taxonID	type	description	language	source
03FA879F2026222F548694C9F824A052.taxon	description	Minor worker measurements (n = 1): HW 0.65, HL 0.65, SL 0.69, EL 0.10, WL 0.80, PSL 0.02, PTW 0.10, PPW 0.16, CI 100, SI 106, PSLI 303, PPI 160. Soldier measurements (n = 1): HW 1.59, HL 1.65, SL 0.65, EL 0.14, WL 1.20, PSL 0.14, PTW 0.24, PPW 0.49, CI 96, SI 41, PSLI 8, PPI 208.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2026222F548694C9F824A052.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Colombia: 1 minor worker, 2 soldiers, Caquetá, Belén de los Andaquíes, 1.6817, - 75.9047, 25. Jan. 2017. Coll. D. Castro [ICN].	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2026222F548694C9F824A052.taxon	discussion	Comments. Pheidole arachnion is a new record for Colombia and South America. This species was known only from Nicaragua and Costa Rica (Wilson 2003). The only studied specimen of the subcaste soldier of Pheidole arachnion from Colombia differs from those from Costa Rica by the face having a strong rugoreticulation, areolate and opaque surface, with small patches smooth and shiny between the frontal carinae.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2026222F548692C1FD72A24A.taxon	description	Minor worker measurements (n = 2): HW 0.73 – 0.75, HL 0.69 – 0.71, SL 0.69, EL 0.14 – 0.16, WL 0.80 – 0.92, PSL 0.25 – 0.27, PTW 0.12 – 0.14, PPW 0.18 – 0.20, CI 106, SI 92 – 95, PSLI 39 – 37, PPI 129 – 167.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2026222F548692C1FD72A24A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Colombia: 2 minor workers, Amazonas, Araracuara, 1998. Coll. C. Gangi [MPUJ].	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2026222F548692C1FD72A24A.taxon	discussion	Comments. This is the first record of Pheidole bufo for Colombia. It was previously known for French Guiana, Ecuador, and Brazil (Wilson 2003). The image of a paratype minor worker on AntWeb (CASENT 0624236) has the face largely smooth and shining between sparse longitudinal carinulae. In contrast, the only specimen from the Colombian Amazon has the face with dense shallow punctuation between the carinulae. In dorsal view of the gaster, that paratype (CASENT 0624236) with the dorsum of the first tergite completely smooth, while the specimen from Colombia has the first tergite with short faint longitudinal costulae extending from the base to 1 / 4 of the length of the tergite.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2027222E548697FFFF36A764.taxon	description	Minor worker measurements (n = 1): HW 0.35, HL 0.37, SL 0.27, EL 0.08, WL 0.37, PSL 0.06, PTW 0.08, PPW 0.12, CI 95, SI 78, PSLI 16, PPI 150. Soldier measurements (n = 1): HW 0.71, HL 0.73, SL 0.39, EL 0.10, WL 0.53, PSL 0.10, PTW 0.10, PPW 0.16, CI 97, SI 56, PSLI 11, PPI 160.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2027222E548697FFFF36A764.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Colombia: 1 minor worker, 1 soldier, Vaupés, Mitú, Trubon, floodplain forest, 1.2054, - 70.0695, alt. 196 m, 24. Mar. 2019. Coll. D. Castro, winkler [ICN].	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2027222E548697FFFF36A764.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is a new record for Colombia with previous records from Ecuador and Peru (Wilson 2003). The examined soldier is relatively like that described by Wilson (2003). The paratype soldier on AntWeb (JTLC 000016340) has a marked antennal scrobe; in contrast the antennal scrobe of the Vaupés soldier is barely perceptible. Another contrasting feature is the dorsal surface of the pronotum, uniformly foveate in the paratype soldier while strongly transversely costulate in the Vaupés collection.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F20272229548695CEF9EDA65A.taxon	description	Minor worker measurements (n = 10): HW 0.61 – 0.65, HL 0.60 – 0.65, SL 0.52 – 0.56, EL 0.12 – 0.14, WL 0.70 – 0.75, PTW 0.12 – 0.14, PPW 0.16 – 0.18, CI 97 – 108, SI 81 – 93, PPI 129 – 133. Soldier measurements (n = 10): HW 1.41 – 1.49, HL 1.22 – 1.26, SL 0.57 – 0.63, EL 0.18 – 0.20, WL 1.20 – 1.31, PSL 0.02, PTW 0.35 – 0.37, PPW 0.47 – 0.53, CI 84 – 89, SI 45 – 51, PSLI 1, PPI 133 – 142. Queen measurements (n = 10): HW 1.10 – 1.16, HL 0.98 – 1.04, SL 0.53 – 0.63, EL 0.20 – 0.31, WL 1.71 – 1.78, PSL 0.02, PTW 0.45, PPW 0.55, CI 108 – 112, SI 47 – 58, PSLI 2, PPI 122. Male measurements (n = 10): HW 0.51 – 0.53, HL 0.57 – 0.59, SL 0.12 – 0.16, EL 0.35, WL 1.49 – 1.57, PTW 0.20, PPW 0.24, CI 87 – 93, SI 22 – 27, PPI 120.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F20272229548695CEF9EDA65A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Pheidole distorta is distinguished from the rest of the members of the distorta group by the short or absent propodeal spines. Other species have longer propodeal spines.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F20272229548695CEF9EDA65A.taxon	description	Description. Minor worker: head, pronotum, propodeum and gaster smooth and shiny; developed pronotal shoulders; promesonotal hump-shaped bulge, with a pair of tubercle-shaped protrusions; katepisternum foveatereticulated, most often with a smooth, shiny patch in the middle. Soldier: head strongly rugoreticulate, forming an areolate and shiny surface, with a shallow depression in the middle part; mesosome surface like that on the head; in profile, petiole with developed longitudinal ventral process; dorsum of first gastral tergite opaque, longitudinally costulate, the costulae fading towards an anterior quarter of the tergite; very fine granular microsculpture extending in the posterior region of the first tergite. Queen (previously undescribed): reddish-brown ants with shiny surface; punctuation and rugoreticulated sculpture on the head, forming an areolate surface; scape strongly angled towards the base; strongly curved hypostomal margin, with a reduced middle tooth, barely protruding by a blunt bulge, absent inner hypostomal teeth, short and pointed outer hypostomal teeth; mesomal sculpture as on the head, except for the anterior part of the anepisternum and katepisternum which lack rugoreticulae; propodeum with reduced propodeal spines, forming an obtuse angle; petiole with developed longitudinal ventral process. Male (previously undescribed): head covered with longitudinal carinae and conspicuous punctuation; compound eyes protruding from the cephalic margins; yellow mandible, with brown masticatory margin, a single developed apical tooth and blunt to semi-square basal tooth; short scape, with globose pedicel; in ventral view, head with transverse costulae extending from the postgenal suture towards the eyes, surface with conspicuous punctuation; in profile view, 1 / 3 of the posterior part of the anepisternum with punctuation and fine costulae; axilla covered with fovea; propodeum with a foveate surface and sparsely costulate, devoid of angles that resemble a propodeal spine; petiole with longitudinal process less developed than in the queen.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F20272229548695CEF9EDA65A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Colombia, Magdalena: 18 soldiers, 48 minor workers, 2 queens, Santa Marta, campus Universidad del Magdalena, shade of trees, hard ground, 11.2246, - 74.1853, 14. May. 2019. Coll. M. Escárraga, hand collecting, nest # 1 [CBUM]; 8 soldiers, 16 workers, same data except by nest excavated in hard soil, 2. Jun. 2019. Coll. M. Escárraga & E. García, nest # 2 [CBUM]; 26 soldiers, 37 minor workers, 1 queen, 116 males, Santa Marta, Universidad del Magdalena, nest excavated in hard soil, 11.2246, - 74.1853, alt. 25 m, 6. Jul. 2019. Coll. M. Escárraga & J. Roncallo, nest # 3 [CBUM]; 8 soldiers, 55 minor workers, 93 alate queens, 1 queen, same data except by Coll. E. García & H. Sierra, nest # 4 [CBUM].	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F20272229548695CEF9EDA65A.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is known only from northern Colombia. The minor workers and soldiers of Pheidole distorta examined here are identical to the minor worker (CASENT 0908310) and soldier (CASENT 0908309) syntypes imaged on AntWeb. We observed an additional distinctive character of P. distorta: the soldier, queen, and male have a longitudinal ventral process on the petiole. Pheidole distorta was known only from the type specimens used by Forel (1899), with no further specimens deposited in museums or other biological collections. During field work within the Universidad del Magdalena campus, we detected several nests of P. distorta in an area smaller than 100 m 2. These nests were excavated and contained minor workers, soldiers, males, and delate / alate queens. The excavation of ant nests not only favors the possibility of associating castes to the same species (e. g., soldiers and minor workers in Pheidole) but also the possibility of understanding the colonial structure of species (Buhl et al. 2004; Forti et al. 2007). A finding from the excavation of Pheidole distorta nests documented in this study is related to the asymmetric sex ratio found in the colonies. We found colonies exclusively producing males or females (alate queens) in different nests during the same dry climatic season, with a single queen in each of these nests (i. e., monogynic colonies). The production of males or females in different nests has apparently not been documented in species of ants that inhabit the dry forest. This behavior has also been found in other Pheidole species in Santa Marta, such as Pheidole fallax Mayr, 1870 and Pheidole urbana Camargo-Vanegas & Guerrero, 2020 (Guerrero et al. unpublished data). The data provided here provide base line for analyzing the factors that can promote and determine the reproductive phenology of Pheidole distorta populations in this forest type. Identification of flight patterns in taxocenes, as well as mechanisms driving the reproductive phenology of populations of dry forest ant species, would allow us to continue understanding the evolution of the taxonomic diversity of this type of ant assemblage.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F20202229548694C9F831A036.taxon	description	Soldier measurements (n = 3): HW 1.53 – 1.73, HL 1.73 – 1.88, SL 0.78 – 0.82, EL 0.20, WL 1.27 – 1.37, PSL 0.08, PTW 0.22 – 0.27, PPW 0.35 – 0.43, CI 89 – 92, SI 48 – 51, PSLI 4 – 5, PPI 146 – 164.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F20202229548694C9F831A036.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Colombia: 1 soldier, Meta, Puerto López, Remolino, Centro Cafam Llanos, alt. 210 m, 19. Apr. 2012. Coll. E. Sesquilé, pitfall [MPUJ]; 1 soldier, Puerto López, Remolino, Cafam Llanos, Piedra Candela, forest, alt. 240 m, 19. Apr. 2012. Coll. D. Villa, corner trap [MPUJ]; 1 soldier, Amazonas, Leticia, Monilla Amena, alt. 70 m, 19. Mar. 2004. Coll. B. Rippe, pitfall [MPUJ].	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F20202229548694C9F831A036.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is a new record for Colombia with previous records only from Brazil (Wilson 2003). The lectotype soldier (CASENT 0913328) has longitudinal costulae that occupy the anterior half of the face. In contrast, these costulae occupy the anterior 2 / 3 of the face on the Colombian specimens.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F20202228548692E5FDD6A4F3.taxon	description	Amended description of soldier. Mandible smooth and shiny, with abundant piligerous puncta, reclinated short hairs and longer erect hairs on masticatory border; frontal carinae slightly obliquely slanted posteriorly, central clypeus, area between frontal carinae and vertex with longitudinal striation, otherwise head densely striate reticulate, head with dense appressed short setae and two rows of central long setae; scape smooth and shining, terete at base, with abundant erect setae as longer as maximum width of scape; hypostomal margin sinuous (in both sides of the middle); median tooth absent; inner hypostomal teeth small, stout; outer hypostomal teeth large, pointed; promesonotal groove present; propodeal spines present and prominent; metanotal groove deep; pronotum with transverse striation, including sides; rest of mesosomal dorsum with oblique transverse striations; sides of mesosoma with irregular longitudinal rugulae; dorsal (outer) margin of hind tibia with abundant suberect setae shorter than maximum width of tibia; pilosity abundant on mesosomal dorsum; postpetiole in dorsal view diamond shaped, much broader than long, with transverse striations; first gastral tergite with very fine and dense longitudinal striations, with abundant long erect setae; color red brown, head darker, hairs lighter.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F20202228548692E5FDD6A4F3.taxon	discussion	Comments. Due to an error at the time of publication, the description of the soldier was incorrect, and was text from a previously described species. The description of the worker, as well as the measurements of the worker and soldier, photographs and location are correct in Fernández (2011). We provide here a corrected description of the soldier and comments on the separation of the species from P. fiorii. The rest of the information is as provided in Fernández (2011). The smooth and shiny head, well developed occipital carinae, and long, downturned propodeal spines differentiate the minor worker of this species from any other in the genus, including those in the fallax group. Pheidole fiorii Emery is closely related to this species, but with clear differences (see diagnosis), including setae (shorter in iceni), color (light brown in iceni) the smooth and shining pronotum, and sides of the petiole (variably foveolated in fiorii). The dense head sculpturing, the transverse striation of mesosomal dorsum and postpetiole, deep metanotal groove, and conspicuous propodeal spines differentiate the soldier of this species from any other in the genus, including the fallax group.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2021222854869520FD1EA17B.taxon	description	Minor worker measurements (n = 2): HW 0.59, HL 0.73 – 0.75, SL 1.08 – 1.10, EL 0.16, WL 0.94, PSL 0.06, PTW 0.12, PPW 0.16 – 0.18, CI 79 – 81, SI 183 – 187, PSLI 8, PPI 133 – 150. Soldier measurements (n = 2): HW 1.22 – 1.47, HL 1.33 – 1.41, SL 1.00 – 1.08, EL 0.18 – 0.20, WL 1.14, PSL 0.08 – 0.10, PTW 0.16 – 0.18, PPW 0.29 – 0.31, CI 91 – 104, SI 73 – 82, PSLI 6 – 7, PPI 178 – 188.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2021222854869520FD1EA17B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Colombia: 1 minor worker, 1 soldier, Cauca, Mpio Santa Rosa, San Juan de Villalobos, 1.5018889, - 76.3647778, alt. 1400 m, 23. Nov. 2019. Coll. M. Escárraga, hand collecting [CBUM]; 1 minor worker, 1 soldier, Valle del Cauca, Calima, Coll. Aldana [ICN].	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2021222854869520FD1EA17B.taxon	discussion	Comments. This is a new record for Colombia and South America, with previous records from Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Wilson 2003). The soldiers of P. indagatrix collected in Cauca and Valle del Cauca localities match the holotype described by Wilson (2003), except that the holotype has the frontal lobes mostly rugoreticulate while in Colombian soldiers there are semi-straight longitudinal costulae extending between the frontal carinae. The minor worker paratype has conspicuous punctuation on the area around the inner margin of the eyes; in contrast, Colombian material has a few inconspicuous punctuations and transverse costulae in that same head region.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F20212228548693A8FDB6A373.taxon	description	Minor worker measurements (n = 1): HW 0.71, HL 0.88, SL 1.25, EL 0.16, WL 1.10, PSL 0.02, PTW 0.16, PPW 0.24, CI 80, SI 178, PSLI 2, PPI 150. Soldier measurements (n = 1): HW 1.57, HL 1.65, SL 1.33, EL 0.22, WL 1.45, PSL 0.08, PTW 0.29, PPW 0.51, CI 95, SI 85, PSLI 5, PPI 173.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F20212228548693A8FDB6A373.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Colombia: 2 minor workers, 1 soldier, Caldas, Aguadas, La Playa, alt. 1610 m, 21. Jan. 1990. Coll. C. Cárdenas [IAvH].	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F20212228548693A8FDB6A373.taxon	discussion	Comments. This is a new record for Colombia and South America with previous record from Costa Rica (Longino 2019). The Colombian material is very similar to the holotype (soldier, CASENT 0644875) and the minor worker paratype (CASENT 0644874), except that the mesosome length of the soldier is shorter, as is the scape length of the minor worker.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2021222B548691A0FD45A41A.taxon	description	Minor worker measurements (n = 1): HW 0.39, HL 0.55, SL 0.67, EL 0.12, WL 0.61, PSL 0.06, PTW 0.10, PPW 0.14, CI 71, SI 170, PSLI 11, PPI 140. Soldier measurements (n = 1): HW 0.84, HL 0.80, SL 0.55, EL 0.12, WL 0.71, PSL 0.06, PTW 0.10, PPW 0.18, CI 105, SI 65, PSLI 7, PPI 180.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2021222B548691A0FD45A41A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Colombia: 1 minor worker, 1 soldier, Guaviare, Calamar, Chiribiquete, Cerro Campana, 1.2805, - 72.6314, alt. 253 m, 3 – 6. Mar. 2018. Coll. D. Luna & A. Pinzón, winkler [ICN].	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2021222B548691A0FD45A41A.taxon	discussion	Comments. This is a new record for Colombia, but the species was previously known from Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil (Wilson 2003). The soldier matches the original in Wilson (2003). The Colombian specimen has short, decumbent, clavate hairs like the holotype (CASENT 0908289), but with fewer hairs on the first gastral tergite.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2022222B54869609FD73A686.taxon	description	Minor worker measurements (n = 1): HW 0.71, HL 0.82, SL 1.10, EL 0.20, WL 1.12, PSL 0.02, PTW 0.14, PPW 0.20, CI 86, SI 156, PSLI 2, PPI 143. Soldier measurements (n = 3): HW 1.63 – 1.73, HL 1.69 – 1.78, SL 0.98 – 1.10, EL 0.24 – 0.27, WL 1.47 – 1.65, PSL 0.06 – 0.10, PTW 0.25 – 0.29, PPW 0.35 – 0.47, CI 95 – 98, SI 61 – 67, PSLI 3 – 6, PPI 138 – 160.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2022222B54869609FD73A686.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Colombia: 1 soldier, Meta, San Martin, Reserva Natural el Caduceo, km 4.5 vía San Francisco, 3.6655, - 73.6583, alt. 309 m, 10 - 14. Mar. 2014. Coll. T. Velasco, pitfall [MPUJ]; 1 minor worker, same data except by Coll. L. Rodríguez [MPUJ]; 1 soldier, Puerto Gaitán, Altamira, Club los Llaneros, alt. 140 m, 22. Oct. 2006. Coll. K. Avellaneda, D. Rincón & D. Rodríguez, pitfall [MPUJ]; 1 soldier, Puerto López, La Libertad, alt. 366 m, Oct. 2006 Coll. J. Arce [MPUJ].	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2022222B54869609FD73A686.taxon	discussion	Comments. This is a new record for Colombia, although previously known in several other South American countries including French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina. The species is exotic in the USA (Wilson 2003). Pheidole obscurithorax soldiers from Colombia are identical to the holotype from Argentina.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2022222B548694B5F80EA09A.taxon	description	Minor worker measurements (n = 1): HW 0.33, HL 0.37, SL 0.33, EL 0.08, WL 0.41, PSL 0.06, PTW 0.08, PPW 0.10, CI 89, SI 100, PSLI 16, PPI 125. Soldier measurements (n = 1): HW 0.57, HL 0.63, SL 0.33, EL 0.10, WL 0.53, PSL 0.06, PTW 0.12, PPW 0.16, CI 91, SI 59, PSLI 9, PPI 133.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2022222B548694B5F80EA09A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Colombia: 1 minor worker, 1 soldier, Nariño, Barbacoas, Reserva Natural El Pangán, 1.3636, - 78.0791, alt. 640 m, 27. Jul. 2006. Coll. A. Miranda & O. Reyes, hand collecting [ICN].	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2022222B548694B5F80EA09A.taxon	discussion	Comments. This is a new record for Colombia and South America with previous records known from Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Wilson 2003). In the soldier´s illustration by Wilson (2003), this one has wellmarked rugoreticulae towards the middle of the vertex and the anterior portion of the vertex lobes, while on the Colombian specimen the rugoreticulae are arranged in a horizontal patch that fades towards the middle of the vertex and the anterior portion of the vertexal lobes, without extending to the posterior portion.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2022222554869289F849A7CB.taxon	description	(Figures 1 – 8)	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2022222554869289F849A7CB.taxon	materials_examined	Pheidole praeusta Roger, 1863: 197. Holotype soldier, " Island ", Colombia [MHNG, AntWeb image of holotype examined, CASENT 0915435]. Forel (1901): 361: minor worker described, Barranquilla, Colombia [NHMUK, AntWeb image of minor worker examined, CASENT 0281753].	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2022222554869289F849A7CB.taxon	description	Minor worker measurements (n = 12): HW 0.47 – 0.61, HL 0.61 – 0.82, SL 0.80 – 1.00, EL 0.16 – 0.20, WL 0.80 – 1.04, PTW 0.10 – 0.12, PPW 0.16 – 0.20, CI 71 – 91, SI 163 – 175, PPI 150 – 200. Soldier measurements (n = 7): HW 1.51 – 1.55, HL 1.86 – 1.90, SL 0.78 – 0.80, EL 0.27, WL 1.43 – 1.47, PSL 0.10, PTW 0.24 – 0.25, PPW 0.45 – 0.51, CI 81 – 82, SI 51 – 52, PSLI 5, PPI 192 – 200. Super soldier measurements (n = 8): HW 2.17 – 2.46, HL 2.52 – 2.90, SL 0.87 – 1.10, EL 0.29 – 0.31, WL 1.22 – 1.88, PSL 0.12 – 0.17, PTW 0.29 – 0.35, PPW 0.46 – 0.65, CI 85 – 88, SI 40 – 47, PSLI 4 – 7, PPI 160 – 191. Description. Minor worker: In full-face view, oval-shaped head, with a smooth and shiny surface, with a developed occiput and occipital cavity; antennal fossa covered with punctuation and longitudinal carinulae. Very long antennal escape. In lateral view, pronotum smooth and shiny, mesopleura and propodeum covered with punctuation fine and very indistinct, the latter with propodeal spines reduced to a pair of denticles. Petiole and postpetiole with inconspicuous punctuation. Dorsum of first gastral tergite smooth and shiny. Long yellowish hairs covering the entire surface of the body. Soldier: In full face view, anterior half of the head with parallel longitudinal costulae; posterior part of antennal fossa covered with rugoreticulae. Striae surrounding the eyes longer than those formed between the frontal carinae, forming a “ w ” - shaped pattern, the entire costulae covered by fine and indistinct punctuation. Smooth and shiny occipital lobes. hypostomal margin straight, with a large, blunt, gibbous middle tooth, prominent outer hypostomal teeth, broad towards the base and pointed towards the apex, separated from each other; inner hypostomal teeth pointed, protruding behind the outer ones. In lateral view, pronotum striated transversely, with indistinct punctuation, and a smooth, shiny patch in the middle; mesopleura with conspicuous punctuation; propodeum provided with developed propodeal spines, dorsal surface covered with conspicuous punctuation and some longitudinal striae. In dorsal view, pronotum covered with short transverse carinulae, with a smooth and shiny medium patch. Anterior portion of the first gastral tergite covered with very short carinulae that extend from the helcium, the rest of the tergum is smooth and shiny, covered with conspicuous foveae, and abundant yellowish, long and suberect hairs emerge. Super soldier. In dorsal view, clypeus as in the soldier. Dorsal surface of the head covered by costulae arranged in a “ w ” pattern, although unlike the soldier, those costulae originating between the frontal carinae are longer, reaching and sometimes exceeding the length of the costulae close to the eyes, occipital lobes smooth and shiny. Hypostomal margin concave, with prominent middle tooth, thick and gibbous, inner hypostomal teeth broad towards the base and pointed towards the apex, prominent and triangular outer hypostomal teeth. In lateral view, mesosome covered with conspicuous transverse striae; pronotum with small medium patch smooth and shiny; propodeum provided with slender propodeal spines. In dorsal view, mid-posterior portion of the pronotum smooth and shiny, the rest covered by transverse striae; Propodeum covered with transverse striae and conspicuous punctuation. Anterior portion of the first tergite of the gaster covered with short longitudinal carinulae extending from the helcium. Head and mesosome covered with erect and suberect yellowish hairs. Petiole, postpetiole and gaster with yellow and decumbent hairs.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2022222554869289F849A7CB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Colombia: 1 soldier, Magdalena, Aracataca, Vereda Macaraquilla, Finca San José Sur, Oil palm plantation, 10.5721, - 74.1933, alt. 41 m, 22. Oct. 2017. Coll. T. Franco & J M Ramírez, pitfall [CBUM]; 5 minor workers, 4 soldier, 5 super soldiers, Aracataca, Vereda Macaraquilla, Finca Macaraquilla, Oil palm plantation, 10.5759, - 74.1764, alt. 51 m, 22. Oct. 2017. Coll. T. Franco & J M Ramírez, pitfall [CBUM]; 2 minor workers, Aracataca, Vereda Macaraquilla, Finca San José Sur, Oil palm plantation, 10.5721, - 74.1922, alt. 40 m, 21. Oct. 2017. Coll. T. Franco & J M Ramírez, pitfall [CBUM]; 1 super soldier, Aracataca, Vereda Macaraquilla, Finca San José Sur, Oil palm plantation, 10.5725, - 74.1864, alt. 41 m, 17. Sep. 2017. Coll. T. Franco & J M Ramírez, pitfall [CBUM]. 10 minor workers, 3 soldiers, 3 super soldiers, Santa Marta, Parcela Bosque Seco Universidad del Magdalena, 11.2167, y - 74.1833, alt. 21 m, 13. Oct. 2021. Coll. R. J. Guerrero, dug nest [CBUM].	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F2022222554869289F849A7CB.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is known from Colombia, Ecuador, and Brazil. Pheidole praeusta is recorded here as the first currently known trimorphic worker subcaste species for South America, possessing an unusually large super soldier subcaste in addition to the typical minor worker and soldier subcastes. Pheidole praeusta was described from a single soldier by Roger (1863), which prevented him from commenting on the remarkable morphology of this species. Later, Forel (1901) observed the nest structure of P. praeusta in different sites in the Colombian Caribbean region and commented on the exaggerated differences in head size between workers and “ soldiers ”. Despite the excavation of nests of P. praeusta, Forel (1901) does not comment on the dimorphism among the soldier subcaste that we recorded here. Specimens collected from pitfalls in Aracataca (Magdalena, Colombia) allowed us to identify within the series several ants with a soldier-like morphology different in the size of the head and mesosoma from those described in P. preusta. Since P. praeusta was previously recorded in the dry forest reserve of the Universidad del Magdalena in Santa Marta (Ramos et al. 2022), RJG installed protein baits at various points within the reserve, attracting workers and a soldier of P. praeusta. Those ants were followed to the nest, which was partially excavated, extracting 10 minor workers, three soldier-like workers, and three super soldier workers. The ants collected in Aracataca and Santa Marta show that P. preusta colonies are composed of minor workers, soldiers, and super soldiers morphometrically different from each other (i. e., the soldiers are dimorphic); soldiers have a shorter mesosoma than super soldiers (Fig. 7), and there is a strong gap in head size between the two subcastes (Fig. 8). It is observed that the variance in the size of the head is lower for the soldiers than for the supersoldiers, but in this last subcaste with a growth of the head. The lower variance in the dimorphic soldiers of P. praeusta apparently contrasts with that shown in another trimorphic species, Pheidole rhea Wheeler, W. M., 1908, in which the soldiers show greater variability than the super soldiers (Huang & Wheeler 2011). The data on Pheidole praeusta are just an approximation to the contrasting pattern shown by other trimorphic species, however the exploration of more nests covering the distribution of this species would allow for more information to analyze possible allometric patterns. The minor workers and soldiers of P. praeusta are very similar to these subcastes of P. amata Forel 1901, based on morphometrics (using Longino 2009 b) and examining images. The morphometric traits HL, HW, SL, and WL of the P. praeusta minor worker and soldier completely matched those measurements recorded for P. amata Likewise, the morphological features shape of anteroclypeal margin, occipital cleft deep, carinule pattern on head, and erect pilosity on body match among the soldiers of both taxa. Wilson (2003) suggests several differences between minor workers of P. praeusta and P. amata (e. g., propodeal spine reduced to denticle vs propodeal spine absent, respectively) but we find no morphological evidence to separate them, as suggested by Forel (1901). Given the morphological similarity of the worker and soldier subcastes as well as the proximity of the type localities, they are almost certainly the same species, and we synonymize P. amata under P. praeusta.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F202D2224548697FFFE15A114.taxon	description	(Figures 7 – 10)	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F202D2224548697FFFE15A114.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Colombia: 4 minor workers, 1 soldier, Nariño, Altaquer, Barbacoas, El Barro, Reserva Natural Río Ñambí, grassy slope, 1.03, - 78.083, alt. 1200 m, Mar. 2006. Coll. S. Cabrera, at bait N ° 114 [ICN, CBUM, IAvH, MCZC, USNM].	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F202D2224548697FFFE15A114.taxon	description	Minor worker measurements (n = 4): HW 0.83 – 0.93, HL 1.12 – 1.17, SL 1.63 – 1.88, EL 0.17 – 0.20, WL 1.51 – 1.61, PSL 0.61 – 0.63, PTW 0.15, PPW 0.24 – 0.29, CI 73 – 79, SI 129 – 139, PSLI 10, PPI 167 – 171. Soldier measurements (n = 1): HW 2.49, HL 2.24, SL 1.66, EL 0.27, WL 2.24, PSL 0.44, PTW 0.24, PPW 0.59, CI 98, SI 67, PSLI 17, PPI 240.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F202D2224548697FFFE15A114.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Costa Rica, Colombia.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F202D2224548697FFFE15A114.taxon	discussion	Comments. Longino (2019) described Pheidole rogeripolita as an ecological variant of the very similar P. rogeri Emery, 1896, and DNA sequence data identify them as sister species (Longino, pers. com.). Longino (2019) stated that the soldiers of both species are very similar and indistinguishable, and the species could only be separated by the subtle surface sculpture differences in the minor worker. Longino (2019), however, overlooked an extremely different character between the two species: the antennal club. We examined images of the type series of P. rogeropolita (CASENT 0646359, CASENT 0636564, CASENT 0646364, and JTLC 000006466) and our ants collected in Nariño (Colombia), and both minor workers and soldiers have a five-segment antennal club, whereas P. rogeri has a typical three-segmented antennal club. Pheidole rogeripolita is the only known species with a five-segmented antennal club in the New World. Two other species, Pheidole sabahna Eguchi 2000 and Pheidole quinata Eguchi 2000, have a five-segmented club. These two species are from Borneo, Java, and Sumatra (Eguchi 2000). The five-segmented club is convergent, since P. rogeripolita is sister to P. rogeri within a New World group, while P. sabahna (and possibly P. quinata considering its morphological similarity and shared distribution with P. sabahna) is in a monophyletic subgroup within the Asia-Africa clade (Economo et al. 2019).	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F202D222454869303FE4EA0E0.taxon	description	Minor worker measurements (n = 2): HW 0.65, HL 0.65, SL 0.65, EL 0.14, WL 0.78, PSL 0.18 – 0.20, PTW 0.10 – 0.12, PPW 0.16 – 0.18, CI 100, SI 100, PSLI 27 – 30, PPI 150 – 160.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F202D222454869303FE4EA0E0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Colombia: 2 minor workers, Cesar, Valledupar, Garupal, 10.2251, - 73.7506, alt. 648 m, 29. Mar. 2016. Coll. R. Achury, pitfall [IAvH].	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F202D222454869303FE4EA0E0.taxon	discussion	Comments. This is a new record for Colombia and South America with previous records known from Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Wilson 2003; Longino 2009 a). The minor workers of P. simonsi from Colombia are identical to those of Panama with a weakly developed nuchal carinae but differing in the orientation of the propodeal spine, which is more ventrally arched in the Colombian specimens (like those of P. simonsi).	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F202D22245486915FF977A2BC.taxon	description	Soldier measurements (n = 1): HW 1.37, HL 1.51, SL 0.84, EL 0.18, WL 1.33, PSL 0.08, PTW 0.20, PPW 0.35, CI 91, SI 61, PSLI 5, PPI 180.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F202D22245486915FF977A2BC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Colombia: 1 soldier, Cundinamarca, Reserva Chicaque, Quebrada el Carmen, alt. 2229 m, 24 – 28. Feb. 2014. Coll. D. Forero [MPUJ].	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
03FA879F202D22245486915FF977A2BC.taxon	discussion	Comments. This is the first record for Colombia and South America, but previously known from Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (Wilson 2003, Longino 2009 a). The P. walkeri soldier from Colombia has face sculpture like that of the Honduran type on AntWeb (CASENT 0645893) except that in the latter, carinulae originating in frontal lobes abruptly diverge posteriorly to reach the sides of the head below its midheight, while in the Colombian specimen these carinulae reach the sides of the head slightly above mid-head.	en	Guerrero, Roberto J., García, Emira, Fernández, Fernando (2022): The Pheidole Westwood, 1839 ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Colombia: new records including two species with remarkable morphology. Zootaxa 5154 (3): 319-332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.3.5
