identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038587C9FFD0430AFE953264F4924E33.text	038587C9FFD0430AFE953264F4924E33.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dacus (Neodacus) Perkins 1805	<div><p>Subgenus Neodacus Perkins</p><p>Neodacus Perkins, 1937: 58 .</p><p>Type species Neodacus newmani Perkins, 1937, by original designation.</p><p>Diagnosis: Antennae not or only slightly longer than vertical height of head, the first segment shorter than or almost as long as second segment; supra-alar seta present or absent, abdomen not strongly petiolate or club shaped and sternite V with posterior margin straight or weakly concave. Host plants Asclepiadaceae .</p><p>Comments: Genus Dacus is well distributed in the Asian region and species of subgenera Mellesis Bezzi, Callantra Walker and Neodacus are best known for mimicking wasps. Subgenus Neodacus is currently only known from one species in India, i.e. D. sphaeroidalis (Bezzi); however, many species appear similar to each other due to shared characters such as a faint costal band with a broad apical spot, as in D. santongae Drew &amp; Hancock and D. sphaeroidalis that, along with diversity in genitalic characters (Hancock and Drew, 2006), makes possible the presence of cryptic species. We encountered many specimens of Dacus similar to D. sphaeroidalis throughout the Himalayan region including the eastern Himalayas, with perhaps a detailed morphological as well as genetic analysis required to solve this mystery.</p><p>As a result, a new species of subgenus Neodacus is described here. Transverse and longitudinal bands on abdominal tergites are key characters diagnosing many species of subgenus Neodacus and here we found distinct difference in the bands on abdominal tergites, especially on tergite V. Hancock and Drew (2006, 2024) defined seven groups of Asian and Australasian Neodacus and the two species described here belong to the sphaeroidalis group; however, Dacus sp. in this manuscript differs in possessing a longer posterior lobe of the lateral surstylus as seen in the absonifacies group.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038587C9FFD0430AFE953264F4924E33	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Singh, Maneesh Pal;Sharma, Sneha;Hancock, David Lawrence	Singh, Maneesh Pal, Sharma, Sneha, Hancock, David Lawrence (2025): A new species of Dacus Fabricius (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Dacini) from northern Himalayas. Zootaxa 5706 (1): 66-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5706.1.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5706.1.4
038587C9FFD0430AFE953102F6144AE4.text	038587C9FFD0430AFE953102F6144AE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dacus Fabricius 1805	<div><p>Genus Dacus Fabricius</p><p>Dacus Fabricius, 1805: 272 .</p><p>Type species Dacus armatus Fabricius, 1805 . by subsequent designation of Speiser, 1924: 140.</p><p>Diagnosis: Abdominal tergites fused (segments are not overlapping); abdomen generally elongate-oval, often petiolate; acrostichal prescutellar and basal scutellar setae absent.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038587C9FFD0430AFE953102F6144AE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Singh, Maneesh Pal;Sharma, Sneha;Hancock, David Lawrence	Singh, Maneesh Pal, Sharma, Sneha, Hancock, David Lawrence (2025): A new species of Dacus Fabricius (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Dacini) from northern Himalayas. Zootaxa 5706 (1): 66-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5706.1.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5706.1.4
038587C9FFD0430CFE95355CF76E4E25.text	038587C9FFD0430CFE95355CF76E4E25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dacus (Neodacus) kapoori Maneesh & Hancock 2025	<div><p>Dacus (Neodacus) kapoori Maneesh &amp; Hancock, sp. nov.</p><p>(Figures 1–5)</p><p>Diagnosis: A large (9.54 mm), dark reddish brown species, face with elongate black spots apically fused below antennal suture, reddish brown thorax with fuscous postpronotal lobes, wing with broad, faint costal band and dark apical spot covering anterior portion of cell m but not reaching vein R 2+3 or apex of cell r 4+5, abdomen slightly humped on tergite IV but without medial vitta and with dark brownish black transverse bands on abdominal tergites III, IV and V, the transverse black band on tergite V broad, reaching lateral margins and with distinct medial vitta between ceromata. Supra-alar and prescutellar acrostichal setae absent. Spermathecae berry bunch like elongated and glans with distinct knobs.</p><p>Differential Diagnosis: D. kapoori sp. nov. is a cryptic species similar to D. sphaeroidalis but can be differentiated by dark fuscous postpronotal lobe, thin transverse band on tergite IV, broader transverse band on tergite V reaching lateral margins, longer median vitta on tergite V, shape of spermatheca and glans of phallus with globosonodii (cf. fig. 2C, Hardy, 1973 &amp; fig. 10R, David and Ramani, 2019). In general appearance it also resembles Dacus sp. but can be differentiated by latter mentioned characters, katatergite and anatergite basally black and shorter posterior lobe of lateral surstylus. Detailed differences are listed in Table 1.</p><p>Head: Brownish fulvous, lunule darker, bases of frontal and orbital setae black, front darker medially between the frontal setae, face slightly fulvous with an elongate black spot in each antennal furrow, not reaching antennal suture but connected anteriorly to base of antennal suture by thin black lines on either side (Figure 1B). Antennae (1.95 mm) longer than head height (1.75 mm), dark brownish with 2 nd segment longer than 1 st segment. Light black subgenal spot present. Setae: 2 frontal, 1 orbital, 2 vertical, 1 genal and row of 4–5 thin black postocular setulae.</p><p>Thorax: Dark reddish brown with yellow markings as follows: notopleuron, suture, anepisternal stripe, anatergite, katatergite and scutellum. Scutum lighter in colour except area just above scutellum darker (Figure 1C &amp; D). Postpronotal lobes dark brown to fuscous. Notopleuron connected to triangular yellow marking on suture. Anepisternal stripe as broad (or slightly broader apically) as notopleuron, extended to katepisternum as a yellow spot. Pleura largely reddish brown except broad black stripe anterior to yellow anepisternal stripe and black patches on anepimeron. Apical half of katatergite and anatergite yellow, the rest dark brown to black. Scutellum yellow, subtriangular, with moderate-sized reddish brown basal band. Setae: 2 scapular, 1 anterior (very weak) and 1 posterior notopleural, 1 intra-alar, 1 post-alar, 1 anepisternal and 1 apical scutellar. Fore and mid femora reddish fulvous, hind femora with apical half reddish brown, the rest yellowish. All tibiae reddish fulvous except foretibia slightly lighter. Basitarsus yellowish, tarsomeres reddish fulvous.</p><p>Wing 7.64 mm long, lightly infuscated all over except cell bm, base of cell br below cell bc and alula hyaline. Costal band yellowish, broad and faint. Infuscation darker in cell sc, base of cell r 1, middle of cell br below Rs and cell bcu. Infuscation on cell bcu extension slightly broader in male (Figure 3B). Broad, dark brown almost circular apical spot extending broadly into cells r 2+3 and m but not reaching apex of vein R 2+3 and leaving apex of cell r 4+5 hyaline, faint medially and alongside costa in females and reaching costa in males (Figure 3A &amp; B). Supernumerary lobe slightly rounded and weak, cell m with apical folds in male. A narrow hyaline line can be seen in both male and female from apex of bm-cu crossvein to base of cell cua 1 (Figure 3A &amp; B).</p><p>Abdomen: Tergite I slightly broader than long and reddish brown. Tergite II anterior half reddish brown, rest yellowish white. Tergite III dark brownish with moderately broad black transverse band anteriorly and tergite IV with narrow transverse black band on anterior margin (Figure 1E &amp; F). Tergite IV dark brownish except posterior end slightly humped and yellowish white. Tergite V with a broad black transverse band anteriorly, enclosing ceromata anteriorly and reaching lateral margins and medial vitta on tergite V reaching beyond ceromata basally (Figure 2A, B &amp; 3C). Base of tergite V in male light yellowish, darker in female. Pecten present on tergite III in male and fulvous brown ceromata present in both male and female. Sternite V of male quadrate with a moderate posterior concavity (Figure 3D).</p><p>Genitalia: Female with oviscape 1.76 mm long, reddish fulvous, aculeus 2.31 mm long, eversible membrane 2.64 mm long. Aculeus chisel-like, with 3 pairs of preapical setae (basal longer that apical two) and roundish at tip (Figure 4D). Spicules on distal eversible membrane keel-shaped with 3–5 spines with medial one the longest. Spermatheca berry bunch like and elongated (Figure 4F).</p><p>Male with epandrium sphaeropedunculate in posterior view and twice as high as proctiger, which is triangular. Long setae distributed all over the epandrium except anterior end. Lateral surstylus longer than median surstylus and latter with dark, thick, striated and blunt prensisetae. Posterior lobe of lateral surstylus longer than anterior and both lobes setose (Figure 4A). Aedeagus 2.31 mm long excluding glans (0.58 mm), the latter with patterned preputium, the pattern restricted to preputium only and with 4 roundish knobs on lateral wall of acrophallus and 2 at base of preputium (Figure 4B, C, 5A &amp; B), the posterior two closely attached. Such structure not recorded before. These knobs hollow in the middle (Figure 4B, C, 5A &amp; B) and it appears that these sclerotized knobs on acrophallus wall are part of tubular pathway and might have taxonomic value. We would like to refer it ‘ globosonodus (pleural globosonodii)’, derived from Latin words globosus and nodus which means round knob. Vesica broad, wrapped dorsally around the preputium and subapical lobe as high as vesica. Subapical lobe capitulate with broad membranous capitulum.</p><p>Type Material: Holotype 1♀, on Pyrus sp., INDIA, Himachal Pradesh, Solan, Nauni, 30°51'47"N 77°10'7". 12.iii.2024, Maneesh leg. Paratypes 1♂, 1♀, on Pyrus sp., INDIA, Himachal Pradesh, Solan, Nauni, 30°51'47"N 77°10'7". 12.iii.2024, Maneesh leg. Paratype 1♀, on Bambusa sp., INDIA, Himachal Pradesh, Solan, Nauni, 30°51'47"N 77°10'7". 03.vii.2025, Maneesh leg. Types in Zoological Survey of India (HARC, Solan) .</p><p>Etymology: This species is named after the Late Dr. V. C. Kapoor (Ex Professor &amp; Head of Zoology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana) for his notable work on animal and Tephritidae taxonomy in India.</p><p>Host Plant: Unknown.</p><p>Parapheromone: Unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038587C9FFD0430CFE95355CF76E4E25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Singh, Maneesh Pal;Sharma, Sneha;Hancock, David Lawrence	Singh, Maneesh Pal, Sharma, Sneha, Hancock, David Lawrence (2025): A new species of Dacus Fabricius (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Dacini) from northern Himalayas. Zootaxa 5706 (1): 66-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5706.1.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5706.1.4
038587C9FFD64300FE9535A6F49848F9.text	038587C9FFD64300FE9535A6F49848F9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dacus (Neodacus) undetermined	<div><p>Dacus (Neodacus) sp.</p><p>(Figures 6–7)</p><p>Diagnosis: A large (9.59 mm), yellowish brown species, face with elongated black spots apically almost reaching antennal suture, reddish brown thorax with yellow postpronotal lobe with reddish tinge dorsoapically, wing with broad, faint costal band and broad, dark apical spot covering anterior portion of cell m and reaching apex of vein R 2+3 but leaving apex of cell r 4+5 hyaline. Abdomen slightly humped on tergite IV, latter yellowish without transverse black bands but lightly brownish anteriorly. Tergite V with narrow black band not reaching lateral margins and narrow short median vitta.</p><p>Differential Diagnosis: Dacus sp. is extremely similar to D. sphaeroidalis but can be differentiated by elongate facial spots almost reaching antennal suture, infuscated area around veins, broader infuscation on cell bcu extension, entirely yellow anatergite and katatergite and longer posterior lobe of lateral surstylus. It is also similar to D. kapoori sp. nov. but can be differentiated by facial spots, narrow bands on abdominal tergites III and V, apical spot on wing reaching apex of vein R 2+3, entirely yellow anatergite and katatergite, glans and longer posterior lobe of lateral surstylus. Because of its uncertain definition, we refrain from formally naming this species until more material is available for study.</p><p>Head: Yellowish fulvous, lunule darker, setal bases not darker, face slightly fulvous with an elongate black spot in each antennal furrow (Figure 6A &amp; B), almost reaching antennal suture. Antennal segments dark brownish and 2 nd segment longer than 1 st segment. Antennae (1.87 mm) longer than head height (1.76 mm). Light black subgenal spot present. Setae: 2 frontal, 1 orbital, 2 vertical, 1 genal and row of 4–5 thin black postocular setulae.</p><p>Thorax: Reddish brown with yellow markings as follows; postpronotal lobe, notopleuron, suture, anepisternal stripe, anatergite, katatergite and scutellum (Figure 6C &amp; D). Postpronotal lobes yellow with reddish brown patch posterodorsally. Notopleuron connected to triangular yellow marking on suture. Anepisternal stripe as broad (or slightly broader in middle) as notopleuron, extended to katepisternum as a yellow spot. Pleura largely reddish brown except black stripe anterior to yellow anepisternal stripe and anepimeron darker than rest of pleura. Katatergite and anatergite entirely yellow without any black stripe. Scutellum yellow, subtriangular, with narrow light black basal band. Setae: 2 scapular, 1 anterior and 1 posterior notopleural, 1 intra-alar, 1 post-alar, 1 anepisternal and 1 apical scutellar. Fore and mid femora reddish fulvous, hind femora apical half reddish brown, the rest yellowish. All tibiae reddish fulvous except foretibia slightly lighter. Basitarsus yellowish, tarsomeres reddish fulvous.</p><p>Wing 7.64 mm long, lightly infuscated in cells c, bc, pterostigma, r 1, r 2+3 and base of cell br. Costal band yellowish, broad and faint. Infuscation darker in cell sc, base of cell r 1, middle of cell br below Rs and cell bcu. Infuscation on cell bcu extension slightly broader (Figure 6E). Broad, dark brown and nearly circular apical spot, reaching apex of vein R 2+3, extending broadly into cell m and leaving apex of cell r 4+5 and extreme apex of cell r 2+3 hyaline. Rest of wing hyaline except faint infuscation around veins. Supernumerary lobe slightly rounded and weak.</p><p>Abdomen: Tergite I slightly broader than long and reddish brown. Tergite II anterior half reddish brown, rest yellowish. Tergite III with a narrow black transverse band anteriorly otherwise rest of tergite fulvous brown. Tergite IV with a narrow reddish brown transverse infuscation reaching lateral margins. Tergite V with a narrow black transverse band anteriorly, not reaching lateral margins and narrow, short medial vitta (Figure 7B &amp; D). Base of tergite V bright yellowish. Pecten present on tergite III and fulvous brown ceromata present on tergite V. Sternite V of male quadrate with a slight posterior emargination.</p><p>Genitalia: Epandrium sphaeropedunculate in posterior view, latter almost 1.8 times higher than proctiger, lateral surstylus longer than medial surstylus, latter with thick striated prensisetae. Posterior lobe of lateral surstylus longer (0.25 mm) than anterior lobe (0.026 mm), former with serrated line on inner side (Figure 7E) and tip fuscous. Aedeagus 3.3 mm long excluding glans (0.59 mm), latter elongated, narrow and with patterned (distinct spines) preputium. Subapical lobe shorter than preputium, vesica elongate, broad and twice as long as length of preputium (Figure 7A).</p><p>Material Examined: Voucher specimen 1♂, cuelure, INDIA, Himachal Pradesh, Sirmaur, Sanora, 30°53'23"N 77°13'34". 17.iv.2020, Maneesh leg. (with first author’s collection) .</p><p>Host Plant: Unknown.</p><p>Parapheromone: Cuelure.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038587C9FFD64300FE9535A6F49848F9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Singh, Maneesh Pal;Sharma, Sneha;Hancock, David Lawrence	Singh, Maneesh Pal, Sharma, Sneha, Hancock, David Lawrence (2025): A new species of Dacus Fabricius (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Dacini) from northern Himalayas. Zootaxa 5706 (1): 66-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5706.1.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5706.1.4
038587C9FFDA4300FE95341AF0FC4C15.text	038587C9FFDA4300FE95341AF0FC4C15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dacus (Neodacus) Perkins 1805	<div><p>Key to Asian species of subgenus Neodacus Perkins</p><p>1. Scutum with medial yellow vitta or patch that broadens posteriorly, abdomen with black longitudinal medial vitta on at least tergites III–V and wing with or without a broad apical spot.................................................... 2</p><p>- Scutum without a medial yellow vitta or patch, abdomen without a medial black vitta except on tergite V and wing with a broad apical spot.......................................................................................... 3</p><p>2. Scutum with a broad yellow transverse patch posteriorly, costal band confluent with vein R 4+5, broad apical spot crosses vein M into cell m (Lombok, Indonesia)............................................. D. (N.) santongae Drew &amp; Hancock</p><p>- Scutum with medial yellow vitta broadened posteriorly, costal band broadly crossing vein R 4 +5 and confluent with vein M at apex (Sulawesi, Indonesia)......................................................... D. (N.) ortholomatus Hardy</p><p>3. Elongate black facial spots almost reach antennal suture, abdomen with narrow black bands on tergites III &amp;V anteriorly, katatergite and anatergite entirely yellow and posterior lobe of lateral surstylus long......................... D. (N.) sp.</p><p>- Elongate black facial spots either distant from antennal suture or connected by a thin narrow line anteriorly, abdomen with moderate to broad black bands on tergites III &amp; V anteriorly, katatergite and anatergite with basal portions black (at least basal 20%) and posterior lobe of lateral surstylus short............................................................ 4</p><p>4. Postpronotal lobes yellow, wing cell m without folds in male (Figure 10E), black band on abdominal tergite III moderate, as or less than half width of tergite III, tergite IV without band, tergite V with a moderately broad black band not reaching lateral margins or enclosing ceromata, with a narrow medial vitta not reaching between ceromata and spermatheca triangular in view (India, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam, SE China) (cf. Figure 2C, Hardy, 1973 and 10B; David &amp; Ramani, 2019).......................................................................................... D. (N.) sphaeroidalis (Bezzi)</p><p>- Postpronotal lobes fuscous, wing cell m with folds in male (Figure 6B), black band on abdominal tergite III wider than half width of tergite III, tergite IV with narrow black band, tergite V with a broad black band reaching lateral margins and enclosing ceromata apically, with a distinctly broad medial vitta reaching beyond ceromata and spermatheca linear in view......................................................................... D. (N.) kapoori Maneesh &amp; Hancock, sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038587C9FFDA4300FE95341AF0FC4C15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Singh, Maneesh Pal;Sharma, Sneha;Hancock, David Lawrence	Singh, Maneesh Pal, Sharma, Sneha, Hancock, David Lawrence (2025): A new species of Dacus Fabricius (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Dacini) from northern Himalayas. Zootaxa 5706 (1): 66-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5706.1.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5706.1.4
