identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F107074611FFFEFF2F359765F5FE84.text	03F107074611FFFEFF2F359765F5FE84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina arsenii Serusiaux, van den Boom & Magain	<div><p>Ramalina arsenii Sérusiaux, van den Boom &amp; Magain; Mycobank #840281</p><p>The Lichenologist 53(6): 434 (2021).</p><p>Type: ― Switzerland, Valais canton, Saastal, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=7.9365&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.1355" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 7.9365/lat 46.1355)">Saas-Grund</a>, slightly calcareous rocks at edge of coniferous forest, 1680 m, 46°08.13′ N, 007°56.19′ E, August 2018, E. Sérusiaux s. n. (LG DNA 6389) (G— holotype; LG— isotype) (Sérusiaux et al. 2021) .</p><p>Thallus fruticose, saxicolous, light yellow-green to green, consisting of cushions of upright lobes divided dichotomously. Lobes typically 1 to 2.5 cm long. Soralia present, initially formed on lobe margins, then expanding at undersides or along lateral branches, in some thalli, small branches lack soralia but develop delicate phyllidioid or isidioid, flattened lobules. The apex of the old lobes may resemble a helmet. Isidia absent. Pseudocyphellae present, forming longitudinal lines along short branchlets, infrequently opening with tiny callus lines. Apothecia very rare, not seen.</p><p>Chemistry: Medulla spot tests K–, C–, KC–, PD–, UV–; TLC: Evernic acid in the medulla and usnic acid in the cortex (Sérusiaux et al. 2021).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina arsenii is newly documented for Iran. It occurs both at low and high elevations. This species is known elsewhere from montane regions of Southwestern Europe, including France, SW Germany, Spain and Switzerland. Its distinct ecological niche on perpendicular calcareous rocks facilitates its identification (Sérusiaux et al. 2021).</p><p>Notes: Ramalina arsenii and the similar R. europaea belong to the R. pollinaria group, which has been revised recently using ITS sequencing (Garparyan et al. 2017, Sérusiaux et al. 2021). This revealed that the since long accepted R. pollinaria consisted of 4 very similar species. One species, R. labiosorediata Gasparyan et al. (2017), occurs in North America, the other three are sympatric in Europe and surroundings, and their distinction on morphological grounds needs great care. In case of doubt, ITS sequencing is recommendable. Both specimens from Iran are found on rock and match the description of R. arsenii . This resembles most closely R. europaea, from which it was distinguished by differences in the ITS sequence (Sérusiaux et al. 2021). Morphologically both species are very similar, with 1–3 cm long lobes and sometimes spine-like proliferations with punctiform soralia on the top. Sérusiax et al. (2021) present the presence of ovoid excavate depressions on the thallus surface as distinguishing character for R. europaea . The reported substrates suggest a slight difference in ecological preferences, because R. europaea is reported from trunks and calcareous and siliceous rock, while R. arsenii is known only from calcareous rock. R. arsenii also resembles the exclusively North American species R. labiosorediata and they share the development of soralia mainly on the undersurface of the lobe tips. Ramalina arsenii is exclusively found on overhangs of calcareous rock formations, while R. labiosorediata is primarily found on trees and occasionally documented from rock. R. carminae R. Arroyo &amp; Seriñá is another similar species growing on rock overhangs and can be differentiated from R. arsenii by producing variolaric acid instead of evernic acid and by the palmately branched lobe tips (Sérusiaux et al. 2021).</p><p>Specimens examined: EAST AZERBAIJAN PROVINCE: Kalibar, ca. 4 km from Kalibar town, Galadarasi, toward Babak Castle, Arasbaran forest, 38.864789N, 46.968889E, 1750–2000 m, 19 August 2005, M. Sohrabi 4703 (ICH). MAZANDARAN PROVINCE: Behshahr, ca. 15 km from Behshahr town, Abbass-abbad forests, 36.664541N, 53.598829E, 400–600 m, 20 May 2004, M. Sohrabi 3383 (herb. Sohrabi).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F107074611FFFEFF2F359765F5FE84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharifi, Maryam;Mehregan, Iraj;Sohrabi, Mohammad;Larijani, Kambiz;Sipman, Harrie	Sharifi, Maryam, Mehregan, Iraj, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Larijani, Kambiz, Sipman, Harrie (2025): A synopsis of the lichen genus Ramalina (Ramalinaceae) in Iran. Phytotaxa 702 (3): 255-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2
03F107074612FFFEFF2F376D6537FB24.text	03F107074612FFFEFF2F376D6537FB24.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina baltica Lettau	<div><p>Ramalina baltica Lettau; Mycobank #403657</p><p>Festschr. 50 Jahr. Best. Preuss. Bot. Vereins 1912: 69.</p><p>Type:― Ostpreussen, Cranzer Wald (Klein-Thüringen-Grenz), a. Picea u. Pinus, 1909, leg. G. Lettau (B, holotype) (Krog &amp; James 1977).</p><p>Thallus fruticose, pulvinate to lax, the laciniae exhibit a color ranging from greyish-green to a muted green hue, appearing glossy and opaque when moist, widened at the bottom, flattened, with a solid interior or partially becoming hollow over time; pulvinate structures might display lobes featuring significantly worn apices, causing the fractured open tips of the pustules to be exposed. Soralia primarily formed near the tips, sides, or close to the ends, with soredial growth occurring on the surface, and soredia being discharged through lacerations or the breaking of uneven, blisterlike protrusions. Apothecia very rare, at the edge or on the surface of the thallus lobes.</p><p>Chemistry: Medulla spot tests K–, C–, KC–, PD–, UV–; TLC: Evernic acid (Krog &amp; James 1977).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina baltica Lettau was collected for the first time in Iran in January 2003 in Golestan Province by Massoumi &amp; Safavi and reported by Seaward (Seaward et al. 2004, 2008).</p><p>Notes: This species and R. obtusata are morphologically very similar and seem to have the same chemistry. The two pertinent substances, evernic and obtusatic acid, give very similar spots in TLC, with the same colors and fluorescence, and almost the same Rf values. Bartsch (1992) found that obtusatic acid in the investigated Ramalina species always is accompanied by a much larger quantity of evernic acid, which covers its spot on TLC plates. Our results agree with this and we assume that both species contain the same substancess. The only differences between both are morphological. R. obtusata has narrower lobes and helmet-shaped soralia, whereas R. baltica has wider lobes and the soralia are not concave.</p><p>Specimens examined: GOLESTAN PROVINCE: C. 12 km from Aliabad towards Zaringol, 36.8397N, 54.9762E, 420 m, 29 January 2003, Maassoumi &amp; Safavi 2067 (B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F107074612FFFEFF2F376D6537FB24	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharifi, Maryam;Mehregan, Iraj;Sohrabi, Mohammad;Larijani, Kambiz;Sipman, Harrie	Sharifi, Maryam, Mehregan, Iraj, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Larijani, Kambiz, Sipman, Harrie (2025): A synopsis of the lichen genus Ramalina (Ramalinaceae) in Iran. Phytotaxa 702 (3): 255-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2
03F107074612FFFFFF2F328D64A4FEE8.text	03F107074612FFFFFF2F328D64A4FEE8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina calicaris	<div><p>Ramalina calicaris (L.) Röhl; Mycobank #403668</p><p>Deutschl. Fl. (Frankfurt) 3 (2): 139 (1813).— Lichen calicaris Ach. 1810 .</p><p>Type:― British Isles, Dillenius 62B, LINN 1273.115 (OXF, neotype, designated by Krog &amp; James (1977).</p><p>Thallus corticolous, fruticose, pendent at age, tufted and to 15 cm long, greyish-green, comprised of narrow, channeled lobes, spiky and stiff when dry. Lobes vary in number and width particularly near the base, with shiny and smooth surface, 2–4 mm wide. Soralia and isidia are absent. Pseudocyphellae frequent but indistinct, punctiform. Apothecia numerous, marginal, and subterminal, situated on angled branches at the bends.</p><p>Chemistry: Medulla spot tests K–, C–, KC–, PD–, UV–; TLC: Usnic acid and sekikaic acid complex (Cannon et al. 2021).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina calicaris was collected in Iran probably by Mc Vean in November 1972 and subsequently documented by Barkhalov (1975) and Seaward et al. (2008). This species is typically found on branches and twigs that are rich in nutrients, especially on shrubs with nourishing bark, and is seldom found on tree trunks. It is commonly found in coastal areas in well-lit environments. In Europe, it is common in the British Isles and southern Fennoscandia (Cannon et al. 2021). In SW Asia, R. calicaris has been reported from Azerbaijan (Barkhalov 1969, 1983), Armenia (Nikogosyan 1966, Gasparyan &amp; Sipman 2016), and Turkey (Toksöz et al. 2022).</p><p>Notes: Specimens displaying few broad lobes measuring up to 10 mm in width might bear a resemblance to R. fraxinea, whereas sprawling variations resemble more R. fastigiata . The tough texture of the thallus and the channeled lobes, especially near the base, can function as distinguishing characteristics (Cannon et al. 2021).</p><p>Rabenhorst (1870) was the first to report this species from Iran. However, he wrote “44. R. calycaris zur Form thrausta neigend. Auf Rubus bei Enseli am Caspischen Meere”. This indicates that the material is not typical R. thrausta, but a form of R. calicaris that resembles R. thrausta, and that it was found on Rubus sp. Rubus, a spiny shrub, is not a likely habitat for R. thrausta with its thread-like, pendant lobes growing on mature trees in cloud forests. Nevertheless, Szatala (1957) interpreted this as a report of R. thrausta . Unfortunately, the lichen herbarium of Rabenhorst was destroyed in B during WW2, and most probably no voucher exists. During a visit to Bandar Anzali, the location of the Rabenhorst (1870) report, and the surrounding regions, we thoroughly explored all forest locations, and were unable to locate any suitable habitat for R. thrausta . Therefore, we do not accept R. thrausta as reliably reported from Iran.</p><p>Specimens examined: MAZANDARAN PROVINCE: S of Noshahr, N-facing slopes of Alborz Mts, 1800 m, 5 November 1972, D. McVean 7208 (COLO-L).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F107074612FFFFFF2F328D64A4FEE8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharifi, Maryam;Mehregan, Iraj;Sohrabi, Mohammad;Larijani, Kambiz;Sipman, Harrie	Sharifi, Maryam, Mehregan, Iraj, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Larijani, Kambiz, Sipman, Harrie (2025): A synopsis of the lichen genus Ramalina (Ramalinaceae) in Iran. Phytotaxa 702 (3): 255-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2
03F107074613FFFFFF2F374965AFFB08.text	03F107074613FFFFFF2F374965AFFB08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina canariensis J. Steiner	<div><p>Ramalina canariensis J. Steiner; Mycobank #403672</p><p>Öst. bot. Z. 54 (10): 355 (1904)</p><p>Type:― Spain, Gran Canaria, Tafira, 400 m, 22 May 1900, J. Bornmüller, Pl. Canar. No. 3500 (W, isolectotype) (Krog &amp; Østhagen 1980).</p><p>Thallus fruticose, forming swards or scattered, pulvinated to ragged tufts, reaching 3–4 cm in length, and light graygreen in color or dull green, matt. Lobes distinctly broadened from the base, tapering towards the apex, smooth, filled inside with a lax medulla, the lobes are 2–6 mm wide. Soralia developing into helmet-shaped vesicles, or released through irregular lacerations in the cortex, mostly around the apices, characterized by holes; sub-terminal or lateral. Soredia farinose. Pseudocyphellae infrequent, oblong, raised or flat. Apothecia extremely rare, either marginal or on the surface of the lobes.</p><p>Chemistry: Medulla spot tests K–, C–, KC–, PD–, UV± blue-white; TLC: Usnic, divaricatic acids (Cannon et al. 2021).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Reported from Iran by Sohrabi &amp; Sipman (2007), Seaward et al. (2008), and Es-hagh Nimvar &amp; Mataji (2014). This lichen is commonly found on eutrophic bark in well-lit conditions (Cannon et al. 2021). In the eastern Mediterranean region it is known from Turkey (Çobanglu &amp; Sevgi 2012).</p><p>Note: The thallus lobes show a wide range of variation, ranging from individual palmate lobes to ragged clusters of lacerate branches. The soredia are produced in subterminal, slightly inflated vesicles. Eroded specimens, particularly on rocks, bear a resemblance to R. lacera, which is unrelated but shares superficial similarities (Spjut et al. 2020).</p><p>Specimens examined: EAST AZERBAIJAN PROVINCE: Kalibar, 21 km south of the road of Khoda-afarin to Jolfa, Aynaloo, 38.88702N, 46.80238E, 1750–1900 m, 20 August 2005, corticolous: on bark of deciduous trees, M. Sohrabi &amp; M. Ghobad-Nejhad 4085 (ICH, herb. Sohrabi). MAZANDARAN PROVINCE: Haraz valley, above Siah Bisheh, 36.12N, 52.20E, 600 m, 14 April 1959, Wendelbo 2504 (BG).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F107074613FFFFFF2F374965AFFB08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharifi, Maryam;Mehregan, Iraj;Sohrabi, Mohammad;Larijani, Kambiz;Sipman, Harrie	Sharifi, Maryam, Mehregan, Iraj, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Larijani, Kambiz, Sipman, Harrie (2025): A synopsis of the lichen genus Ramalina (Ramalinaceae) in Iran. Phytotaxa 702 (3): 255-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2
03F107074613FFF8FF2F32E962E8FE84.text	03F107074613FFF8FF2F32E962E8FE84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina capitata (Ach.) Nyl.	<div><p>Ramalina capitata (Ach.) Nyl.; Mycobank #403674</p><p>Flora, Regensburg 55: 426 (1872). ― Ramalina polymorpha var. capitata Ach.</p><p>Type:― Sweden: (Herb. Acharius 18054, lectotype). (Krog &amp; James 1977).</p><p>Thallus fruticose, around 11–19 mm high. Lobes derived from a single holdfast, flattened, greenish to greenish grey, branched in a fan-like pattern, horny, striate longitudinally with slender slit-like lacunae, about 1–4 mm wide. Soralia discrete, capitate, on top of swollen and recurved lobes. Soredia granular, concolorous with the thallus. Pseudocyphellae absent. Apothecia rare, apical.</p><p>Chemistry: Medulla spot tests K–, C–, KC–, PD–, UV–; TLC: usnic acid (Nimis &amp; Martellos 2024, Cannon et al. 2021</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Sohrabi and Alizadeh discovered R. capitata in the province Azerbaijan in 2002 (Seaward et al. 2004, 2008). Afterwards, Houshyar et al. (2014) cited this species for Iran. Sohrabi &amp; Sipman (2020) found it on a wind-exposed siliceous rock. Elsewhere, R. capitata has been observed on rocky outcrops (Voytsekhovich &amp; Beck 2016) and in urban areas with considerable levels of air pollution, indicating its ability to tolerate pollution (Aslan et al. 2004). R. capitata is known from Armenia and Turkey as well (Harutyunyan et al. 2011, Yazici et al. 2013).</p><p>Note: R. capitata is closely related to R. polymorpha (Lilj.) Ach., which differs by its laminal, spherical granules organized along pseudocyphellae-like lines. These two species are closely related but show genetic distinctions (Marthinsen et al. 2019, Spjut et al. 2020).</p><p>Specimens examined: EAST AZERBAIJAN PROVINCE: Jolfa, Jolfa to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.44579&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.860577" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.44579/lat 38.860577)">Khoda-Afarin</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.44579&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.860577" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.44579/lat 38.860577)">Missan village</a>, around village and the closest forests, 38.860576N, 46.445788E, 1000–1500 m, 25 May 1999, on silicate rocks, M. Sohrabi 1484 (ICH, herb. Sohrabi) ; Jolfa, Jolfa to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.44449&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.861095" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.44449/lat 38.861095)">Khoda-Afarin</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.44449&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.861095" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.44449/lat 38.861095)">Missan village</a> and the closest forest, 38.861095N, 46.444488E, 1000–1250 m, 15 July 2001, M. Sohrabi 85 (ICH, herb. Sohrabi) ; Jolfa, ca 17 km E of Hadishahr, Daran village, around the road to the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.82404&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.802845" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.82404/lat 38.802845)">Kiamakidagh</a>, 38.802844N, 45.824039E, 1770 m, 16 September 2004, Saxicolous: on siliceous rocks, M. Sohrabi 831 (ICH, herb. Sohrabi) ; Kalibar, ca. 10 km from Kalibar, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.968887&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.864788" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.968887/lat 38.864788)">Hejranduost village</a>, 38.864789N, 46.968889E, 1750–1850 m, 20 August 2005, on silicate rocks, M. Sohrabi 4280, 4288, 4297 (ICH, herb. Sohrabi). WEST AZERBAIJAN PROVINCE: between Bazargan and Boralan, along the road to Mt. Ararat, 1400 m, 10 August 2002, M. Sohrabi &amp; B. Alizadeh 16599 (B), 831 (ICH, herb. Sohrabi), 16724 (ICH, herb. Sohrabi) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F107074613FFF8FF2F32E962E8FE84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharifi, Maryam;Mehregan, Iraj;Sohrabi, Mohammad;Larijani, Kambiz;Sipman, Harrie	Sharifi, Maryam, Mehregan, Iraj, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Larijani, Kambiz, Sipman, Harrie (2025): A synopsis of the lichen genus Ramalina (Ramalinaceae) in Iran. Phytotaxa 702 (3): 255-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2
03F107074614FFF8FF2F376D6537FBC0.text	03F107074614FFF8FF2F376D6537FBC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina conduplicans Vain.	<div><p>Ramalina cf. conduplicans Vain.; Mycobank #403683</p><p>Ann. bot. Soc. Zool.-Bot. fenn. Vanamo 1 (no. 3): 35 (1921).</p><p>Type:― Siam borealis, in summo monte Doi Sutep, ad troncos arborum, 1904, leg. C. C. Hosseus [TUR] (Kashiwadani 1986).</p><p>Thallus corticolous, ca. 3 cm long, deeply dissected. Lobes narrow, densely branched, pale yellow to grey-green, 1–1.5 mm wide, ca. 0.2 mm thick, stiff, canaliculated, slightly grooved and ridged. Soralia absent. Pseudocyphellae present, white, punctiform to elliptic, sessile. Apothecia abundant, on the side margins of the lobes.</p><p>Chemistry: Medulla spot tests K–, C–, KC–, PD–, UV+blue-white; TLC: Divaricatic acid.</p><p>Ecology and Distribution: The only available Iranian specimen was collected in 2009 by M. Eskandari in Mazandaran, “Haraz Road, Siahbisheh to Tiran Forest”. In the same packet was also R. hyrcana . No further details of the ecology and distribution of the species are known. Information published for R. conduplicans cannot be applied as long as the identification is uncertain. R. conduplicans is widespread in the Himalaya (Pant &amp; Awasthi 2003).</p><p>Note: The Iranian specimen is well characterized by its stiff, linear, canaliculate thallus lobes with punctiform pseudocyphellae spread over the surface and hardly raised, without soralia. These characters are shared by R. conduplicans, which differs according to the description by Pant &amp; Awasthi (2003) by the presence of the sekikaic acid aggregate and the absence of divaricatic acid. More samples are needed to find out if the chemical difference is constant and may indicate a separate species.</p><p>Initially, we compared the sample with R. africana, and this identification was available temporarily on the GBIF website. However, it deviates from this species by the absence of the sekikaic acid aggregate and the pseudocyphellae which are not raised on tubercles. The key we used (Swinscow &amp; Krog 1988) includes another similar species, R. asperula Kremp., which agrees by the presence of divaricatic acid and not-raised, round pseudocyphellae. However, its thallus has shorter and wider, slightly wrinkled lobes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F107074614FFF8FF2F376D6537FBC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharifi, Maryam;Mehregan, Iraj;Sohrabi, Mohammad;Larijani, Kambiz;Sipman, Harrie	Sharifi, Maryam, Mehregan, Iraj, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Larijani, Kambiz, Sipman, Harrie (2025): A synopsis of the lichen genus Ramalina (Ramalinaceae) in Iran. Phytotaxa 702 (3): 255-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2
03F107074614FFF9FF2F32B1624BFD58.text	03F107074614FFF9FF2F32B1624BFD58.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina europaea Gasparyan, Sipman & Lucking	<div><p>Ramalina europaea Gasparyan, Sipman &amp; Lücking; Mycobank #819386</p><p>The Lichenologist 49 (4): 306 (2017). Type:― Sweden, Södermanland, Lerbo parish, 1·7 km NE of Lerbo church, 600m SW Dagöholm, the Natura 2000 habitat</p><p>Dagöholmsbackarna, W of the road, wooded meadow with very old Quercus robur, on Quercus robur, 30 m, 58°59·120’N,</p><p>16°27·254’E, grazed, 7 May 2015, A. Gasparyan s. n. (B 60 0201019— holotype) (Gasparyan et al. 2017).</p><p>Thallus fruticose, erect to subpendulous, 11 to 32 mm long, light greenish-yellow to light green with similar surfaces. Lobes attached at the base, mostly flat, abundant, unevenly dichotomously to palmately branched, upright or rarely pendant, solid, about 3 mm wide; branches surface shiny, smooth, or wrinkled. Soralia orbicular, 1–4 mm wide, producing soredia of 50–70 mµ diameter, present on the underside of widened lobe tips of more or less labriform lobes and along lobe margins, infrequently on the lamina; spine-like extensions at the lobe tips also produce granules in little apical soralia. Apothecia very rare, not seen.</p><p>Chemistry: Medulla spot tests K–, C–, KC–, P–, UV–; TLC: Usnic, evernic acids (Gasparyan et al. 2017).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: R. europaea grows on trunks of deciduous trees like Quercus spp, coniferous trees, in mixed forests, on phorophyte species such as Acer saccharum, Liriodendron sp., Nyssa sp., and Thuja sp. It also grows on rocky substrates (Gasparyan et al. 2017). This species is widely spread across Southwestern Asia in Iran and Armenia, as well as in Europe, including Austria, Belgium, Norway, Romania, Finland, Russia, Sweden, and Turkey (Gasparyan et al. 2017, Sérusiaux et al. 2021).</p><p>Note: Ramalina europaea bears a strong resemblance to Ramalina pollinaria (Westr.)Ach., but distinguishes itself can be distinguished by the presence of spine-like branchlets adorned with small punctiform soralia. Both corticolous and saxicolous populations of R. europaea exhibit similar ovoid excavated depressions on the underside although those are notably smaller than those found in R. pollinaria s. str. (Sérusiaux et al. 2021).</p><p>See also the remarks on the Ramalina pollinaria group under R. arsenii . In Armenia, R. europaea is the commonest species of the group. From 14 sequenced specimens (Gasparyan et al. 2017), 11 turned out to belong to R. europaea, 3 to R. pollinaria and none to R. arsenii .</p><p>Specimens examined: EAST AZERBAIJAN PROVINCE: Kalibar, ca. 4 km from Kalibar town Galadarasi, toward Babak Castle Arasbaran forest none Protect area, 38.836946N, 46.987100E, 1750–2000 m, 19 August 2005, corticolous, on bark of deciduous tree, M. Sohrabi 4527 (NY &amp; H, ICH, Herb. Sohrabi). GILAN PROVINCE: Rudbar, 37.024N, 49.532E, 10 May 2019, obsr1134639, OBS765182570 (CLO), M. Sohrabi 308 98 (herb. Sohrabi). GOLESTAN PROVINCE: Aliabbad, Zaringol to Afratakhteh village beside the road., 36.8199N, 54.9828E, 500 m, 5 September 2002, M. Sohrabi 1996 (herb Sohrabi); Kordkuy, Derazno village, 1 km towards TV Broadcast Tower, 36.667896N, 54.164537E, 1900 m, 15 November 2017, on the bark of a deciduous tree, M. Sohrabi &amp; M. Ghobad-Nejhad 30842 (ICH), (30846) (herb. Sohrabi), 31490 (ICH), accompanying species: Ramalina pollinaria, R. farinacea; Gorgan Distr., Tuskestan Forest, 36° 44.98′N, 054° 34.01′E, 650 m, disturbed deciduous forest, 2007, H. Sipman 55215B (B). Genbank # MW892977 (Sérusiaux et al. 2021). SEMNAN PROVINCE: Shahroud county, Dasht-E Shad village, 2 km towards Loveh village, Dasht-e-Kalpoush, 37.259628N, 55.728060E, 1900 m, 19 Nov. 2017, on the bark of deciduous trees, M. Sohrabi 30900, 30958 (ICH, herb. Sohrabi), 30898 (ICH) accompany species: Ramalina farinacea . MAZANDARAN PROVINCE: Farim, 5 km from Shahid Rajaie Dam, 36.220084N, 53.272434E, 921 m, 19 November 2017, on the bark of a deciduous tree, M. Sohrabi 30178 (ICH); Galougah 6 km to Sefid Chah, Northen slope of the road, 36.66266N, 53.81353E, 902 m, 19 November 2017, on the bark of deciduous tree, M. Sohrabi 30156 (ICH); Royan, Royan Baledeh road, Donkoh village, 36.37251N, 51.89057E, 1550 m, 13 November 2017, on the bark of a deciduous tree, M. Sohrabi &amp; M. Ghobad-Nejhad 30276, 30280 (ICH, herb. Sohrabi).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F107074614FFF9FF2F32B1624BFD58	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharifi, Maryam;Mehregan, Iraj;Sohrabi, Mohammad;Larijani, Kambiz;Sipman, Harrie	Sharifi, Maryam, Mehregan, Iraj, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Larijani, Kambiz, Sipman, Harrie (2025): A synopsis of the lichen genus Ramalina (Ramalinaceae) in Iran. Phytotaxa 702 (3): 255-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2
03F107074616FFFBFF2F36A26729FE10.text	03F107074616FFFBFF2F36A26729FE10.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina farinacea	<div><p>Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach.; Mycobank #403714</p><p>Lichenographia Universalis: 606 (1810). ― Lichen farinaceus Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 1146. 1753.</p><p>Type:― Unknown country: Acharius 1810; Lectotype (Hawksworth 1969): LINN Sheet No. 1273.110 (Linnean Herbarium) (Howe 1914, Krog &amp; James 1977, Krog &amp; Østhagen 1980).</p><p>Thallus fruticose, tufted or shrubby, pendent, length 6–16 cm, greenish, sprouting from a defined holdfast. Lobes solid, flattened but not dorsiventral, dichotomously or irregularly branched, often subdivided into multiple, flat, sometimes slightly concave branches, up to 4 mm in width, yellow to dark grey-green, matt surface, smooth and firm texture. Soralia mainly marginal, scattered, saucer-shaped, mostly circular or ellipsoidal, becoming flat. Soredia farinose and pale yellow-green. Apothecia rare, lateral.</p><p>Chemistry: Medulla spot tests K–, C–, K–, PD–, UV–; TLC: Sekikaic acid, usnic acid (Soon et al. 2014).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina farinacea was documented in Iran on two occasions before 1950 (Steiner, 1916, Szatala, 1940, cited by Seaward et al. 2004, 2008). Subsequently, numerous other authors have made references to this species (Es-hagh Nimvar &amp; Mataji 2014, Es-hagh Nimvari et al. 2016, Kazemi et al. 2016, Moniri 2009, Riahi &amp; Valadbeigi 2005, Safavi et al. 2015, Sohrabi &amp; Ramezani 2010, Sohrabi &amp; Sipman 2020, Szatala 1957, Valadbeigi &amp; Shaddel 2015). It is common and found on various substrates and habitats, ranging from tree trunks and twigs in shaded deciduous woodlands to sunny, windy, solitary trees, hedgerows, shrubs, rocks, and dunes. Its distribution spans the British Isles, Western Europe, Macaronesia, and Asia, with a decreasing presence in northern Fennoscandia (Cannon et al. 2021). In the surrounding countries of Iran it is reported from Armenia (Gasparyan &amp; Sipman 2016) and Turkey (John &amp; Türk 2017).</p><p>Note: This species resembles Evernia prunastri, but it possesses marginal soralia, a resilient, cartilaginous subcortex, and the lobes are subcylindrical with phycobionts cells underneath all exterior surfaces. Specimens of the R. pollinaria group are easily confused with it. For differences see the descriptions of R. arsenii and R. europaea in Sérusiaux et al. (2021). Four chemotypes are known for R. farinacea: (1) Pd+ orange-red, K– or orange-brown, UV– (protocetraric acid); (2) Pd+ yellow-orange, K+ yellow-red, UV– (norstictic acid, ± salazinic acids); (3) Pd–, K–, UV+ blue-white (hypoprotocetraric acid); (4) Pd–, K–, UV– (no lichen acids detected) (Cannon et al. 2021). The taxonomic value of these chemotypes is unclear. From Iran so far chemotype 1 and 2 are known.</p><p>Specimens examined: EAST AZERBAIJAN PROVINCE: Kalibar, ca. 4 km from Kalibar town <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.9871&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.836945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.9871/lat 38.836945)">Galadarasi</a>, toward Babak <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.9871&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.836945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.9871/lat 38.836945)">Castle Arasbaranforest</a> none <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.9871&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.836945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.9871/lat 38.836945)">Protect area</a>, 38.836946N, 46.987100E, 1750–2000 m, 19 August 2005, Corticolous: on twigs of trees, M. Sohrabi 4558 (herb. Sohrabi). GOLESTAN PROVINCE: C. 12 km from Aliabad towards Zaringol, 420 m, 29 January 2003, Maassoumi &amp; Safavi 2058 (B) ; Kordkooy, 5 km towards Radkan, 300–1800 m, mixed forest, 28 January 2003, Maassoumi &amp; Safavi 2031(B) ; Gorgan county, Gorgan-Ali Abad highway, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.706367&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.872562" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.706367/lat 36.872562)">Ghorogh forest</a>, 5 km inside the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.706367&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.872562" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.706367/lat 36.872562)">Ghorogh Jungle</a>, 36.872563N, 54.706367E, 450 m, 17 November 2017, on the bark of Carpinus sp., M. Sohrabi 30477 (ICH) ; Gorgan county, Tuskestan, 5 km to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.565323&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.67866" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.565323/lat 36.67866)">Chaharbagh</a>, 36.678660N, 54.565324E, 2270 m, 13 November 2018, on mosses and trees, M. Sohrabi &amp; M. Ghobad-Nejhad 30702 (ICH) ; Gorgan county, 650 m, 14 December 2001, M. Sohrabi 27 (herb. Seaward) ; Kordkuy, Derazno village, 1 km towards <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.164536&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.667896" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.164536/lat 36.667896)">The</a> TV <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.164536&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.667896" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.164536/lat 36.667896)">Broadcast Tower</a>, 36.667896N, 54.164537E, 1900 m, 15 November 2017, on the bark of deciduous trees, M. Sohrabi &amp; M. Ghobad-Nejhad 31478 (ICH) ; Kordkuy, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.272434&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.220085" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.272434/lat 36.220085)">Derazno village</a>, 1 km towards The TV Broadcast Tower, 36.667896N, 54.164537E, 1900 m, 15 November 2017, on the bark of a deciduous trees, M. Sohrabi &amp; M. Ghobad-Nejhad 30881, 31496 (ICH), 31355 (ICH, herb Sohrabi), 31496B (herb. Sohrabi), (31497) (ICH, herb Sohrabi), accompany species: Ramalina europea . MAZANDARAN PROVINCE: Farim, 5 km from Shahid Rajaie Dam, 36.220084N, 53.272434E, 902 m, 19 November 2017, on the bark of a deciduous tree, M. Sohrabi 30179 (ICH), 30182 (ICH, herb. Sohrabi) ; Farim, 5 km from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.272434&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.220085" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.272434/lat 36.220085)">Shahid Rajaie Dam</a>, 36.220084N, 53.272434E, 921 m, 23 November 2017, on the bark of a deciduous tree, M. Sohrabi 30217, 30201 (ICH) ; Galougah 6 km to Sefid Chah village, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.81353&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.66266" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.81353/lat 36.66266)">Northern</a> slope of the road, 36.66266N, 53.81353E, 902 m, 19 November 2017, on the bark of the deciduous tree, M. Sohrabi 30155 (ICH) ; Galougah County, Sefid Chah village, ca. 8 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.81353&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.66281" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.81353/lat 36.66281)">Km</a> towards <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.81353&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.66281" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.81353/lat 36.66281)">Radekan</a>, 36.66281N, 53.81353E, 2402 m, 10 November 2017, on the bark of the deciduous tree, M. Sohrabi 30317 (herb. Sohrabi) ; Nour county, 12 km towards Elimalat Lake, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=52.04025&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.492176" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 52.04025/lat 36.492176)">Kashpel Park</a>, 36.492177N, 52.040247E, 85 m, 12 November 2017, on the bark of deciduous tree, M. Sohrabi &amp; M. Ghobad-Nejhad &amp; M. Mofid 30430 (ICH) ; Nour county, Donkoo village, 2 km towards <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=51.910725&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.34494" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 51.910725/lat 36.34494)">Khvortab Rud</a>, 36.344940N, 51.910725E, 1900 m, 9 November 2018, on the bark of deciduous tree, accompany species: Ramalina pollinaria (MSH42), M. Sohrabi &amp; M. Ghobad-Nejhad, M. Mofid 30512 (herb. Sohrabi) ; Nour county, Donkoo village on the way towards <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=51.877132&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.356495" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 51.877132/lat 36.356495)">Khvortab Rud</a>, 3 km towards <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=51.877132&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.356495" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 51.877132/lat 36.356495)">Donkoo</a>, 36.356494N, 51.877134E, 1600 m, 13 November 2017, on the bark of a deciduous tree, M. Sohrabi &amp; M. Ghobad-Nejhad 30672 (herb. Sohrabi) ; Tonekabon, She-hezar towards <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.72806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.25963" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.72806/lat 37.25963)">Lireh-sar</a>, 400 m, forest, 28 March 2003, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.72806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.25963" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.72806/lat 37.25963)">Maassoumi</a> 2105 (B, herb. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.72806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.25963" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.72806/lat 37.25963)">Seaward</a> 112710). SEMNAN PROVINCE: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.72806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.25963" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.72806/lat 37.25963)">Shahroud county</a>, Dasht-E <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.72806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.25963" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.72806/lat 37.25963)">Shad village</a>, 2 km towards <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.72806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.25963" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.72806/lat 37.25963)">Loveh village</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.72806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.25963" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.72806/lat 37.25963)">Dasht-e-Kalpoush</a>, 37.259628N, 55.728060E, 1900 m, 19 November 2017, on the bark of deciduous trees, M. Sohrabi 30971, 30966 (herb. Sohrabi) ; Shahroud county, Dasht-E Shad village, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.76581&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.27627" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.76581/lat 37.27627)">Northern</a> side of the village, 37.27627N, 55.76581E, 1750 m, 18 November 2017, on the bark of deciduous tree, M. Sohrabi 30068, 30069, 30074, 30073, 30090 (ICH, herb Sohrabi), 30076 (ICH), 30067 (herb. Sohrabi) accompanied by lichenicolous fungi, black, 30071 (ICH, herb. Sohrabi), accompanied by Anaptychia setifera Mereschk. ex Räsänen; Shahroud county, Dasht-E Shad village, 2 km towards <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.72806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.25963" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.72806/lat 37.25963)">Loveh village</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.72806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.25963" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.72806/lat 37.25963)">Dasht-e-Kalpoush</a>, 37.259628N, 55.728060E, 1900 m, 19 November 2017, on the bark of deciduous trees, M. Sohrabi 30899, 30942, 30953 (ICH, herb. Sohrabi), 30943 (ICH) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F107074616FFFBFF2F36A26729FE10	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharifi, Maryam;Mehregan, Iraj;Sohrabi, Mohammad;Larijani, Kambiz;Sipman, Harrie	Sharifi, Maryam, Mehregan, Iraj, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Larijani, Kambiz, Sipman, Harrie (2025): A synopsis of the lichen genus Ramalina (Ramalinaceae) in Iran. Phytotaxa 702 (3): 255-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2
03F107074617FFFBFF2F37E26588FBFC.text	03F107074617FFFBFF2F37E26588FBFC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina fastigiata (Pers.) Ach.	<div><p>Ramalina fastigiata (Pers.) Ach.; Mycobank #403716</p><p>Lichenographia Universalis: 603 (1810). – Lichen fastigiatus Pers. 1794.</p><p>Type:— Herb. Persoon, no data (L— lectotype) (Krog &amp; James (1977).</p><p>Unfortunately, the single specimen reported from Iran Safavi (2015) was unavailable for review during this study. The description below is derived from Cannon et al. (2021) and Nimis &amp; Martellos (2024).</p><p>Thallus fruticose, typically erect, developing tufts that can reach a width of around 4 centimeters. Lobes wellbranched, pulvinate, to 4 cm in length, 8 mm in width, occasionally becoming slack and pendant, pale- to dark graygreen. Branches cylindrical or rather angular, barely flattened, hollow, and puffy. Soralia and isidia absent. Apothecia abundant, apical, commonly all on a single level (umbel-shaped) on top of the thallus lobes.</p><p>Chemistry: Medulla spot tests K–, C–, KC–, PD–, UV–; TLC: Usnic and evernic acid (Cannon et al. 2021).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Typically, this species occurs in well-lit habitatsareas, such as twigs or trunks in hedgerows exposed to the wind, parkland tree bark rich in nutrients, and infrequently on rocks or hills. Its range includes the British Isles and Europe, particularly the western region. Additionally, R. fastigiata has been identified in Turkey (Cansaran et al. 2007), and there are references to its presence in Armenia and Azerbaijan (Harutyunyan et al. 2011, Gasparyan &amp; Sipman 2016).</p><p>Note: Elongated forms of R. fastigiata might can be confused with R. calicaris, which differs by its grooved, flattened lobes that often containyield sekikaic acid (Cannon et al. 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F107074617FFFBFF2F37E26588FBFC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharifi, Maryam;Mehregan, Iraj;Sohrabi, Mohammad;Larijani, Kambiz;Sipman, Harrie	Sharifi, Maryam, Mehregan, Iraj, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Larijani, Kambiz, Sipman, Harrie (2025): A synopsis of the lichen genus Ramalina (Ramalinaceae) in Iran. Phytotaxa 702 (3): 255-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2
03F107074617FFF4FF2F32B6654FFAD5.text	03F107074617FFF4FF2F32B6654FFAD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina fraxinea	<div><p>Ramalina fraxinea (L.) Ach.; Mycobank #119006</p><p>Lichenographia Universalis: 602 (1810). ― Lichen fraxineus L.</p><p>Type:― no data (LINN 1273.121B, lectotype) (Krog &amp; James 1977).</p><p>Thallus fruticose, pendent, rather rigid with coarsely tufted, often almost monophyllous, greyish green or olive-green to greenish-black in color. Lobes with common holdfast from which few lobes sprout, undivided or sparsely branched, up to 24–30 cm in length, 3–5 cm in width, conspicuously flattened, usually with uneven and reticulately wrinkled surface, generally flat or channeled, tapering towards the base and apex, sometimes fenestrated or longitudinally lacerated. Soralia, and isidia absent. Pseudocyphellae usually inconspicuous, not channeled, common, pale, rounded or oval, laminal or marginal. Apothecia common, usually marginal.</p><p>Chemistry: Medulla spot tests K–, C–, KC–, PD–, UV–; TLC: No medullary substances (Krog &amp; James 1977), usnic acid alone (Nimis &amp; Martellos 2024).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: The species was documented in the Arasbaran region (Sohrabi &amp; Sipman 2020). It grows in mild-temperate climates and is plentiful in the eastern Hyrcanian forests of Golestan and Semnan. It is less common in the northwestern part of Azerbaijan in Arasbaran and it is no longer found in the Zagros Oak Forest (unpublished observation by Sohrabi in the west of Iran). It is additionally present in Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Turkey (Harutyunyan et al. 2011, Gasparyan &amp; Sipman 2016, Sesal et al. 2016). It is mostly found in windy and wellilluminated areas on trees with nutrient-rich bark, and less in shady parts of woodlands (Cannon et al. 2021).</p><p>Note: This variable species resembles most closely R. calicaris, from which it differs by the large, flat lobes and the absence of medullary substances. Its susceptibility to air pollution by SO2 is significant (this should not exceed 35 µg / m 3) (Cannon et al. 2021).</p><p>Specimens examined: EAST AZERBAIJAN PROVINCE: Jolfa, Jolfa to Khoda-Afarin, Missan village and the closest forest., 38.861095N, 46.444488E, 1000–1250 m, 15 July 2001, M. Sohrabi 113 (ICH), 172 (TNS, ICH, herb. Sohrabi); Kalibar, 21 km south of the road of Khoda-Afarin to Jolfa, Aynaloo, 38.88702N, 46.80238E, 1750–1900 m, 20 August 2005, on the bark of a deciduous tree, M. Sohrabi &amp; M. Ghobad-Nejhad 3733, 4158 (herb. Sohrabi). GOLESTAN PROVINCE: National Park, Golzar camping, 600 m, corticolous, on Quercus sp. 21 March 2003, Sohrabi 2478, 2490, 172 (herb. Sohrabi). SEMNAN PROVINCE: Shahroud county, Dasht-e-Shad village, Northern side of the village, 37.27627N, 55.76581E, 1750 m, 18 November 2017, on the trees, accompany species: Ramalina farinacea, M. Sohrabi 30076B (herb. Sohrabi); Shahroud county, Dasht-E Shad village, 2 km towards Loveh village, Dasht-e-Kalpoush, 37.259628N, 55.728060E, 1900 m, 19 November 2017, on the bark of deciduous trees, M. Sohrabi 30964 (ICH).</p><p>FIGURE 2. A: R. fraxinea, B: R. hyrcana, C: R. pollinaria, D: R. polymorpha</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F107074617FFF4FF2F32B6654FFAD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharifi, Maryam;Mehregan, Iraj;Sohrabi, Mohammad;Larijani, Kambiz;Sipman, Harrie	Sharifi, Maryam, Mehregan, Iraj, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Larijani, Kambiz, Sipman, Harrie (2025): A synopsis of the lichen genus Ramalina (Ramalinaceae) in Iran. Phytotaxa 702 (3): 255-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2
03F107074618FFF5FF2F339B62B7FCC4.text	03F107074618FFF5FF2F339B62B7FCC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina hyrcana Sipman	<div><p>Ramalina hyrcana Sipman; Mycobank #517808</p><p>Phytotaxa 18: 100 (2011). Type:— Iran. Golestan: Gonbad-e-Kavus district, along road from Khan Bebin to Shirabad waterfall, 120 m, deciduous forest with</p><p>Parrotia persica and Carpinus, on Pterocarya trunk, October 2007, Sipman et al. 55201 (holotype Iran, isotypes B, hb. Sohrabi</p><p>9432!) (Lumbsch et al. 2011).</p><p>Thallus fruticose, forming hairy cushions, 1 to 5 cm wide, densely dichotomously branched. Lobes 0.2–1.1 mm wide, flat with the rounded margins, the surface occasionally slightly striate, densely branched with strap-like lobes, apical branchlets with hooked tips. Soralia present, mainly marginal, round to elongate with fairly raised thalline rim, oriented downward. Soredia principally produced on the underside of ± horizontal lobes. Pseudocyphellae absent. Apothecia and pycnidia unknown.</p><p>Chemistry: Medulla spot tests K–, C–, KC–, PD–, UV–; TLC: Usnic and sekikaic acids.</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina hyrcana is so far known from Iran only. The first report is from 1902, when Bornmüller gathered this species in the Hyrcanian Forest. It is typically found in wooded areas along the Caspian coast in Iran, at elevations ranging from sea level to approximately 400 m. This lichen species grows on tree trunks and can tolerate significant shade (Lumbsch et al. 2011). Further reports are Bokaeian et al. (2016), Sipman &amp; Ordaya (2023), Vaez &amp; Davarpanah (2021), Valadbeigi &amp; Shaddel (2016).</p><p>Note: Ramalina hyrcana is often found together with the very similar R. farinacea and R. pollinaria . They share a deeply divided thallus with strap-like lobes and marginal soralia. Chemically it differs from the others by the presence of sekikaic acid. In R. farinacea the soralia are lateral and remain so, without turning downward. In Iran, strains of R. farinacea are known to have norstictic, salazinic, and protocetraric acids. R. pollinaria deviates by producing evernic acid and it has fewer regular thallus divisions with wider lobes, up to 3 mm. Its soralia sometimes turn downward and often become granular. Ramalina hyrcana is more similar to R. peruviana Ach. and R. nervulosa (Müll. Arg.) Des Abb., in terms of soralia presence, thallus shape, and chemistry (Krog &amp; Swinscow 1976, Lumbsch et al. 2011, Swinscow &amp; Krog 1988). In contrast to both, its soralia points downward and the lobes often get a dorsiventral aspect. R. nervulosa is mostly reported in the Tropics and has also been documented in Yemen (Sipman 2002). However, it should be considered as insufficiently known because no ITS sequences are available to confirm identifications. The lobes of R. peruviana are mostly cylindrical (Stevens 1987, Swinscow &amp; Krog 1988). Sequencing suggests a close affinity between R. hyrcana and R. peruviana (Sipman &amp; Ordaya 2023) .</p><p>Specimens examined: GOLESTAN PROVINCE: Gonbad-e-Kavus district, along the road from Khan Bebin to Shirabad waterfall, 120 m, on deciduous tree with Parrotia persica and Carpinus, on Pterocarya trunk, October 2007, Sipman et al. 55201 [holotype Iran, isotypes B], 9432 (herb. Sohrabi), 30212 (ICH). MAZANDARAN PROVINCE: Farim, 5 km from Shahid Rajaie Dam, 36.220084N, 53.272434E, 921 m, 19 November 2017, on the bark of a deciduous tree, M. Sohrabi 30186 (herb. Sohrabi); Zirab district, surroundings of the biological station the Shahid Beheshti University, 36.16950N, 52.96856E, 500 m, 12 April 2014, on the bark of a deciduous tree, T. Akhtar 16789 (ICH, herb. Sohrabi); Farim, 5 km from Shahid Rajaie Dam, 36.220084N, 53.272434E, 921 m, 23 november 2017, on the bark of the deciduous tree, M. Sohrabi 30212 (ICH), 30190, 30196, 30203, 30208)(herb. Sohrabi).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F107074618FFF5FF2F339B62B7FCC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharifi, Maryam;Mehregan, Iraj;Sohrabi, Mohammad;Larijani, Kambiz;Sipman, Harrie	Sharifi, Maryam, Mehregan, Iraj, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Larijani, Kambiz, Sipman, Harrie (2025): A synopsis of the lichen genus Ramalina (Ramalinaceae) in Iran. Phytotaxa 702 (3): 255-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2
03F107074619FFF5FF2F35AD6262F900.text	03F107074619FFF5FF2F35AD6262F900.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina implectens Nyl.	<div><p>Ramalina implectens Nyl.; Mycobank #403741</p><p>Bull. Soc. linn. Normandie, sér. 2 4(2): 116 (1870)</p><p>Type:― Husnot, Plantae Canarienses No. 214 (H-NYL37l72— lectotype; PC— isolectotype) (Krog &amp; Østhagen 1980).</p><p>Thallus fruticose, upright to pending, yellow-green to pale yellow, somewhat shiny, soft, consisting of 0.5–2 mm broad, reaching up to 14 cm in length. Lobes infrequent, compressed into channel-like structures with sharp, frequently curved tips, emerging from a shared base. Soredia absent. Pseudocyphellae usually present, short, inconspicuous, predominantly marginal. Apothecia common, marginal as well as subapical.</p><p>Chemistry: Medulla spot tests K– or K+ yellow occasionally turning red, KC–, C–, P– or P+ yellowish-orange, UV– or UV+ white; TLC: Cortex usnic acid, medulla lacking lichen substances or salazinic, hypoprotocetraric, protocetraric, and/or norstictic acids (Krog &amp; Østhagen 1980).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina implectens was recently discovered in Iran, and seems to prefer higher elevations. It occurs in the Macaronesian-Mediterranean area and the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula, including Majorca, Spain. There it grows on Quercus ilex, typically located on the boughs of perennial plants and bushes within exposed yet extremely damp settings in Tyrrhenian Italy (Krog &amp; Østhagen 1980, Van Den Boom 1999, Nimis &amp; Martellos 2024).</p><p>Note: Ramalina implectens and R. farinacea are morphologically identical, except for the soralia present in R. farinacea . Otherwise, their anatomical characteristics are indistinguishable, and the medullary compounds of R. implectens are the same as in R. farinacea (Krog &amp; Østhagen 1980) .</p><p>Specimens examined: Specimens examined: MAZANDARAN: Nour county, Donkoo village, 2 km towards Khvortab Rud, GPS: 51.910725N, 36.344940E, 1900 m., 9 November 2018, on the bark of a deciduous tree, M. Sohrabi &amp; M. Ghobad-Nejhad &amp; M. Mofid 30483 sub. R. pollinaria) (Herb. Sohrabi).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F107074619FFF5FF2F35AD6262F900	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharifi, Maryam;Mehregan, Iraj;Sohrabi, Mohammad;Larijani, Kambiz;Sipman, Harrie	Sharifi, Maryam, Mehregan, Iraj, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Larijani, Kambiz, Sipman, Harrie (2025): A synopsis of the lichen genus Ramalina (Ramalinaceae) in Iran. Phytotaxa 702 (3): 255-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2
03F107074619FFF6FF2F30F16451FECC.text	03F107074619FFF6FF2F30F16451FECC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina lacera (With.) J. R. Laundon	<div><p>Ramalina lacera (With.) J.R. Laundon; Mycobank #106434</p><p>The Lichenologist 16 (3): 221 (1984). – Lichen lacerus With. 1776 .</p><p>Type:― Lectotype Dillenius (1742: 163): tab. 21, fig. 57B (OXF) (Laundon 1984).</p><p>Thallus fruticose, rather soft, yellow-green to white-green, up to a height of 6.0 cm, branched in a palmate or irregular manner, arising from a common holdfast. Lobes bifacial and flatted. Soralia initially marginal then extending to laminal, predominantly in the upper regions of the thallus. Pseudocyphellae absent or very rare. Apothecia rare, lecanorine, orbicular in shape, ranging from concave to predominantly flat, lacking pruina.</p><p>Chemistry: Medulla spot testsK–, C–, KC–, P–, UV–; TLC: Fatty acids. (Krog &amp; Østhagen 1980)</p><p>Note: Discovered as an admixture in a sample of R. canariensis . It is a widespread species in the Mediterranean region and grows often together with R. canariensis . Like the latter, it is found in coastal areas with a Mediterranean climate all over the world (GBIF accessioned 14.06.2024), perhaps as a result of human transport? In the surrounding countries of Iran it is reported from Turkey (John &amp; Türk 2017).</p><p>Specimens examined: MAZANDARAN PROVINCE: Haraz valley, above Siah Bisheh, alt. c. 600 m, 14 Apr. 1959, Per Wendelbo 2504 (BG L-069300).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F107074619FFF6FF2F30F16451FECC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharifi, Maryam;Mehregan, Iraj;Sohrabi, Mohammad;Larijani, Kambiz;Sipman, Harrie	Sharifi, Maryam, Mehregan, Iraj, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Larijani, Kambiz, Sipman, Harrie (2025): A synopsis of the lichen genus Ramalina (Ramalinaceae) in Iran. Phytotaxa 702 (3): 255-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2
03F10707461AFFF6FF2F37A66407FCC4.text	03F10707461AFFF6FF2F37A66407FCC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina maciformis (Delile) Bory	<div><p>Ramalina maciformis (Delile) Bory (expected to be in South of Iran); Mycobank #403769</p><p>Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. 14: 458 (1828). ― Parmelia maciformis Delile 1813 .</p><p>Type: ― Egypt, Moqattam, entre les fentes Ces rochers derridre la citadelle du Kaire’ (not seen) (Krog &amp; Osthagen 1980).</p><p>Thallus more or less articulately ridged, producing coarsely granular or corticate granules (over 100 µm in diameter) in ulcerate areas; chondroid layer dissolved in separate strings embedded in dense medulla and surrounded by thick cortex. Apothecia not seen.</p><p>Chemistry: Medulla spot tests K–, C–, KC_, PD–, UV–; medulla KC–; TLC: bourgeanic acid with or without salazinic or norstictic acids.</p><p>Known mainly from North Africa, it is also found along the oceanic coast of the Arabian Peninsula in Bahrain Al- Thani et al. (2011) and therefore expected on the oceanic coast of Iran. The report by Szatala (1957) from Iran is based on the Bahraini specimens, which were part of the Iranian administrative border at that time. This species is expected to be in the Persian Gulf coastal zone.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F10707461AFFF6FF2F37A66407FCC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharifi, Maryam;Mehregan, Iraj;Sohrabi, Mohammad;Larijani, Kambiz;Sipman, Harrie	Sharifi, Maryam, Mehregan, Iraj, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Larijani, Kambiz, Sipman, Harrie (2025): A synopsis of the lichen genus Ramalina (Ramalinaceae) in Iran. Phytotaxa 702 (3): 255-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2
03F10707461AFFF6FF2F35AE66E4F8F4.text	03F10707461AFFF6FF2F35AE66E4F8F4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina obtusata (Arnold) Bitter	<div><p>Ramalina obtusata (Arnold) Bitter; Mycobank #122968</p><p>Jb. wiss. Bot. 36: 435 (1901). ― Ramalina minuscula var. obtusata Arnold 1875 .</p><p>Type:― Steril, an Nadelholz-Zweigen im Walde zwischen Schluderbach und Opidale, Ampenzzaner Alpen in Südtirol, 10 August 1874, leg. Arnold, in Arnold, Lich. Exs. no. 577b (M, lectotype, BM, isolectotype) (Krog &amp; James 1977).</p><p>Thallus corticolous, erect, and up to 3 cm long, greenish yellow, without side branches. Lobes branched from base, sometimes hollow, even almost foliose, broad and short, fenestrate. Soralia hood-like, terminal or subterminal, appearing to explode, sometimes eroding and showing the lower surface. Isidia absent. Soredia farinose, formed on the inner surface of swollen lobe tips. Pseudocyphellae present, lax medulla. Apothecia rare.</p><p>Chemistry: Medully spot tests K–, C–, KC–, PD–,UV–; TLC: Usnic, obtusatic (minor), and evernic acids (Nimis &amp; Martellos 2024).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina obtusata Lettau was previously collected in Iran in January 2003 in Golestan Province by Massoumi &amp; Safavi and reported by Seaward et al. (2004, 2008). R. obtusata is seldom found on rocks, occasionally appearing on conifer twigs, primarily Picea, and on deciduous trees (Thomson 1984). In northern Fennoscandia, it is exclusively found in spruce forests, typically near waterfalls. It is present in the forests of the humid mountain type in central Europe (Nimis 1993). In North America, it typically grows near rivers and lakes and also inhabits boreal regions (Santesson et al. 2004, Thomson 1984, Goward &amp; Ahti 1992). There are also documented occurrences of this species in Russia (Tomin 1918). In the surrounding countries of Iran it is reported from Turkey (John &amp; Türk 2017).</p><p>Notes: Ramalina pollinaria has a resemblance with R. obtusata, but lacks inflated tips (Brodo et al. 2001), Ramalina obtusata and Ramalina baltica share morphological and chemical similarities and are easily mistaken for one another. The sole distinction lies in the hollow medulla of Ramalina obtusata (Soon et al. 2014) . The presence of both evernic and obtusatic acids differentiates it from R. baltica, R. subpusilla, R. inflata which contain evernic acid alone (Soon et al. 2014).</p><p>Specimens examined: EAST AZERBAIJAN PROVINCE: Kalibar, ca. 4 km from Kalibar town Galadarasi, toward Babak Castle, Arasbaran forest, 38.864789N, 46.968889E, 1750–2000 m, 19 August 2005, M. Sohrabi 4703 (ICH).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F10707461AFFF6FF2F35AE66E4F8F4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharifi, Maryam;Mehregan, Iraj;Sohrabi, Mohammad;Larijani, Kambiz;Sipman, Harrie	Sharifi, Maryam, Mehregan, Iraj, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Larijani, Kambiz, Sipman, Harrie (2025): A synopsis of the lichen genus Ramalina (Ramalinaceae) in Iran. Phytotaxa 702 (3): 255-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2
03F10707461BFFF7FF2F36A26468FDE4.text	03F10707461BFFF7FF2F36A26468FDE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina panizz	<div><p>Ramalina panizz e i De Not.; Mycobank #403788</p><p>Giorn. bot. ital. 2 (1): 211 (1846).</p><p>Type:― Italy, Liguria, near San Remo, Panizzi (TSB) ; Nimis, in litt., Bartsch (1992).</p><p>The species is characterized by its partly hollow thallus, the presence of perforations and fenestrations, the grey tips of the lobe end, and its secondary chemistry. For differences see also the notes of R. calicaris .</p><p>Chemistry: Medulla spot tests K–, C–, KC-, PD–, UV–; TLC: Usnic, sekikaic and homosekikaic acids (Nimis &amp; Martellos 2024).</p><p>This species is expected to be found in the Arasbaran forest in northwestern Iran because it has been recorded in Armenia (Gasparyan &amp; Sipman 2016) and Turkey (John &amp; Türk 2017). We included it in the identification key due to its species coverage at the regional level. To confirm the presence of this species in the Iranian national lichen checklist, a voucher specimen is required.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F10707461BFFF7FF2F36A26468FDE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharifi, Maryam;Mehregan, Iraj;Sohrabi, Mohammad;Larijani, Kambiz;Sipman, Harrie	Sharifi, Maryam, Mehregan, Iraj, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Larijani, Kambiz, Sipman, Harrie (2025): A synopsis of the lichen genus Ramalina (Ramalinaceae) in Iran. Phytotaxa 702 (3): 255-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2
03F10707461BFFF0FF2F344E6729FEE8.text	03F10707461BFFF0FF2F344E6729FEE8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina pollinaria (Westr.) Ach.	<div><p>Ramalina pollinaria (Westr.) Ach.; Mycobank #356436</p><p>Lichenographia Universalis: 608 (1810). – Lichen pollinarius Westr. 1795 .</p><p>Type:― Sweden (Suecia) (H-Ach. 1831D, neotype designated by Krog &amp; James, 1977; BM-Ach. 804’4. isoneotype) (Krog &amp; James 1977).</p><p>Thallus fruticose, rather polymorphic, up to 6 cm in length, light green to light yellow, with flattened lobes, discrete or forming swards, 3 mm wide at the base. Lobes an expanding or narrow holdfast branched sparingly or simply; hastily proliferating into several subpendulous branches, partly terete, 2 mm in width dissected apices with many small nodular proliferations, or flat branches with undulating or deeply incised or notched edges. Soralia mostly subterminal or terminal, more seldom on branch margins or lamina, of degenerated parts of the cortex, from excavated soralia, spreading irregularly, frequently appearing lip-shaped at the ends. Soredia farinose, coarsely grainy. Pseudocyphellae ellipsoid and laminal. Apothecia not seen.</p><p>Chemistry: Medulla spot tests K–, C–, PD–, KC–, UV–; TLC: Usnic, evernicacids.</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina pollinaria was first documented in Iran in 1957 (Seaward et al. 2004, 2008, Szatala 1957), This particular species has been the subject of research by various scholars (Barkhalov 1975, Buhse 1860, Es-hagh Nimvar &amp; Mataji 2014, Es-hagh Nimvari et al. 2013, Safavi et al. 2015, Sohrabi 2005a,b, Sohrabi &amp; Ramezani 2010, Sohrabi &amp; Sipman 2007, Valadbeigi &amp; Shaddel 2016). The distribution of the species R. pollinaria (Westr.) Ach spans the Northern Hemisphere, thriving on various substrates such as bark, wood, and rock (Wirth et al. 2013). These saxicolous specimens are commonly sighted beneath rock ledges in sheltered environments (Krog &amp; James 1977). Additionally, R. pollinaria has also been identified in Turkey (Gulluce et al. 2006, Kahraman et al. 2009), Armenia and Azerbaijan (Harutyunyan et al. 2011, Gasparyan &amp; Sipman 2016), and Pakistan (Aptroot &amp; Iqbal 2012).</p><p>Note: Initially, R. pollinaria was frequently mistaken for R. lacera, but it exhibits a more intricate branching pattern. On the other hand, R. canariensis is characterized by vesicular soredia. In contrast, R. farinacea and R. subfarinacea feature distinct ulcerose soralia on both the edges and surface, along with different chemical compositions. This particular species shows variability in branching locations and soralia characteristics. It can be differentiated from R. farinacea, R. obtusata, or R. intermedia by the presence of evernic acid (Cannon et al. 2021, Gasparyan et al. 2017). See also note on R. pollinaria group under C. arsenii .</p><p>Specimens examined: EAST AZERBAIJAN PROVINCE: Jolfa, Jolfa-Khoda-Afarin, Missan village, 1000– 1500 m, 15 July 2001, M. Sohrabi 166 (TNS, herb. Sohrabi); Jolfa, Khoda-Afarin, Missan village and the closest forest., 38.861095E, 46.444488N, 1000–1250 m, 15 July 2001, M. Sohrabi 110 (TNS, ICH, herb. Sohrabi); Kalibar, ca. 4 km from Kalibar town Galadarasi, toward Babak Castle Arasbaran forest, 38.836946N, 46.987100E, 1750–2000 m, 19 August 2005, M. Sohrabi 4746 (herb. Sohrabi). GOLESTAN PROVINCE: Gorgan to Aliabad, 250 m, on schist, 5 September 2002, M. Sohrabi 1998A (TNS, herb. Sohrabi); Ramian, Mt Galehmoran, c. 1000 m, 2 January 2002, M. Sohrabi 1847 (TNS, herb. Sohrabi); Kordkuy-Radkan, 450–600 m, on schist, 18 June 2002, M. Sohrabi 1957 (TNS, herb. Sohrabi); Kordkuy, Derazno village, 1 km towards The TV Broadcast Tower, 36.667896N, 54.164537E, 1900 m, 15 November 2017, on the bark of deciduous trees, accompany species: Evernia divaricata (L.) Ach., M. Sohrabi &amp; M. Ghobad-Nejhad 31485, 31506 (ICH, herb. Sohrabi). MAZANDARAN PROVINCE: Nour county, Donkoo village, 2 km towards Khvortab Rud, 36.344940N, 51.910725E, 1900 m, 9 November 2018, on the bark of deciduous tree, accompany species: Ramalina implectens, Usnea aff hirta, Ramalina fastigiata (MSH18), M. Sohrabi &amp; M. Ghobad-Nejhad, M. Mofid 30483 (herb. Sohrabi); Nour county, Royan, Kojdur to Kodir, 2000 m, 3 April 2002, Sohrabi 417, 477 (TNS, herb. Sohrabi), 30156 (herb. Sohrabi); Nour county, Royan Baledeh road, Donkoo village, 36.37251N, 51.89057E, 1550 m, 13. November 2017, on the bark of Caloplaca cerina, M. Sohrabi &amp; M. Ghobad-Nejhad 30274 (ICH). SEMNAN PROVINCE: Shahroud county, Dasht-E Shad village, 2 km towards Loveh village, Dasht-e-Kalpoush, 37.259628N, 55.728060E, 1900 m, 19 November 2017, on the bark of deciduous trees, M. Sohrabi 30955 (ICH).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F10707461BFFF0FF2F344E6729FEE8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharifi, Maryam;Mehregan, Iraj;Sohrabi, Mohammad;Larijani, Kambiz;Sipman, Harrie	Sharifi, Maryam, Mehregan, Iraj, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Larijani, Kambiz, Sipman, Harrie (2025): A synopsis of the lichen genus Ramalina (Ramalinaceae) in Iran. Phytotaxa 702 (3): 255-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2
03F10707461CFFF0FF2F3749630AFAFC.text	03F10707461CFFF0FF2F3749630AFAFC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina polymorpha (Lilj.) Ach.	<div><p>Ramalina polymorpha (Lilj.) Ach.; Mycobank #356437</p><p>Lichenographia Universalis: 600 (1810). ― Lichen calicaris var. polymorphus Lilj. 1798 .</p><p>Type: ― Sweden (Suecica) (H-Ach. 18044, lectotype) (Krog &amp; James 1977).</p><p>Thallus fruticose, prostrate to ascending, commonly coalescing into large swards. Lobes strap-shaped, flat, 3–7 cm in length 2–6 mm in width, greenish-grey, often wrinkled and dissected longitudinally, narrower at the ends. Soralia present, mostly laminal and linear-ellipsoid, or labriform-capitate and apical-subapical, with roughly granular soredia. Pseudocyphellae elliptical-rounded, scattered or clustered uniform-colored or light-colored with numerous fenestrations. Subcortex cartilaginous, shiny, corticated, stalked or sessile, isidium-like granules. Apothecia rare, subterminal, or terminal in small, marginal, and lateral in larger thalli.</p><p>Chemistry: Spot tests K–, C–, KC–, PD–, UV–; TLC: Usnic acid (Cannon et al. 2021).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina polymorpha was first observed in Iran in 1975 (Barkhalov 1975) with subsequent reports by other researchers (Seaward et al. 2008, Sohrabi &amp; Alstrup 2007, Sohrabi &amp; Sipman 2020). This species is widely distributed in boreal and temperate regions, inhabiting silicate rocks in nitrophilous environments. It is known to thrive beneath areas where birds nest or roost (Cannon et al. 2021, Sohrabi &amp; Alstrup 2007). In surrounding countries, records of this species exist for Turkey (Cansaran et al. 2007, Türkez et al. 2012), Armenia (Barkhalov 1969, 1975, Harutyunyan et al. 2011) and Azerbaijan (Alverdiyeva &amp; Aghayeva 2015, Barkhalov 1983).</p><p>Note: Ramalina polymorpha can be distinguished by its habitat on nesting bird perches, its lobes with a scabrous surface, and numerous pseudocyphellae. These pseudocyphellae contain one or more large corticate isidium-shaped granules, which are frequently confused with soredia. Further information can be found in Cannon et al. (2021, sub R. capitata).</p><p>Specimens examined: ― IRAN. Azerbaijan: 55 km N of Kalibar along the road to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.2/lat 39.2)">Khomarlu.</a> 500 m, 6 November 2007, 39.2N, 47.2E, Sipman, 101218 (B) ; Ardabil, Meshginshahr, 16 km. toward Meshginshahr, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.72368&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.288994" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.72368/lat 38.288994)">Movil village</a>, close to geothermal power plant, 38.288994N, 47.723679E, 2586 m, 5 May 2013, on siliceous rock, Farid Houshyar 16724 (herb. Sohrabi) ; Varzegan, ca 26 km from west of Varzegan and ca 6 km east of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.3/lat 36.8)">Joshin village</a> (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.3/lat 36.8)">Kharvana</a>), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.3/lat 36.8)">Joshin Castle</a>, 38.64989N, 46.34995E, 1750–1900 m, 18 July 2005, on silicate rocks with? Parasite, M. Sohrabi 3521 (ICH, herb. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.3/lat 36.8)">Sohrabi</a>). GOLESTAN PROVINCE: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.3/lat 36.8)">Azad Shahr district</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.3/lat 36.8)">Khosh Yeylaq</a>, highest pass in road <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.3/lat 36.8)">Shahrud</a> — Azad Shahr, N side of pass, 2050 m, 27 October 2007, 36.8N, 55.3 E, Sipman, 100918 (B) ; 3521 (herb. Sohrabi).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F10707461CFFF0FF2F3749630AFAFC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharifi, Maryam;Mehregan, Iraj;Sohrabi, Mohammad;Larijani, Kambiz;Sipman, Harrie	Sharifi, Maryam, Mehregan, Iraj, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Larijani, Kambiz, Sipman, Harrie (2025): A synopsis of the lichen genus Ramalina (Ramalinaceae) in Iran. Phytotaxa 702 (3): 255-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2
03F10707461CFFF0FF2F33B56402F83C.text	03F10707461CFFF0FF2F33B56402F83C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina pontica Vezda	<div><p>Ramalina pontica Vězda; Mycobank #343513</p><p>Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 10 (3): 326 (1975)</p><p>Type:― Romania. Dobrogea. Distr. Tulcea, supra pagum Camena, alt. 150 m s. m.— 15. VII.1973 leg. A. Vezda. Holotypus in herb. Vezda, isotypi in exsicc. Lich. Sel. No. 1320 (Vezda 1975).</p><p>Thallus fruticose, 1–4 cm in height, 2–6 cm in width, lobes dichotomous and irregularly. Soralia abundant on the central and apical sides of the lacinia, along the edges and plates, punctiform initially, later expanding into subcrateriform. Soredia clearly granular, similar in color to the thallus, ending in lacuna and isidia. Pseudocyphellae not seen. Apothecia rare, apical.</p><p>Chemistry: Medulla spot tests K–, C–, KC–, Pd–, UV–; TLC: Usnic and evernic acid (Kinalioglu 2009).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina pontica was first collected in Iran by Wendelbo (GBIF 2016). This species is found in the eastern Mediterranean area, on siliceous rocks like conglomerate and sandstone (Kinalioglu 2009, Sipman &amp; Raus 2015). In adjacent countries, this species was found in Turkey (Kinalioglu 2009).</p><p>Specimens examined: MAZANDARAN PROVINCE: Haraz valley, above <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=52.3333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 52.3333/lat 36.2)">Siah Bisheh</a>, 36.2N, 52.3333E, 1100 m, 10 May 1959 ; Sipman 138104 (B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F10707461CFFF0FF2F33B56402F83C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharifi, Maryam;Mehregan, Iraj;Sohrabi, Mohammad;Larijani, Kambiz;Sipman, Harrie	Sharifi, Maryam, Mehregan, Iraj, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Larijani, Kambiz, Sipman, Harrie (2025): A synopsis of the lichen genus Ramalina (Ramalinaceae) in Iran. Phytotaxa 702 (3): 255-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2
03F10707461DFFF1FF2F36A26544FCE0.text	03F10707461DFFF1FF2F36A26544FCE0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina roesleri (Schaer.) Nyl.	<div><p>Ramalina roesleri (Hochst. ex Schaer.) Nyl.; Mycobank #403821</p><p>Hue, Rev. Bot. 6: 151 (1887). – Ramalina fraxinea var. roesleri Schaer., 1850 .</p><p>Type:― In Germaniae sylva Schwartzwald prope Freudenstadt, leg. Roesler (not seen) (Krog &amp; James 1977).</p><p>The voucher mentioned by Riahi &amp; Valadbeigi (2004) and Seaward et al. (2008) was unfortunately not available for review during this study. The description below is derived from Krog &amp; James (1977) and Nimis &amp; Martellos (2024).</p><p>Thallus fruticose, shrubby, erect to subpendulous, small, 1 to 5 cm long, light green. Lobes densely branched, with fine and slender branchlets, typically hooked at the apex, with delicate, hollow central stems, 1–2.5 mm in width. Soralia dot-like, subterminal or terminal. Soredia few, granular, and coarse, not corticate. Apothecia not seen.</p><p>Chemistry: Medulla spot tests K–, C–, KC–, PD–, UV–; TLC: Usnic and sekikaic acids (Nimis &amp; Martellos 2024).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina roesleri has been reported for Iran since 2004 (Riahi &amp; Valadbeigi 2004, Seaward et al. 2008). This species grows on shrubs, branches, and twigs of trees in open, humid environments. In the adjacent countries, it is reported from Turkey (Özturk &amp; Guvenc 2010).</p><p>Note: The combination of hollow lobes and dot-like soralia is unmistakable. (Krog &amp; James 1977).</p><p>Specimens examined: MAZANDARAN PROVINCE: Tonekabon county, ca 46 km from Tonekabon-Se Hezar Road, ca 1 km form Ghazi Mahaleh village, beside the road, GPS: 50.8578321 N, 36.48903056 E, 1680 m., 2018, trunk of Quercus, M. Sohrabi &amp; Ch. Printzen 21634 (Herb. M. Sohrabi).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F10707461DFFF1FF2F36A26544FCE0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharifi, Maryam;Mehregan, Iraj;Sohrabi, Mohammad;Larijani, Kambiz;Sipman, Harrie	Sharifi, Maryam, Mehregan, Iraj, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Larijani, Kambiz, Sipman, Harrie (2025): A synopsis of the lichen genus Ramalina (Ramalinaceae) in Iran. Phytotaxa 702 (3): 255-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2
03F10707461DFFF2FF2F355267B0FEA0.text	03F10707461DFFF2FF2F355267B0FEA0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ramalina sinensis Jatta	<div><p>Ramalina sinensis Jatta; Mycobank #403831</p><p>G. bot. ital., n. s. 9: 462 (1902)</p><p>Type:― China,’sui tronchi e sui fructici nelle colline basse di Fu-Kio’ (not seen) (Krog &amp; James 1977).</p><p>Thallus fruticose, loosely tufted or scattered, erect, straw-colored to green, often shorter than 6 cm in tall, arising from a holdfast at the base. Lobes fan-shaped, rigid, flaccid when wet, flattened and broad, up to 20–30 mm wide, palmately divided or simple. Soredia, isidia, pseudocyphellae and pycnidia absent. Apothecia abundant, subterminal.</p><p>Chemistry: Medulla spot tests K–, C–, KC–, PD–, UV–; TLC: Usnic acid (atranorin traces reported in North America) (Nimis &amp; Martellos 2024).</p><p>Ecology and distribution: Ramalina sinensis was first reported for Iran by Szatala (1957) from Gorgan. Next it was gathered in Mazandaran, by Weber in 1964 (GBIF, accessed 2024) and has been reported afterwards for Iran frequently (Szatala 1957, Sohrabi 2005a,b, Sohrabi &amp; Alstrup 2007, Seaward et al. 2008, Moniri 2009, Moniri &amp; Sipman 2009, Sohrabi et al. 2010, Sohrabi &amp; Ramezani 2010, Es-hagh Nimvari et al. 2013, 2016, Es-hagh Nimvar &amp; Mataji 2014, Safavi et al. 2015, Nazari et al. 2018, Safarkar et al. 2020, Sohrabi &amp; Sipman 2007, 2020, Arjaghi et al. 2021). This conspicuous species is commonly found across Asia, Eastern Europe, and North America (Hermansson &amp; Kudryavtseva 1995, Brodo et al. 2001, Hedenas et al. 2006, Li et al. 2007). The species is particularly widespread in Russia (Hermansson &amp; Kudryavtseva 1995). In the countries surrounding Iran it is reported from Armenia (Gasparyan &amp; Sipman 2016) and from Turkey (John &amp; Türk 2017).</p><p>Note: Among the Iranian species of Ramalina, R. sinensis is unmistakable by its fan-shaped thalli without soralia, usually with apothecia. Outside Iran, Ramalina sinensis Jatta is most easily confused with R. palmiformis, which produces boninic acid and has smaller ascospores (Nash et al. 2004).</p><p>Specimens examined: EAST AZERBAIJAN PROVINCE: Jolfa, Jolfa to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.44579&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.860577" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.44579/lat 38.860577)">Khoda-Afarin</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.44579&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.860577" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.44579/lat 38.860577)">Missan village</a>, around village and the closest forests, 38.860576N, 46.445788E, 1000–1500 m, 25 May 1999, on the bark of deciduous tree, M. Sohrabi 109, 1408 (herb. Sohrabi) ; Jolfa to Khoda-Afarin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=46.43955&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.8424" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 46.43955/lat 38.8424)">Missan village</a>, the closest forest, 38.84240N, 46.43955E, 1000–1500 m, 5 June 2003, M. Sohrabi 1412 (NY, ICH, herb. Sohrabi), 1455 (TNS, ICH, herb. Sohrabi) ; Kalibar district, Arasbaran, 16 km S. E of Asheqlu along road to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=56.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 56.0/lat 37.3)">Aynalu</a>, 38.9N, 46.8E, 1400 m, 5 November 2007, Sipman, M. Sohrabi, Søchting &amp; Asef 101187 (B), Jolfa, Jolfa to Khoda-Afarin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=56.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 56.0/lat 37.3)">Missan village</a> and the closest forest, 38.861095N, 46.444488E, 1000–1250 m, 15 July 2001, Corticolous, on the bark of deciduous trees, M. Sohrabi 145 (TNS, herb. Sohrabi). GOLESTAN PROVINCE: Golestan forest, 37.3N, 56.0E, 925 m, 23 January 2003, Maassoumi &amp; Safavi 21337 (B) ; Gorgan to Ali-Abbad, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.6969&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.87751" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.6969/lat 36.87751)">Ghorogh Forest</a> Park, 36.87751N, 54.6969E, 100–150 m, 30 September 2002, on twigs and bark of a deciduous tree, M. Sohrabi 1764 (herb. Sohrabi) ; Gorgan district, Tuskestan Forest, c. 20 km SE of Gorgan along minor road to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.6/lat 36.7)">Shahrud</a>, 36.7N, 54.6E, 1800 m, 28 October 2007, Sipman, Sohrabi, Søchting &amp; Zare 100979 (B) ; Kordkuy, 5 km toward <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.1/lat 36.7)">Radkan</a>, 36.7N, 54.1E, 300–1800 m, 28 January 2003, Maassoumi &amp; Safavi 21392 (B) ; ca. 12 km from Aliabad toward Zaringol, 36.8N, 55.0E, 420 m, 29 January 2003, Maassoumi &amp; Safavi 21598 (B). SEMNAN PROVINCE: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.054146&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.737877" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.054146/lat 36.737877)">Shahroud</a>, 60 km N of Shahroud, Abr village, 7.5 km NW of Abr, SE of the road towards Shirin Abad, 36.737878N, 55.054146E, 2103 m, 20 May 2016, On the bark of Quercus trees, M. Sohrabi 16917 (herb. Sohrabi) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F10707461DFFF2FF2F355267B0FEA0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharifi, Maryam;Mehregan, Iraj;Sohrabi, Mohammad;Larijani, Kambiz;Sipman, Harrie	Sharifi, Maryam, Mehregan, Iraj, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Larijani, Kambiz, Sipman, Harrie (2025): A synopsis of the lichen genus Ramalina (Ramalinaceae) in Iran. Phytotaxa 702 (3): 255-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.702.3.2
