two tubular chambers; posterior margin broadly U-shaped. Antrum forming membranous pouch surrounding ostial lobe. Ductus bursae narrow, of medium length, membranous. Corpus bursae membranous, half as long as ductus bursae, corpus width ca 5/3 X length of corpus bursae, ovoid, devoid of signum.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>Philippines: Luzon (Laguna, Mountain Province, Quezon), Mindoro. Collected at altitudes between 1150 and 1650 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>Two MOTUs were recovered in the species delimitation analysis, one from the unique specimen sampled from Luzon and another one from the two specimens from Mindoro. A maximum p-distance of 5.4% is observed between these two clusters.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>This species is provisionally placed here in Catoptria . In female genitalia, some characters are not consistent with such placement: The ductus bursae is not sclerotized (anterior half sclerotized in most Catoptria species), and the corpus bursae lacks a signum (one signum is present in most Catoptria species). According to Błeszyński (1965), the southernmost occuring Catoptria species was C. pandora Błeszyński, 1965, known from Yunnan province in China. This species extends the known distribution of the genus well into the Oriental region.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FF93C82774236271FBDDE557	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFEEC82474236120FDDCE323.text	03EDD027FFEEC82474236120FDDCE323.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Culladia Moore 1886	<div><p>Culladia Moore, 1886</p><p>Culladia Moore, 1886: 382 . Type species: Araxes admigratella Walker, 1863</p><p>= Araxes * Walker, 1863 b: 192. Type species: Araxes admigratella Walker, 1863</p><p>= Crambidion Mabille, 1900: 748 . Type species: Crambidion achroellum Mabille, 1900 . Viette 1990: 85 (syn.)</p><p>= Nirmaladia Rose, 1983: 172, 175, figs. 1–7. Type species: Culladia dentilinaelis Hampson, 1919 . M. Shaffer, Nielsen &amp; Horak 1996: 183 (syn.)</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>The genus Culladia was revised by Bleszynski (1970a). Species of Culladia exhibit small, greyish wings. Vein R5 is very short or missing as observed in a few small Crambini genera (Bleszynski, 1970a; Léger et al., 2019). In male genitalia, the bifid sclerotized apex of the phallus is a potential apomorphy for the genus. Male genitalia exhibit the following characters: uncus and gnathos slender, with apex pointing downwards; valva slender, with costal arm at base, ventral process absent; pseudosaccus present; juxta short, with deep notch; vesica with one or more cornuti, with characteristic bifid sclerotized apex (Bleszynski, 1970a; pers. obs.). Female genitalia exhibit the following characters: papillae anales not coalesced dorsally and ventrally; posterior apophyses 1-2 X length of tergite VIII; anterior apophyses very short; antrum often with pair of sclerites; membranous pouch branching near antrum found in several species; corpus bursae usually with long, scobinate signum (Bleszynski, 1970a; pers. obs.)</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>Occuring in the Afrotropical, Oriental, and Australasian regions. Five species are reported from the Philippines: Culladia evae Bleszynski, 1970, C. hastiferalis (Walker, 1865), C. pseudoscoparia sp. n., C. suffusella Bleszynski, C. tonkinella Bleszynski, 1970 .</p><p>PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS</p><p>Culladia is sister to the Holarctic genus Pediasia Hübner, 1825 (Bleszynski, 1970a; Léger et al., 2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFEEC82474236120FDDCE323	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFEDC824742365D4FA9DE2F6.text	03EDD027FFEDC824742365D4FA9DE2F6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Culladia evae Bleszynski 1970	<div><p>Culladia evae Bleszynski, 1970</p><p>Fig. 168.</p><p>Culladia evae Bleszynski, 1970: 55, fig. 20. Type locality: Luzon, Manil[l]a.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>No material of this species was examined.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>This species is similar in habitus to other Culladia species but can be differentiated by the antrum pouch; the broad, medium-sized, wrinkled ductus bursae; and the corpus bursae devoid of signum in the female genitalia (Fig. 168).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>CHINA: Hainan; INDONESIA: Java, Papua; PALAU; PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Laguna, Rizal).</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>This species is described from female specimens only. Błeszyński examined specimens from Rizal, Montalban (1 ♀), Mount Makiling (1 ♀), and Los Banos (3 ♀).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFEDC824742365D4FA9DE2F6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFEDC8247799672CFF69E6AD.text	03EDD027FFEDC8247799672CFF69E6AD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Culladia hastiferalis (Walker 1865)	<div><p>Culladia hastiferalis (Walker, 1865)</p><p>Figs. 49, 111, 167.</p><p>Scopula hastiferalis Walker, 1965: 1473 . Type locality: Borneo, Sarawak.</p><p>Culladia admigratella Swinhoe (not Walker), 1900: 416.</p><p>Culladia hastiferalis (Walker): Bleszynski, 1970: 52, figs. 9, 15.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>8 ♂, 9 ♀, 43 unsexed specimens (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Identification of this species requires examination of genitalic characters. In male genitalia (Fig. 111), the hook-like basal process, the bifid apex of the juxta, and the two oblong cornuti on the vesica separate Culladia hastiferalis from other Culladia species. In female genitalia (Fig. 167), the atrium bursae with two rounded, minutely spined swellings; the lengthy subostial projection; and the crest of sclerotized spines in corpus bursae separates this species from other Culladia species.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>INDONESIA: Sumatra, Java, Moluccas, Papua; MALAYSIA: Sabah; PHILIPPINES: Leyte, Luzon (Antique, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Camarines Sur, Quezon), Mindanao (Davao Oriental), Mindoro, Palawan, Panay, Negros; TAIWAN (Bleszynski, 1970a). This species is recorded on all examined islands in the Philippines and is recorded from 120 m to 1050 m in the Philippines and up to 1570 m on Borneo (see Table S1).</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The maximum intraspecific p-distance of 0.7% is found between samples MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-D09 from Mindanao (Davao) and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-H12 from Negros. A p-distance of 3.1-4.3% is observed between specimens from Luzon and those from Australia retrieved from BOLD.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFEDC8247799672CFF69E6AD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFEDC82474236686FB45E646.text	03EDD027FFEDC82474236686FB45E646.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Culladia suffusella Hampson 1896	<div><p>Culladia suffusella Hampson, 1896</p><p>Figs. 113, 169.</p><p>Culladia suffusella Hampson, 1896, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1895 (4): 925. Type locality: India, Nilgiris.</p><p>Culladia suffusella Bleszynski, 1970: 55, 56, fig. 21, 25.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>No material of this species was examined.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>This species is similar in habitus to other Culladia species. In male genitalia (Fig. 113), the bifid basal process of the valva, the two apical horns of the vesica, and the small single cornutus separate this species from other Culladia species. In female genitalia (Fig. 169), the small sclerotization on antrum, the short subostial projection, and the corpus bursae barely delimited from the ductus separate this species from other Culladia species.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>INDIA; PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Benguet).</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Błeszyński examined 20 male and female specimens from Benguet, Luzon, and stored in the NHMUK.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFEDC82474236686FB45E646	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFEDC82574236216FCBCE224.text	03EDD027FFEDC82574236216FCBCE224.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Culladia tonkinella Bleszynski 1970	<div><p>Culladia tonkinella Bleszynski, 1970</p><p>Figs. 112, 170.</p><p>Culladia tonkinella Bleszynski, 1970: 53, 54, figs. 17, 19. Type locality: Hoa Binh [Vietnam].</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>2 ♂ (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/ 10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>This species is best separated by examination of genitalia. In male genitalia, the slender valva with the short, fingershaped basal process and the two patches of 4-5 cornuti on the vesica unambiguously separates this species from its congeners. In female genitalia, the pouch-like projection is devoid of sclerotization, and the corpus bursae bears a longitudinal signum.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>INDONESIA: Java, Sumatra; PHILIPPINES: Mindoro, Panay; VIETNAM. Collected at altitudes between 150 and 400 m on the Philippines.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>This is the first record of this species from the Philippines.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFEDC82574236216FCBCE224	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFECC82277996633FF67E1B9.text	03EDD027FFECC82277996633FF67E1B9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Culladia pseudoscoparia Leger 2024	<div><p>Culladia pseudoscoparia Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ 1AA6EF61-001C-4424-95D6-242F26B7F834</p><p>Figs. 50, 114, 171.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_810de4, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-E03, genitalia on slide TL 916♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI038 -21, Genbank Accession Number PP196730). PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Zambales, Zambales Mountains, Pili, 150 m, 05-07.11.1998 (W. Mey, W. Speidel). Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratype: 3 ♂ (specimen identifiers coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_2c5838, ace978, 8e5a61), 2 ♀ (specimen identifiers coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_d9a2c0, 62cddb) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/ dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>Other specimens: 32 unsexed (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>This peculiar looking Culladia species is unambiguously separated from other Culladia species by the larger and broader forewing mixed with brown and white scales and the brown marginal lunules, while the zigzag postmedian brown line found in other species is absent. In male genitalia (Fig. 114), the large tegumen arms, the setose costal projection of the valva, as well as the long cornutus on vesica unambiguously separate this species from other Culladia species. In female genitalia (Fig. 171), the non-coalesced papillae anales, the very long ductus bursae, as well as the presence of an appendix bursae on the corpus bursae unambiguously separate this species from other Crambinae species.</p><p>HABITUS</p><p>Forewing length 8 mm (n = 1); greyish brown, scattered with cream scales. Antemedian line cream, forming a jag pointing outwards in cell. Median area lighter, with one costal, one cubital, and one dorsal dark brown patch. Postmedian line broken, cream, starting at 4/5 of costa, well marked near costa, broadly arched outwards down to CuA1, then slightly arched outwards in dorsal area, meeting the dorsum near tornus. Subterminal area broadly marked with white suffusion, more pronounced towards margin. Margin with seven dark quadriangular spots. Fringe basally cream, distally bronze.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 114)</p><p>Uncus elongate, slender, densely setose; apex with small tooth pointing downwards. Gnathos projection about as long as uncus, apex with small tooth pointing downwards. Tegumen arm large, covered with minute points, tegumen roof ca 4/5 of tegumen arm length. Valva elongate, slender, slightly curved upwards on distal 1/4, apex rounded. Costal process slightly S-shaped, covered with setae, tip pointing upwards. Juxta short, rounded, deeply indented. Phallus stout, apically narrowed, apex forming two narrow, spatulate, weakly sclerotized projections. One straight, large, elongate cornutus of 660 μm.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 171)</p><p>Papillae anales not connected dorsally and ventrally, slightly concave. Antrum membranous. Ductus bursae covered with minute spicules, straight, narrow in basal half, broadly incurved on distal half, slightly broader, conspicuously bent before corpus opening. Corpus bursae membranous, globular, with a small globular appendix bursae. Signum absent.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Mountain Province, Ifugao, Zambales). Collected at altitudes between 150 and 2100 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>An intraspecific divergence of 2.9 % is observed between specimens MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-F03, MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-C06, and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-B10 all from Zambales, Luzon.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>From the Greek pseudes, false, and the genus Scoparia Haworth, referring to the resemblance in habitus and female genitalia with specimens of Scoparia .</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>This species is tentatively placed in Culladia here. According to Graziano Bassi (pers. comm.), the “male genitalia [is] similar to Pediasia, but the bilobed apex of phallus and ductus ejaculatorius branching off close to antrum bursae are diagnostic. It is somewhat similar to C. dentilinealis Hmps and somewhat “heretical” with respect to typical Culladia in female genitalia, but surely close to it, as male genitalia show”.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFECC82277996633FF67E1B9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFEBC8227799666AFB5BE329.text	03EDD027FFEBC8227799666AFB5BE329.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metaeuchromius Bleszynski 1960	<div><p>Metaeuchromius Błeszyński, 1960</p><p>Metaeuchromius Błeszyński, 1960 d: 217 . Type species: Eromene yuennanensis Caradja, 1884</p><p>= Pseudeuchromius BłeszyńskiBłeszyński, 1965: 90 . Type species: Eromene lata Staudinger, 1870</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>A redescription of the genus is provided by Schouten (1997). Forewing ground color white to cream, speckled with brown; antemedian area white to amber yellow, median straight or oblique ochreous band; subterminal line present; termen with characteristic row of terminal dots (W. C. Li et al., 2009; pers.obs.). Several species have abdominal scent organs on male sternite III (Schouten, 1997). Male genitalia with the following characteristics: uncus with pointed tip; gnathos projection usually short, hook-shaped, in some species with small dorsal teeth; valva narrow, with pointed apex, costal process usually developed into a spine, sacculus without process; saccus conspicuously protruding anterad; vesica with or without cornuti (W. C. Li et al., 2009; Schouten, 1997; pers. obs.). Female genitalia with the following characteristics: papillae anales coalesced or free dorsally and ventrally; anterior and posterior apophyses 1-2 X length of tergite VIII; antrum membranous or sclerotized, without projections; ductus bursae of variable length, with or without sclerotization, in some species with pouch-shaped enlargement; corpus bursae globular or pear-shaped, with or without signum (W. C. Li et al., 2009; Schouten, 1997; pers. obs.).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>Known so far from the Palearctic (from Turkey to China), extending its distribution into the Oriental region in India ( Metaeuchromius euzonella from Assam, India). Two species are newly described from the Philippines, and one is moved to the genus Metaeuchromius: Metaeuchromius micralis (Hampson, 1919), Metaeuchromius rizali sp. n., and Metaeuchromius makintabus sp. n. Further presumably undescribed species are known from Java.</p><p>PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS</p><p>Phylogenetic placement of Metaeuchromius is currently unclear. This genus was not included in the molecular phylogeny of the Crambinae (Léger et al., 2019) . The closed hindwing cell suggests that the genus is not part of the open-cell clade comprising the Argyriini, the Haimbachiini, the Calamotrophini, the Euchromiusini, and the Crambini and is possibly closely related to the genus Miyakea Marumo, 1933 as suggested by Schouten (Landry et al., 2020; Léger et al., 2019; Schouten, 1997).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFEBC8227799666AFB5BE329	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFEBC82374236724FCEDE1A6.text	03EDD027FFEBC82374236724FCEDE1A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metaeuchromius micralis (Hampson 1919) Léger 2024	<div><p>Metaeuchromius micralis (Hampson, 1919) comb nov.</p><p>Figs. 51, 115, 173.</p><p>Ommatopteryx micralis Hampson, 1919 a: 535 . Type locality: Philippines, Luzon, Benguet Prov., Irizan</p><p>= Euchromius brunnealis syn. nov (Hampson, 1919). Type locality: Philippines, Negros island</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Material examined: 33 ♂, 27 ♀, 7 unsexed (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/ dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Metaeuchromius fulvusalis Song &amp; Chen, 2002, M. rizali sp. n., M. makintabus sp. n.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>This species (Fig. 51) is very similar to Metaeuchromius fulvusalis from mainland China. In male genitalia (Fig. 115), the valva spine is less prominent than in M. fulvusalis, and the narrow colliculum of the female genitalia (Fig. 173) is absent in M. fulvusalis . In the Philippines, this species can be separated from M. rizali sp. n. and M. makintabus sp. n. by the subapical zigzag silver line on the forewing. In male genitalia, the short costal process of the valva as well as the vesical devoid of cornuti unambiguously separate this species from other Metaeuchromius species. In female genitalia, the narrow sclerotized colliculum, the short ductus bursae, and the presence of one rounded signum on corpus bursae best separate this species from M. makintabus sp. n. (female of M. rizali sp. n. is not known). DNA barcodes suggest that this species might indeed represent a complex of cryptic species.</p><p>REDESCRIPTION</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 51)</p><p>Forewing length 4.5-6.5 mm (n = 16); ground color cream suffused with tawny scales. Basal area amber yellow, with one slender shiny silver streak along costal cell vein; three white streaks following lower cell vein and anal veins. Medial line oblique, running inwardly from costa to dorsum, white, shiny silver near costa, marked basally and distally with amber to tawny yellow. Subapical line starting at costal 3/4, zizagging outwardly to vein M1, shiny silver. Apex with subapical white lunule. Termen with five black points surrounded by white. Fringe amber yellow to copper. Hindwing dirty white, with faint patch of marginal brown scales at CuA2. Fringe dirty white, apically copper.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 115)</p><p>Uncus ca half of tegumen arm length, slightly bent downwards, apical 1/3 with few setae, apex thorn-shaped. Gnathos projection about 1/5 of uncus length, dorsally covered with tiny teeth, tip pointed. Valva elongate, setose; costal arm projected into a tip pointed upwards inwardly; ventral margin straight, apically curved upwards; apex pointed, with patch of 3-5 long, thick bristles. Juxta elliptical. Saccus rounded. Vesica covered with minute spines.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 173)</p><p>Papillae anales not coalesced dorsally and ventrally. Posterior apophyses about 7/4 of length of tergite VIII. Anterior apophyses about 9/5 of tergite length. Antrum membranous. Colliculum narrow, tubular, sclerotized. Ductus bursae about as long as corpus bursae, basal half narrow, enlarging towards corpus bursae on distal half. Corpus bursae with opening barely marked; ovoid, with one conspicuous signum.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>An unsuspected high divergence is observed among specimens of Metaeuchromius micralis . The species delimitation analysis recovered five different island-specific clusters for Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Leyte + Samar, and Negros (Fig. 179c). The highest intraspecific p-distance of 7.3% is observed between samples MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-D11 from Leyte and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL10-E11 from Negros.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros. Collected at altitudes between 150 and 2300 m.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>The type of “ Euchromius ” brunnealis (Hampson, 1919) could not be located at the NHMUK (D. Lees, personal communication). According to the original description, it matches the characters observed here in Metaeuchromius micralis: The forewing is “red-brown with a cupreous gloss and mixed with some whitish especially before and beyond the inwardly oblique rather ill-defined narrow red-brown medial band” and bears at the apex “an oblique ill-defined whitish band” similar to that of Metaeuchromius micralis, while the band is silver colored, straight in M. makintabus sp. n. or regularly arched in M. rizali sp. n. This species shows a strong divergence in DNA barcodes among island populations. No striking differences were found in male genitalia; however, forewing pattern and size show some island-specific variation. This species might represent a species complex whose investigation requires additional evidence such as nuclear markers and morphometric analyses.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFEBC82374236724FCEDE1A6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFEAC82C742365B7FDD4E5AE.text	03EDD027FFEAC82C742365B7FDD4E5AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metaeuchromius rizali Leger 2024	<div><p>Metaeuchromius rizali Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ F4F5BDD9-BCFD-45A4-B381-334DB4DCA854</p><p>Figs. 52, 116.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier MTD11449, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL09-E07, TL1229♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI282-22, Genbank Accession Number PP196961). PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Quezon, Lucena, Quezon National Park, 175 m, 20.03.2000 (M. Nuss). Deposited in MTD .</p><p>Paratypes: 3 unsexed (specimen identifiers coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_bc7445, MTD11448, MTD11447) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/ dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Metaeuchromius makintabus sp. n., Peniculimius fructus Schouten, 1994 .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>From Metaeuchromius micralis, Metaeuchromius rizali sp. n. and M. makintabus sp. n. are separated by the thicker, conspicuously silver, and rather straight antemedian and subapical bands (Fig. 52). The termen black dots are not as well delimited as in M. micralis, and the fringes are copper. Metaeuchromius rizali sp. n. is very similar to M. makintabus sp. n. in the forewing pattern, but the following characters help to separate them: The antemedian and subapical amber yellow area are not connected at costa (meeting at costa in M. makintabus sp. n.), the subapical silver band is slightly curved (straight in M. makintabus sp. n.), and the subtermen line runs straight (zigzagging in M. makintabus sp. n.). It is separated from Peniculimius fructus Schouten, 1994 by the amber color of the basal area (mix of grey and white scales in P. fructus) and the broader, silver color of the antemedian and subapical bands (narrow and whitish in P. fructus). In male genitalia (Fig. 116), the conspicuous costal process of the valva as well as the presence of a cornutus on the vesica separate this species from its congeners. Female specimens are not known.</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 52)</p><p>Forewing length 4.8 mm (n = 1), ground color cream suffused with amber yellow scales, markings amber yellow. Antemedian area amber yellow. Antemedian band slightly bent inwards on costal half, then running straight to dorsum, shiny silver, edged distally with broad amber yellow band. Subapical band starting at costal 3/4, running towards M1 vein on margin, slightly arched, shiny silver. Apical area amber yellow. Termen with patch of dark brown and amber yellow scales. Fringes dirty white, shiny silver at termen. Hindwing dirty white, with faint patch of marginal brown scales at CuA2. Fringe dirty white, copper at termen.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 116)</p><p>Uncus elongate, regularly bent downwards. Gnathos projection very short, covered with small spines. Costal process slender, strongly sclerotized, diverging from valva on distal half, tip pointed. Valva elongate, straight, apex missing on genitalia slide. Juxta base broadly rounded, apex lightly sclerotized. Vesica with one straight, thick, elongate cornutus.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA</p><p>Not known.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Quezon). Collected at an altitude of 175 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>An intraspecific divergence of 0.2% is observed between the two specimens from the same locality.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>Dedicated to José Rizal, a Filipino figure in the history of independence of the Philippines.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>A manuscript name “ Transeromene shafferi ” was appended by Schouten in 1992 to a specimen from Sabah, Borneo (Malaysia), that seems conspecific. This name has never been published and is hence not valid (Schouten, pers. comm.). Three abdomens were unfortunately lost during the pipetting process of the DNA extraction.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFEAC82C742365B7FDD4E5AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFE5C82D779961AEFD05E06C.text	03EDD027FFE5C82D779961AEFD05E06C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metaeuchromius makintabus Leger 2024	<div><p>Metaeuchromius makintabus Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/9A48ACC8-1FF8-457C-A3E8-4600D98D67B6</p><p>Figs. 53, 117, 174.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_868941, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-E07, TL1055♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI117-21, Genbank Accession Number PP196803). PHILIPPINES: Mindoro, Occidental Mindoro, Mount Baco Pass, 1150 m, 14.01.1998 (W. Mey, V. Samarita). Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratypes: 2 ♂ (specimen identifiers coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_41e331, 787e37), 1 ♀ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_2dafcc) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh)</p><p>Other specimens examined: 1 ♂, 1 unsexed (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/ dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Metaeuchromius rizali sp. n.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>See diagnosis of Metaeuchromius rizali sp. n. for separation from M. micralis and M. rizali sp. n. based on wing pattern. In male genitalia (Fig. 117), the narrow valva, without costal arm, apical spine, and thick apical setae; the short gnathos projection; and the vesica lacking cornuti allows separation of this species from other Metaeuchromius species. In female genitalia (Fig. 174), the long ductus bursae and the globular corpus bursae without signa enable separation of this species from M. micralis .</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 53)</p><p>Forewing length 4.5 mm (n = 1), ground color cream suffused with brown scales, markings amber yellow. Antemedian area amber yellow, with small silver blotch at base of costa. Antemedian band inwardly oblique on costal half, then running straight to dorsum, shiny silver, edged distally with broad amber yellow band. Subapical band starting at 3/4 of costa, running straight to M1 vein, shiny silver. Apical area yellow amber. Faintly marked cream line running in zigzag from CuA1 on margin to 2/3 of dorsum. Termen with dark brown patch with white and amber blotches. Fringes light brown, shiny silver at termen. Hindwing dirty white, with faint patch of marginal brown scales at CuA2. Fringe dirty white, apically copper.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 117)</p><p>Uncus about 3/5 X tegumen arm length, triangular, with few setae dorso-apically, apex blunt. Gnathos projection very short, pointed, covered with tiny spines. Valva elongate, gently narrowing from basal 1/3 to 2/3, distal 1/3 slender, curved upward; apex narrow, rounded. Juxta base broadly rounded, apex lightly sclerotized. Phallus straight, narrowing towards apex, apex lightly sclerotized; vesica without cornuti.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 174)</p><p>Papillae anales not connected ventrally and dorsally, slightly concave. Antrum and colliculum membranous. Ductus bursae straight, ca 5 X corpus length, distally with scattered spicules. Corpus bursae globular, reticulate, without signum.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Mindoro, Leyte. Collected at altitudes between 650 and 1150 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The species delimitation analysis recovered four different MOTUs from Mindoro, Negros (one MOTU each), as well as Leyte (two MOTUs). Three MOTUs are represented by male specimens with identical genitalia, while genitalia for one MOTU from Leyte were lost during the DNA extraction and thus not investigated. An intraspecific p-distance of 7.3% is found between specimens MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL10-E11 from Negros and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-D11 from Leyte.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>From the Filipino makintab, shiny, referring to the shiny antemedian and subterminal bands of the forewing.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFE5C82D779961AEFD05E06C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFE4C82D77996468FD81E49D.text	03EDD027FFE4C82D77996468FD81E49D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microchilo Okano 1962	<div><p>Microchilo Okano, 1962</p><p>Microchilo Okano, 1962 a: 129 . Type species: Microchilo inouei Okano, 1962</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>Species of Microchilo exhibit short greyish forewings. Okano (1962) provides a diagnostical description of the genus. Forewing very small (4-8 mm), greyish white, brown or grey; antemedian and postmedian lines present. Male genitalia with the following characters: uncus wide at base, medially narrowed, apex rounded; gnathos with very short, pointed projection; tegumen arms relatively short; valva narrow, costa sclerotized, produced at apex into a spine pointed upwards or outwards; saccus conspicuously protruding anterad; vesica with or without cornuti (Okano, 1962; pers. obs.). Female genitalia have the following characters: papillae anales minute, connected dorsally, free ventrally; posterior and anterior apophyses very long; intersegmental membrane VIII-IX roughly 2 X length of tergite VIII; antrum membranous or sclerotized, tubular; ductus bursae rather short, in some species covered with minute spines, often straight; corpus bursae often with short, streak-like signum (Okano, 1962; pers. obs.).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>Distributed in Eastern Palearctic (Japan, continental China) and Oriental regions. Four species are newly described here for the Philippines: Microchilo bundoki sp. n., Microchilo cebuano sp. n., Microchilo spinosus sp. n., Microchilo imminutela sp. n.</p><p>PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS</p><p>Microchilo has been placed by Gaskin in the Diptychophorini (Gaskin, 1971), but molecular analyses suggest the genus belongs to the “narrow-winged clade,” sister to the Diptychophorini (Léger et al., 2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFE4C82D77996468FD81E49D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFE4C82A7799635BFEECE5F4.text	03EDD027FFE4C82A7799635BFEECE5F4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microchilo bundoki Leger 2024	<div><p>Microchilo bundoki Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ 936E5278-10E2-4051-B894-85BE14F1D64D</p><p>Figs. 54, 118, 175.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_2cfadf, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-C07, genitalia on slide TL958♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI024-21, Genbank Accession Number PP196718). PHILIPPINES: Mindoro, Mount Halcon, 1300 m, 15-17.01.1998 (W. Mey, V. Samarita) .</p><p>Paratypes: 9 ♂ (specimen identifiers MfN: coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_d9003e, f05b70, ef4378, 315da2, b4f995, e64d77, 22c8c5, daec43; PNM: id.bioseasia.org_u_023570), 6 ♀ (specimen identifiers MfN: coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_994d22, 28a23a, a5554b, 3786e7, 76e66b; PNM: id.bioseasia.org_u_02358a) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>Other specimens examined: 6 unsexed (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/ dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Microchilo elgrecoi Błeszyński, 1966, M. inexpectellus Błeszyński, 1965, M. kawabei Inoue, 1989 .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>This species (Fig. 54) is somewhat larger than Microchilo spinosus sp. n. and Microchilo imminutela sp. n. and smaller than M. cebuano sp. n. The shape of the antemedian line separates M. bundoki sp. n. from M. cebuano sp. n. and M. spinosus sp. n. The wing pattern of M. bundoki sp. n. is identical to M. imminutela sp. n.; however, M. bundoki sp. n. has slightly longer forewing (5-6 mm) than M. imminutela sp. n. (3.5 mm). In male genitalia (Fig. 119), this species is separated from M. kawabei and M. inexpectellus by the costal tip of the valva pointing upwards in M. bundoki sp. n., while it points posterad in M. kawabei and M. inexpectellus . Male genitalia are very similar to those of Microchilo elgrecoi but are separated from the latter by the absence of cornutus on the vesical of the phallus (one cornutus in M. elgrecoi). From Microchilo spinosus sp. n., it is separated by the broad, bulky uncus (narrow in M. spinosus sp. n.) and the absence of cornuti on the vesica (seven cornuti in M. spinosus sp. n.). The male of M. imminutela sp. n. is not known. In female genitalia (Fig. 176), the lightly sclerotized tubular colliculum and the lightly sclerotized lanceolate signum on the corpus bursae separate this species from other Philippines species. The lightly sclerotized lanceolate signum on the corpus bursae of M. bundoki sp. n. is shared with M. elgrecoi; however, the latter species has two longitudinal ribs in place of the tubular colliculum.</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 54)</p><p>Forewing length 5.0-6.3 mm (n = 5); greyish, scattered with brown scales. Antemedian line strongly bent outwards in costal half, then running straight downwards to dorsum, thin, white. Median area dark brown, with tawny longitudinal band on its middle. Postmedian line white, regularly arched. Subterminal area suffused with white scales. Margin with dark brown dots at veins. Fringes chequered dirty white and greyish brown. Hindwing greyish brown.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 118)</p><p>Uncus 7/10 X tegumen length, narrowed at basal 1/3, apex rounded, spoon-shaped. Gnathos arms projecting at connection into a short double tip. Valva ventral margin slightly convex, apex rounded; costa of valva straight, strongly sclerotized, distally projecting into a small tip pointing upwards. Juxta short, with base rounded, apex slightly incurved. Phallus stout, straight. Vesica devoid of cornuti, covered with tiny spines of ca 20 μm.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 176)</p><p>Papillae anales small, triangular in lateral view, ventrally not fused. Intersegmental membrane roughly as long as length of tergite VIII. Posterior apophyses ca 2.6 X length of tergite VIII. Intersegmental membrane VIII-IX about 2/3 X length of tergite VIII. Anterior apophyses 2.3 X length of tergite VIII. Colliculum cylindrical, lightly sclerotized, covered with minute spicules. Ductus bursae straight, narrow, roughly as long as corpus bursae. Corpus bursae ovoid, with one lanceolate signum, lightly sclerotized.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Mindoro. Collected at altitudes between 1150 and 2350 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The highest intraspecific p-distance of 2.3 % is found between samples MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-C05 from Luzon (Nueva Vizcaya) and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-C07 from Mindoro.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>From the Tagalog “bundok” for mountain, refering to the exclusively montane distribution of the species.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>The manuscript name “ Microchilo luzonella ” Gaskin &amp; Shaffer was appended to a series of specimens in the NHMUK. However, this name has not been published anywhere and is hence not valid.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFE4C82A7799635BFEECE5F4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFE3C82A77996180FB65E4E2.text	03EDD027FFE3C82A77996180FB65E4E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microchilo cebuano Leger 2024	<div><p>Microchilo cebuano Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ 7E79EB3B-2339-48A2-9D74-F0D533B48848</p><p>Figs. 55, 176.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♀ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_7773b7, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-H05, dissection on slide TL918♀; BOLD sample ID PYPHI401-23). PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, Mount Agtuuganon, 1050 m, 28.05-07.06.1996 (W. Mey) .</p><p>Paratypes: 3 ♀ (specimen identifiers coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_88af49, b1bcea, c18ec0) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>The larger forewing (length = 7.5 mm) as well as the median discoidal Y-shaped stigma (Fig. 55) separate this species from the three other Microchilo species of the Philippines. In female genitalia (Fig. 176), the tubular sclerotized colliculum, the minute spicules on basal half of corpus bursae, and the lightly sclerotized rounded signum separates this species from the other Philippine species. Male genitalia unknown.</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 55)</p><p>Forewing length 7.5 mm (n = 1); ground color greyish brown. Antemedian line thin, white, running inwardly towards dorsum. Median area marked with dark brown and tawny brown scales. Median marked Y-shaped discoidal patch. Postmedian line thin, white, running outwards down to M1 vein, then bent inwards towards dorsum. Subterminal area suffused with white scales. Margin with seven well-marked dark brown spots. Fringes chequered grey and cream. Hindwing greyish brown.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 176)</p><p>Papillae anales small, triangular in lateral view. Posterior apophyses ca 7/3 X length of tergite VIII. Anterior apophyses ca 2 X length of tergite VIII. Intersegmental membrane ca 1.5 X length of tergite VIII. Colliculum ca half of ductus bursae length, conical, lightly sclerotized, wrinkled. Ductus bursae short, straight, wrinkled. Corpus bursae ca 3 X ductus length, pear-shaped, basal half covered with small spines, distal half scobinate, with one large lightly sclerotized signum.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Negros, Mindanao. Collected at altitudes between 1050 and 1450 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The specimen from Negros and Mindanao were recovered in two different MOTUs in the species delimitation analysis, separated by a p-distance of 4.5%.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>Refers to the Cebuano language spoken on Negros and Mindanao where the species is encountered.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFE3C82A77996180FB65E4E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFE3C82B742360F2FB7EE0BA.text	03EDD027FFE3C82B742360F2FB7EE0BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microchilo spinosus Leger 2024	<div><p>Microchilo spinosus Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ 36A61366-0180-4B00-8141-EF92C413498E</p><p>Figs. 56, 119, 177.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♂ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_ 8028c5, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-H07, TL1761♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI237-22, Genbank Accession Number PP196916). PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, Mount Agtuuganon, 1050 m, 28.05-07.06.1996 (W. Mey). Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratypes: 12 ♂ (specimen identifiers coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_f6c89a, 9af9bd, d9d04d, 12a546, eca519, ee4ce6, 8302d6, b49b3c, 89de2c, da36cd, 32369b), 8 ♀ (specimen identifiers MfN: coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_bc4c7f, e3f73d, fd8d7a, 8c0402, 58c789, ea0468, 54345b; PNM: id.bioseasia.org_u_023561, 023563) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>SIMILAR SPECIES</p><p>Microchilo imminutela sp. n.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>This species is much smaller and is similar in size to Microchilo imminutela sp. n. In the forewing, Microchilo spinosus sp. n. lacks the marginal black spots observed in other species. The examination of the genitalia enables unambiguous identification: Male genitalia have a narrow spatulate uncus apex and a phallus with a group of six cornuti (males of M. cebuano sp. n. and M. imminutela sp. n. unknown). In female genitalia (Fig. 177), the ring of sclerotized spines at corpus bursae opening separates this species from its congeners.</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 56)</p><p>Forewing length 3.7-4.2 mm (n = 9), ground color brown, sparkled with cream scales. Antemedian line arched outwards, shortly indented inwards in cubital area, cream, edged distally with dark brown band. Postmedian line regularly arched outwards, cream. Subterminal area dark brown. Fringes dark brown. Hindwing greyish brown.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 119)</p><p>Uncus elongate, medially narrowed, apex duck-beak shaped, setose. Gnathos arms joining onto a small triangular tip covered with tiny spines. Valva ventral margin slightly convex at base, then straight, dorsal margin straight, sclerotized, projecting into a small tip distally, valva apex rounded. Juxta broad, apex deeply indented. Vesica with a group of six short, dentate cornuti and one larger, separate, curved cornutus; apex slightly sclerotized.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 177)</p><p>Papillae anales small, triangular in lateral view. Posterior apophyses ca 2 X length of tergite VIII. Anterior apophyses ca 1.9 X length of tergite VIII. Colliculum membranous. Ductus bursae very short, broad, covered with sclerotized spines near corpus opening, extending into a ring of spines at corpus opening. Corpus bursae ovoid. Signum C-shaped with dentate margin. Ductus seminalis branched directly from corpus bursae.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>MALAYSIA: Borneo (Sabah). PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Albay, Camarines Sur), Mindoro, Negros, Mindanao (Davao Oriental). Collected at altitudes between 150 and 1050 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The highest intraspecific p-distance observed is of 0.6% between sample MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-H09 and samples MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-A08 and MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL09-C07, all from Mount Agtuuganon on Mindanao.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>From the Latin spinosus, a, um, spiny, referring to the cornuti observed on the vesica in male genitalia.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Specimen with DNA extraction number MFNLEP1000 from Borneo belongs to the same haplotype found in the Philippines. This suggests recent exchanges between populations of Borneo and the Philippines islands.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFE3C82B742360F2FB7EE0BA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
03EDD027FFE2C837742364B5FD6AE3FD.text	03EDD027FFE2C837742364B5FD6AE3FD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microchilo imminutela Leger 2024	<div><p>Microchilo imminutela Léger, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ D79AD250-2DDF-46F9-A03F-0F73C277F25D</p><p>Figs. 57, 178.</p><p>MATERIAL</p><p>Holotype: ♀ (specimen identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_b9e672, DNA voucher MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL08-B08, genitalia on slide TL1308♀; BOLD sample ID PYPHI173-22, Genbank Accession Number PP196857). PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Zambales Mountains, Coto, 110 m, 05-06.05.1999 (K. Ebert, W. Mey). Deposited in MfN .</p><p>Paratypes: 3 ♀ (specimen identifiers coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_6cdafb, bd9f4f, f47423) (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh) .</p><p>Other specimens examined: 1 ♀ (detailed information in Table S1; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7mh).</p><p>DIAGNOSIS</p><p>This species is externally similar to Microchilo bundoki sp. n. and is best separated from the latter by examination of the female genitalia (male specimens are unknown). In female genitalia (Fig. 178), the transverse row of sclerotized spines at midlength of the corpus bursae opening separates this species from its congeners.</p><p>HABITUS (FIG. 57)</p><p>Forewing length 3.5 mm (n = 2), background with a mix of white and brown scales. Antemedian line curved outwards, shortly indented inwards in cubital area, cream. Antemedian band dark brown, medially tawny. Postmedian band tawny, medially widened. Postmedian line white, broadly arched. Margin with seven black spots. Margin chequered cream and dark brown. Hindwing greyish brown.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>FEMALE GENITALIA (FIG. 178)</p><p>Papillae anales small, triangular in lateral view. Posterior apophyses ca 1.8 X length of tergite VIII. Intersegmental membrane as long as length of tergite VIII. Anterior apophyses ca 1.7 X length of tergite VIII. Colliculum short, anteriorly lightly sclerotized. Ductus bursae ca as long as corpus bursae, straight, basal half covered with minute spicules. Corpus bursae ovoid, membranous with tiny spines, medially with one transverse row of thick sclerotized spines.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>PHILIPPINES: Luzon (Zambales). Collected at an altitude of 150 m.</p><p>DNA BARCODING</p><p>The highest intraspecific p-distance observed is of 1 % between sample MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL01-D02 from Panay and the samples from Luzon (Zambales).</p><p>ETYMOLOGY</p><p>From the Latin minutalis, e: small, undersized. The name was appended to a series of specimens in the NHMUK.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDD027FFE2C837742364B5FD6AE3FD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Léger, Théo	Léger, Théo (2024): Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2): 1-93, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, URL: https://doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527
