identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F9EC2E0F7BFFA5FF0AFE8FFC8897F5.text	03F9EC2E0F7BFFA5FF0AFE8FFC8897F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diaphenchelys McCosker and Randall 2007	<div><p>Key to species of Diaphenchelys</p><p>1a. Tail length 59.6–61.5% of TL; infraorbital pores 4–5; preanal vertebrae 55–58, total vertebrae 153–155; anterior region of head dark brown ............................................ Diaphenchelys pelonates</p><p>1b. Tail length 62.0–64.6% of TL; infraorbital pores 3; preanal vertebrae 43–47, total vertebrae 125–132; anterior region of head not dark ....................................................................................... 2</p><p>2a. Predorsal length 7.4–8.6% of TL; preoperculo-mandibular pores 5; predorsal vertebrae 6–9; white or yellowish white ground color with brown spots ................................. Diaphenchelys dalmatian</p><p>2b. Predorsal length 6.9–7.0% of TL; preoperculo-mandibular pores 6; predorsal vertebrae 4; pale brown ground color with whitish spots ....................................... Diaphenchelys laimospila sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F9EC2E0F7BFFA5FF0AFE8FFC8897F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Huang, Wen-Chien;Smith, David G.;Loh, Kar-Hoe;Liao, Te-Yu	Huang, Wen-Chien, Smith, David G., Loh, Kar-Hoe, Liao, Te-Yu (2021): Two New Moray Eels of Genera Diaphenchelys and Gymnothorax (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) from Taiwan and the Philippines. Zoological Studies (Zool. Stud.) 60 (24): 1-17, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2021.60-24, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8069794
03F9EC2E0F71FFAEFCF6FE0FFB559436.text	03F9EC2E0F71FFAEFCF6FE0FFB559436.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diaphenchelys laimospila Huang & Smith & Loh & Liao 2021	<div><p>Diaphenchelys laimospila</p><p>Strophidon McClelland, 1844 is another muraenid genus that morphologically resembles Diaphenchelys, with an elongated body, anteriorly placed eyes, and biserial maxillary and dentary teeth. The close, but reciprocally monophyletic relationship of the two genera was supported in the present study (Fig. 10). Despite the high similarity and close systematic position of Diaphenchelys and Strophidon, Huang et al. (2020) proposed that the differences in the number of vertebral formulae (4–9, 43–58, 126–155 vs. 8–12, 59–84, 155– 213) and the number of branchial pores (two, with the only exception from the paratype of D. laimospila vs. ranging from one to eight), based on D. dalmatian, D. pelonates and the five species of Strophidon, support the distinction of the two genera. The VF of D. laimospila falls into the range of Diaphenchelys and is significantly lower than species of Strophidon . Moreover, the number of branchial pores of D. laimospila, mostly two, also concurs with the character of Diaphenchelys except that the paratype has four on the left side of head. The additional branchial pores of paratype may be individual variation.</p><p>Diaphenchelys laimospila can be easily distinguished from D. dalmatian by having more anteriorly placed dorsal-fin origin (predorsal length 6.9– 7.0% vs. 7.4–8.6% of TL; predorsal vertebrae 4 vs. 6–9), more preoperculo-mandibular pores (6 vs. 5), and pale brown of ground color with whitish spots (vs. white or yellowish white of ground color with brown spots) (Table 2; Hibino et al. 2017; Mohanty and Mohapatra 2020); and from D. pelonates by longer tail (63.2–63.8% vs. 59.6–61.5% of TL), longer head (11.3–11.4% vs. 9.4–10.0% of TL), shorter trunk (24.8–25.4% vs. 29.1% of TL), shorter predorsal length (60.6–62.2% vs. 69.3% of HL), fewer infraorbital pores (3 vs. 4–5), fewer vertebrae (4, 45, 125–131 vs. 4–6, 55–58, 153–155), and the coloration of anal fin (pale brown with dark margin vs. dark brown with pale margin) and lower jaw (pale brown with dense whitish spots vs. dark brown) (Table 2; McCosker and Randall 2007).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F9EC2E0F71FFAEFCF6FE0FFB559436	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Huang, Wen-Chien;Smith, David G.;Loh, Kar-Hoe;Liao, Te-Yu	Huang, Wen-Chien, Smith, David G., Loh, Kar-Hoe, Liao, Te-Yu (2021): Two New Moray Eels of Genera Diaphenchelys and Gymnothorax (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) from Taiwan and the Philippines. Zoological Studies (Zool. Stud.) 60 (24): 1-17, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2021.60-24, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8069794
03F9EC2E0F70FFACFC89FEEEFF7D92B5.text	03F9EC2E0F70FFACFC89FEEEFF7D92B5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnothorax pseudokidako Huang & Smith & Loh & Liao 2021	<div><p>Gymnothorax pseudokidako</p><p>Gymnothorax pseudokidako might be confused with G. kidako, a morphologically similar species distributed in the North-West Pacific from Taiwan to Japan and sympatrically occurring with G. pseudokidako in northern Taiwan. The most important difference in the coloration pattern between the two species is that the white margin of anal fin is absent in G. pseudokidako but present in G. kidako . Moreover, the color of blotches on G. pseudokidako is creamy white, whereas the blotches are often bright-yellowish on G. kidako . The plainly colored lower jaw and throat is also a diagnostic character of G. pseudokidako, whereas G. kidako usually has a mottled lower jaw and throat (Fig. 9). In morphometric and meristic characters, G. pseudokidako can be distinguished from G. kidako by having a relatively short tail (50.5–53.0% vs. 52.9– 56.4% of TL), more dentary teeth (17–26 vs. 16–20), and fewer total vertebrae (134–139 vs. 137–143) (Table 3 and Fig. 12). In molecular analysis, the reciprocal monophyly of G. pseudokidako and G. kidako is not supported by the topology of the COI tree. A similar phenomenon can be observed in a number of sibling muraenid species, e.g., Gymnothorax griseus (Lacepède, 1803) vs. Gymnothorax thyrsoideus (Richardson, 1845), and Gymnothorax margaritophorus Bleeker, 1864 vs. Gymnothorax pharaonis Smith, Bogorodsky, Mal and Alpermann, 2019 (Smith et al. 2019). By contrast, the more conservative nuclear EGR3 gene shows reciprocal monophyly between G. pseudokidako and G. kidako (Fig. 11B). Despite the mito-nuclear discordance, the more conservative, but separable EGR3 gene highly supported G. pseudokidako as a separated species. Discordance between COI and other molecular markers is not a rare phenomenon in marine fishes. For instance, the eight tuna species of genus Thunnus can be well differentiated exclusively by the mitochondrial control region (Viñas and Tudela 2009); damselfishes Abudefduf sexfasciatus and A. vaigiensis are indistinguishable in mitochondrial COI and cytochrome b genes but found to be distinct based on nuclear genes (COI sequences published on BoldSystems; Bertrand et al. 2017). The conflicting results between molecular markers may attribute to different evolutionary histories of genes.</p><p>Gymnothorax mucifer and G. niphostigmus are also sympatric species with G. pseudokidako in that they have similar coloration patterns and overlap in most of their morphometric measurements and meristic counts (Table 3). However, G. pseudokidako can be easily distinguished from both species by its lack of the white margin of the anal fin, and having a brown saddle-like marking on top of head (vs. dense pale spots on top of head). Gymnothorax pseudokidako further differs from G. niphostigmus in the number of total vertebrae (134–139 vs. 140–146). ML trees of COI and EGR3 genes also support G. pseudokidako is a different species from G. mucifer and G. niphostigmus (Fig. 11). Lastly, G. pseudokidako is apparently different from M. similis, a synonym of G. kidako, by the lack of white margin on the anal fin, a shorter tail (50.5–53.0% vs. 54.5% of TL), a longer head (12.6–14.3% vs. 12.0% of TL), and more dentary teeth (17–26 vs. 13–14), although the vertebrae count is not available from the holotype of M. similis (Böhlke and Smith 2002) . Based on morphological and molecular evidence, G. pseudokidako is clearly a new species well separated from G. kidako and other congeners.</p><p>Sexual dimorphism in the dentition, e.g., females and immatures have an additional inner row of maxillary teeth but is lost in mature males, has been reported in several muraenids, including two pale-spotted species: Gymnothorax baranesi Smith, Brokovich and Einbinder, 2008 and G. mucifer (Smith et al. 2008; Huang et al. 2019). Gymnothorax niphostigmus was also reported to have 1–2 inner maxillary teeth in smaller individuals (Chen et al. 1996). However, the sexual dimorphism of dentition is not observed in G. pseudokidako or G. kidako . The inner row of maxillary teeth is absent in all mature males and females, except for the smallest paratype of G. pseudokidako (ASIZP0080929, a 608 mm female), which has two inner teeth on each side. Furthermore, the number of teeth is neither related to sex nor total length (data not shown, see Fig. 12B for example). Based on our observation, no dental change can be found in G. kidako; for G. pseudokidako, all small individuals might have an inner row of maxillary teeth and would be lost when growing larger regardless of sex. Thus the dental change in G. pseudokidako is more likely to be ontogeny-dependent rather than sexdependent.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F9EC2E0F70FFACFC89FEEEFF7D92B5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Huang, Wen-Chien;Smith, David G.;Loh, Kar-Hoe;Liao, Te-Yu	Huang, Wen-Chien, Smith, David G., Loh, Kar-Hoe, Liao, Te-Yu (2021): Two New Moray Eels of Genera Diaphenchelys and Gymnothorax (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) from Taiwan and the Philippines. Zoological Studies (Zool. Stud.) 60 (24): 1-17, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2021.60-24, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8069794
