taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F7634CFFAC4D52FCCBEF0E59B8F97F.taxon	distribution	Distribution & Ecology — Crepidorhopalon whytei is widespread in East Africa, extending from southwest Ethiopia and southern-most South Sudan, through Uganda, Kenya, eastern D. R. Congo, Rwanda and Burundi to northern and western Tanzania (Map 1). It occurs in upland marshes, seepage areas, stream and pool margins at 1100 – 2250 m elevation. Selected specimens seen. BURUNDI, route Karuzi-Muhinga, étang Nzibariba, fl. & fr. 9 Jan. 1958, Van der Ben 1780 (BR, K); Mwaro Prov., Mwaro, fl. & fr. 10 Jan. 1968, Lewalle 2685 (BR, K); Bubanza Prov., route Rwegura- Ndora, fl. 19 Oct. 1976, Reekmans 5438 (BR, K). – D. R. CONGO, Aru-Mahagi, fl. & fr. Aug. 1931, Lebrun 3728 (BR, K); Munagana, fl. & fr. 1934, De Witte 1872 (BR, K); terr. Mahagi, Nioka-La Korda, fl. 2 Dec. 1957, Bamps 78 (BR, K). – ETHIOPIA, Kaffa, near Sombo, fl. & fr. 13 Nov. 1960, Mooney 8612 (K); about 7 km along the road from Jimma to Bonga, fl. & fr. 20 June 1969, J. J. F. E. de Wilde 5267 (BR, K, M, P, WAG *); Kochi, about 5 km E of Jimma along road to Addis Ababa, fl. & fr. 2 Jan. 1973, Friis et al. 2060 (K). – KENYA, South Mt Kenya, between Rupinganzi and Thiba R., fl. 16 Sept. 1951, Davis 60 (K); bridge over Gathiba R. below Kamweti Forest Station, fl. 9 Aug. 1971, Robertson 1565 (K); Western Province, Mumias, fl. & imm. fr. 11 May 1979, Bridson 80 (K). – RWANDA, Rugezi, terr. Biumba, fl. 7 fr. 6 Oct. 1958, Van der Ben 2349 (BR, K); Butare Préfecture, Rubona, centre I. S. A. R., fl. 22 Oct. 1974, Troupin 15499 (BR, K); Butare, domaine de l’I. N. R. S., fl. 9 June 1978, Raynal 20379 (K, P). – SOUTH SUDAN, Imatong Mts, between Gilo and Mt Konoro, fl. 18 Nov. 1980, Friis & Vollesen 316 (K). – TANZANIA, Bukoba, fl. June 1931, Haarer 2035 (K); Bukoba, fl. & fr. 18 Jan. 1959, Lind 2373 (K); Kahama Dist., fl. 16 June 1975, Kahuranga et al. 2781 (K). Conservation — Crepidorhopalon whytei is a widespread species with an EOO of 854 750 km 2 and is known from numerous localities. It would therefore qualify as of Least Concern under criterion B of IUCN (2012). That said, there are serious threats to its habitats in parts of its range, and the species is rapidly decreasing at least in Rwanda and Burundi. While the species was widespread in swamps around Butare (Central Rwanda, Southern Province, Huye district) between 1984 and 1998, the intensive agricultural land use has led to a major decline of the populations, and the species has now almost disappeared (E. Fischer, pers. obs.). If the same situation is true across the species’ range then it could qualify as threatened under IUCN criterion A. Notes — Crepidorhopalon whytei is rather variable in flower size and inflorescence form. Plants from the Lake Victoria basin (Uganda, West Kenya, North Tanzania, e. g., E. & C. Godman 87, BM) have the smallest corollas and generally have more clearly developed racemes as the bracts are ± much-reduced in size in comparison to the proximal leaves. Those from the central Kenyan Highlands (e. g., Davis 60, BM) have the largest corollas and have foliaceous bracts, hence the racemes are leafy and the flowers appear to be axillary. Similar plants to these Kenyan populations are found elsewhere in this species’ range, for example in Ethiopia and along the Albertine Rift. However, there are also populations that are intermediate between the two forms, particularly in Uganda and neighbour- ing regions, and it has not been possible to separate any clear infraspecific taxa on the basis of flower and bract size. Richards & Arasululu 26150 (K) from the Uruwira-Mpanda road in southwest Tanzania is unusual in having markedly long calyces, 12.5 – 14 mm long with lobes 8.5 – 10.5 mm long, compared to typical C. whytei with calyces 5 – 10.5 mm and lobes 3 – 7.5 mm long. This plant is otherwise a good match for other material of C. whytei. It would be interesting to see more material from western Tanzania to confirm if this difference is consistent; if so, it might be considered a regional subspecies. Plants of C. whytei are usually subglabrous or sparsely pubescent but occasional more densely pubescent plants are recorded across its range (e. g., Bagshawe 1476 a, BM). The corolla usually has conspicuous eglandular hairs on the external surface of the upper lip but these can be absent in some populations, most notably in the isolated Ethiopian populations around Jimma; these plants are otherwise a close match for typical C. whytei. Skan (in Hemsley & Skan 1906) cited three specimens in the protologue of Lindernia whytei; Whyte s. n. is here selected from among these as the lectotype as it is an informative specimen and it was Whyte’s collection of this species that led Skan to choose the epithet. The holotype of Torenia mildbraedii is believed to have been destroyed in the bombing of the Berlin Herbarium; the extant duplicate at K comprises a small section of a leafy branch with a flower bud, a terminal branch section with immature leaves and an accompanying illustration of a dissected flower. This specimen is here selected as the lectotype of T. mildbraedii.	en	Darbyshire, I., Wursten, B., Luke, Q., Fischer, E. (2019): A revision of the Crepidorhopalon whytei complex (Linderniaceae) in eastern Africa. Blumea 64 (2): 165-176, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.07, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.07
03F7634CFFAB4D50FCCAEB8059C8FC4F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Crepidorhopalon namuliensis is named after Mt Namuli, a key locality for plant diversity and endemism in Mozambique and the only known site for this species. Perennial herb, with numerous stems radiating from a central rootstock, at first erect but becoming scrambling or trailing, up to 50 cm long or more; stems brittle, markedly 4 - angular, somewhat winged along the angles, with short spreading or ascending multicellular eglandular hairs and short spreading glandular hairs, the gland tip orange, becoming sparse on mature stems; internodes of fertile leafy stems 10 – 22 mm long when mature, those of sterile stems sometimes much longer. Leaves sessile, broadly ovate, 9 – 20 by 8 – 18 mm, base rounded or shallowly cordate, margin serrate or shallowly so with 2 – 5 teeth per margin, apex acute or obtuse; primary venation palmate, with 5 or 7 main veins from base; sparsely puberulous with glandular and eglandular hairs mainly on margin and main veins beneath, surfaces also with sunken glands drying brown, most visible on lower surface. Flowers axillary, solitary; bracts foliaceous, only slightly reducing in size distally; bracteoles absent; pedicels 2.7 – 5.5 (– 6.5) mm long, shortly glandular-pubescent. Calyx 5 – 7.8 mm long, lobes lanceolate, somewhat unequal in length, longest lobes 3.3 – 4.2 mm long, apices can become divergent at maturity, 5 - veined, somewhat hyaline between the veins, external surface shortly glandular-pubescent, margins of lobes eglandular-pubescent. Corolla 13.5 – 16.5 mm long, tube and upper lip whitish to purple, lower lip white or at most tinged pale blue, with (? or without) a yellow patch in the mouth, external surface glandular-puberulous, upper lip also with pale longer eglandular hairs; tube 7.5 – 8.5 mm long, cylindrical but slightly contracted in midpoint where 1.3 – 2 mm wide and widened at mouth where 2 – 4 mm wide, internal surface with 4 lines of subsessile glands in proximal half; upper lip ovate, 3.5 – 5 by 4 – 5 mm, apex emarginate, internal surface with numerous minute glands; lower lip 6.5 – 8.5 mm long, 3 - lobed, median lobe rounded-obovate, 3.7 – 4 by 4.5 – 5.3 mm, lateral lobes rounded-elliptic, 4 – 4.5 by 4.2 – 5 mm, margins of lobes somewhat irregular, bosses on palate of lower lip with blunt-tipped multicellular hairs. Stamens 4, ventral stamens spurred, spurs clavate, 1.2 – 1.75 mm long, papillate, filaments above spurred portion 4 – 4.3 mm long; posterior stamens with filaments 1.3 – 2 mm long; anthers of the two pairs of stamens adhering, thecae 0.7 – 0.9 mm long. Ovary 1.3 – 1.7 mm long, with sessile glands on surface; style 6.7 – 8.3 mm long; stigma fan-shaped and minutely fringed. Capsule ellipsoid, brown, ± equal in length to calyx or slightly shorter, to 7.5 mm long, apex acute; seeds ± 1 – 1.15 by 0.75 mm, with longitudinal ridges and furrows. Distribution & Ecology — Crepidorhopalon namuliensis is apparently endemic to Mt Namuli in Zambezia Province of northern Mozambique. It occurs in montane grassland at 1730 – 1870 m elevation, favouring damp ground over rock where it can be associated with typical seepage assemblages including Cyperus, Xyris, Pimpinella and Senecio species together with Loudetia simplex (Nees) C. E. Hubb. (fide Mphamba 3). Additional specimens seen. MOZAMBIQUE, Zambezia Prov., Namuli Mt, Muretha Plateau, fl. & imm. fr. 24 May 2007, T. Harris 158 (K, LMA [not found]); Namuli Mt, Muretha Plateau, Mukocha Forest, fl. 28 May 2007, Timberlake 5063 (K, LMA [not found]); Namuli Mt, Muretha Plateau, fl. 17 Nov. 2007, Mphamba 3 (K, LMA); below base of Namuli Peak, Serra de Gurue, fl. 25 Apr. 2008, Würsten 186 (BR). Conservation — This species has been assessed as of Least Concern (Matimele et al. 2017). Although it is known only from Mt Namuli there are no known threats to this species or its habitat at present as the montane grasslands of Namuli are not subject to settled agriculture and the human impact is low. However, this species and the other Namuli grassland endemics should be carefully monitored as any disturbance or change to this habitat could quickly result in them becoming threatened with extinction. The impact from deliberate dry season burning should be carefully monitored in particular. Notes — This species is separated from other members of the Crepidorhopalon whytei complex primarily by having a conspicuous glandular indumentum and pale corollas. In addition, the internodes of the majority of the stems are rather short such that the plants appear more densely leafy than is seen in other taxa within this complex. The corollas are typically smaller than those of forms of C. whytei that have foliaceous bracts, but they fall well within the overall range of corolla size in C. whytei (see Note to that species). Mt Namuli is emerging as a site of high importance for plant diversity and endemism, with 14 strict endemic species and two strict endemic subspecies now known. Most of these taxa, such as Coleus caudatus E. Downes & I. Darbysh. and Crotalaria namuliensis Polhill & T. Harris, are restricted to the montane grassland and wet flushes where Crepidorhopalon namuliensis is found (Harris et al. 2011, Downes & Darbyshire 2017). These habitats are particularly rich in flowering herbs and geophytes during the main rainy season (J. Timberlake, pers. comm., based on observations made on Mt Namuli in Feb. 2017), a time when there has been almost no botanical collecting on Namuli to date, hence the chances of discovering further new endemic species at this site are high (Downes & Darbyshire 2017). This locality is certain to qualify as an Important Plant Area (IPA) under the ongoing programme of IPA identification in Mozambique (see https: // www. kew. org / science / projects / tropical-important-plant-areas-tipas-mozambique; Darbyshire et al. 2017).	en	Darbyshire, I., Wursten, B., Luke, Q., Fischer, E. (2019): A revision of the Crepidorhopalon whytei complex (Linderniaceae) in eastern Africa. Blumea 64 (2): 165-176, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.07, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.07
03F7634CFFA94D51FCCBEED05E4DF8C8.taxon	distribution	Distribution & Ecology — This species is recorded in swamps, riverbanks and seasonally wet open grassland with sandrich peaty soils, including swampy clearances in forest, at 330 – 1130 (– 1340) m elevation. Additional specimens seen. MOZAMBIQUE, Manica Prov., Mt Maruma, fl. & fr. 13 Sept. 1906 [syntypes], Swynnerton 1922 (BM, K); Dombe, entre Chis- santo e Zinesse, fl. & fr. 24 Nov. 1965, Pereira & Marques 876 (BR, WAG *); E of Makurupini R., fl. 11 June 1971, Biegel 3583 (WAG *); Sussendenga Dist., eastern foothills of Chimanimani Mts, c. 28 km W of Dombe, fl. & fr. 25 Apr. 1974, Pope & Müller 1295 (K); Chimanimani Mts foothills, near Zomba Community, Magorogodo hill, fl. 27 Oct. 2013, Würsten & Dondeyne BE 875 (BR); Chimanimani foothills, Maronga, Wandowani, W of Comeni’s compound, fl. 14 Nov. 2015, Darbyshire 895 (K, LMA, Ndzou); Maronga, between Comeni’s compound and Murere River, fl. 15 Nov. 2015, Darbyshire sight record. – ZIMBABWE, Manicaland Prov., Melsetter [Chimanimani], fl. 7 fr. 1 Oct. 1919, Walters 2728 (K); ibid., Walters 2758 (K); Umtali [Mutare], fr. Oct. 1937, Brain s. n. in SRGH 10828 (SRGH *) - see note; Tarka Forest Reserve, banks of Chisengu R., fl. & fr. May 1968, Goldsmith 72 / 68 (K, P *). Conservation — Crepidorhopalon flavus is a highly range-restricted species, known only from the southern Manica Highlands of the Mozambique-Zimbabwe border region, where it is centred on the foothills of the Chimanimani Mountains. The EOO is 4 440 km 2, or only 646 km 2 if the Walters and Brain specimens are excluded in view of the fact that it is unclear as to whether the former was collected near Chimanimani town or in the Chimanimani Mountains and there is some uncertainty over the latter collection (see note). Six to eight locations are defined based on threats. Those sub-populations that lie within the formally protected areas of the Chimanimani Mts – the Chimanimani National Park in Zimbabwe and the Chimanimani National Reserve in Mozambique – are likely to be secure. The only activity recorded recently in the seasonal wetlands within the National Reserve was cutting of grass for thatching (I. Darbyshire, pers. obs.) and this is unlikely to impact the Crepidorhopalon significantly. However, the majority of locations lie outside of these protected areas and there has been much disturbance and destruction of natural habitats within its range due to high human population pressure and continued expansion of subsistence agriculture. This includes areas of seasonally wet soils which, away from areas of quartzite, are fertile and so favoured for cultivation (B. Wursten, pers. obs.). Some sub-populations may also have been impacted by artisa- nal gold mining activities along some of the rivers and streams in the southern foothills of the Chimanimani Mountains. With a continuing decline in extent and quality of habitat inferred, and with fewer than 10 locations known within an EOO of considerably less than 20 000 km 2, this species is assessed as Vulnerable under criterion B 1 – VU B 1 ab (iii). Notes — In view of the consistently different flower colour, coupled with the marked range (and hence genetic) disjunction and differing habitat requirements of the Zimbabwe / Mozambique plants, it is considered most appropriate to reinstate Lindernia flava as a good species and the new combination in Crepidorhopalon is made here. This species is otherwise very similar to C. whytei although the seeds differ slightly in having almost imperceptible longitudinal furrows, these being clearly visible in C. whytei (see Fig. 2). In the specimen citations under Lindernia whytei, Philcox (1990) wrongly attributes Swynnerton 1922 as having been collect- ed from ‘ serra do Gúruè, E of Picos Namuli, near source of R. Malema, c. 1800 m’; it was actually collected from Mt Maruma in Manica Province. The specimen Brain s. n. at SRGH does not have any flowers and there are no notes on flower colour; it is recorded from further north than the other collections and at a higher altitude (the maximum elevation recorded above). It is strange that this species has not been re-recorded from the well-botanised area around Mutare but there is no reason to doubt the provenance of this specimen. Further material from the Mutare area would be useful to confirm the identity of this specimen. When describing Lindernia flava, Moore (1911) noted the close similarity to his L. gossweileri S. Moore (1907: 87) from near Capopa in Malange Province, Angola (Map 1), but said that they differ in L. gossweileri having calyces divided to the base and having a larger corolla with a longer tube and with the lips almost equal in size rather than markedly unequal. To our knowledge, L. gossweileri has never been recollected in Angola and the type specimen (Gossweiler 1086, BM [BM 000930701], K [K 000379630]) is rather scanty, such that it is difficult to draw firm conclusions on its relationship to C. flavus. However, the differences noted by Moore seem to be rather minor and that of differing flower size and proportions may not be of great significance in view of the differences in flower size recorded in other species of Crepidorhopalon including C. whytei. Therefore, it is possible that these two yellow-flowered taxa represent a single species, although the extreme range disjunction seems improbable. More material from Angola is needed for confirmation, but if they do prove to be the same species then L. gossweileri would have nomenclatural priority and the epithet is unoccupied in Crepidorhopalon. The wet grasslands in the foothills of the Chimanimani Mountains, the stronghold for this species, are of wider botanical interest as they hold several interesting species besides C. flavus. Of particular note is Mesanthemum africanum Moldenke which is endemic to the Chimanimani Mountains, occurring in damp sites on quartzitic sands both at higher altitudes and (at much lower abundance) in the foothills, probably a result of small populations being established from seed washed down along rivers from the high massif. During surveys of the Maronga area of Mozambique in 2015, C. flavus was found growing alongside two species of Xyris (Xyridaceae). The first of these proved to be X. angularis N. E. Br. (Darbyshire 918), a widespread West African species that had not previously been recorded from Mozambique but is known from the Zimbabwe side of Chimanimani (Lock 2010); the Chimanimani population is a significant outlier for this species. The second Xyris species collected (Darbyshire 938) is an unmatched, potentially new species. The first Mozambican records of Edrastima angolensis (K. Schum.) Neupane & N. Wilkstr. (Darbyshire 920) in the Rubiaceae and Fimbristylis aphylla Steud. in the Cyperaceae (Darbyshire 926) were also made at the same wetland site (Timberlake et al. 2016).	en	Darbyshire, I., Wursten, B., Luke, Q., Fischer, E. (2019): A revision of the Crepidorhopalon whytei complex (Linderniaceae) in eastern Africa. Blumea 64 (2): 165-176, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.07, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.07
03F7634CFFA74D5CFF85EB2A59C8F8A9.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Crepidorhopalon kwaleensis is named after Kwale County of Kenya, where this species is endemic.	en	Darbyshire, I., Wursten, B., Luke, Q., Fischer, E. (2019): A revision of the Crepidorhopalon whytei complex (Linderniaceae) in eastern Africa. Blumea 64 (2): 165-176, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.07, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.07
03F7634CFFA74D5CFF85EB2A59C8F8A9.taxon	distribution	Distribution & Ecology — Crepidorhopalon kwaleensis is known only from the coastal lowlands of southeast Kenya in Kwale County. It occurs in seepage areas and pools in grassland, palm swamps and grassland along forest margins, at 5 – 230 m elevation. At one site, it was found growing along the margin of a pond used by mammals as a watering hole (Drummond & Hemsley 4007). Additional specimens seen. KENYA, Mwasangombe Forest, 15 miles SW of Kwale, fl. & fr. 27 Aug. 1953, Drummond & Hemsley 4007 (K); Kwale County, Gazi village N, fl. & fr. 12 Oct. 1991, Luke 2899 (EA [not located], K); near Lunguma, fl. & imm. fr. 20 Aug. 1994, Luke & Gray 4061 (EA [not located], K); Majoreni area, 5 km NE, fl. & fr. 18 Aug. 1993, Luke 3796 (EA [not located], K); Ramisi-Lungalunga Rd before Majoreni turn-off, fl. 20 Dec. 2018, Luke et al. 18735 (EA). Conservation — Based on the occurrence records cited above and two additional sight records (Q. L.), this species has an EOO of 691 km 2 and an AOO of 28 km 2. The area in which most of the localities are found (near Majoreni) is undergoing rapid habitat conversion to sugar plantations and maize fields (see Fig. 5 d), with some sub-populations almost certainly having been lost. The forest patch that adjoined the most northern record (Kaya Lunguma) has been destroyed. There is only one locality inside a protected area (Mwasagombe Forest, now believed to be inside the Shimba Hills National Reserve) but it has not been recollected there since 1953. With four threat-defined locations identified, this species is assessed as Endangered under criterion B – EN B 1 ab (i, ii, iii, iv, v) + B 2 ab (i, ii, iii, iv, v). Notes — This species is most easily recognised by the combination of the long slender spurs on the anterior pair of stamens, longer than in the other species of the C. whytei complex, and in the striking seeds that are no longer than wide and with subcircular depressions, rather than ± longer than wide and with longitudinal furrows on the surface in other members of this group (all species have a more marked longitudinal furrow on the posterior side). It is otherwise similar to forms of C. whytei that have a racemose inflorescence due to the bracts being markedly reduced in relation to the cauline leaves, but the growth habit is more erect or decumbent than in C. whytei where the stems are trailing. In the ‘ Flora of Tropical East Africa’ account of Lindernia (Philcox & Ghazanfar 2008), material here assigned to this new taxon was treated under two different species – L. whytei and L. hepperi. Crepidorhopalon hepperi is easily separated from C. whytei due to its more erect, short, much-branched habit, narrower leaves, smaller flowers and calyces with the lobes usually shorter than the tube. However, C. kwaleensis does superficially look somewhat intermediate between these two species, but clearly differs from both in the stamen and seed characters mentioned above. It additionally differs from C. hepperi in having broader leaves; although the leaf shape in C. hepperi is somewhat variable, it typically has lanceolate or more narrowly ovate leaves. The coastal lowlands of southeast Kenya are known for their botanical interest, with a variety of endemic and range-restricted species. These include species restricted to similar habitats to C. kwaleensis. For example, the pteridophyte Marsilea fadeniana Launert is known only from seasonal waterholes and dry riverbeds around Kwale (Launert 2003), while in the Cyperaceae, Cyperus boreobellus Lye is restricted to damp soils over rock and small pools in the Kwale region and Bulbostylis afroorientalis (Lye) R. W. Haines is known with certainty only from the seasonally wet grasslands of this region (Hoenselaar et al. 2010).	en	Darbyshire, I., Wursten, B., Luke, Q., Fischer, E. (2019): A revision of the Crepidorhopalon whytei complex (Linderniaceae) in eastern Africa. Blumea 64 (2): 165-176, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.07, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.02.07
