identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03FE87BDFF9AFF9C804AF8B2B701A75D.text	03FE87BDFF9AFF9C804AF8B2B701A75D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crangonyctidae Bousfield 1973	<div><p>Family  Crangonyctidae Bousfield, 1973</p><p>Diasynurella Behning, 1940</p><p>INCLUDED SPECIES.  Diasynurella wachuschtii Behning, 1940 (the type species),  D. kiwi Marin et Palatov sp.n.,  D. dzhamirzoevi Palatov et Marin sp.n.,  D. cavatica Palatov et Marin sp.n. and  D. khalabensis Palatov et Marin sp.n.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. Size relatively small, up to 3–4.5 mm in females, which are larger than males. Body smooth, not pigmented (troglomorphic), urosomites partly fused, with marked suture between segments, without dorsal spines. Urosomite I free, urosomites II and III completely fused or free. Head without rostrum, lateral lobe rounded anteriorly; black eye (ommatidia) or yellow spots absent on head. Antenna I longer than antenna II; primary segments of flagellum without aesthetascs; accessory flagellum 2-segmented. Antenna II with small calceoli in males. Upper lip rounded apically, margin not incised. Mandible with well-developed incisor process and lacinia mobilis and underlying row of spines; molar process triturative; palp 3-segmented. Maxilla I: inner plate with 2–4 long plumose setae apically; outer plate with seven robust serrate spines apically; palp 2-segmented, with short setae and spines apically. Maxilla II: inner plate oval, broader than outer plate, with oblique row of long plumose setae along inner margin; both plates with numerous setae apically. Maxilliped: inner plate with numerous spines and stiff-like setae apically; outer plate with short stiff-like setae on apex and along inner margin; palp 4- segmented. Lower lip with well-developed outer lobes; inner lobes small; lateral processes rather short, usually narrowly rounded distally. Gnathopods I–II robust, unequal in size and dissimilar shape (GnI smaller than GnII); palm of GnI mostly trapezoidal in shape, while palm of GnII close to rectangular-like form; palmar margin in both gnathopods with double row of typically distally notched spines. Pereopods III–IV mostly subequal, pereopod V shorter than pereiopods VI and VII. Coxal gills on pereopods II–VI moderately small, pedicellate, oblong. Posterior corners of epimeral plates I–II sharp, posterior margins with few short setae, ventral margins with few spines, differing in size. Pleopods biramous, subequal in length, with two coupling hooks in retinacula. Uropods I–II biramous, rami and peduncles armed with strong simple spines; uropod I greatly with equal rami; uropod II with equal rami, about as long as length of peduncle; uropod III uniramous, with short non-segmented ramus. Telson rectangular in shape, distal margin with deep Vshaped distal notch, reaching almost 1/2 of length of telson.</p><p>DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS. The genus  Diasynurella is well distinguished from all other Palearctic genera of the family  Crangonyctidae by the following features: 1) free urosomal segment I (fused in  Pontonyx,  Synurella and  Lyurella); 2) fused urosomal segments II and III with distinct sutures (vs. free urosomal segments in  Amurocrangonyx,  Crangonyx,  Uralocrangonyx and  Palearcticarellus; completely fused urosomal segments without suture in  Synurella); 3) well developed inner lobes of labium (vs. almost completely reduced in  Eosynurella); 4) subquadrate propodus of gnathopods I (vs. oval propodus of pereopod I in  Amurocrangonyx,  Crangonyx,  Uralocrangonyx and  Palearcticarellus); 5) elongated propodus of gnathopod II (mostly oval in  Pontonyx,  Amurocrangonyx,  Crangonyx,  Uralocrangonyx and  Palearcticarellus); 6) simple endopodite of uropod I (vs. paddle-like endopodite of uropod I in  Volgonyx); 7) well-developed two-segmented uropod III (vs. rudimentary two-segmented uropod III in  Pontonyx and  Synurella; and mostly reduced unsegmented uropod III in  Lyurella); 8) the absence of an additional terminal knob on peduncle of uropod III (vs. present in  Pontonyx); 9) with single additional spine-like setae on dactyli of pereopods III–VII (vs.  Amurocrangonyx,  Eosynurella and  Lyurella); 10) two coupling hooks in retinacules of pleopods (vs. more than two hooks in  Amurocrangonyx,  Synurella,  Palearcticarellus,  Crangonyx,  Uralocrangonyx and  Volgonyx).</p><p>ECOLOGICAL REMARKS. All species of the genus are characterized by number of the following common ecological features: 1) mature adults have very small body sizes (3.0– 4.5 mm of total body length); 2) females of all species carry only one– two eggs, which are very large and occupy the entire volume of marsupial cavity; and 3) it is obvious that these crustaceans are not able to spread beyond water resources of spring or spring/cave system, since all currently known species are found only in single spring or cave watercourse.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FE87BDFF9AFF9C804AF8B2B701A75D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Palatov, Dmitry M.;Marin, Ivan N.	Palatov, Dmitry M., Marin, Ivan N. (2023): Diversity of the Caucasian genus Diasynurella Behning, 1940 (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae) with description of four new species. Arthropoda Selecta 32 (1): 23-55, DOI: 10.15298/arthsel.32.1.03
03FE87BDFF99FF9C8044FD86B032A0CC.text	03FE87BDFF99FF9C8044FD86B032A0CC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diasynurella wachuschtii Behning 1940	<div><p>Diasynurella wachuschtii Behning, 1940</p><p>Diasynurella wachuschtii 
Behning, 1940: 37, figs. 17, 18 [type locality —  Tskhra-Tskharo, Georgia].</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. Only females are known. Body small (up to 4.5 mm), unpigmented. Distal article of accessory flagellum of antenna I is about 2.3X shorter than basal one. Inner plate of maxilla I with two plumose marginal setae. Inner plate of maxilla II with row of two plumose setae. Gnathopod I with palm about 1.5X as long as wide, gnathopod II subrectangular, with palm about 2.0X as long as wide in females. Coxal gills VII absent. Epimeral plate I with distinct produced distally, pointed, without spines. Epimeral plate II distally produced and sharply pointed, ventral margin armed with one spine. Epimeral plate III subtrapezoidal, blunted distally, ventral margin armed with one spine. Pleopod peduncles with two coupling hooks in retinacula. Urosomite I completely free, urosomites II and III fused. Basal article (peduncle) of uropod III with one distal spines, ramus without lateral spines. Telson with triangular distal notch, reading about 0.3X of its length.</p><p>REMARKS. Currently, males are known only for one species,  Diasynurella kiwi Marin et Palatov sp.n. (see below), but we believe that they simply cannot be caught because of their very small body size (about 2 mm), even smaller than females of known species.</p><p>GENBANK ACCESSION NUMBERS. LK028565, LK028566 .</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. The species was described and is still currently known only from the Samtskhe-Javakheti region in southern Georgia (SW Caucasus), from spring on the Tskhra-Tskharo mountain pass near the road from Bakuriani to Tabitskuri [Behning, 1940].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FE87BDFF99FF9C8044FD86B032A0CC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Palatov, Dmitry M.;Marin, Ivan N.	Palatov, Dmitry M., Marin, Ivan N. (2023): Diversity of the Caucasian genus Diasynurella Behning, 1940 (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae) with description of four new species. Arthropoda Selecta 32 (1): 23-55, DOI: 10.15298/arthsel.32.1.03
03FE87BDFF99FF978046FA10B12AA69D.text	03FE87BDFF99FF978046FA10B12AA69D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diasynurella kiwi Marin et Palatov 2023	<div><p>Diasynurella kiwi Marin et Palatov sp.n.</p><p>Figs 1–5.</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype $ (bl. 3.0 mm), ZMMU Mb-1248 Russian Federation, Ciscaucasia, Rostov Oblast’, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.78336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.233307" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.78336/lat 47.233307)">Rostov-on-Don</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.78336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.233307" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.78336/lat 47.233307)">Proletarskiy district</a>, 47°13′59.9″N 39°47′00.1″E, about 40 m a.s.l., small spring on shore of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.78336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.233307" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.78336/lat 47.233307)">Kiziterinka river</a>, hand net sampling, 18 May 2022, coll. D. Palatov et I. Marin.  Paratypes 1$ (bl. 3.0 mm), 1# (bl. 2.0 mm), ZMMU Mb-1249, same locality and data as for holotype .</p><p>Additional material: 4$$, LEMMI, same locality and data as for holotype .</p><p>ETYMOLOGY. The name of the species comes from the endemic New Zealand flightless ground-dwelling bird  Apteryx australis Shaw, 1813, usually called  “ kiwi ”, which also bears only single egg, occupying most of the female’s body. Females of  Diasynurella kiwi Marin et Palatov sp.n., similar to other representatives of the genus  Diasynurella, usually bears only two large eggs, but outwardly they look like a single mass (Fig. 6), resembling one large egg of this unusual bird. Also similar to this bird is due to their endemicity, and the inability of the crustacean to leave its spring or group of nearby springs (“island”) and spread over long distances (flightless). Thus, the inability to fly (escape) to another place closer these crustaceans to kiwi birds, and we would like to keep this name for one of the species of the genus  Diasynurella .</p><p>DESCRIPTION. Female. Body (Fig. 1): moderately stout; largest collected $ has bl. 3.0 mm. Head with wide rounded and little concave anteroventral lobe (Fig. 11 b).</p><p>Antenna I (Fig. 2 a) about 55% of body length, about 2.1X longer than antenna II; primary flagellum with 13 segments, with aesthetascs on distal segments; accessory flagellum 2-segmented, distal segment about 3.1X shorter than basal one (Fig. 2 b).</p><p>Antenna II (Fig. 2 c): gland clone distinct, distally pointed; peduncle about 2.0–2.3X longer than flagellum, with robust setae tightly covering segments III–IV; peduncle of segment IV about 1.1X longer than segment V; flagellum 5- segmented.</p><p>Mandible (Fig. 3 c–f): left mandible (Fig. 3 c, d) incisor 5-dentate, lacinia mobilis 5-dentate, with 3–4 robust plumose accessory setae; molar process with single seta. Right mandible (Fig. 3 e, f) incisor 4-dentate, lacinia mobilis toothed, triturative, lobes with numerous protuberances; underlying with row of three robust plumose setae; molar process similar to left mandible. Palp 3-segmented, segment II with four–seven setae; segment III about 2.5X longer than wide, with seven–eight separate D-setae, single C-seta, single B-seta and three–four separate E-setae (Fig. 3 c, e).</p><p>Labrum (upper lip) (Fig. 3 a): oval, apical margin with numerous small fine setae.</p><p>Labium (lower lip) (Fig. 3 b): inner lobes feebly developed.</p><p>Lateralia with eight strong pectinate setae.</p><p>Maxilla I (Fig. 3 g): inner plate with four plumose marginal setae, outer plate with seven apical comb-spines; palp 2-segmented, distal segment pubescent, about 3X of basal segment, apical margin of distal segment with seven simple setae.</p><p>Maxilla II (Fig. 3 h): inner and outer plates covered in pubescent setae, subequal in length; outer plate weakly narrowing distally, with nine apical setae; inner plate narrowing explicitly distally, with group of dense short setae on apex, with oblique row of two short plumose setae.</p><p>Maxilliped (Fig. 3 i): inner plate much shorter than outer plate, with four spines and single simple seta apically, and two–three simple setae laterally; outer plate narrow, with row of 12–14 medial stiff simple setae of different length; palp quadriarticulate, article I with two simple setae on inner margin, article II with row of 13–15 simple setae on inner margin and without setae on outer margin, article III sub-quadrate; dactylus with single seta on outer margin and without setae at inner margin, nail long, slender, with two thin setae at hinge.</p><p>Gnathopod I (Fig. 2 d, e): smaller than GnII; coxal plate suboval, slightly narrowing distally, with rounded corners and with four apical and numerous facial setae, width/depth ratio 0.66–0.67/1; basis width/length ratio is 0.38/1, without setae on anterior margin, two long setae on inner face and three–five long setae on posterior margin; merus with eight– nine distal setae; carpus is 0.53X of basis and subequal of propodus in length, with six–eight serrated setae in inner margin and three simple setae in outer margin; propodus 1.5X longer than broad, with one–three simple setae in anterior margin and five serrated single setae in posterior margin; distal margin of palm (Fig. 2 e) almost straight, slightly oblique, with double row of four inner and three outer robust setae; palmar groove (depression) feebly developed, with two inner and two outer robust setae; dactylus with single outer seta.</p><p>Gnathopod II (Fig. 2 f, g): coxal plate sub-rectangular or subovate, with four apical and numerous facial setae, width/ depth ratios is 0.6/1; basis width/length ratio is 0.3/1, with several (two–three) long setae inserted along posterior margin and with two long simple setae in anterior margin; ischium with single short simple seta; merus with four distal setae; carpus is 0.62X of length of basis and 0.96X of propodus, with two anterior simple setae and three groups of plumose posterior setae; propodus 2.4X longer than broad, with single simple anterior seta, four superior medial, three inferior medial and four groups of posterior setae; palm oblique with double row of four inner and three outer robust setae of different size; palm groove (depression) feebly developed, palmar corner (Fig. 2 g) with two strong palmar spiniform setae, single supporting spiniform seta on inner surface; dactylus with single seta along anterior margin and few short setae along inner margin.</p><p>Pereopod III (Fig. 4 a): coxal plate oval or subrectangular, with three apical and numerous facial setae, width/depth ratio is 0.6/1; basis about 4.5X as long as wide, with long anterior and posterior simple setae; merus about 0.65X of basis, about 1.70X of carpus and about 1.12X of propodus in length; carpus about 0.66X of propodus in length; dactylus (Fig. 4 b) about 0.40X of propodus, with single plumose seta on outer margin and single additional spine accompanying with seta along ventral margin.</p><p>Pereopod IV (Fig. 4 c): subequal to PIII in length; coxal plate expanded and broadly convex distally, posterior margin with shallow excavation, distal margin with eight–nine apical short setae and numerous facial setae, width/depth ratio is 0.94/1; basis about 4.6X as long as wide, with long anterior and posterior simple setae; merus about 0.63X of basis, about 1.67X of carpus and about 1.05X of propodus in length; carpus about 0.63X of propodus in length; dactylus (Fig. 4 d) about 0.36X of propodus, with plumose seta on outer margin and single additional spine accompanying with seta along ventral margin.</p><p>Pereopods V, VI, VII with length ratio 1/1.20/1.26.</p><p>Pereopod V (Fig. 4 e): coxal plate large, bilobate, with distinct anterior and posterior lobes; posterior and anterior lobes with 1 margin simple seta each, with numerous facial setae; basis about 1.60X as long as wide, with numerous facial setae, posterior margin slightly convex, armed with 6 shallow serrations, with distinct distal corner, anterior margin with five split-tipped robust and four distal setae; merus about 0.63X of basis, 0.75X of carpus and 0.90X of propodus in length; dactylus (Fig. 4 f) approximately 0.44X of propodus, with single plumose seta on outer margin and 1 additional spine accompanying with seta along ventral margin.</p><p>Pereopod VI (Fig. 4 g): coxal plate bilobate, with distinct posterior and vestigial anterior lobes; anterior lobe without setae, posterior lobe with single margin seta, each with numerous facial setae; basis about 1.60X as long as wide, with numerous facial setae, posterior margin convex, armed with five shallow serrations, anterior margin with five split-tipped robust and three distal setae; merus about 0.70X of basis, 0.83X of carpus and 0.82X of propodus in length; dactylus (Fig. 4 h) approximately 0.41X of propodus, with single plumose seta on outer margin and single additional spine accompanying with seta along ventral margin.</p><p>Pereopod VII (Fig. 4 i): coxal plate small, semi-lunar, with single posterior seta; basis about 1.56X as long as wide, with numerous facial setae, posterior margin convex, armed with eight serrated setae, with distal corner; anterior margin with four split-tipped robust and three distal setae; merus about 0.57X of basis, about 0.90X of carpus and about 0.89X of propodus in length; dactylus (Fig. 4 j) approximately 0.43X of propodus in length, with single plumose seta on outer margin and single additional spine accompanying with single seta along ventral margin.</p><p>Gills, brood plates (Fig. 4): coxal gills on somites II–VI, somites V–VIII with lanceolate sternal gill on each. Coxal gills of pereiopods II–VI ovoid, gills/bases ratios are 0.83/1, 0.72/1, 0.58/1, 0.41/1 and 0.45/1, respectively.</p><p>Pleopods (Fig. 5 e): pleopod I peduncle with two coupling hooks in retinacula, without lateral setae; outer and inner rami with six and seven segments, respectively; basal segment of outer ramus with single clothes-pin seta. Pleopods II–III with peduncle bearing two coupling hooks in retinacula (Fig. 5 f), without setae; outer and inner rami with six segments; basal segment of outer ramus with single clothes-pin seta.</p><p>Epimera. Epimeral plate I (Fig. 5 a) weakly produced distally, almost straight, pointed, ventral margin with one spine, posterior margin convex, with singlee seta. Epimeral plate II (Fig. 5 b) distally produced and sharply pointed, ventral margin armed with single spine, posterior margin oblique, without setae. Epimeral plate III (Fig. 5 c) weakly produced distally, almost straight, and slightly pointed, ventral margin armed with single spine, posterior margin slightly convex, with single seta.</p><p>Urosomites completely free (Figs 1, 11 a).</p><p>Uropod I (Fig. 5 g): peduncle about 4.3X as long as wide, with dorsoexternal row of three thin short spines and single subdistal short spine; exopodite subequal of endopodite in length; endopodite not paddle-like, with three dorsal, single ventrolateral and five apical spines; exopodite with three dorsal and five apical spines.</p><p>Uropod II (Fig. 5 h): peduncle about 2.7X as long as wide, subequal of endopodite in length, with three short dorsoexternal spines; exopodite about 0.9X of endopodite in length, with four dorsal and five apical robust spines; endopodite with three dorsal and five apical robust spines.</p><p>Uropod III (Fig. 5 i): uniramous, peduncle cone-shaped, about 1.6X as long as wide, without terminal “pointed knob” and single simple seta on lateral margin and single spine on apical margin; peduncle about 0.6X of ramus in length; inner margin of ramus armed with two single spines, outer margin of ramus armed of two groups of spines with two spines each, apical margin armed with three spines.</p><p>Telson (Fig. 5 d): clearly expanding distally, with narrow lobes, elongate, 0.57X as long as broad, significantly shorter as uropod III; apical margin cleft about 0.65X of total length; with five apical spines and two additional submarginal plumose setae on each lobe.</p><p>REMARKS. Sexual dimorphism is feebly marked; males are slightly smaller in size (Fig. 1); with small and elongated calceoli on peduncle and flagellum of antenna II; and slightly elongated plam of gnathopods I–II.</p><p>COLORATION. The body and appendages unpigmented, without well-developed pigmented eyes.</p><p>GENBANK ACCESSION NUMBERS. OQ533591, OQ533592.</p><p>TAXONOMIC REMARKS. Most phylogenetically basal and morphologically distinct species within the genus.  Diasynurella kiwi Marin et Palatov sp.n. can be clearly separated from all other species of the genus  Diasynurella, by the following features: 1) all urosomites completely free vs. urosomites II–III fused in other species; 2) uropod III is much longer than telson vs. uropod III is subequal to telson in length or shorter; 3) inner plate of maxilla I with four plumose marginal setae vs. inner plate of maxilla I with two plumose marginal setae; 4) telson clearly expanding distally, with narrow lobes vs. telson subrectangular, with wide lobes.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY. Currently, the species is known only from single spring on the slope of the Kiziterinka River in the Proletarskiy district (Nakhichevan) within the borders of the city of Rostov-on-Don. We assume that the species may live in other nearby springs, which apparently have one pool of catchment. At the same time, the collecting this species is rather difficult due to its very small size (about 2.5–3 mm of body length for adults), as well as habitat in the thickness of pebbles covering the bottom of springs and wells. Other stygobiotic amphipods found in the same spring are  Synurella odessana (Martynov, 1919) and undescribed species of the genus  Niphargus Schiödte, 1849 ( Niphargidae) [Marin, Palatov, in press].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FE87BDFF99FF978046FA10B12AA69D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Palatov, Dmitry M.;Marin, Ivan N.	Palatov, Dmitry M., Marin, Ivan N. (2023): Diversity of the Caucasian genus Diasynurella Behning, 1940 (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae) with description of four new species. Arthropoda Selecta 32 (1): 23-55, DOI: 10.15298/arthsel.32.1.03
03FE87BDFF92FF8F8074FC46B56EA030.text	03FE87BDFF92FF8F8074FC46B56EA030.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diasynurella dzhamirzoevi Palatov et Marin 2023	<div><p>Diasynurella dzhamirzoevi Palatov et Marin sp.n.</p><p>Figs 6–11.</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype $ (bl. 4.0 mm), ZMMU Mb-1250, Russian Federation, Samur-Divichi lowland, Dagestan, Magaramkent district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.558666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.843193" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.558666/lat 41.843193)">Samur forest</a>, about –1 m a.s.l., 41°50′35.5″N, 48°33′31.2″E, in small forest spring, hand net sampling, 31 December 2021, coll. D. Palatov.  Paratypes 2$$ (bl. 4.0 mm), ZMMU Mb-1251, same locality and data as for holotype .</p><p>Additional material: 2$$, LEMMI, same locality and  data as for holotype .</p><p>ETYMOLOGY. The species is named after the famous Dagestan scientist Dr. Gadzhibek S. Dzhamirzoev (“Dagestansky” State Natural Reserve).</p><p>DESCRIPTION. Female. Body (Fig. 6): moderately stout; largest collected $ has bl. 4.5 mm. Head with wide rounded and little concave or straight anteroventral lobe (Figs 7 a, 11 d).</p><p>Antenna I (Fig. 7 a) about 55% of body length, about 2.0X longer than antenna II; primary flagellum with thirteen segments, with aesthetascs on distal segments; accessory flagellum 2-segmented, distal segment about 3.0X shorter than basal one (Fig. 7 b).</p><p>Antenna II (Fig. 7 c): gland clone distinct, distally pointed; peduncle about 2.0–2.3X longer than flagellum, with robust setae tightly covering segments III and IV; peduncle of segment IV about 1.1–1.2X longer than segment V; flagellum 6-segmented.</p><p>Mandible (Fig. 8 c–f): left mandible (Fig. 8 c, d) incisor 5-dentate, lacinia mobilis 5-dentate, with three robust plumose accessory setae; molar process with single seta. Right mandible (Fig. 8 e, f) incisor 4-dentate, lacinia mobilis toothed, triturative, lobes with numerous protuberances; underlying with row of three robust plumose setae; molar process similar to left mandible. Palp 3-segmented, segment II with six–seven setae; segment III about 3.2–3.5X longer than wide, with seven–eight separate D-setae, single B-seta and four separate E-setae (Fig. 8 c, e).</p><p>Labrum (upper lip) (Fig. 8 a): oval, apical margin with numerous small fine setae.</p><p>Labium (lower lip) (Fig. 8 b): inner lobes feebly developed.</p><p>Lateralia with 8 strong pectinate setae.</p><p>Maxilla I (Fig. 8 g): inner plate with two plumose marginal setae, outer plate with seven apical comb-spines; palp 2-segmented, distal segment pubescent, about 3X of basal segment, apical margin of distal segment with nine simple setae.</p><p>Maxilla II (Fig. 8 h): inner and outer plates covered in pubescent setae, subequal in length; outer plate weakly narrowing distally, with eleven apical setae; inner plate narrowing explicitly distally, with group of dense short setae on apex, with oblique row of short plumose setae.</p><p>Maxilliped (Fig. 8 i): inner plate much shorter than outer plate, with four spines and single simple seta apically, and 2–3 simple setae laterally; outer plate narrow, with row of 15–16 medial stiff simple setae of different length; palp quadriarticulate, article I with two simple setae on inner margin, article II with row of 16–18 simple setae on inner margin and without setae on outer margin, article III sub-quadrate; dactylus with single seta on outer margin and without setae at inner margin, nail long, slender, with one– two thin setae at hinge.</p><p>Gnathopod I (Fig. 7 d, e): smaller than GnII; coxal plate subtrapezoidal or suboval, slightly narrowing distally, with rounded corners and with three apical and numerous facial setae, width/depth ratio 0.67–0.69/1; basis width/length ratio is 0.31/1, with single long and two short setae on anterior margin, two long setae on inner face and four long setae on posterior margin; merus with 10–11 distal setae; carpus is 0.55X of basis and 0.80X of propodus in length, with ten serrated setae in inner margin and three simple setae in outer margin; propodus 1.86X longer than broad, with four simple setae in anterior margin and seven serrated single setae in posterior margin; distal margin of palm (Fig. 7 e) distinctly or slightly oblique, with double row of four inner and three outer robust setae; palmar groove (depression) feebly developed, with four inner and three outer robust setae; dactylus with single outer seta.</p><p>Gnathopod II (Fig. 7 f, g): coxal plate subovate, with three apical and numerous facial setae, width/depth ratios is 0.6/1; basis width/length ratio is 0.27/1, with several (three– four) long setae inserted along posterior margin and with two short simple setae in anterior margin; ischium with single short simple seta; merus with three–four distal setae; carpus is 0.62X of length of basis and 0.70X of propodus, with two anterior simple setae and four groups of plumose posterior setae; propodus 2.8X longer than broad, with single simple anterior seta, three–four superior medial, four inferior medial and four groups of posterior setae; palm distinctly oblique with double row of four inner and five outer spiniform setae of different size; palm groove (depression) feebly developed, palmar corner (Fig. 7 g) with three strong palmar spiniform setae, four supporting bifurcate setae on inner surface; dactylus with single seta along anterior margin and few short setae along inner margin.</p><p>Pereopod III (Fig. 9 a): coxal plate oval or sub-rectangular, with four apical and numerous facial setae, width/depth ratio is 0.5/1; basis about 4.7X as long as wide, with long anterior and posterior simple setae; merus about 0.67X of basis, about 1.52X of carpus and about 1.13X of propodus in length; carpus about 0.74X of propodus in length; dactylus (Fig. 9 b) about 0.37X of propodus, with single plumose seta on outer margin and single additional spine accompanying with single seta along ventral margin.</p><p>Pereopod IV (Fig. 9 c): subequal to PIII in length; coxal plate expanded and broadly convex distally, posterior margin with shallow excavation, distal margin with seven apical short setae and numerous facial setae, width/depth ratio is 0.86/1; basis about 5.0X as long as wide, with long anterior and posterior simple setae; merus about 0.64X of basis, about 1.36X of carpus and about 1.04X of propodus in length; carpus about 0.77X of propodus in length; dactylus (Fig. 9 d) about 0.42X of propodus, with single plumose seta on outer margin and single additional spine accompanying with single seta along ventral margin.</p><p>Pereopods V, VI, VII with length ratio 1/1.17/1.04.</p><p>Pereopod V (Fig. 9 e): coxal plate large, bilobate, with distinct anterior and posterior lobes; posterior and anterior lobes with single marginal simple seta each, with numerous facial setae; basis about 1.48X as long as wide, with numerous facial setae, posterior margin slightly convex, armed with 11 shallow serrations, with distinct distal corner, anterior margin with seven split-tipped robust and four distal setae; merus about 0.63X of basis, 0.91X of carpus and subequal of propodus in length; dactylus (Fig. 9 f) approximately 0.40X of propodus, with single plumose seta on outer margin and single additional spine accompanying with single seta along ventral margin.</p><p>Pereopod VI (Fig. 9 g): coxal plate bilobate, with distinct posterior and vestigial anterior lobes; anterior lobe without setae, posterior lobe with single margin seta, each with numerous facial setae; basis about 1.49X as long as wide, with numerous facial setae, posterior margin convex, armed with nine shallow serrations, anterior margin with seven tipped robust and three distal setae; merus about 0.66X of basis, 0.92X of carpus and 0.94X of propodus in length; dactylus (Fig. 9 h) approximately 0.38X of propodus, with single plumose seta on outer margin and an additional spine accompanying with single seta along ventral margin.</p><p>Pereopod VII (Fig. 9 i): coxal plate small, semi-lunar, with single posterior seta; basis about 1.56X as long as wide, with numerous facial setae, posterior margin convex, armed with eight serrated setae, with distal corner; anterior margin with seven split-tipped robust and three distal setae; merus about 0.66X of basis, about 1.28X of carpus and about 1.10X of propodus in length; dactylus (Fig. 9 j) approximately 0.40X of propodus in length, with single plumose seta on outer margin and an additional spine accompanying with single seta along ventral margin.</p><p>Gills, brood plates (Fig. 9): coxal gills on somites II–VI, somites V–VIII with lanceolate sternal gill on each. Coxal gills of pereopods II–VI ovoid, gills/bases ratios are 0.73/1, 0.64/1, 0.67/1, 0.55/1 and 0.43/1, respectively.</p><p>Pleopods (Fig. 10 g): pleopods I–II with peduncles bearing two coupling hooks in retinacula (Fig. 10 h), without lateral setae; outer and inner rami with seven and eight segments, respectively; basal segments of outer ramus with single clothes-pin seta. Pleopod III peduncle with two coupling hooks in retinacula, without setae; outer and inner rami with six and seven segments, respectively; basal segment of outer ramus with single clothes-pin seta.</p><p>Epimera. Epimeral plate I (Fig. 10 a) weakly produced distally, almost straight, pointed, ventral margin without spines, posterior margin convex, with single seta. Epimeral plate II (Fig. 10 b) distally produced and sharply pointed, ventral margin armed with three spines, posterior margin oblique, with single seta. Epimeral plate III (Fig. 10 c) subtrapezoidal, blunted distally, ventral margin armed with two spines, posterior margin slightly oblique, with singleseta.</p><p>Urosomites fused partially: Urosomite I completely free, urosomites II and III fused, with distinct suture (Fig. 10 d).</p><p>Uropod I (Fig. 10 i): peduncle about 3.5X as long as wide, with dorsoexternal row of four short spines, 1 subdistal short spine and single dorsointernal spine; exopodite about 0.9X of endopodite in length; endopodite not paddle-like, with four dorsal and five apical spines; exopodite with five short dorsal and five apical spines.</p><p>Uropod II (Fig. 10 j): peduncle about 2.1X as long as wide, subequal of endopodite in length, with two long dorsoexternal spines; exopodite about 0.88X of endopodite in length, with three dorsal and five apical robust spines; endopodite with four dorsal and five apical robust spines.</p><p>Uropod III (Fig. 10 k): uniramous, peduncle cone-shaped, about 1.2X as long as wide, with rudimentary terminal “knob”, single simple seta on lateral margin and single spine on apical margin; peduncle about 1.1X of ramus in length; inner margin of ramus without spines, outer margin of ramus armed of single group of spines with two spines, apical margin armed with three spines.</p><p>Telson (Fig. 10 e, f): slightly narrowing distally, elongate, 0.75X as long as broad, slightly shorter as uropod III; apical margin cleft about 0.55X of total length; with five–six apical spines and two additional submarginal plumose setae on each lobe.</p><p>COLORATION. The body and appendages unpigmented, without well-developed pigmented eyes.</p><p>GENBANK ACCESSION NUMBERS. OQ534007, OQ534008.</p><p>TAXONOMIC REMARKS. The species can be most easily separated from  D. waschuschtii by the following features: 1) apical margin cleft of telson is more than half of its total length (Fig. 10 e, f) vs. apical margin cleft of telson is clearly less than half of its total length [Behning, 1940: fig. 17o]; 2) ramus and peduncle of uropod III approximately equal in length (Fig. 10 k) vs. ramus is significantly smaller than peduncle in length [Behning, 1940: fig. 17n]; 3) rami of uropod III with group of lateral spines (Fig. 10 k) vs. rami of uropod III without lateral spines [Behning, 1940: fig. 17n].</p><p>The species can be most easily separated from  Diasynurella kiwi Marin et Palatov sp.n., by the following features: urosomites II–III completely fused (Fig. 11 c) vs. all urosomites completely free (Fig. 11 a); 2) uropod III is subequal to telson in length (Fig. 11 c) vs. uropod III is much longer than telson (Fig. 11 a); 3) inner plate of maxilla I with two plumose marginal setae (Fig. 8 g) vs. inner plate of maxilla I with four plumose marginal setae (Fig. 3 g).</p><p>For the differences from  D. cavatica Palatov et Marin sp.n. and  D. khalabensis Palatov et Marin sp.n. see below.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY. The species is known only from single spring located in the Samur forest, Dagestan (northwestern Hyrcania). It is possible that the species inhabit other nearby springs and groudwaters, however, like other species the genus, it is extremely difficult to detect due to its very small size and habitat in the bottom sediment.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FE87BDFF92FF8F8074FC46B56EA030	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Palatov, Dmitry M.;Marin, Ivan N.	Palatov, Dmitry M., Marin, Ivan N. (2023): Diversity of the Caucasian genus Diasynurella Behning, 1940 (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae) with description of four new species. Arthropoda Selecta 32 (1): 23-55, DOI: 10.15298/arthsel.32.1.03
03FE87BDFF8AFF8883DEFAB4B17EA08A.text	03FE87BDFF8AFF8883DEFAB4B17EA08A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diasynurella cavatica Palatov et Marin 2023	<div><p>Diasynurella cavatica Palatov et Marin sp.n.</p><p>Figs 12–15, 20.</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype $ (bl. 4.0 mm), ZMMU Mb-1252, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=42.177555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.52986" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 42.177555/lat 42.52986)">Southern</a> slope of the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=42.177555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.52986" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 42.177555/lat 42.52986)">Great Caucasian Ridge</a>, Colchis lowland, Georgia, Samegrelo-Zemosvaneti, Garakha cave, 42°31′ 47.5″N, 42°10′39.2″E, about 200 m a.s.l., hand net sampling, 3 February 2017, coll. D. Palatov.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY. The species is named after its cave-dwelling lifestyle, which is currently unique for the genus.</p><p>DESCRIPTION. Female. Body: moderately stout, largest collected $ has bl. 4.0 mm. Head with wide rounded and little concave or straight anteroventral lobe (Fig. 20 b).</p><p>Antenna I (Fig. 12 a) about 55% of body length, about 2.2X longer than antenna II; primary flagellum with twelve segments, with aesthetascs on distal segments; accessory flagellum 2-segmented, distal segment about 2.0–4.4X shorter than basal one (Fig. 12 b).</p><p>Antenna II (Fig. 12 c): gland clone distinct, distally pointed; peduncle about 2.5X longer than flagellum, with robust setae tightly covering segments III and IV; peduncle of segment IV about 1.1–1.2X longer than segment V; flagellum 7-segmented.</p><p>Mandible (Fig. 13 d–g): left mandible (Fig. 8 c, d) incisor 5-dentate, lacinia mobilis 5-dentate, with three robust plumose accessory setae; molar process with a single seta. Right mandible (Fig. 8 e, f) incisor 4-dentate, lacinia mobilis toothed, triturative, lobes with numerous protuberances; underlying with row of three robust plumose setae; molar process similar to left mandible. Palp 3-segmented, segment II with six – seven setae; segment III about 3.1–3.2X longer than wide, with seven–eight separate D-setae, single B-seta and four separate E-setae (Fig. 13 e, g).</p><p>Labrum (upper lip) (Fig. 13 a): oval, apical margin with numerous small fine setae.</p><p>Labium (lower lip) (Fig. 13 b): inner lobes feebly developed.</p><p>Lateralia (Fig. 13 c) with eight strong pectinate setae.</p><p>Maxilla I (Fig. 13 h): inner plate with two plumose marginal setae, outer plate with seven apical comb-spines; palp 2-segmented, distal segment pubescent, about 3.0X of basal segment, apical margin of distal segment with seven simple setae.</p><p>Maxilla II (Fig. 13 i): inner and outer plates covered in pubescent setae, subequal in length; outer plate weakly narrowing distally, with eleven apical setae; inner plate narrowing explicitly distally, with group of dense short setae on apex, with an oblique row of two short plumose setae.</p><p>Maxilliped (Fig. 13 j): inner plate much shorter than outer plate, with four spines and single simple seta apically, and two–three simple setae laterally; outer plate narrow, with row of 14–16 medial stiff simple setae of different length; palp quadriarticulate, article I with two simple setae on inner margin, article II with row of 16–18 simple setae on inner margin and without setae on outer margin, article III sub-quadrate; dactylus with single seta on outer margin and without setae at inner margin, nail long, slender, with one or two thin setae at hinge.</p><p>Gnathopod I (Fig. 12 d, e): smaller than GnII; coxal plate subtrapezoidal or suboval, slightly narrowing distally, with rounded corners and with five apical and numerous facial setae, width/depth ratio 0.60/1; basis width/length ratio is 0.35/1, with two short setae on anterior margin, two long setae on inner face and four long setae on posterior margin; merus with nine–ten distal setae; carpus is 0.60X of basis and 0.87X of propodus in length, with ten serrated setae in inner margin and eight simple setae in outer margin; propodus 1.70X longer than broad, with four simple setae in anterior margin and nine serrated single setae in posterior margin; distal margin of palm (Fig. 12 e) distinctly or slightly oblique, with double row of four inner and three outer robust setae; palmar groove (depression) feebly developed, with two inner and three outer robust setae; dactylus with single outer seta.</p><p>Gnathopod II (Fig. 12 f, g): coxal plate subovate, with five apical and numerous facial setae, width/depth ratios is 0.55/1; basis width/length ratio is 0.30/1, with several (three– four) long setae inserted along posterior margin and with four short simple setae in anterior margin; ischium with single short simple seta; merus with three distal setae; carpus is 0.60X of length of basis and 0.82X of propodus, with five anterior simple setae and five groups of plumose posterior setae; propodus 2.4X longer than broad, with four simple anterior setae, five superior medial, four inferior medial and six groups of posterior setae; palm distinctly oblique with double row of five inner and six outer spiniform setae of different size; palm groove (depression) feebly developed, palmar corner (Fig. 12 g) with three strong palmar spiniform setae, three supporting bifurcate setae on inner surface; dactylus with single seta along anterior margin and few short setae along inner margin.</p><p>Pereopod III (Fig. 14 a): coxal plate oval or sub-rectangular, with six apical and numerous facial setae, width/depth ratio is 0.6/1; basis about 4.3X as long as wide, with long anterior and posterior simple setae; merus about 0.63X of basis, about 1.40X of carpus and about 1.07X of propodus in length; carpus about 0.77X of propodus in length; dactylus (Fig. 14 b) about 0.46X of propodus, with single plumose seta on outer margin and an additional spine accompanying with singleseta along ventral margin.</p><p>Pereopod IV (Fig. 14 c): subequal to PIII in length; coxal plate expanded and broadly convex distally, posterior margin with a shallow excavation, distal margin with eleven apical short setae and numerous facial setae, width/depth ratio is 0.86/1; basis about 4.8X as long as wide, with long anterior and posterior simple setae; merus about 0.66X of basis, about 1.50X of carpus and about 1.22X of propodus in length; carpus about 0.81X of propodus in length; dactylus (Fig. 14 d) about 0.42X of propodus, with single plumose seta on outer margin and an additional spine accompanying with single seta along ventral margin.</p><p>Pereopods V, VI, VII with length ratio 1/1.20/1.08.</p><p>Pereopod V (Fig. 14 e): coxal plate large, bilobate, with distinct anterior and posterior lobes; posterior and anterior lobes with single margin simple seta each, with numerous facial setae; basis about 1.38X as long as wide, with numerous facial setae, posterior margin slightly convex, armed with 11 shallow serrations, with distinct distal corner, anterior margin with ten split-tipped robust and four distal setae; merus about 0.65X of basis, 1.05X of carpus and 1.14X of propodus in length; dactylus (Fig. 14 f) approximately 0.48X of propodus, with single plumose seta on outer margin and an additional spine accompanying with single seta along ventral margin.</p><p>Pereopod VI (Fig. 14 g): coxal plate bilobate, with distinct posterior and vestigial anterior lobes; anterior lobe without setae, posterior lobe with single margin seta, each with numerous facial setae; basis about 1.38X as long as wide, with numerous facial setae, posterior margin convex, armed with 11 shallow serrations, anterior margin with six split-tipped robust and three distal setae; merus about 0.69X of basis, subequal of carpus and 0.90X of propodus in length; dactylus (Fig. 14 h) approximately 0.40X of propodus, with single plumose seta on outer margin and an additional spine accompanying with single seta along ventral margin.</p><p>Pereopod VII (Fig. 14 i): coxal plate small, semi-lunar, with single posterior seta; basis about 1.10X as long as wide, with numerous facial setae, posterior margin convex, armed with 11 serrated setae, with distal corner; anterior margin with six split-tipped robust and three distal setae; merus about 0.56X of basis, about 1.08X of carpus and about 0.90X of propodus in length; dactylus (Fig. 14 j) approximately 0.40X of propodus in length, with single plumose seta on outer margin and an additional spine accompanying with single seta along ventral margin.</p><p>Gills, brood plates (Fig. 14): coxal gills on somites II– VI, somites V–VIII with lanceolate sternal gill on each. Coxal gills of pereopods II–VI ovoid, gills/bases ratios are 0.84/1, 0.78/1, 0.82/1, 0.68/1 and 0.60/1, respectively.</p><p>Pleopods (Fig. 15 e, f): pleopods I and II peduncles with two coupling hooks in retinacula (Fig. 10 h), without lateral setae; outer and inner rami with 8 and 10 segments, respectively; basal segments of outer ramus with single clothes-pin seta. Pleopod III peduncle with two coupling hooks in retinacula, without setae; outer and inner rami with 7 and 8 segments, respectively; basal segment of outer ramus with single clothes-pin seta.</p><p>Epimera. Epimeral plate I (Fig. 15 a) weakly produced distally, pointed, ventral margin without spines, posterior margin oblique, with one seta. Epimeral plate II (Fig. 15 b) distally produced and sharply pointed, ventral margin armed with two spines, posterior margin slightly oblique, with single seta. Epimeral plate III (Fig. 15 c) subtrapezoidal, blunted distally, ventral margin armed with three spines, posterior margin slightly oblique, with single seta.</p><p>Urosomites fused partially: Urosomite I completely free, urosomites II–III fused, with slightly noticeable suture (Fig. 20 a).</p><p>Uropod I (Fig. 15 g): peduncle about 3.2X as long as wide, with dorsoexternal row of four thin spines, single subdistal short thin spine and single dorsointernal thin spine; exopodite about 0.9X of endopodite in length; endopodite not paddle-like, with four dorsal, single dorsolateral and five apical thin spines; with three dorsal, four dorsolateral and five apical thin spines.</p><p>Uropod II (Fig. 15 h): peduncle about 1.7X as long as wide, subequal of endopodite in length, with three dorsoexternal long spines; exopodite about 0.88X of endopodite in length, with four dorsal, single dorsolateral and five apical robust spines; endopodite with five dorsal, single dorsolateral and five apical robust spines.</p><p>Uropod III (Fig. 15 i): uniramous, peduncle cone-shaped, about 1.4X as long as wide, without terminal “knob”, single simple seta on lateral margin and single spine on apical margin; peduncle about 1.4X of ramus in length; inner margin of ramus with single simple seta, outer margin of ramus armed with two spines, apical margin armed with four spines.</p><p>Telson (Fig. 15 d): slightly narrowing distally, slightly elongated, 0.75X as long as broad, subequal with uropod III in length; apical margin cleft about 0.48X of total length; with four apical spines and two additional submarginal plumose setae on each lobe.</p><p>COLORATION. The body and appendages unpigmented, without well-developed pigmented eyes.</p><p>GENBANK ACCESSION NUMBERS. OQ534005, OQ534006.</p><p>TAXONOMIC REMARKS. The species can be most easily separated from  D. waschuschtii by the following features: 1) ramus and peduncle of uropod III approximately equal in length (Fig. 15 i) vs. ramus is significantly smaller than peduncle in length [Behning, 1940, fig. 17n]; 2) rami of uropod III with two separate spines on lateral margins (Fig. 15 i) vs. rami of uropod III without lateral spines [Behning, 1940, fig. 17n]; 3) epimeral plates II–III with two and three thin spiniform setae on ventral margin, respectively (Fig. 15 b, c) vs. epimeral plates II–III with single thin seta on ventral margin each [Behning, 1940, fig. 18j].</p><p>The species can be most easily separated from  Diasynurella kiwi Marin et Palatov sp.n., by the following features: 1) urosomites II and III completely fused (Fig. 20 a) vs. all urosomites completely free (Fig. 11 a); 2) uropod III is subequal to telson in length (Fig. 20 a) vs. uropod III is much longer than telson (Fig. 11 a); 3) inner plate of maxilla I with two plumose marginal setae (Fig. 13 g) vs. inner plate of maxilla I with four plumose marginal setae (Fig. 3 g).</p><p>The species can be most easily separated from  Diasynurella dzhamirzoevi Palatov et Marin sp.n., by the following features: 1) apical margin cleft of telson is about half of its total length (Fig. 15 d) vs. apical margin cleft of telson is more than half of its total length (Fig. 10 e, f); 2) palm of propodus of gnathopod II slightly oblique (Fig. 12 g) vs. palm of propodus of gnathopod II distinctly oblique (Fig. 7 g); 3) posterior margin of epimeral plate II is slightly oblique, almost straight (Fig. 15 b) vs. posterior margin of epimeral plate II is significantly oblique (Fig. 10 b).</p><p>For the differences from  D. khalabensis Palatov et Marin sp.n. see below.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY. The species is known only from the subterranean water flow in the Garakha Cave, southwestern Georgia, SW Caucasus [Chertoprud et al., 2020 (as  Synurella sp.); present study]. This is the only cave-dwelling species in the genus  Diasynurella .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FE87BDFF8AFF8883DEFAB4B17EA08A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Palatov, Dmitry M.;Marin, Ivan N.	Palatov, Dmitry M., Marin, Ivan N. (2023): Diversity of the Caucasian genus Diasynurella Behning, 1940 (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae) with description of four new species. Arthropoda Selecta 32 (1): 23-55, DOI: 10.15298/arthsel.32.1.03
03FE87BDFF8DFF83807CFA5CB0FDA11B.text	03FE87BDFF8DFF83807CFA5CB0FDA11B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diasynurella khalabensis Palatov et Marin 2023	<div><p>Diasynurella khalabensis Palatov et Marin sp.n.</p><p>Figs 16–19, 20 c–h.</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype $ (bl. 4.5 mm), ZMMU Mb-1253, Lesser Caucasus, Armenia, Lori region, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.726597&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.80114" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.726597/lat 40.80114)">Khalab Ridge</a>, 40°48′4.11″N, 44°43′35.74″E, about 2400 m a.s.l.., hand net sampling, 29 August 2011, coll. D. Palatov.  Paratypes 2$$ (bl. 4.0 mm), ZMMU Mb-1254, same locality and data as for holotype .</p><p>Additional material: 3$$, LEMMI, same locality and data as for holotype .</p><p>ETYMOLOGY. The species is named after the Khalab Ridge located in the Lori Province of Armenia, where the species was discovered.</p><p>DESCRIPTION. Female. Body: moderately stout; the largest collected $ has bl. 4.5 mm.</p><p>Antenna I (Fig. 16 a) about 55% of body length, about 1.9X longer than antenna II; primary flagellum with 11 segments, with aesthetascs on distal segments; accessory flagellum 2-segmented, distal segment about 2.3X shorter than basal one (Fig. 16 b).</p><p>Antenna II (Fig. 16 c): gland clone distinct, distally pointed; peduncle about 2.1X longer than flagellum, with robust setae tightly covering segments III and IV; peduncle of segment four about 1.1X longer than segment 5; flagellum 6-segmented.</p><p>Mandible (Fig. 17 c–f): left mandible (Fig. 17 c, d) incisor 5-dentate, lacinia mobilis 5-dentate, with three robust plumose accessory setae; molar process with single seta. Right mandible (Fig. 17 e, f) incisor 5-dentate, lacinia mobilis toothed, triturative, lobes with numerous protuberances; underlying with a row of two robust plumose setae; molar process similar to left mandible. Palp 3-segmented, segment II with four – five setae; segment III about 3.2–3.3X longer than wide, with seven–eight separate D-setae, two B-seta and four separate E-setae (Fig. 17 e, g).</p><p>Labrum (upper lip) (Fig. 17 a): oval, apical margin with numerous small fine setae.</p><p>Labium (lower lip) (Fig. 17 b): inner lobes feebly developed.</p><p>Lateralia with eight strong pectinate setae.</p><p>Maxilla I (Fig. 17 g): inner plate with two plumose marginal setae, outer plate with seven apical comb-spines; palp 2-segmented, distal segment pubescent, about 3.0X of basal segment, apical margin of distal segment with seven simple setae.</p><p>Maxilla II (Fig. 17 h): inner and outer plates covered in pubescent setae, subequal in length; outer plate weakly narrowing distally, with seven apical setae; inner plate narrowing explicitly distally, with group of dense short setae on apex, with an oblique row of four short plumose setae.</p><p>Maxilliped (Fig. 17 i): inner plate much shorter than outer plate, with two–three spines and single simple seta apically, and three–five simple setae laterally; outer plate narrow, with row of 14–16 medial stiff simple setae of different length; palp quadriarticulate, article I with two simple setae on inner margin, article II with row of 14–16 simple setae on inner margin and without setae on outer margin, article III sub-quadrate; dactylus with single seta on outer margin and without setae at inner margin, nail long, slender, with two thin setae at hinge.</p><p>Gnathopod I (Fig. 16 d, e): smaller than GnII; coxal plate subtrapezoidal or suboval, slightly narrowing distally, with rounded corners and with four apical and numerous facial setae, width/depth ratio 0.61/1; basis width/length ratio is 0.35/1, with single short seta on anterior margin, three long setae on inner face and four long setae on posterior margin; merus with eight distal setae; carpus is 0.57X of basis and 0.76X of propodus in length, with eight serrated setae in inner margin and four simple setae in outer margin; propodus 1.50X longer than broad, with three simple setae in anterior margin and five serrated single setae in posterior margin; distal margin of palm (Fig. 16 e) distinctly or slightly oblique, with double row of four inner and three outer robust setae; palmar groove (depression) feebly developed, with two inner and two outer robust setae; dactylus with single outer seta.</p><p>Gnathopod II (Fig. 16 f, g): coxal plate subovate, with three apical and numerous facial setae, width/depth ratios is 0.64/1; basis width/length ratio is 0.30/1, with several (two– three) long setae inserted along posterior margin and with two short simple setae in anterior margin; ischium with short simple seta; merus with five distal setae; carpus is 0.57X of length of basis and 0.74X of propodus, with anterior simple seta and three groups of plumose posterior setae; propodus 1.8X longer than broad, with one–two simple anterior setae, three superior medial, three inferior medial and four groups of posterior setae; palm distinctly oblique with double row of four inner and five outer spiniform setae of different size; palm groove (depression) feebly developed, palmar corner (Fig. 16 g) with two strong palmar spiniform setae, two supporting bifurcate setae on inner surface; dactylus with single seta along anterior margin and few short setae along inner margin.</p><p>Pereopod III (Fig. 18 a): coxal plate oval or sub-rectangular, with three apical and numerous facial setae, width/ depth ratio is 0.8/1; basis about 4.4X as long as wide, with long anterior and long posterior simple setae; merus about 0.60X of basis, about 1.33X of carpus and about 1.13X of propodus in length; carpus about 0.85X of propodus in length; dactylus (Fig. 18 b) about 0.48X of propodus, with single plumose seta on outer margin and single additional spine accompanying with single seta along ventral margin.</p><p>Pereopod IV (Fig. 18 c): subequal to PIII in length; coxal plate expanded and broadly convex distally, posterior margin with shallow excavation, distal margin with five apical short setae and numerous facial setae, width/depth ratio is 0.88/1; basis about 4.2X as long as wide, with long anterior and long posterior simple setae; merus about 0.63X of basis, about 1.33X of carpus and about 1.05X of propodus in length; carpus about 0.79X of propodus in length; dactylus (Fig. 18 d) about 0.45X of propodus, with single plumose seta on outer margin and an additional spine accompanying with single seta along ventral margin.</p><p>Pereopods V, VI, VII with length ratio 1/1.23/1.08.</p><p>Pereopod V (Fig. 18 e): coxal plate large, bilobate, with distinct anterior and posterior lobes; posterior lobes with three margin simple setae and anterior lobes with single margin simple seta, with numerous facial setae; basis about 1.54X as long as wide, with numerous facial setae, posterior margin slightly convex, armed with six shallow serrations, with distinct distal corner, anterior margin with four split-tipped robust and four distal setae; merus about 0.71X of basis, 0.90X of carpus and subequal of propodus in length; dactylus (Fig. 18 f) approximately 0.46X of propodus, with single plumose seta on outer margin and an additional spine accompanying with single seta along ventral margin.</p><p>Pereopod VI (Fig. 18 g): coxal plate bilobate, with distinct posterior and vestigial anterior lobes; anterior lobe without setae, posterior lobe with single margin seta, each with numerous facial setae; basis about 1.54X as long as wide, with numerous facial setae, posterior margin convex, armed with six shallow serrations, anterior margin with three split-tipped robust and three distal setae; merus about 0.69X of basis, 0.90X of carpus and 0.93X of propodus in length; dactylus (Fig. 18 h) approximately 0.36X of propodus, with single plumose seta on outer margin and single additional spine accompanying with single seta along ventral margin.</p><p>Pereopod VII (Fig. 18 i): coxal plate small, semi-lunar, with single posterior seta; basis about 1.63X as long as wide, with numerous facial setae, posterior margin convex, armed with eight serrated setae in distal corner; anterior margin with three split-tipped robust and three distal setae; merus about 0.56X of basis, subequal of carpus and about 0.88X of propodus in length; dactylus (Fig. 18 j) approximately 0.48X of propodus in length, with single plumose seta on outer margin and single additional spine accompanying with single seta along ventral margin.</p><p>Gills, brood plates (Fig. 18): coxal gills on somites II–VI, somites V–VIII with lanceolate sternal gill on each. Coxal gills of pereopods II–VI elongated, narrow, gills/bases ratios are 0.72/1, 0.69/1, 0.78/1, 0.80/1 and 0.78/1, respectively.</p><p>Pleopods (Fig. 19 e, f): pleopods I peduncle with two coupling hooks in retinacula (Fig. 19 h), without lateral setae; outer and inner rami with five and six segments, respectively; basal segments of outer ramus with single clothes-pin seta. Pleopod II peduncle with two coupling hooks in retinacula, without setae; outer and inner rami with five segments, respectively; basal segment of outer ramus with single clothes-pin seta. Pleopod III peduncle with two coupling hooks in retinacula, without setae; outer and inner rami with four and five segments, respectively; basal segment of outer ramus with single clothes-pin seta.</p><p>Epimera. Epimeral plate I (Fig. 19 a) subovate, pointed distally, ventral margin with one spine, posterior margin convex, with one site. Epimeral plate II (Fig. 19 b) weakly produced distally, bluntly pointed distally, ventral margin armed with three spines, posterior margin slightly oblique, with three setae. Epimeral plate III (Fig. 19 c) subtrapezoidal, blunted distally, ventral margin armed with three spines, posterior margin slightly oblique, with single seta.</p><p>Urosomites fused partially: Urosomite I completely free, urosomites II–III fused, with distinct suture (Fig. 20 c).</p><p>Uropod I (Fig. 19 g): peduncle about 3.6X as long as wide, with dorsoexternal row of nine spines and single subdistal short spine; exopodite about 0.9X of endopodite in length; endopodite not paddle-like, with six dorsal, single dorsolateral and five apical thin spines; with five dorsal, two dorsolateral and five apical thin spines.</p><p>Uropod II (Fig. 19 h): peduncle about 2.0X as long as wide, subequal of endopodite in length, with four dorsoexternal long spines; exopodite about 0.90X of endopodite in length, with four dorsal, single dorsolateral and five apical robust spines; endopodite with six dorsal, single dorsolateral and five apical robust spines.</p><p>Uropod III (Fig. 19 i): uniramous, peduncle cylindricalshaped, about 2.1X as long as wide, without terminal «knob», two spines on apical margin; peduncle about 1.4X of ramus in length; inner margin of ramus without setae, outer margin of ramus armed with single spine, apical margin armed with three spines.</p><p>Telson (Fig. 19 d): subrectangular, elongated, 0.72X as long as broad, slightly longer than uropod III; apical margin cleft about 0.50X of total length; with five apical spines and two additional submarginal plumose setae on each lobe.</p><p>COLORATION. The body and appendages unpigmented, without well-developed pigmented eyes.</p><p>GENBANK ACCESSION NUMBERS. LK028567, LK028568.</p><p>TAXONOMIC REMARKS. The species can be most easily separated from  D. waschuschtii by the following features: 1) rami of uropod III with single spiniform spine on lateral margins (Fig. 19 i) vs. rami of uropod III without lateral spines [Behning, 1940, fig. 17n]; 2) propodus of gnathopod II is relatively short, suboval in shape (Fig. 16 f) vs. propodus of gnathopod II is elongated, subrectangular shape [Behning, 1940, fig. 17c]; 3) epimeral plates II–III with three thin spiniform setae on ventral margin, each (Fig. 19 b, c) vs. epimeral plates II–III with single thin seta on ventral margin, each [Behning, 1940, fig. 18j].</p><p>The species can be most easily separated from  Diasynurella kiwi Marin et Palatov sp.n., by the following features: 1) urosomites II–III completely fused (Fig. 20 c) vs. all urosomites completely free (Fig. 11 a); 2) uropod III is subequal to telson in length (Fig. 20 c) vs. uropod III is much longer than telson (Fig. 11 a); 3) inner plate of maxilla I with two plumose marginal setae (Fig. 17 g) vs. inner plate of maxilla I with four plumose marginal setae (Fig. 3g).</p><p>The species can be most easily separated from  Diasynurella dzhamirzoevi Palatov et Marin sp.n., by the following features: 1) apical margin cleft of telson is about half of its total length (Fig. 19 d) vs. apical margin cleft of telson is more than half of its total length (Fig. 10 e, f); 2) propodus of gnathopod II is relatively short, suboval in shape (Fig. 16 f) vs. propodus of gnathopod II is elongated, subrectangular shape (Fig. 7 f); 3) epimeral plate I with distinct spiniform seta on ventral margin (Fig. 19 a) vs. epimeral plate I without setae on ventral margin (Fig. 10 a).</p><p>The species can be most easily separated from  Diasynurella cavatica Palatov et Marin sp.n., by the following features: 1) propodus of gnathopod II is relatively short, suboval in shape (Fig. 16 f) vs. propodus of gnathopod II is elongated, subrectangular shape (Fig. 12 f); 2) epimeral plate I with distinct spiniform seta on ventral margin (Fig. 19 a) vs. epimeral plate I without setae on ventral margin (Fig. 15 a); 3) outer and inner rami of pleopods I–III heavily shortened and consist of five and six, five and five, and four and five segments, respectively (Fig. 19 e) vs. and inner rami of pleopods I–III of normal length and consist of eight and ten, eight and ten, and seven and eight, respectively (Fig. 15 e).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY. The species is known only from few nearby weakly flowing springs of alpine zone of the Khalab Ridge in Lori, Armenia (the Lesser Caucasus). It is possible that the species can live in other nearby springs and groundwaters, however, like other species, it is extremely difficult to find due to its very small size and habitat in bottom sediment.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FE87BDFF8DFF83807CFA5CB0FDA11B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Palatov, Dmitry M.;Marin, Ivan N.	Palatov, Dmitry M., Marin, Ivan N. (2023): Diversity of the Caucasian genus Diasynurella Behning, 1940 (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae) with description of four new species. Arthropoda Selecta 32 (1): 23-55, DOI: 10.15298/arthsel.32.1.03
03FE87BDFF86FF83801CFBCCB101A36A.text	03FE87BDFF86FF83801CFBCCB101A36A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diasynurella Behning 1940	<div><p>THE DIFFERENTIAL KEY TO THE KNOWN SPECIES OF THE GENUS  DIASYNURELLA BEHNING, 1940</p><p>1. All segments of urosome are free; uropod III is much longer than telson ........................................................... .......................  Diasynurella kiwi Marin et Palatov sp.n.</p><p>– Urosomite I completely free, urosomites II–III fused; uropod III is subequal to telson in length or shorter ......... 2</p><p>2. Chela of gnathopod II is relatively short, about as long as wide, oval in shape ......................................................... ..........  Diasynurella khalabensis Palatov et Marin sp.n.</p><p>– Chela of gnathopod II is clearly elongated, longer than wide, rectangular in shape ............................................ 3</p><p>3. Ramus of uropod III without lateral spines ..................... ......................  Diasynurella wachuschtii Behning, 1940</p><p>– Ramus of uropod III with several lateral spines ............. 4</p><p>4. Cleft of apical margin of telson clearly longer than half its length ............................................................................... ........  Diasynurella dzhamirzoevi Palatov et Marin sp.n.</p><p>– Cleft of apical margin of telson shorter or equal to half of its length .......................................................................... ................  Diasynurella cavatica Palatov et Marin sp.n.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FE87BDFF86FF83801CFBCCB101A36A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Palatov, Dmitry M.;Marin, Ivan N.	Palatov, Dmitry M., Marin, Ivan N. (2023): Diversity of the Caucasian genus Diasynurella Behning, 1940 (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae) with description of four new species. Arthropoda Selecta 32 (1): 23-55, DOI: 10.15298/arthsel.32.1.03
