taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F281588A627F07FF74A2ABFA5DFC33.taxon	materials_examined	Type Species. Alainodaeus akiaki Davie, 1993, by original designation. Gender masculine.	en	Mendoza, Jose Christopher E., Ng, Peter K. L. (2008): A new species of Alainodaeus Davie, 1993 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Xanthidae) from Balicasag Island, Philippines, with a key to the genus. Zootaxa 1897: 53-63, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184471
03F281588A627F07FF74A2ABFA5DFC33.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Davie (1992) discussed the affinity of Alainodaeus with Medaeops and Monodaeus. Davie (1997) subsequently noted similarities in the form of the carapace, particularly between A. nuku and another xanthid genus, Nanocassiope Guinot, 1967, as well as other panopeid genera such as Micropanope Stimpson, 1871, Coralliope Guinot, 1967, and Gonopanope Guinot, 1967. He also commented that the forms of the G 1 of Nanocassiope, Coralliope and Gonopanope were too different from the general form in Alainodaeus, although he notes that Micropanope has “ a relatively simpler G 1, not unlike that of Alainodaeus ” (Davie 1997: 347). Two additional features appear to link Alainodaeus more closely to Euxanthinae. The presence of welldeveloped endostomial ridges in Alainodaeus (Fig. 3 A) is a feature shared with other euxanthine genera such as Cranaothus Ng, 1993, Epistocavea Davie, 1993, and Ladomedaeus Števčić, 2005 (cf. Davie 1993; Ng 1993; Manuel-Santos & Ng 2007). The form of the G 1 in Alainodaeus (e. g., Figs. 4 E, F) is most similar to that seen in other euxanthine genera such as Crosnierius Serène & Vadon, 1981, and Ladomedaeus. This is especially so for species such as A. akiaki, A. rimatara and A. filipinus n. sp. The G 1 in these crabs is moderate in length, a little more than twice the length of the G 2, outwardly and laterally curving, spinulose on the distal half, without any terminal or subterminal setation and, instead, having a distinct lobe or “ tongue ” at its distal tip (Serène & Vadon 1981; Davie 1993, 1997; Ng & Chen 2005; Manuel-Santos & Ng 2007). The “ flange ” or crest on the lateral margin noted by Davie (1992, 1997), a feature shared with some species of Medaeops and Monodaeus, is also found in Crosnierius and Ladomedaeus. A few works have cited the occurrence of a strongly differentiated, obliquely oriented tooth on the proximal end of the dactylus of the major chela (see Fig. 3 C) in some species of Euxanthinae, and have alluded to the possibility of some phylogenetic significance in such a structure (Davie 1993, 1997; Ng 1993; Ng & Clark 2003; Ng et al. 2008). This specially modified tooth is somewhat similar in structure to the shell-peeling tooth in species of Calappa Weber, 1795, and has been thought to serve a similar purpose. The modified tooth of Calappa is used to peel off the shell of gastropods, exposing the flesh on which they feed (see Ng & Tan 1984, 1985). Although there have been no reports of such behaviour in any euxanthine crab thus far, the modified tooth has been noted in genera such as Alainodaeus, Cranaothus, Crosnierius, Danielea Ng & Clark, 2003, Epistocavea, Medaeops, Medaeus, Miersiella Guinot, 1967, Monodaeus, Palatigum Davie, 1997, Paramedaeus, Paraxanthodes and Pleurocolpus Crosnier, 1995. Other euxanthine genera such as Euxanthus Dana, 1851, Hypocolpus Rathbun, 1897, Hepatoporus Serène, 1984, Glyptoxanthus A. Milne-Edwards, 1879, and their close relatives do not possess such a tooth. However, this is a character also present in many genera in at least one other xanthid subfamily — Xanthinae, e. g. Xanthias Rathbun, 1897, Nanocassiope, Euryxanthops Garth & Kim, 1983, Paraxanthias Odhner, 1925 (see Ng et al. 2008). In addition, Ng & Tan (1985) also noted that the peeling tooth is also present in some eriphioids. Prior to the discovery of the new species (A. filipinus), the westernmost extent of the genus Alainodaeus was in the Chesterfield Islands in the Coral Sea, between the eastern coast of Australia and the main island of New Caledonia, as represented by A. rimatara. Its northernmost extent was in the Marquesas Islands, in the central Pacific, less than 10 degrees south of the Equator, as represented by A. nuku. The ocurrence of Alainodaeus filipinus n. sp. in the central Philippines has extended the range of the genus northward to about 10 degrees beyond the Equator and westward, beyond Australia and Oceania, into Asia. In a similar extension of range, the monotypic genus Epistocavea Davie, 1993, originally described from the Tuamotu Archipelago, was reported by Mendoza & Ng (in press) from the Bohol Sea, in the central Philippines. Another similar distributional pattern is seen in Cranaothus deforgesi Ng, 1993, originally from the Chesterfield Islands in the Coral Sea and Philippines; and in the goneplacoid crab, Vultocinus anfractus Ng & Manuel-Santos, 2007, which occurs both in the central Philippines and northern Vanuatu (see Ng 1993; Ng & Manuel-Santos 2007).	en	Mendoza, Jose Christopher E., Ng, Peter K. L. (2008): A new species of Alainodaeus Davie, 1993 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Xanthidae) from Balicasag Island, Philippines, with a key to the genus. Zootaxa 1897: 53-63, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184471
03F281588A617F02FF74A50EFCDAFB39.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: ď (16.5 × 12.0 mm) (NMCR 27161), Philippines, Balicasag Island, 100 – 500 m, from fishermen with tangle nets, coll. P. K. L. Ng, 2 March 2004. Paratypes: 1 ď (8.8 × 6.4 mm) (ZRC 2008.0895), from fishermen with tangle nets, 100 – 500 m, Balicasag Island, coll. P. K. L. Ng, December 2000; 1 ď, with bopyrid isopod in branchial chamber (21.8 × 15.0 mm) (ZRC 2008.0896), tangle net, 100 – 300 m, Maribohoc Bay, Bohol, coll. J. Arbasto, between November 2003 to April 2004; 1 Ψ (11.2 × 8.2 mm) (ZRC 2008.0897), from fishermen with tangle nets, 100 – 500 m, Balicasag Island, coll. P. K. L. Ng, March 2004; 1 Ψ (11.1 × 8.0 mm) (ZRC 2008.0898), from fishermen with tangle nets, 50 – 500 m, Balicasag Island, coll. Panglao 2004 Marine Biodiversity Project, 14 June 2004; 1 ď (15.5 × 10.8 mm), 1 Ψ (13.0 × 8.9 mm) (ZRC 2008.0899), Philippines, stn DW 2402, off Balicasag Island, 101 – 118 m, 9 ° 30.8 ’ N, 123 ° 41.5 ’ E, coll. M / V DA-BFAR, Panglao 2005 Cruise, 31 May 2005. Comparative material. Alainodaeus akiaki Davie, 1993, holotype ď (29.2 × 19.4 mm) (MNHN- B 22243), caught in pots, 230 - 240 m, Rurutu, Austral Islands, coll. F. R. V. Marara, J. Poupin, 10 March 1989. Alainodaeus alis, Davie, 1997, holotype ď (8.1 × 5.9 mm) (MNHN-B 22809), stn DW 73, 573 m, New Caledonia, coll. CHALCAL 2, 29 October 1986. Alainodaeus nuku Davie, 1997, holotype ď (8.9 × 6.1 mm) (MNHN-B 22778), stn D 83, 140 m, Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands, coll. J. Poupin, 25 January 1991. Alainodaeus rimatara Davie, 1993, holotype ď (22.4 × 15.3 mm) (MNHN-B 22244), trapped, 250 - 300 m, Akiaki, Tuamotu Archipelago coll. F. R. V. Marara, J. Poupin, 10 June 1989.	en	Mendoza, Jose Christopher E., Ng, Peter K. L. (2008): A new species of Alainodaeus Davie, 1993 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Xanthidae) from Balicasag Island, Philippines, with a key to the genus. Zootaxa 1897: 53-63, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184471
03F281588A617F02FF74A50EFCDAFB39.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Carapace (Fig. 2 A, B) about 1.4 times broader than long, regions moderately defined; 2 M faintly, partially divided longitudinally, 3 M prominent, 4 M indistinct; grooves bordering 3 M, posterior 2 M, and 6 L deep and smooth; dorsal regions of carapace granulose, with anterior half bearing larger granules; suborbital, subhepatic and pterygostomial regions similarly granulose. Front about 0.3 times carapace width, bilobed, slightly deflexed ventrally; frontal margin sinuous, with a narrow, smooth strip just posterior to it, immediately followed by rows of granules; lobes separated by shallow V-shaped cleft, continuous with a median fissure on frontal region. Supraorbital margin granulose, relatively short, no obvious external orbital tooth, not clearly meeting anterolateral margin. Orbits relatively small, width about 0.1 times carapace width. Anterolateral margin convex, with 4 teeth - 1 st and 4 th feeble, 2 nd and 3 rd more distinct, with 3 rd tooth at the point of maximum carapace width; anterior-most part not clearly meeting orbital margin. Posterolateral margin more-or-less straight, convergent posteriorly. Central portion of posterior carapace margin, straight, with distinct row of granules anterior to it. Eyes with short eyestalks, distal edge with cornea lined with small, tooth-like granules; corneas well developed (Fig. 2 D). Antennules (Figs. 2 D, 3 A) folding transversely. Basal antennal segment long, granulose, subrectangular, occupying entire space between antennular fossa and internal orbital angle, filling orbital hiatus; long flagellum arising from distal margin, reaching well beyond outer edge of orbit. Posterior margin of epistome (Figs. 2 D, 3 A) slightly sinuous and sweeping slightly outward, with a shallow median notch continuing as a median fissure which widens anteriorly; also with 1 lateral notch on either half. Posterior portion of endostome (Fig. 3 A) with oblique ridge on either side; mesial edge of endopod of 1 st maxilliped not reaching beyond ridges. Outer surface of 3 rd maxillipeds (Fig. 4 B) granulose. Merus subquadrate, with slight extension of anteroexternal angle, median length about half that of ischium, with 2 shallow depressions on either side of a low, submedian, granular ridge; margins more-or less straight, lined with small granules. Ischium subrectangular, inner margin with short, stiff setae; with deep, longitudinal sub-median groove; separated from basis by feeble suture. Exopod granulose, tapering toward distal end which just reaches anterior edge of merus, flagellum long. Surface of male thoracic sternum (Figs. 2 C, 4 A) sparsely setose, with small granules, anterior region elongate. Sternites 1 and 2 completely fused into triangular plate, separated from sternite 3 by distinct transverse suture. Sternites 3 and 4 partially fused, with a lateral notch on either side which is replaced by a distinct groove medially; sternite 4 with deep, median, longitudinal furrow. Male abdominal cavity deep, sternal condyle slightly off-center on sternite 5, slightly nearer to suture with sternite 6, abdomen almost reaching to imaginary line joining posterior edges of cheliped coxae. FIGURE 3. Alainodaeus filipinus n. sp., holotype ♂ (16.5 × 12.0 mm) (NMCR 27161), Balicasag Island, Philippines. A, fronto-ventral view, showing antennae, antennules, epistome, endostome, mouthparts; B, right 3 rd and 4 th ambulatory legs, dorsal view; C, major chela, external view; D, minor chela, external view. Chelipeds (Figs. 2 A, 3 C, D) distinctly unequal, right chela larger and stouter, left chela more slender. Merus granulose on external surface, slightly longer than carpus, with distinct row of granules on convex dorsal margin. Carpus short, dorsal and ventral surface granulose, inner margin with 2 spinose teeth. In both chelae, external surface of palm granulose, upper margin slightly convex, with proximal end terminating as a sphaeroidal projection, central portion of lower margin more prominently convex; inner surface relatively smoother, except for 3 or 4 large, conical, inwardly projecting granules on upper margin and a feeble, median row of granules. Major chela with fingers stout, distinctly shorter than palm, with pointed, incurving tips, and pigmented throughout most of their length; fixed finger slightly deflexed with submarginal groove on external surface, cutting surface with 3 large teeth medially; dactylus slightly curved, with 2 grooves on external surface, cutting margin with large subproximal tooth, with a depression near point of articulation with palm to receive a rounded projection on palm distal margin. Minor chela with fingers slender, about as long as palm; no large, subproximal tooth on dactylus. Ambulatory legs (Figs. 2 A, 3 B) relatively long, slender, third leg longest, coxa-to-dactylus length about 1.3 times carapace width. Merus subrectangular, subcylindrical in cross-section; anterior edges, with 2 parallel rows of low, conical granules; dorsal surface in fourth ambulatory leg more granulose than rest. Carpus narrow proximally, widening distally, dorsal surface with rows of conical or rounded granules, with more closely packed and conical granules on anterior half. Propodus subrectangular, with larger conical granules on edges and dorsal surface and with sparse, stiff setae on posterior edge. Dactylus straight, anterior and posterior edges covered with short, stiff setae; terminates distally in curved chitinous claw. External surface of male abdomen and telson (Fig. 4 C) granulose and with sparse, fine setae. Somite 1 longer at lateral edges and forming a concave distal margin; larger granules on lateral portions. Somite 2 subtrapezoidal, proximal and lateral margins convex, distal margin concave; with larger granules on lateral portions. Somites 3 – 5 immovably fused, vestigial sutures seen as shallow grooves; external surface with finer, lower granules; lateral margins markedly concave. Somite 6 rectangular, about 1.9 times wider than long, central region raised, lateral margins slightly concave. Telson subtriangular with rounded tip, about 1.7 times wider than long, and about as long as penultimate somite. G 1 (Fig. 4 D, E) moderate in length, stout, curving laterally, tapering distally into 2 unequal lobes, external lobe small, narrow, internal lobe large, spatulate; subterminal setae absent; distal two-thirds covered with long and short spines, mostly found on internal surface, longest spines found in a row on mesial margin; lateral margin with distinct keel in central region; basal region wide, with a few plumose setae. G 2 (Fig. 4 F) about half length of G 1, curving mesially, tip recurved. Coloration. The dorsal surface of the carapace (Fig. 1) has a yellowish white background, with small, isolated patches of white on the branchial, cardiac and intestinal regions. The granules found on the anterior half of the carapace are mostly orange and tipped with dark, reddish-orange. The chelipeds have a similar color pattern, with the carpus and palm also invested with the reddish orange-tipped granules; the fingers of the chelae are colored brown throughout their length, but brown color does not extend to the palm. The ambulatory legs are alternately colored orange and white along their entire length, particularly the meri, giving them a banded appearance.	en	Mendoza, Jose Christopher E., Ng, Peter K. L. (2008): A new species of Alainodaeus Davie, 1993 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Xanthidae) from Balicasag Island, Philippines, with a key to the genus. Zootaxa 1897: 53-63, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184471
03F281588A617F02FF74A50EFCDAFB39.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after the Philippines, using its older Spanish name, Las Islas Filipinas. Used as a noun in apposition.	en	Mendoza, Jose Christopher E., Ng, Peter K. L. (2008): A new species of Alainodaeus Davie, 1993 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Xanthidae) from Balicasag Island, Philippines, with a key to the genus. Zootaxa 1897: 53-63, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184471
03F281588A617F02FF74A50EFCDAFB39.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Alainodaeus filipinus n. sp. is similar to congeners in the following characters: 1) the general outline of the carapace; 2) the four, relatively low anterolateral teeth (or lobes), with the first tooth being much reduced; 3) the non-protrusive, deflexed, and bilobed front; 4) the moderately defined carapace regions; 5) the distinct, oblique ridges on the lateral regions of the endostome; 6) the lateral notches and shallow transverse furrow on the anterior sternum indicating the partial fusion of the 3 rd and 4 th sternites; 7) the presence of a deep, median, longitudinal furrow on the 4 th sternite; 8) the short and wide male abdomen; 9) the relatively long and slender ambulatory legs; 10) the presence of a flange / crest on the lateral margin of the G 1; and 11) the absence of terminal or subterminal setae on the G 1 (cf. Davie 1993, 1997). The live colouration of some species of Alainodaeus also bears some similarities, particularly in the orange-and-white banding pattern seen in the ambulatory legs, as well as the orange “ dotting ” or “ clouding ” on the dorsal surface of the carapace (cf. Poupin 1996). FIGURE 4. Alainodaeus filipinus n. sp., holotype ♂ (16.5 × 12.0 mm) (NMCR 27161), Balicasag Island, Philippines. A, left 3 rd maxilliped, external view; B, anterior thoracic sternum (sternites 1 - 2, 3, 4), ventral view; C, pleon (abdominal somites 1 - 6, telson), external view; D, G 1, external view; E, G 1, internal view; F, G 2, external view. Scale bars: A-C = 2.0 mm, D-F = 0.5 mm.	en	Mendoza, Jose Christopher E., Ng, Peter K. L. (2008): A new species of Alainodaeus Davie, 1993 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Xanthidae) from Balicasag Island, Philippines, with a key to the genus. Zootaxa 1897: 53-63, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184471
